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Idrija Mercury Mine Wisdom

Cradle of Central European Sciences & Technologies

(On 270th anniversary of Voltas Birth)

Abstract

Idrija Mercury Mine used to be a cradle of Central European Sciences and Technology. The
immense popularity as well as comparatively quick acquisitions of early Voltas inventions in
Ljubljana, Idrija and Graz is attributed to the influence of Voltas relative Franz Johann count
Inzaghi who headed the Idrija Mine between 1764 and 1791. The interesting fact was put in the
limelight: already the great-grandfather of Francis Johann Inzaghi and Volta named Abondio
Maria Inzaghi was an inspector of Idrija mine for a decade. In 1769 Franz Johann Inzaghi
paid the printing of Ljubljana exam theses on the chemical and related sciences tied in a book
of the Voltas favorite researcher of those times, the Turin professor Beccaria. A year earlier
the former Ljubljana professor the Jesuit Bokovis follower in Graz Gottlob Leopold
Biwald translated Beccarias work and the item was used in Ljubljana. The Ljubljana exam
thesis were written in the style of Bokovis beliefs related to chemistry which Volta
endorsed throughout his life. Voltas early research of gases in Habsburg schools in Como
and Pavia were used by his relative Inzaghi to provide a greater security in an otherwise stale
Idrija shafts. Voltas chemical ideas were used for the purification of the Idrija mercury and
for the secondary products, especially cinnabar red color vermilion in a new factory of
cinnabar on the right bank of the Idrijca River which Inzaghi established in 1785. Voltas
invention of the electrophorus for multiple electrical charging and Voltas pistol - eudiometer
for measuring the quality of air were implemented extremely fast in a collection of Ljubljana
higher school physics-chemical cabinet. Inzaghi was still in touch with Volta after his return
to Graz, especially upon Voltas wedding in the year 1794. This is the first publication of
family relations of Inzaghi and Volta. Inzaghis apothecary was the first-class Bohemian
expert Ernest Freyer who worked in Ljubljana from 1751 to 1753 and established the
Pharmacy in Idrija between 1754 and 1795. Freyer used local mercury for his remedies and
amalgamations long before John Frederic Daniell (*1790; 1845) introduced his Voltaic Cell
which produced about 1.1 Volts as one of the first to incorporate the mercury by
amalgamating it with the zinc anode to reduce corrosion when the batteries were not in use.
The pumping of water from the depth of the mine was the main technological problem of
Inzaghis time.

The practical technical solutions and theoretical quarrels of Inzaghis times were put in the
limelight. Nothing had deeply changed compare to our times except noisy cars and media.

The final exam of Martin Prenner of Bishops Loka in Ljubljana Jesuit College (1769) is
described. He endorsed the teachings of Dubrovnik Jesuit Ruer Josip Bokovi. Martins
way of thinking was not unexpected after at least three Bokovis visits to Ljubljana and
soon after the arrival of the two main Prenners Ljubljana professors, the engineer Gabriel
Gruber and the physicist Gregor Schttl. Both scholars were in fact trained by Bokovis
Habsburg friends in Vienna and Graz.

Martin Prenners family in kofja Loka was not poor. However, his parents would hardly
cover the costs of Martin's studies in Ljubljana because two Martins brothers also went to
schools. The role of Martin patron, the manager of the Idrija mine Count Franz John
Nepomuk Inzaghi Baron Kindberg (* 27/4/1734; 13/1/1818) is highlighted. Inzaghi was a
second cousin of the mother of the famous researcher of gases and electricity Alessandro
Volta (* 1747; 1827), who was also impressed by the Bokovis ideas. Therefore, Inzaghi
was very interested in the most high-profile publication of Martin's exam questions in
Bokovis spirit. Inzaghi did not only financially support the printing of Martin's exam
questions, but he also provided Martins first curate post in Lower Idrija.

Several important Ljubljana Jesuits were born in Idrija. Probably the most erudite among
them was Ljubljana Bishop Anton Kavi. Their lives and works are described. The Jesuits
were just the beginning and other experts developed from their fundaments.

Because of the technically important Idrija Mine, the secular erudite replaced the Jesuits
influences sooner compared to the other European areas. In that way, some of the best
Central-European scientists were born in Idrija and in nearby Cerkno, including the knight
Franc Monik and Karl Deman. Because of the nationally mixed situation in Upper Idrija,
their Slovenian feelings were not particularly strong a it was manifested in Demans
Germanizing Viennese politics and in Prague Nazi whereabouts of Moniks great grandson.
On the other hand, many Slovenian nationalists taught in Idrija including Lavo ermelj.
Idrija nursed several dynasties of the local erudite including Inzaghi, Freyer, and ade
families.

Keywords:
Abondio Maria Inzaghi, Ernest Freyer, Hacquet, Scopoli, Count Franz Johann (Franc Janez
Nepomuk) Inzaghi, Alessandro Volta, Erasmus Darwin, Tobias Gruber, Idrija, Almadn,
Bansk tiavnica, History of Mathematics-Optics-Chemistry, History of Alchemy, Gregor
Schttl, Ruer Josip Bokovi, kofja Loka, Jesuits, Idrija, Bishop Anton Kavi,
Illumination, Nazis, Franc Monik, Karl Deman, Karst, Caves, Proteus, Carniolan Land
Museum.

Introduction

I became fascinated with the Idrija-Cerkno scientific heritage a decade and half ago when I
was invited to present the Idrija surgeon Hacquets work in Idrija museum in 2003. Later, I
presented the Idrija Mine director Steinbergs merits in nearby Croatia and helped to produce
a film about him in Cerknica and Ljubljana. Those two guys are presented in two different
files:
https://www.academia.edu/34629388/HACQUETS_ANARCHIC_SCIENTIFIC_RESISTAN
CE
and
https://www.academia.edu/33932452/Steinberg_investigates_forests_roads_mercury_and_se
as_with_the_little_help_of_his_relative_count_Cobenzl
All the rest produced in those dozen years and published on all continents in all kind of
languages is here for you, my dear reader.
Except for Almadn Mercury Mine, the Idrija Mercury Mine used to be the greatest in
Europe for centuries. For centuries Idrija Mine was the most valuable enterprise in Habsburg
monarchy. No wonder that the Viennese authorities employed the best available experts to
work in Idrija. The result of careful selection brought to the limelight several dynasties of
useful technology experts in Idrija. Among them were Inzaghi family members as directors-
engineers. The other was the dynasty of their pharmacists of Freyer family trained in applied
chemistry. Franz Johann Inzaghi employed Ernest Freyers son Karl Freyer (*1762; 1835) as
Ernest's provisory adjunct in Idrija Pharmacy few months before Inzaghi left Idrija- Later,
Karls son was Karls own adjunct for two years.

Idrija city surroundings became the cradle of Carniolan botany. The reason was in the Lucky
Four Leaf Clover consisting of Ernest Freyer, Hacquet, von Scopoli, and the count Franz
Johann Inzaghi. They did not always love each other, but they built the history. Idrija mine
was important before them and especially after them with the great Spanish contract. But it
never again hosted such a glorious Lucky Four-Leaf Clover. Why? Thre further reading
provides the answer.

Inzaghi Directors of Idrija Mine

The ambitious greedy guys liked Idrija during a great space of time. Abundus Maria Inzaghi (Abondio,
1691 Graz) left the Lombardy to become mining inspector in Idrija under the emperors
Ferdinand II and Leopold. Abondio reorganized the production of mercury and modernized
its export (1659)1 to Amsterdam until Leopold dismissed him.2

Other branch of Abondios family stayed in the Lombardian Como and produced Alessandro
Voltas mother Maria Maddalena.3

Table 1: Volta's kinship with the leaders of the Idrija mine


Abundus Maria Inzaghi about 1615, Como 3. 1. 1691, Graz
1
+ Maria Magdalene Morelli von Schoenberg marriage: 29. 9. 1644, Graz 17. 6. 1685

Johann Philipp Inzaghi about 1645 1. 3. 1729, Graz


2
+ Anna Maria Katarina baroness Wrtzburg marriage: 25. 11. 1675 13. 11. 1696, Graz

Maria Rosina Theresa Inzaghi 10. 10. 1679


3
+ Johan Josef baron Webersberg marriage: 2. 7. 1702, Graz

Franc Joseph Balthasar Inzaghi before 1685 29. 4. 1685, Graz


3
Anna Maria Francisca Inzaghi before 1687 5. 11. 1687, Graz
3
Franz Xaver Philipp Inzaghi before 1688 17. 5. 1688, Graz
3
3 Franz Philipp Inzaghi after 1688 1758
Franz Johan Alfonz Eugen Inzaghi 12. 4. 1689, Graz 1. 1. 1760, St. Lambrecht
3
16. 11. 1677, Graz 16. 11. 1744, Graz
3 Carl Franz Inzaghi
+ Anna Maria von Gaisruck 8. 2. 1690, Graz marriage: 17081713 after 1734, Graz
Franc Karl Dizma Sebastian Polykarp Inzaghi 26. 1. 1714, Graz
4

1
Gestrin F (1981) Italijani v slovenskih deelah od 13. do 17. stoletja. Zgodovinski asopis. 35/3: 234.
2
Heritage of Mercury Almadn Idrija (2012) Ljubljana. 193, 229, 236-237.
3
http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/BLK%C3%96:Inzaghy,_die_Grafenfamilie; K.Wurzbach, Biographisches
Lexikon d. Kaiserth. Oest. Wien, 1880, 215; http://www.andreacavallari.it/Comaschi/ComaschiInzaghi.htm
4 Franz Anton Inzaghi 1719 17901791
+ Karolina Thurn Valsassina 17151716
4 17. 5. 1781
Maria Anna countess Inzaghi before 1723 7. 3. 1723, Graz
4
before 1729 15. 5. 1729, Graz
4 Abundus Inzaghi
Franz Philipp Inzaghi 25. 5. 1731, Graz 3. 12. 1816, Solkan
4
Franz Borgia Johan Nepomuk Inzaghi 27. 4. 1733, Graz 13. 1. 1818, Graz
4 Kindberg
+ Walpurga (Maria) Dietrichstein 11. 9. 1753, Graz 7. 1. 1794, Graz
5 marriage: 1773
Maria Dismas Josef Johann 15. 7. 1774, Idrija 26. 4. 1775, Idrija
5 Valentin Neri Inzaghi
Teresa Maria Ana Josefa 24. 12. 1775, Idrija 11. 9. 1778, Idrija
5 Aloisia Serafina Inzaghi
Karl Borromus Rudolf 5. 12. 1777, Idrija 17. 5. 1856, Graz
5
count Inzaghi
11. 11. 1777 marriage: 3. 5. 1818, Graz
5 + Maria Elisabet 1. 9. 1844
Rosalia Attems
15. 8. 1781, Idrija 1857, Ober-Rindberg in
5 Philipp Inzaghi Styria
Maria Johann Josef Valentin Klemen 3. 7. 1783, Idrija 28. 9. 1783, Idrija
5 Franz Inzaghi
Maria Franz Anton Serafin
5 Johan Inzaghi
9. 3. 1785
Emanuel Maria Josef Barbara Valentin 5. 8. 1786, Idrija 12. 9. 1786, Idrija
5 Ana Inzaghi
Maria Johan Valentin Filip Franz
5 Erasmus Inzaghi
28. 5. 1788
Maria Franciska Serafine Walburg
5 Barbara Inzaghi
27. 7. 1790
27. 11. 1793, Graz
5 Aloysia Inzaghi 23. 3. 1879
+ Ignaz Maria Weikhard Probus Alois
5 Franz Attems
24. 2. 1774 17. 12. 1861
+ Rosalia Attems (Second wife of Franz Borgia Johan Nepomuk marriage: 19. 1. 1794, Graz
19. 10. 1761, Graz 14. 2. 1841, Graz
5 Inzaghi Kindberg)

5 Giuseppe Inzaghi 1794


27. 11. 1794, Graz
5 Maria Louise Inzaghi
Kindberg
marriage: 18. 4. 1814
5 +Ignaz Attems 17. 12. 1861
5 Maria Inzaghi 20. 8. 1799, Graz after 1840, Brno

Kindberg
5 Maria Anna Inzaghi 5. 3. 1801 Graz after 1840, Innsbruck

Kindberg
Franz Xaver Karl Disma Seraphin Germanus 20. 1. 1735, Graz
4 Inzaghi

+ Paula
5 Karoline Inzaghi
3 Franc Ignaz Inzaghi Kindberg 2. 1. 1691 1768
3 Maria Karola Inzaghi before 1699 20. 4. 1699, Graz

2 Inzaghi about 1645 Como


3 Giuseppe Inzaghi about 1675, Como
Como
4 Giuseppe Inzaghi
4 Maria Maddalena about 1713 1782
Inzaghi
+ Filippo Volta 1692 marriage: 8. 9. 1733 1752
5 Marianna Volta
5 Giuseppe Volta
5 Giovanni Volta
5 Cecilia Volta
5 Chiara Volta
+ Ludovico Reina
18. 2. 1745, Como
5 Alessandro Volta 1827
+ Maria Teresa Peregrini marriage: 22. 9. 1794
Como
5 Luigi Volta
2 Johann Anton Inzaghi 1666 after 1686
2 Johann Josef Inzaghi about 1646 after 1697, Gurinz

2 Maria Theresia Inzaghi before 1655 19. 3. 1655, Graz

2 Maria Magdalena before 1655 18. 5. 1655, Graz


Inzaghi
2 Maria Elisabetha von Inzaghi before 1656 29. 4. 1656, Graz
2 Maria Johana Inzaghi 27. 5. 1664 Graz
+ Karl Josef count Herberstein marriage: 24. 11. 1684

2 Franz Karl Inzaghi about 1668 1744


Figure 1: Inzaghi and Voltas family.

From 1764 to 1791 Maria Maddalenas second cousin in the Graz branch named Franz
Johann Inzaghi was a director of Idrija Mine. In Graz, Inzaghi family managed a huge library
and wrote many notes as careful readers of their own technical books.4

They acquired Andreas Albertus Aritmeticae (1671), Euclid (1509) bound with Peuerbachs
Tabulare eclypsium (1514), Guerickes Experimenta nova (1672) bound with J. Chr.
Steebs (1679) Coelum Sephiroticum Hebraeorum, A. Kirchers China (1771) with Inzaghis
notes and bookplate, A. Kirchers Mundus Subterraneus (Inzaghis item printed in 1678), A.
Kirchers Magnes sive de Arte Magnetica (1654 with Inzaghis bookplate),
Montuclas History of Mathematics 1779-1802, and Newtons Optics printed in
1704.5 Inzaghis key chemistry sources were Otto von Guerickes invention of air pump
including his early meteorological bioreactions with barometer full of Idrija mercury, and
Kirchers research of subterranean.

Of course, the vacuum devices of Ljubljana Jesuit college were not the only ones of their
kind in the country. For centuries Idrija was the cradle of technical achievements in Carniola.
The Viennese authorities sent to Idrija the most prominent experts to improve the processes
of obtaining and processing Idrija mercury ore. The most prominent leader of the Idrija mine
were Abondio Inzaghi and his grandson; the latter primarily because of his close relationship

4
https://archive.org/stream/rarevaluablebook00gilhrich#page/n11/mode/2up (Rare and valuable books,
incunabula, woodcutbooks, important library-works. Books on the fine arts comprising duplicates of the
Imperial (National) Library, Vienna, the library of the counts Inzaghi, and other purchases recently added to our
stock, katalog. (1923). Vienna, 2).
5
Rare and valuable (1923) last 3 pages.
with Alessandro Volta.

Abondio Inzaghi with Torricellis Inventions

Abundus Maria Inzaghi (Abondio, Abbondio, * Como; 1691, Graz) served under the
emperors Ferdinand III and Leopold I and their first minister the vacuum expert Janez
Vajkard prince Auerspeg-Turjaki Aboindio served at Council of the court chamber and as
the senior mining supervisor in Idrija. Like the Ptuj brothers Caccia, Aboindio initially dealt
with the sale of money. Later he moved to Graz, where he became head of the mint (money
office). He reorganized the production of mercury in Idrija and then controlled the trade of
mercury, copper and similar goods.

Abondio established itself in Carniola in parallel with the relative of Galileo Galileis relative
Robert Galilei (* 1615, Florence; 1681, Ljubljana) in the shadow of the mighty prince
Auersperg-Turjaki. While Abondio settled in Graz and Idrija, Roberto led his banking and
political affairs from a rented house near the utar-Carpenter Bridge in Ljubljana, at least
after the birth of his oldest son, Bartolome Engelbert Galilei, baptized in the Ljubljana
Cathedral on February 11, 1648. According to Roberto's claims, Roberto was supposed to
have worked in Carniola in 1632. At the beginning of Abondio's and Roberto's work in
Carniola, the scientific successor of G. Galilei named Evangelista Torricelli (* 1608; 1647)
set up the first vacuum experiment with a simple mercury thermometer at Viviani's initiative
in 1643. At the end of the year 1644, he informed of the success the Parisian monk Marina
Mersenne, who was the main extender of scientific ideas in the then Europe. Mersenne soon
became acquainted with Blaise Pascal's novelties after Pascal publicly repeated the vacuum
experiment in 1646, and in 1668 Pascal sent his brother-in-law to the hills with a huge
mercury barometer, full of Idrija mercury ore. With this, the mercury barometer also became
a tool for determining heights. Ten years after Torricelli's beginnings, Otto Guericke
developed experiments with a vacuum pump at the initiative of Prince Janez Vajkard
Turjaki-Auersperg in 1654. By using a mercury barometer, Guericke, as mayor of the city of
Magdeburg, successfully announced the upcoming storm, and earned the votes of his fellow
citizens and, above all, the votes Magdeburg housewives which always decided the polls.

The Emperors deputy for Financial and Military Issues Karl Gottfried Count Breuner
(Brenner) appointed Abondio as the chief inspector of the Idrija mine. With the acquisitions
of the lords north of Graz, Abondio joined the Styrian Estates General on 19 August 1658.
Abondio Inzaghi introduced the state management and sale of Idrija mercury ore in 1659. He
accelerated the export of Idrija mercury through the Amsterdam based entrepreneur Johann
Deutz (Jean, * 29. 11. 1618; 1673) of the German colonial family. The emperor Leopold
raised Abondio into the baron rank and then into the title of count. However, the rights were
just the tales and soon it began to rummage that Abondio had more profit from the sale of
mercury than the state treasury itself. On 12 December 1667, Abondio was suspended after a
scandalous two-year process, just like the modern Slovene mutual affairs of Bavar-Jana
against Jankovis fans three and a half centuries later. They represent two mutually
incompatible groups where one ascended to the power by replacing Beograd boss with
Berliner one in 1991, the other got power in next quarter of century and the first again got
power with the populist movements centered around Alternative for Germany in late 2010s.
All freaks tending to form any third group including Ivek Kramberger were annihilated
quickly enough as there was never anything greater among the humans than their
ungratefulness where they could hire you to write for them for decades while all the money
goes to the greedy proofreaders and editors. Abondio had just slightly better luck as he was
finally discharged from the Idrija mine management on 3 December 1669. In 1674 Benedetto
Odescalchi (* 1611) blessed the foundation stone of the church next to Abondio's castle of
Oberkindberg although Benedetto two years later became the Pope Innocent XI. In 1664, the
investigation against Abondio was led by Wenzel Franc Lobkowitz (Wencel Evzebius, * 20.
1 1609, Prague; 22 April 1677, Ravdnitz (Roudnitz, Rudnice) near Labi in the district of
Letimeritz / Litomerice), who simultaneously also displaced from the Viennese court the first
important Carniolan vacuum researcher Janez Vajkard Prince of Auersperg-Turjak. That was
a time of great friction at the Zrinjski-Frankopan conspiracy, which in the spring of 1671
ended with the decapitation of Croatian and Hungarian nobles.

The only real rival of Idrija mercury mine was the Spanish mine Almadn, where in 1645 the
state also withdrew powers to powerful bankers Fugger who took over the administration
itself. The early enthusiasm for mercury vacuum barometers greatly contributed to the
increased demand for Idrija mercury; although the use of barometers quantitatively did not
meet the needs for amalgams for the cleaning of silver ore. The scientifically usable mercury
as always brought an exceptional prestige. The scientific use of mercury, of course, did not
begin with vacuum barometers, while mercury was all the time a fundamental element of
alchemical transmutations, which were also endorsed by the crowned heads from the
extravagant Emperor Rudolf II (* 1552; 1612) further to Leopold I.

Voltaic Connection

Besides the knowledge of Inzaghi nobles, their network connections were also extremely
important. The Idrija directors-engineers of Inzaghi family were the members of Inner
Austrian branch of the family, and their Lombardy branch brought one of the very best
instrument-designers and researchers, Alessandro Volta. After the suppression of Jesuits
Volta taught in Como (1774) and in Pavia (1778/79). Both towns belonged to the Habsburg
Monarchy which included Carniola with its capital Ljubljana and Idrija Mine. Common rule
enabled quick acquisition of Voltas invention in Ljubljana or Idrija, but the influence of
Voltas cousin by his mothers side, the Idrija Mine director Franz Johan count Inzaghi (*
1734; 1818) was even more decisive. In September 1794 Volta and Inzaghi exchanged letters on
occasion of Volta marriage after Inzaghi retired from the Idrija directorship.6

Volta studied with Jesuits, and in 1769 Inzaghi paid the publication of exam theses of
Ljubljana Jesuit Professor Gregor Schttl based on Bokovis ideas which Volta also
endorsed. The theses were printed in a book of Turin professor of experimental physics
Giambattista Beccaria (*1716; 1781) who was Bokovis friend and early Voltas
correspondent. Voltas cousin Inzaghi used Beccarias book with reason. Volta exchanged letters
on Bokovis vision of electricity with Beccaria from April 1765 to 1769. In 1769 Volta
disliked Beccarias theory of electricitas vindex7 and preferred his own research which
culminated with his invention of electrophorus based on the Beijing research of Hallersteins
Jesuits and Aepinus Petersburg data. On 10/6/1775 Volta described his discovery to Joseph

6
Volta A (1952) Epistolario 1788 - 1800 (ed. F.Massardi). Bologna, 3: 224.
7
Beccaria G.B (1769), Experimenta, atque observationes, quibus electricitas vindex late constituitur, atque
explicatur. Torino. 44-47; Heilbron, J (1979) Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries. Berkeley. 405-410.
Priestley (*1733; 1804).8 The electrophorus was listed in Ljubljana school laboratory
inventory soon after Schttls death in 1779, 1785, and 1811.9 In spring 1777, Volta mailed his
last publications and delivered his pistol-eudiometer to the prince Karl of Lorraine in
Brussels10 whose confessor was the former Jesuit Vajkard Hallerstein from Ljubljana, the
brother of famous Chinese astronomer Augustin who researched electrophorus in Beijing. In
1779 Schttls replacement Anton Ambschell acquired for his Ljubljana school laboratory the
eudiometer filled with sodium-nitrite called Steam-meter which he called air-meter in 1785.
It was Jan Ingenhousz (* 1730; 1799) and Voltas development of the invention of Marsilio
Landriani (*1751; 1815) made in 1775. Two eudiometers and Voltas pistol were noted in
Ljubljana laboratory inventory in 1811.11

Franz Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi Baron Kindberg (* 27 April 1734; 13. 1. 1818) was the head
of the Idrija mine between 1764-1791; one Idrija shaft is called after him until today. Unlike
his predecessors, Inzaghi belonged to the highest nobility in the monarchy, which confirms
the importance of the then Idrija mine. It is particularly worth pointing out that Inzaghi did
not suffer any damage because of his ancestors malefactions on their responsible position in
Idrija, since his great-grandfather had been active there before and moved to Inner Austria as
the first of his family. The Idrija technical innovations of Franc Janez Inzaghi could be also
explained by the so far unknown fact that he was the second cousin of the mother of greatest
scientist of his days, the Pavia professor Alessandro Volta (* 1745; 1827).

The former Idrija Administrator Franc Anton von Steinberg died in 1765 in Ljubljana in
1765, and before that, the Franciscan Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi baron Kindber (* 27 April
1734; 13.1.1818) took over the Idrija mine, which was the most promising among all rivals.
At that time, the Inzaghi family had already lived for three generations in Graz as the center
of Inner Austria, which was their additional recommendation for the responsible position in
the Inner Austrian city of Idrija.

In 1736, the operation of the Idrija mine was checked by a court committee with a member of
the councilor (Bergrath, Berghauptmann, Bergverwalter) Pollo, who in 1750 introduced
Almaden furnaces for the distillation of Idrija mercury with large burning apertures in retorts,
as introduced by the don (Jan) Alfonso Bustamente from Zagala in 1646/1660, based on the
inventions of Alvar Alonso Barba ( * 1569; 1662) and Lope Saavedra Barba in Peru. Jussie
described the novelty in 1719.12

8
Aepinus F.M.U.T (1816) Aepinuss Essay on the Theory of Electricity and Magnetism. Princeton, 1979, 131;
A.Volta, Collezione dellopere. Firenze. 1/1: IV, 108.
9
Inventory 28. 1. (1779) (AS 7, Rubrica Publico Politica, Litera S, Number 19, volume 6, box 72, Acta de ann.
1778, item No. 29 for electricity); ZAL LJU 184 akc.fond 1, box 52, map 179, 7v No. 14-15; LJU 184, box 53,
32nd item on p. 8 which was 14th electricity equipment (Electrophore).
10
Pancaldi, G (2005) Volta: Science and Culture in the age of Enlightenment. 105, 152, 155; Home, R.W
(2000) Volta's English Connection. Nuova Voltiana. 1: 128-129.
11
ZAL LJU 184 akc.fond 1, box 52, map 179, 7v No. 20; LJU 184, box 53, 14th item on p. 8, which was
10th among the equipment for heat and electricity (Eudiometre) and the first tool for electricity (Pistolletes (sic!)
electriques).
12
A. Jussieu, Observations sur ce qui se pratique aux mines dAlmaden, en Espagne, pour en tirer le mercure; et
sur le caractre des maladies de ceux qui y travaillent. Histoire de lAcadmie royale des sciences, Paris, 1719,
461476; Lesky, 1958, 6465; J. J. Ferber, Beschreibung des Quecksilbergwerks zu Idria in Mittel Crayn.
Berlin, 1774, 66, 67; G. F. Hildebrandt, Chemische und mineralogische Geschichte des Quecksilbers,
Braunschweig, 1793, 440441; Hicinger, 1860, 59.
Inzaghis Idrija Apothecary Bohemian Ernest Freyer

Other reason why Inzaghi liked Beccarias studies of phosphorus might be Inzaghis Idrija
apothecary Ernest Freyer who acquired two books of discoverer of phosphorus Johann
Lwenstern-Kunckel (*1638; 1703). The first was a description of chemical
laboratory,13 and the other discussed phosphor in its 4th part.14

R. Freyers alchemy brought the charm of east to Idrija. Before R. Freyers father was born,
the Muslims failed to conquer Vienna in 1683, but they succeeded in 21st century. Together
with them the Chinese entered the European arenas, but they do not want to set up a ghetto
among Slovenes of R. Freyers Idrija, although they have ghettoes in Trieste, Graz and
elsewhere in the surrounding area around Slovenes. With the physical transfer of themselves,
that folk brings its own traditions, although their new native countries greedy use them as the
industrial slaves, which Naci Alternative fr Deutschland is very aware of. The wisdom of
the East, which in vain attempted to penetrate the West in a modest fashion from the time of
the Nikola Tesla until the Hippies' heirs of 1968, finally found a way to the west with a
massive transfer of voluntary slaves for the western industry, who from their native homeland
bring their culture in the form of a Muslim religion or the Chinese agnostic atheism. That
mixture makes Europe as a kind of conglomerate resembling the USA or Idrija mining folks
which is a nice perspective as the civil wars and fighting among people of the same language
traditions were always the most monstrous, because these people are intimately aware that
they are killing their brothers and parents, so they must hide their obvious Oedipus sin
behind their fierce bestiality in an environment where the Poturica as the Turkish Islamic
Convert is always worse than the Turk, or Volksdeutscher is always worse aggressive
combatant comparted to the German from Berlin. The racism against people who do not
differ from you, except for the acculturation in their certain social-religious community is
always the worst, even including the former and present Nazis, since the Jews were the most
faithful Germans in the whole of Europe, and similarly the 3rd millennia Turks working in
Germany could became the most obstinate Germans of all Germans if they were not stopped
by the racism of Alternative fr Deutschland in the parliament of Berlin. The xenophobia
against the people of other religions is worse than ordinary racism, as it tries to convert the
folks of other religions=regions as the final goal of every religion, while for example the
converting of the black guy into the white guy is less promising unless you paint him or her
allover. In a war between racially different people, a fair-play finally leads to a kind of peace
agreement, in a war between the folks of same languages but different social-religious
inculturation, however, fair-play has no power and no peace agreements is possible, because
the foreigners who have supposedly opted for the betrayal (Poturica, Volksdeutcher) need to
be converted back into the only true faith by force. The Korean-USA war of different folks
could never be so cruel as the second USA civil war or the barbed wire war against

13
Collegium physico-chymicum experimentale, oder Laboratorium chymicum: in welchem deutlich und
grndlich von den wahren principiis in der Natur und denen gewrckten Dingen, sowohl ber als in der Erden,
Alls Vegetabilien, Animalien, Mineralien, Metallen ... nebst der Transmutation und Verbesserung der Metallen,
gehandelt wird,... nunmehro mit einem vollstndigen Register und Vorrede herausgegeben, tretja izdaja,
Hamburg: Gottfried Richter (1738) (AS 863 box 3, Beschreibung meiner im Besitz habende Bcher 29. 4. 1790
(Freyer's Catalogue (1790)) 2r, No. 69); NUK-22233).
14
...Curiose chymische Tracttlein; als: I. Chymische Anmerckungen... II. Ntzliche Observationen von den
fixen und flchtigen Salzen... III. Epistola, contra spiritum vini sine acido. IV. De phosphoro mirabili... V.
Probier-stein, de acido & urinoso... Wobey zugleich angehngte wird: Christoph Brummets Tracttlein vom
Blut der Natur. Nebst einer vorrede... D. Johannis Philippi Burggravii... Frankfurt-Leipzig, (1721) (Catalogue of
Freyer's books 1790, 1r, No. 1 in first lower part).
Slovenians led by the local drug dealers who just lost their training referendum over Koper
harbor railway before their presidential polls copy of Alternative fr Deutschlands victory
in Slovenia. Nikola Teslas vision of communications among distant countries to stop the
wars worldwide still holds despite the lack of Trump-Korean communications left on
tweeters. Dennis Rodmans clones are needed. Because Freyer who grew up near prince
Auerspergs Sudeten lands was at least partly a kind of foreigner in Inner Austria, Inzaghi
supported the administrator of the Idrija pharmacy between 1754-1795 named Ernest Freyer
(Johannes Ernst Bartholomeus, * 22 Aug 1729 atec (Saaz, Satz) near Ohra in the Sudetes).
E. Freyer advised him on the choice of Beccaria's book on phosphorescence for Ljubljana
exam theses dedicated to Inzaghi. E. Freyer marked his own entry in the two books of
phosphorus discoverer Johann Lwenstern-Kunckel (* 1638; 1703). The first was a
description of the chemical laboratory, and the fourth part of the latter was written about
phosphorus. In the catalog of books written on April 29, 1790 and distributed six rooms with
books, Freyer described the last book as Kunckels Chymische Traktaten. Freyer's
manuscripts are in the Archive of Republic Slovenia (ARS) today, and NUK's books are
adorned with a surname in the lower right-hand corner of the cover. Freyer wrote "cabala" in
his catalog; the work of Christian Gottlieb Knig (Frankfurt: Heinscheit, 1740). He read a
number of chemists including: the director of the Physics Department of the Prussian
Academy of Sciences, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (* 1709; 1782) the son of the Berlin
pharmacist Henning Christian Margraf (* 1680; 1754), the Curiosorum Academy member
Matthias Tilingius (Tiling, * 1634; 1685), Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy at the
Freiberg Mining Academy Christlieb Ehregott Gellert (* 1713; 1795), Richard Anglicus of
Wendover, Director of the Idrija mine Steinberg, Professor of Chemistry and Mathematics at
Erfurt Hieronymus von Ludolf (* 1708; 1764), Copenhagen professor Thomas Bartholin (*
1616; 1680) and his father Caspar Bartholin (* 1585; 1629), in the Hungarian-born
Viennese physician-botanist Jacob Wernischek and Berlin's professor toxicologist Johan
Samuel Halle (* 1727; 1810). Freyer had a book of Jacobus Andreas Weber (* 1741;
1792) Leichtfassliche Chemie fr Handwerker und deren Lehrlinge: worinn die Anwenduug
dieser Kunst auf die Verarbeitung aller Metalle und die Bereitung verschiedener Farben kurz
und grndlich gezeiget wird which was published in 1793. Freyer's library also included
writers such as his associate Scopoli, Gottingen Professor of Chemistry and Medicine
Rudolph Augustin Vogel (Vogl, 1724; 1774), the pastor in the city of Mamonovo
(Heiligenbeil) between 1584-1612 Johann Cocus, professor of chemistry at the University of
Uppsala Johan Gottschalk Wallerius (* 1709; 1785). Wallerius published his
systematization of crystalline forms in Berlin in 1750. He was also interested in the research
of Jesuits, who contributed their part of the Wallerius mineralogy of the manuscript with the
distribution of rocks in the Collegio Romano. The French translation of the work was
published in 1753 and the German one a decade later. A French translation with numerous
sketches of symmetrical patterns of snowflakes and minerals was soon acquired in Ljubljana
and later became part of the Lyceum Library.

E. Freyer did not only acquire the books, but he also copied many of them in a workout
which was for several levels harder than the effort of those who just make excerpts. During
his transcription, he added many of his own particularly interesting drawings. Thus, he copied
and decorated his eighty-four sheets from 312-pages long J.C. Vanderbeeg's book on
Paracelsus titled Das geheime Buch der Weisheit zur Langen Leben und Vollkommenen
Reichtum.

Freyer was attracted by the writing of the later philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg (* 1688;
1772) who described iron ores in second and copper ores in the third part of his book. The
three books of Emanuel Swedenborg were among the most striking and expensive books in
iga Zois Library in Ljubljana. Swedenborg studied in Uppsala, but in 1724 he rejected the
offer for the mathematical chair there, although he had a lot of work on technical solutions.
He dedicated his first volume to Ludwig Rudolf the Duke of Bunswick and Lneburg, the
second volume to Wilhelm Provincial Count of Hesse who was the descendant of the owner
of the first modern European Astronomical Observatory. With the thickest third volume, he
honored the King of Swedes, Gotts and Vandals named Friderik I.

As it later became modern in Ren Just Hays era, Swedenborg also divided the ether into
several elements in his preface. He first dealt with fire, magnet, air, and water vapor. He
described the declination of the magnet, the British astronomer David Gregorius and the
Cartesian vortex around the Earth. In the end, he added twenty-eight tables with sketches,
which was much less than in the third volume, where the final sketches consisted a half of the
whole book. In the second part, he discussed iron ore and pits in Sweden, carbon connected
with fire, iron resources and silver. For conclusion, he added an unpaged map of Siberia
including Tobolsk in the folded A1 format, and blast furnace; Zois has invented similar one
which he donated to Kersnik's physics chemistry laboratory in Ljubljana. Twenty-one
sketches were drawn up by an engineer, followed by rock and mining until the last 36th
image. In the final third volume, Swedenborg described the cleaning of copper, especially in
Bohemia, the melting of copper and especially the mysterious alchemist Agrippa. At the end
he added 89 copper-cuts starting with a picture of a complete fossil skeleton from the glacier,
stone houses, archeological tools and new load-lifting devices.15 Freyer's chemical policies
are reflected in his purchases of the works of important writers, including the Professor of
Pharmaceutical Chemistry at Queen's College of Cambridge Joannes Franciscus Vigani (*
around 1650 Verona; 1712), (Medulla Chemiae), Dean Principis Chemicis, Gaspar Schott16
and Marcus Friedrich Rosenkreutzer named Franz Ritter (* 1579; 1641).17 Freyer also
preserved the entire Scopolis manuscript.18

The Franciscans of Ljubljana had even a collection of books of professor in Halle Friedrich
Hoffmann (* 1660; 1742), while Freyer acquired only two. Freyer used Reich's popular
collection of chemical symbols, and copied the chemistry of the professor in Altdorf and
Halle of Johann Heinrich Schulze (Schultz, * 1687; 1744), a discovery of silver chloride
and nitrate.19

15
De Cupro et Ferro v treh delih (Freyerjeve knjige 1790, In der Dritten Abtheilung, t. 68) kot E.Swedenborg,
Principia rerum naturalium, Hekeli, Dresdae & Lipsiae, 1734, 1, 294, 395, 433, 438, 2, 12, 88, 145, 263, tab. I,
VI, XI, 3, 166167, 191, 301, tab 13, 7, 12 (. Zois, Bibliothecae, Ljubljana 1821, NUK, Ms. 667, 3; NUK-
8914).
16
pravilno Philosophia chemica experimentis confirmata : in qua agitur de principiis chymicis iz leta 1694 (t.
70; folio 2v); t. 75; Magia Pyrotechnica (Freyerjeve knjige 1790, V tretjem zgornjem oddelku, 2v,
neotevileno t. 6).
17
Astronomia inferior, oder: septem planetarum terrestrium spagyrica recensio. Endter, Nuremberg, 1646
(Freyerjeve knjige 1790, 2v, neotevileno t. 11).
18
Compendium rei Herbarica (Freyerjeve knjige 1790, 3v).
19
Observationum physico-chymicarum selectiorum libri III in De Chemia rationalis et experimentalis, Leyden,
1748 (AS 863 . 19, Freyers books (Freyerjeve knjige) 25. 1. 1835, 2r, no. 57, 7374); Reichs, Medicinisch=
Chymisch =und Alchemistischer Oraculum darinnen man nicht nur alle Zeichen und Abkrzungen welche so
wohl in den Recepten und Bchern der Aerzte und Apothecker, de Gaum, Ulm, 1775 (Freyers boks 1835, 3v);
J. H. Schulze, Chemische Versuche, Halle, 1745.
Figure 2: Scopolis academic ancestors.

Similarly, Freyer copied the books of the Swede Axel Frederick Cronstedt (* 1722; 1765)
and G. Wiedemans Versuch einer neuen Mineralogie (Copenhagen: Rothenschen
Buchhandlung, 1760), which Biwald in Graz revised in 1777 with its examinations from of
the edition of 1775. Cronstedt discussed the chemical composition of the substance; by
blasting, the glowing crystal was heated to determine its properties from the color of its
vapor. Hacquet used the reprint of Cronstedt's work published in Leipzig in 1780. E. Freyer
obtained four Linnaeus' works,20 he transcribed the Uppsala dissertation of Fredric
Hasselquist defended with Linnaeus, which were also kept by the Carniolan baron Erberg in
Biwald's reprint.21 The Swede Frideric Hasselquist (* 1722; 1752) wrote22 about the
fourteen newly discovered species of oakling, which were described in the fifth edition of
Genera Plantarum later in 1754. Biwald added to his Hasselquist discussion his findings,
amongst others about the Atropa belladonna deposits in Styria. Hasselquist was one of
Linnaeus best students. He quoted Linnaeus Leyden teacher Boerhaave, though only in a
note. The editor Biwald noted Hasselquist's work; he referred to the works of Parisian
academics published in 1703; of course. he did not forget to mention Florae Carniolicae of
his friend Scopoli.23 The courageous Hasselquist traveled to the east with a merchant ship and
sent his first naturalistic description of the Holy Land; Linnaeus published his report in 1757,
and soon it was translated by the French, German and English. Freyer commented on the

20
Freyerjeve knjige 1790, In der Groen Abtheilung 1v2r, no. 3436, 41
21
Hasselquist, Dissertatio de viribus plantarum Amoenitates academicae seu dissertationes variae physicae,
medicae, botanicae, 20. 6. 1747, Selectae ex amoenitatibus (=amaenitatibus) academicis Caroli Linnaei
dissertationis ad universam naturalem historiam perinentes, quas edidot et additamentis auxit L. B. e S. J.
Continuatio selectarum ex amoenitatibus acad. C. Linneai dissertationum ad univ. Nat. Histor. Pertinentium,
quas ed. L. B. e S. J. Vol. 1 (ur. K. Linn; L. Biwald) Gradec, 1764, 389428 (NUK 8847).
22
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 5094..
23
Linn, Biwald, 1764, 8, 93..
study of antimony compounds from 1764. It was printed in Leipzig under the pen of English
John Huxham FRS (* 1692; 1768) as a translation (1756) Medical and chemical
observations upon antimony. He also transcribed the twenty-four pages of the Wittenberg and
Rostock student, the Rosicrucian (Rosenkreuzer), the Paracelsus researcher, the pastor in
Lneburg and Altenbruch Christoph Barbarossa (Ratichius Brotoffer, * 1562; 1623).24
Freyer also copied the work of John Ray FRS (* 1627) Methodus plantarum emandatra et
aucta (1703) on 46 leaves about the production of mercury. Johan Jakob Becher was one of
Freyer's most popular writers; Freyer obtained his alchemy De Secretis alchemiae Briefe,25
Physica Subterranea Opus Sine Pari. Lipsiae: Weidmann, 1738 and Chemische Schriften.26 E.
Freyer manually copied the book Becher's Viennese colleague Wilhelm von Schrder (*
1640 Preov in Slovakia; 1688): Nothwendiger Unterricht vom Goldmachen, denken
Buccinatoribus oren sich selbst nennenden foederativ hermeticis auf drei drei Epistel zur
freundlichen Nachricht. The book was published in 1684, and Freyer used a print from 1721
on public finances and alchemy under the title: Wilhelm Freyherr von Schrdern Frstliche
Schatz- und Rent-Cammer: nebst seinem Tractat vom Goldmachen wie auch vom
Ministrissimo or Ober-Staats-Bedienten (Leipzig: T. Fritsch). On 3 April 1661, 6 June 1661
and 9 June 1662, Schrder reported to Gaspar Schott from London about Boyle vacuum
pumps and other devices. The letters were published by Kircher's student Schott27 with the
first description of Guerickes Vacuum Pump. Freyer also transcribed Conspectvs Chemiae
Theoretico-Practicae: Tomus... In Forma Tabvlarvm Repraesentatvs, In Qvibvs Physica,
Praesertim Svbterranea, Et Corporvm Natvralivm Principia, Habitvs Inter Se, Proprietates,
Vires Et Vsvs, Itemqve PraecipvaChemiae Pharmaceuticals Et Mechanicae Fvndamenta E
Dogmatibus Becheri Et Stahlii ... Explicantur ... (Halae Magdenburg: Orphanotropheum,
1730). The item was compiled by Johann Juncker (* 1679 Londorf; 1759 Halle), assisted
by Juncker's predecessor at the Department of Medicine in Halle, George Ernst Stahl (* 1660
Jena; 1734 Berlin) based on the reflections of the Vienna-based alchemist-economist
Johann Joachim Becher (* 1635 Speyer, 1682 London). Freyer drew many alchemical
symbols to illustrate the joining of elements; he was obviously interested in the eighteen
decades old Viennese mercantilists and cameralists Schrder and Becher, and even more so
for the modern Scandinavian crystallography and the pharmaceutical botany of the Jesuits in
Graz.

The socializations with a high society of Ljubljana was necessary for the twenty-four-year-
old E. Freyer to become the temporary leader of the pharmacy in Idrija following the order of
Minister G. van Swieten, although Janez Anton Scopoli (* 1723; 1788) on 20th January
1755 through the director Sartori asked the Vienna court to approve him the preparation of
medicines and the management of a pharmacy with an additional salary of 800 per year. It
was a great opposition to Freyers work! On 20 September 1754, Sartori did not support
Scopoli, as the doctors at that time were not supposed to supply their patients with
medication. C. Weinhardt offered Sartori the equipment and care of a pharmacy at a lower
price of 400-500 per year. He also promised to provide an experienced person for the
pharmacy manager. An unnamed expert was, of course, Ernest Freyer, who in those days

24
Elucidarius Maior. Oder Erleichterungen ber die Reformation der ganzen weiten Welt/ F.C.R. aus ihrer
Chymischen Hochzeit/ und sonst mit viel andern testimoniis Philosophorum: sonderlich in appendice,
dermaen verbessert/ dass beydes materia & praeparatio lapidis aurei, deutlich genug darin angezeigte
werden. Ster, Lneburg, 1617 (Elucidarii Maioris durch Radtichs Brotoffer luxeme Appendix oder
Grndliche Nachricht von der Ma(teri)a lapidis Oci et modo Praeparandi, AS 863 {. 2).
25
Freyerjeve knjige 1790 1v, neotevileno t. 3. (Wecker, sic!).
26
Katalog 1835 t. 55, 56.
27
Technica Curiosa, 1664, 371372.
allegedly joined as a candidate for the first appearance (tironcinium) at Weinhardts
apothecary. Scopoli was not lucky enough to obtain Freyer's pharmacy, while they continued
to cooperate well. Scopoli, of course, tried to burden Freyer and Hacquet with some of
Svopolis work, but they refused one after the other. Of course, there was a great social
difference between Scopoli and Freyer, and even greater between Scopoli and Inzaghi. The
social level was well-documented by the baptisms of children, since Freyer was not certainly
involved in the noble baptisms or weddings if the local nobles as godfather or witness. On the
other hand, in 1783, Inzaghi's relative A. Volta described the eudiometer for Scopolis
extended translation of the Chemistry Dictionary-Glossary of Pierre-Joseph Macquer (1718-
1784), which the young Volta certainly considered to be an honor at that time. The social
distances in Idrija mine hierarchy based almost solely on inherited noble titles confirmed by
the Viennese court were not the same as the social hierarchy in the academic circles of Pavia
University where the professors tried to avoid the daily politics by believing in the scientific
republic of letters. It might have been possible in those times, but that happy era is gone
forever in modern times when every funny proofreader or editor earns much more than the
scientist who have produced the text for proofreading. If the scientist dares to complain, the
greedy checker-plini simply cease to publish his stuff in vacuum. In-between, the science
was transformed into business where quasi-scientist moneymakers tend to destroy any trace
of useful ideas in their cradle just to keep safe their well-paid positions. With Galileos
business oriented sciences, the republic of letters received its fatal blow, but it still kind a
functioned even in Heisenberg Nazi bombs era. In Trumps business world of Anthropocene,
the science as the search for truth completely ceased to function. Trumps or Slovenian
barbed wire walls against foreigners are not there to protect anyone, but to show who is the
boss, namely the masculine money makers and nor the intelligent inventors among their
slaves. Trumps still wants to build a Mexican wall even though illegal entry is way down
since he was elected president because USA ceased to be a Mecca for Latin Americans.
Trumps clones the president and prime minister of Slovenia put barbed wire along the
Slovenian/Croatian border to stop the immigrants and the wire is still there despite the
oblivious fact that nobody ever crossed the Kolpa river after the Kostel folks ceased to
smuggle salt there. The barbed wires and heavily bordered modern scientific communities
were never meant to obstacle the newcomers, they are there more to scare-prevent insiders
from telling anybody that their emperor is without clothes of Andersens Kejserens nye
Klder, published in the era of the great final decline of Danish empire in 1837. Only when
the child would be brave enough to cry out: "But he isn't wearing anything at all!" somewhere
hopefully in the nearest future, the barbed wire Trumps will be defeated with Nikola Teslas
vision of worldwide communication for cheap energy. E. Freyer was happy enough to work
before that sad debacle. Freyer continued to cultivate his alchemical traditions there in Idrija
a century after Rudolf's court of Prague between 1754 and 1795. To meet those demands,
Freyer obtained the manuscript Light of the Seven Dual Stars28 and many other writings. He
wrote the epistle,29 or wrote it in the fourth physician and physician in Varadin, Ljubljana,
the son of the Ljubljana city judge, Jakob Ignaz Seiter (Seitern, Seitter). He devoted his work
to a few years older to Adam Johann Christopher Lebald von von Lebenwald (1624
28
J. J. Seiter; E. Freyer, Lux Septuplex Astralis id est: triumphans sapientum Mercurius etc. Dedicavit Adamo a
Lebenwald, Medicinae Doctori etc. Labaci, 8. 6. 1684 24 leaves AS 863 . 1; SI_PAM/1946/018 Henrik Freyer
16842004). The fiend of E.Freyers son Karl, Joef Kalasanc baron Erberg, noted that book in the year 1682
(M. Uri, Joef Kalasanc Erberg in njegov poskus osnutka za literarno zgodovino Kranjske, Ljubljana 1975,
105).
29
A. Dimitz, Geschichte Krains von der altesten Zeit bis auf das Jahr 1813. Laibach, 18741876, 4, 125; M.
Pohlin, Marci a S. Paduano Pohlin Er. Aug. Disc. Ord. Prof. Bibliotheca Carnioliane in qua reperientur
scriptores,... Beilage zum Jahrgange 1862 der Mittheilungen des historischen Vereines fr Krain (ur.
A.Dimitz), Laibach, 1862, 45.
Sarleinsbach in Upper Austria-1696 Leoben), who was awarded with a noble title for the
treatment of fever in 1659. Lebenwald was the opponent of the alchemy of stone of wisdom,
and from 1674 to 1684 he lived in his own castle in Stibichhofen Trofaiach northwest of
Leoben; in Salzburg, shortly before the Seiter of 1681/82 he published a critique of alchemy,
gold making, flower crusaders and Paracelsus30 right after the controversy between Carniolan
Janez Friderik Rain and the Bohemian Jacob Jakob Wenceslaus Dobrzensky de Nigro Ponte
(Jakub Jan Vaclav (Wenceslas) from erneho Mostu (Schwartzbrug ), * 1623; 1697), the
pupil of Kircher's friend Marcus Marcius.31 In 1751 Freyer transcribed the chemical and
medical works of practical laboratory alchemist Joannes de Monte Snyders (Slyder, about
1625-1670) in Ljubljana, as well as the medicine of the editor-alchemist Adam Gottlob
Berlich of Dresden, who was also copied by Isaac Newton himself. E. Freyer tied Snyder's
connection of planets with the same editor's metals to the transcript.32 In 1660, Snyder visited
Leopold's Viennese court, which enabled his popularity in the Habsburg countries was paved.
E. Freyer was probably studying in Bohemia. He was at home in the hut and beer gardens of
atec near Karlovy Vary and the neighboring thermal spas, where a quarter of a century
younger Tobias Gruber chemically analyzed water like Freyer analyzes in the Idrija regions.
E. Freyer was in Ljubljana at least between 1751 and 1752; first he dated his manuscript of
natural wonders,33 then the decomposition (compounds) of metals34 and a collection of
chemical experiments.35 More recently, Freyer also obtained a similar book36 allegedly of the
legendary Basilus Valentinus; perhaps the work was identical to Freyer's manuscript of a
philosophical stone with astrological computations and the playing card for prophecies.37
Unfortunately, the first volume with the writer's mention was lost in the storm of the next
centuries.

30
A. Lebenwald, 1: Teufels List und Betrug in der Hebrer Cabala, mit einem Vorbericht wie der Teufel bey
dem menschlichen Geschlecht auf onderschidlich Wei eingeschlichen. 2: Astrologia judiciaria, oder zu viel
urtheilenden SternKunst... 3: Vier Elementen und viel andern aberglubischen Dingen. 4: Falschen
Alchymisterey und Goldmacher-Kunst, darinnen ausfhrlicher Betucht gegeben wird, von den so genannten
Fratrinus roseae crucis oder Rosen-Creutzern, und Theophrasto Paracelso. 5: Berg-Ruethen und Berg-
Spiegel. Mit einem Vorsatz des Menschenspiegels, nmlich von der Physiognomia, Metoposcopia, und
Chiromantia. 6: Waffen-Salben und so genannten sympathetischen Pulver. 7: Transplantation oder ber-
Pflanzung der Kranckheit. 8: Verfhrung der Menschen zur Zauberey, all wo auch von dem Antichrist als
letzten Zauberer gehandelt wird, mit dem Beschluss wie man sich vor des Teufels List, Anfechtung und
Verfhrung bewahren solle. Salzburg, 16811682.
31
J. F. Rain, Praeservativum universale naturale a natura et arte depromptum in omni morborum genere est
lapis philosophorum, cuius possibilitas, realitas, existentia et praeparatio, quodque is solus sit uncus morborum
debellator Hercules contra Jacobum Joannem Wencesl. Dobrzenski de Nigro Ponte, Philosophia et Medicinae
Doctorem, Lapidem Philosophorum eiusque indefinitam in omnibus morbis curandi excellentiam negantem
remonstratur. Labaci, 1680.
32
Snyder, Universae Medicinae (ur. Berlich), Gtz, Franckfurt/Leipzig, 1678. Privezano v Snyder,
Metamorphosis planetarum: dass ist, Eine wunderbahrliche Vernderung der Planeten, und Metallische
Gestalten in ihr erstes Wesen... (ed. Berlich), Tobias Oehrling, Franckfurt, 1684 (prva izdaja 1663) (AS 863 box
2).
33
Freyer, Curiositam cujus generis seu curiosa na(tur)ae miracula, 1751, 42 listov (AS 863 . 1).
34
Compositio Alchimiae seu vera destructio metallorum et nova generatio Philosophorum seu Lapidis
Sapientum, 1751, 23 listov (AS 863 . 1; SI_PAM/1946/018).
35
Synagoga sey collectanea Chymica tam propria Experientia probata quam ex Authoribus recentioris collecta,
1753, 188 listov (AS 863 . 2; Freyerjeve knjige 1835 5v, t. 221).
36
Lapidis Philosophorum Unschtzbarer Unterricht (Katalog 1835 2r, t. 61).
37
De Lapide philosophorum, 40 listov v tirih ohranjenih zvezkih (AS 863 . 2).
Figure 3: Freyers illustrations on Curiositam cujus generis seu curiosa na(tur)ae miracula,
1751, 42 leaves (AS 863 . 1) and Compositio Alchimiae seu vera destructio metallorum et
nova generatio Philosophorum seu Lapidis Sapientum, 1751, 23 leaves (AS 863 . 1;
SI_PAM/1946/018).
Figure 4: Basilius Valentinus supposed book of 1480 in the transcription of Ljubljana
Franciscans as Via Veritatis (FSLJ manuscript)
Figure 5: Basilius Valentinus supposed book of 1480 in the transcription of Ljubljana
Franciscans as Via Veritatis (FSLJ manuscript).
Figure 6: Basilius Valentinus supposed book of 1480 in the transcription of Ljubljana
Franciscans as Via Veritatis (FSLJ maniscript).
Figure 7: Title page Basilius Valentinus supposed book Chimischer Schriften of 1769 in the
library of Ljubljana Franciscans (FSLJ).

Freyer learned his pharmacy as a Ljubljana apprentice pharmacist of Franz Karl Weinhardt
on Novi trg 2 (No. 293 opposite of the bridge, today Juriev trg 2). Between 1654 and 1672
the house was owned by the pharmacist Ludovik Hauenstein and his heirs, followed by Irish-
born Janez Jurij Tosch and his heirs until the year 1705, when the building was purchased by
the pharmacist Janez Peter Sartori. In 1717, Sartori bought the neighboring house of Karl von
Samburg and combined the buildings. Since 1740, the owner of such an expanded building
was the pharmacist Franc Karel Weinhardt. Weinhardt supplied folks with medicines during
the 1752 pyrophilic epidemic. On 14 February 1754, Weinhardt sculpted sculptor Francesco
Robba (* 1698; 1757) for unpaid medication in the amount of 41 gld and 33 kr with 6%
interest.

Freyer learned basic vacuum distillation at his home in atec, which is the home of a good
beer. Between 1751 and 1753, he learned his pharmaceutic skills in the Ljubljana pharmacy
of Franz Karl von Weinhardt (Weikhard, Weykhard, * 1703; 12. 6. 1768, Ljubljana) on
Novi trg no. 2 (today Juri Square No. 2) who bought the house in 1740. Weinhardt supplied
Idrija mine with vacuum-distilled medicines with Freyer's help during the epidemic of the
pagan in 1752. Weinhardt was also successful in the business, since on 14 February 1754, he
sued the famous sculptor Francesco Robba (* 1698; 1757) for unpaid medication in the
amount of 41 gld and 33 kr with 6% interest. Franc Karl Weinhardt also had a house in
evljarska (Carpenter) Street no. 2. He managed a pharmacy on today's Juri Square no. 2
until 1765. His wife Marija Klara gave birth to their son a doctor Karl Avgutin Weykard (*
24 August 1736 Ljubljana) who took a pharmacy over. After him Franz Karl von Weinhardt
was in charge in 1785, and then until September 21, 1844, the pharmacist was Joef Filip
(Philipp) von Weinhardt.

Weinhardt's pharmacy had a centuries-old tradition and quality high-quality vacuum


distillation equipment in Ljubljana for production of extracts of medicines. In the southern
part of the pharmacy on today's Juris square no. 2 between 1622 and 1629, pharmacist
Valentin Cirian (i) and his wife Lukrecia worked. From 1652/53 to 1661, the pharmacy was
developed by pharmacist Ludovik Hauenstein (Hauenstain) together with his heirs until 1672;
followed by the doctor of the Irish genus Janez Jurij Tosch until 1694, and then his
descendants until 1705. Then the pharmacy was purchased by the pharmacist Janez Peter
Sartori and his wife Anna Eleonora, who in 1717/18 bought also the neighboring northern
house of Karl von Samburg (Sameburg). Sartori merged both buildings into a single large
pharmacy, if his successor, Weinhardt, did not did it later in 1752. The Northern House also
had a pharmacy tradition, since in the period from 17 March 1588 until 1618 the pharmacist
Vincenc de Agnelatti worked there. He was followed by his heirs Janez, Jeronim, Vincenc
and others until 1645. The pharmacist Janez Peter Sartori and his wife, Ana Eleonora, had
several children in Ljubljana. On July 18, 1714 they picked up for their godfather Roberto
Galileis Ljubljana host John the Baptist Pettenegkhs son, the caretaker of the Military
Landscape Hans Adam von Pettenegkh Pttickh (* 1640/1645; 1705). On 26 June 1715,
they chose for the godmother Hans Adam von Pettenegkhs wife, Marija Ana Pettenegkh
born Wisethal.38 Adam Pettenegkh had a large library of works on medicine, pharmacy and
chemistry, as well as a silver compass39 as an analog computer created in Galileo Galileis
workshop.

Franc Karl Weinhardt took his pharmacy from Ljubljana pharmacist Janez Peter Sartori, a
relative of Inzaghi's predecessor in the position of the head of the Idrija mine, Anton Sartori.
Anton Sartori had taken over the Idrija mine in 1754; because he urgently needed a
pharmacist, his acquaintance Franc Karl Weinhardt recommended his student Ernest Freyer.

38
Ivan Vrhovec, Zgodovina entpetrske fare v Ljubljani, 1903, str. 43; Schiviz, 1905, 43, 51, 55
39
AS 309, Pettenegkh, 23. 1. 1705, fasc. 35, . 85, litera P, str. 1831, 100104
With Freyer's arrival, the vacuum distillation procedures became the constant of the Idrija
mine. When Anton Sartori suddenly died at the end of the year 1764, the new Idrija mine
director, Inzaghi, of course, inherited Sartori's pharmacist Freyer. Franc Karl Weinhardt use
to tell his student Ernest Freyer: You Sudeten guys are funny, but you are trained well and
the prince Auersperg supports you as he have the most profitable of his manors in
Sudetenland, which means more than anything else here in Carniola. In fact, Ljubljana is far
too small for two great pharmacists like me and you. I cannot give my shop to you because I
have my son Karl Avgutin who is just waiting to take it over. He is exactly a decade your
younger, but he will learn our stuff soon. So, why dont you go down to Idrija mercury mine
and make your fortune there? Those crazy alchemists around there are just waiting for a
competent guy like you, and the state authorities are also very interested to establish a good
pharmacy in Idrija. Freyer liked the idea but tried to behave just like he is somewhat
hesitating: Well, I like bigger towns like Ljubljana. You could not even find a proper
marriable girl in Idrija, do you? They both laughed and had their great times while Freyer
was slowly packing his stuff for the one-way journey to Idrija.

Figure 8: Freyers teachers as his academic ancestors.

The physician with the similar name was a resident of Tyrol Ferdinand Karl Weinhart (*
1654; 1716). He was several times a rector and dean of the Faculty of Medicine, the
personal physician of Emperors Josef I and Karl VI. Another Franc Weinhardt was a sedge at
the pitalski most (Hospital Bridge) in Ljubljana.40 On 10 October 1754, the Viennese Munz-
und Bergwesens Hoffkammer determined by decree the fields of activity of three "health

40
R. Andrejka, Zgodovina kramarskih hiic v Preernovi ulici, Kronika, 1938, 5/1, 19.
assistants", before that date, worked in Idrija. Perhaps E. Freyer came to Idrija in 1752/53
when he had to prepare several medicines in his "homemade pharmacy" for Hacquet's
predecessor, the surgeon master named Gutt. Freyer had to manage a provisional hospital
during the epidemic of the piglet, and to equip the pharmacy premises in the "officials house
(castle)" with appliances and needs for independent pharmacy work. During at least half a
year, the combustion plants and other equipment were installed in the new pharmacy. Perhaps
the equipment had already been installed at the time of the plague of 1752, in anticipation of
Munz- und Bergwesens Hoffkammer approval of the cost of the new pharmacy. The three
Gesundheitshelfer workers in Idrija healthcare networks operated in such a way that the
surgeon Gutt and pharmacist E. Freyer were subordinate to the doctor Scopoli and were not
allowed to prescribe medications from the pharmacy without Scopolis authorizations. The
doctor had an annual salary of 800 fl, a surgeon of 500 fl, a pharmacist of 400 l and a
pharmacist apprentice got 40 fl per annum in 1790. The desired arrangement was prevented
by the unnatural separation of the treatment of internal diseases from early-cellular injuries or
the consequences of poisoning, and the convenience and constant accessibility of medicines
in a pharmacy that were not prescription-related. Later in the presence of the mine manager, a
more effective collaboration between health professionals (physicus, chirurgus and apotheker
provisor) was agreed: for Dr. E. Freyer the pharmacist, it was agreed: "that he must (and
may) also faithfully produce and give the recipes that miners receive from other; he may also
issue in his pharmacy small things like an ointment of the physician A. Scopoli, the
mountebank Joseph Gutt ( 1765) and Ernest Freyer who produce pharmacists stuff like
patches, breast teas and so-called domestic products-manufactured according to his own
regulations." The relations were not settled completely as far because the new problems
emerged. On 6. 10. 1763 their boss Sartori reported that the pharmacist E. Freyer was issuing
medicines without Scopoli's authorization. On September 26, 1763, Freyer stated frankly as
he easily defended himself against the complaints: "I really prescribed prescription drugs and
medicines, even employees and miners, you also want drugs. Scopoli is annually absent for
eight or four days, and several times he goes away for more than three weeks to pay his
attention to botany and to collect the insects. During that same year, during the three months,
I was entrusted with the entire mine healthcare and Scopoli instructed me to attend and treat
patients with the request that I do not burden him. In the greatest distress I should call a
doctor from Ljubljana (he demanded)." After his frequent replacement of Scopoli, E. Freyer
felt as a real physician, and he later became involved even in the treatments of patients.41 The
Munz- und Bergwesens Hoffkammer warned that affected Sartori and healthcare workers
including Scopoli should cooperate well to avoid conflicts. Scopoli should invite a
pharmacist who understand the language of the population to the male and female patients.
Freyer learne Czech laguahge in his youth which was enough to understand his Slovenian
dialects speaking patients in Idrija. Scopoli needed the help of an educated and experienced
Freyer in botanical research; among other things, he praised Freyer as the discoverer of the
plant Hemerocalis cava (flava) as the local daylily. An appeal against E. Freyer may have
been caused by the great dissatisfaction of Scopoli's other wife, Katarina von Frankenfeld
married on February 15, 1758 before the death of their child on September 27, 1769. The
unusual requests and complaints against E. Freyer, allegedly sent by Scopoli to Vienna, were
handwritten differently from Scopoli and even with errors in the signed name Scopoli.
Among the errors was Knappen written instead of Knaben. The content and composition of
texts point to a possible author: the dissatisfied angry Scopolis spouse. Thus, an illogical and
guilty accusation against the pharmacist Freyer can be explained.42
41
Lesky, 1958, 20, 27, 28, 52; Pfeifer, 1989, 69, 82..
42
A. Mllner, Dr. I. A. Scopoli als Werksarzt in Idria 1754 bis 1769, Berg- und httenm. Jahrbuch, 1906, 54,
257, 287; Ale Krbavi sporoilo 23. 4. 2014.
On 14 November 1763, to comfort Scopoli (and his wife), Sartoti and his other superiors
additionally hired Scopoli to teach seven selected students at a public chemistry-metallurgical
school for 400 gld per year; Inzaghi did not really want to name Scopoli as a proxy of his
office, but he invited him to discuss burning issues as an expert.

While the twenty-year-old Freyer studied pharmacy iin the time of the death of Anton
Hauptmann ( 27 June 1754)43 the new director of the Idrija mine Anton Sartori ( 10
November 1764) collected enough money from the wine tax to be able to appoint Scopoli as
a doctor in Idrija in June 1754 and to hire the pharmacist Freyer few weeks later. So, E.
Freyer put an Idrija pharmacy on the work between October 1754 and his death in 1795.

A man with a similar surname Johan Jakob Frey (* 1631; 1711)44 was a Carniolan
pharmacist and in 1776/77 he received the noble title Freydenfeld. The Freyer family branch
of Idrija knew about the trade of Freyer family in the golden month (Goldener Monde) in the
Landstrasse in Vienna, whose owner Freyer had relatives in Bohemia.45 Georg Freyer's (16.
2. 1681 Zkupy (Reichstadt) north of Prague in the Sudeten; SJ 9. 10. 1716 Vienna, 11
December 1731 Bratislava) was the guardian of the sanctuary and clerk in Slavonska Poega
(1719-1724), Pcs, Buda in 1726-1727 and Trnava in 1728-1731. Several Bohemian Jesuits
were successful pharmacists, among them the Prague Jesuit Francis Althaus (* 1707; 1764)
in the Jesuit college of Koice, Graz, Vienna and Linz, or Philip Braun (* 18, 2. 1673 Cheb
(Eger), SJ 27. 10. 1701 Trnava; 22. 8. 1728 Trenin) on the colleges of Trenin 1705-1706,
Klagenfurt 1707-1709, Linz 1711, Trnava 1712, Zagreb 1713-1714, Vienna 1715, Gyr
1716, Krems 1717-1720 and Vienna 1721- 1722.46 E. Freyer learned at the Jesuit schools of
lower studies enough Latin and old Greek to write his Ljubljana and Idrija texts in both
languages. He married Elizabeth Pollin, who gave birth to his sons Joseph and Karl; the
family chronicle of Freyer first describes Ernest Freyer's arrival in Idrija in 1754 and only in
the next paragraph he refers to Ernest Freyer's marriage with Elizabeth, which suggests that
the wedding took place in Idrija.47

Figure 9: Notes by Freyer's son, the pharmacist Karl Freyer (* 1762; 1835) under the title
Extractus Collegiorum Chymicorum, theoreticorum tum practicorum (AS 863 3), which was
written by Freyer in the catalog of books 25. 1. 1835 as Freyer Freyers Chymica collegia,
1790 (AS 863, 19, No. 149), which concerned the eight leaves of Karl's manuscript
Collegiorum Chymicorum (AS 863 3).

Since we do not know the details of E. Freyer's schooling in Ljubljana between 1751 and
1752, we may be able to extract them from well-documented chemical and pharmaceutical
education of his son Karl in Ljubljana, Celje and Vienna. During the time of Ernest Freyer,
the prospective pharmacist had to go to Latin schools for three years (Jesuit lower studies)
studied), then passed the exam in front of the guild and gave it to the authorities. From the
middle of the 18th century onwards, the pharmacist had to undergo an examination at the

43
M. Arko, Zgodovina Idrije, Gorica, 1931, 9597; Pfeifer,1989, 56.
44
Sporoilo prof. Alea Krbavia 22. 4. 2014; Speta, 2004, 591592; L. Schiviz, Der Adel, Graz, 1905, 182.
45
. Predin, O ivljenju in delu Henrika Freyerja, Slovenski farmacevti v naravoslovju, Maribor, 2002, 8.
46
L. Lukcs, Catalogus Generalis, Romae, 1987, 1, 19, 127, 369.
47
Note if Marko Zuccato 22. 4. 2014; A.Giumlia-Mair, Nain ganja rude v Idriji od 16. do 18. stoletja, Idrijski
razgledi, 2009, 51/1, 78, 81.
medical faculty of G. van Swieten for a self-employed craft, and since 1820 he already
needed a chemistry university doctorate or a university examination for a pharmacy master.48
Karl Freyer's brethren was Karl Gariboldi and Maria Kristina born Pasetzky as a wife of
Anton Sartori. The Christian godfather of Karl Freyer was a doctor Joseph Knee
(Bergkammeral physicus), who replaced Scopoli. On 4 November 1775 Karl Freyer began to
attend the first grade of the Latin school in Ljubljana. He studied for the second year with the
Ljubljana merchant Zittrerer, and in the third year at the pharmacy Litto; he completed seven
years of schooling with the best success, whereby the school years of the year could last for
two or even three years. September 29, 1780 on the day of St. Mihael started a one-year
internship in the Leurs pharmacy in Ljubljana. Karl has completed his provisional
apprenticeship training with a salary of 100 florins, reimbursed travel expenses and an annual
award of four gld ended in Celje pharmacy of Jakob Kayser since 16/20. 2. 1786 to 1. 12.
1788 with the certificate of the Commissioner of the Province of Celje, dated on December 1,
1788, and the district physicist Wilhelm Vlatka, dated on 16 November 1790.49 Jakob Kayser
married Francesca, the daughter of Celje pharmacist Josef Feriantschitz (Ferjani). He led
the pharmacy of the Olimje monastery, and in 1781 he took over the Celje pharmacy, later
known as Pri Orlu (By Eagle) which he acquired as the dowry. After Jakob's death,
Francescas (Franciszka) second husband Franc Ksaver Baumbach took over the pharmacy in
1790.50 Thus, Karel Freyer was one of the last disciples of Jacob Kayser, who was certainly a
friend of his father. On December 3, 1788, Karel (Karl) Freyer left for a year to practice with
Joseph Phillip, a pharmacist in Ljubljana, in the income of 100 florins. On 7 March 1790 he
went to Vienna and passed twenty-two exam questions with the professor Hungarian Josep
Langmayer (Josua Langmair, Langmeyer, * 1750; 1810). On 10 April 1790, Langmayer
received his doctorate in 1772 at the Viennese Medical School. In 1803 he was a professor of
pharmacy and surgery in Vienna, and in 1784 and 1806 he worked as a pharmacy professor
and a personal doctor of the Polish king in Vilnius. On 3 May 1790, Karel Freyer temporarily
returned to the widow of Francis Kayser with a salary of 180 florins in Celje, after the
Baumbach takeover of the pharmacy. On 2 December 1790, Kael Freyer left Celje and
arrived in Idrija five days later, where he was appointed on 25 December with his father as a
provisional adjunct paid 40 kr per day.51

From 1764 to 1791 Franz Johan Inzaghi headed Idrija mercury production and Volta used
mercury for his barometric experiments with gases, and in the mercury thermometers
invented by physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam in 1714. Volta worked in the
physical theatre of Pavia University where he joined Giovanni Antonio Scopoli who was
appointed two years earlier in 1777. In 1784 Volta visited Vienna and the Habsburg
government gave him important quantity of Idrija mercury for his experimenting in physical
theatre finished around 1788. In 1790 and 1791 Antonio Cetti (* 1752; 1835) spent several
weeks in Pavia where he made thermometers, barometers, and similar instruments filed with
Idrija mercury for Volta. A priest Angelo Bellani (*1776 Monza; 1852 Milan) made other
mercury thermometers for Volta.52 From 1754 to 1769 Scopoli served as Idrija Mine

48
I. Zajc Cizelj, Zdravstvo v Celju v letih 17801848, Iz zgodovine Celja (ur. M. Poivavek), Celje, 1996, 274.
49
Schiviz, 1905, 307; AS 863 . 3.
50
M. Poivavek, Tradition of the pharmacies in Celje, Acta med-hist Adriat 2009 7(1), 246; SI_PAM/1946/017
Lekarne v Ljubljani 16431986.
51
AS 863 . 3 Dnevnik, 12.
52
Bellodi G, Brenni P (2001) The Arms of the Physicist: Volta and Scientific Instruments. Nuova Voltiana. 3:
14-15, 21, 27.
physician under Inzaghi.53 Inzaghi employed the surgeon B. Hacquet in 1766,54 and from
1754 to 1795 the first apothecary of Idrija Mine was Ernest Freyer (*22 Aug 1729 atec
(Zatec, Saaz, Satz) by Ohra River in Sudetenland; 1795 Idrija No. 136).55

Figure 10: Freyers family in ancestors mode.

53
Speta F (2004) Entomologen der ersten Stunde: Nikolaus Poda (1723-1798) und Joannes Antonio Scopoli
(1723-1788). Entomologie und Parasitologie. Festschrift zum 65. Geburstag von Horst Aspck (ed. U.Aspck).
Linz. 596-599.
54
http://fd-idrija.icra.si/Filatelist/F10_1996.pdf str. 13-15.
55
Pfeifer J (1990) Zdravstveno in socialno varstvo idrijskih rudarjev, Idrijski rudnik skozi stoletja (ed.
N.Zupani; J.ontar), Idrija-Ljubljana.77; Minaik F (2000) Zbrana dela. Maribor, 193;
https://familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/printing/titledetailsprint.asp?titleno=1988899.
Figure 11: Freyers family.

atec near Cheb had centuries of hops and beer tradition by Ohra River near Karlovi Vari and
nearby spa. The Bohemian pharmacists were well known in Freyers times, among them the
Jesuits Franiek Althaus (*1707 Prague; SJ 1735 Olomoutz; 1764 Linz) in the colleges of
Koice, Graz, Vienna, and Linz after 173756 or Filip Braun (*18/2/1673 Cheb; SJ 27/10/ 1701
Trnava; 22 / 8/1728 Trenin) in the colleges of Trenin 1705-1706, Klagenfurt 1707-1709,
Linz 1711, Trnava 1712, Zagreb 1713-1714, Vienna 1715 and 1721-1722, Gyr 1716, and
Krems 1717-1720.57

Ernest Freyer studied pharmacy in Ljubljana from 1751 to 175358 with the apothecary Carl
Weinhardt who provided the remedies for Idrija during the epidemic of Plettyfus in 1752. For
his library Freyer acquired works of the director of physics department of Prussian Academy
of Sciences Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (*1709; 1782),59 researcher of cinnabar member
of Academy Curiosorum Matthias Tilingius (Tiling, *1634; 1685),60 professor of chemistry
56
Lukcs S (1987) Catalogus Generalis, Romae, 1, 19, 369.
57
Lukcs, Catalogus, 1, 127.
58
Freyer's manuscripts from Ljubljana period: Curiositam cujus generis seu curiosa na(tur)ae miracula, 1751;
Compositio Alchimiae seu vera destructio metallorum et nova generatio Philosophorum seu Lapidis Sapientum
Synagoga sey collectanea Chymica tam propria Experientia probata quam ex Authoribus recentioris collecta
Lapidis Philosophorum Unschtzbarer Unterricht (Freyer's Catalogue 1835 2r, No. 61; AS 863 box 1-2).
59
Chemische Schriften, Berlin: Wever (1761-1768) (Freyer's Catalogue 1790, 1r, No. 21).
60
Cinabaris mineralis, seu minii naturalis scrutinium physico - medico - chymicum, Ad normam et formam
sacri romani imperii Academiae naturae curiosorum directum. Frankfurt: J.G.Seyler (1681) (Freyer's Catalogue
1790, 1v No. 1).
and metallurgy in Miners Academy of Freiberg Christlieb Ehregott Gellert (*1713; 1795),
and Emanuel Swedenborgs (*1688; 1772)61 description of iron ores in Sweden,62 silver,
and blast furnaces with blowers. The ironworks manager baron iga Zois was another owner of
Swedenborgs book and Zois donated his model of blast furnaces to the high school Semi-
University laboratory of Ljubljana.63 Swedenborg published his twenty-one figures of the
engineering equipment, but his last fifteen figures described mining. In his last 3rd part of a
book, Swedenborg described purification and melting of copper especially in Bohemia. He
finished his work with new equipment for lifting heavy loads.64 With such library E. Freyer
upgraded his apothecary duties in Idrija Mine, often replaced physician Scopoli, helped
director Inzaghi in technical designs, and pictured Idrija furnaces for mercury melting.

61
De Cupro et Ferro in three parts (Freyer's Catalogue 1790, In der Dritten Abtheilung, No. 68) in fact:
Principia rerum naturalium sive novorum tentaminum phaenomena mundi elementaris philosophice explicandi,
Dresdae & Lipsiae: Frideric Hekeli, 1734 (.Zois, Bibliothecae Sigismundi Liberi Baronis Zois
Catalogius, Ljubljana 1821, NUK, Ms. 667, str. 3; NUK-8914).
62
Anfangsgrunde der Metallurgischen Chemie, Leipzig (1750/51) (Freyer's Catalogue 1790, 1v, No. 2)
63
Swedenborg E (1734) Principia rerum naturalium Dresden-Leipzig. 2: 12, 88, 145, 263, tab I, VI, XI.
64
Swedenborg, Principia, 3: 166-167, 191, 301, tab 1-3, 7 in 12.
FIGURE 12: E. Freyers inventory of Idrija Pharmacy signed together with Scopoli and Karl
Gariboldi on 16/7/1759 (SI_AS 863 box 1).
Figure 13: Title page of E. Freyers inventory of Idrija Pharmacy signed together with
Scopoli and Karl Gariboldi on 16/7/1759 (SI_AS 863 Freyer privata 102).
Figure 14: Index of E. Freyers inventory of Idrija Pharmacy signed together with Scopoli
and Karl Gariboldi on 16/7/1759 (SI_AS 863 Freyer privata 197).
Figure 15: Karl Freyers certificate 16/11/1790 (SI_AS 863 Freyer privata 304 Sprievalo)
Figure 16: Karl Freyers certificate 17/12/1799 (SI_AS 863 Freyer privata 305 Sprievalo).
Figure 17: Karl Freyers notes of the beginnings of Idrija pharmacy on 24/5/1811 (SI_AS 863
Freyer privata 320).
Figure 18: Karl Freyers notes of the beginnings of Idrija pharmacy on 24/5/1811 (SI_AS 863
Freyer privata 321).
Figure 19: Karl Freyers notes of the beginnings of Idrija pharmacy on 24/5/1811 (SI_AS 863
Freyer privata 322).
Figure 20: Freyers biography (SI_AS 863 Freyer privata 380).
Figure 21: Karl Freyers notes of the beginnings of Idrija pharmacy on 24/5/1811 (SI_AS 863
Freyer privata 380).
Figure 22: Freyers biography, sketch (SI_AS 863 Freyer privata 381).
Figure 23: Freyers signed biography (SI_AS 863 Freyer privata 384).
FIGURE 24: E. Freyers undated figure of Idrija furnaces for mercury melting (AS 863 box
1).

FIGURE 25: E. Freyers undated chemical analysis of Idrija areas Waters (AS 863 box 1).

FIGURE 26 : E. Freyers undated chemical analysis of water from


(FreyerAS863_104IdriskeVodeAnalizaBRekaTribuschanaTrebuicaTribussa.JPG/F:Idrija31mar2014/Freyer)

Trebuica River in the basin of Idrijca River (AS 863, box 1)

E. Freyer did not just buy books but also copied many of them providing his own drawings
and comments, among them into the research of antimony ores of John Huxham FRS (*1692;
1768). Freyer used a translation of Huxhams (1756) Medical and chemical observations
upon antimony published in Leipzig in 1764.65 E. Freyer acquired and copied many works of
Johan Jakob Becher and his followers.66

FIGURE 27 : Title page of E. Freyers manuscript copy of John


(FreyerAS863_210JohnHuxhamAntimonNASL.JPG/F: / FreyeerBistra)

Huxhams research of antimony ores.

65
AS 863 box 2.
66
Catalogus of Freyer's books 1790 1v, No. 3; Catalogus of Freyer's books 1835 No. 55, 56.
FIGURE 28: Twenty-one years old E. Freyers drawings of blower for speeding up the
chemical reactions.67

FIGURE 29: Distillation of young E. Freyer.

FIGURE 30 (FreyerAS863_132Freyer1751LabaciCuriositatisI.JPG /F:/ Idrija31mar2014/FreyerBistra) : E. Freyers heating up of chemical reactions

FIGURE 31 (FreyerAS863_132Freyer1751LabaciCuriositatisN.JPG/F:/ Idrija31mar2014/FreyerBistra) : Freyers mixing and distillation.

FIGURE 32 (FreyerAS863_132Freyer1751LabaciCuriositatisO.JPG/F:/ Idrija31mar2014/FreyerBistra) : Freyers distillation with dark colored reaction.68

The alchemists used vacuum techniques, especially separating (fractionation) vacuum


distillation, which were probably discovered by the Greek-Minoan alchemist Padanius
Discorides (about 40-90). He was the military surgeon of the strange emperor Nero; he
noticed a condensed substance on a lid of a vessel in which heated mercury in Rome.
Fractionation distillation techniques at reduced pressures were then developed by other
pharmacists alchemy, in Idrija by the founder of the pharmacy Ernest Freyer who was the
beginner of the most important dynasty of Slovene pharmacists, and his son Karl and his
grandson Henrik.

67
Freyer E (1751) Curiositam cujus generis seu curiosa na(tur)ae miracula, AS 863 box 1. 30.
68
Freyer (1751).
Figure 33: Freyer's Double Sun in Freyer's abundantly illustrated student copy of the book J.
C. Vanderbeeg Das geheime Buch der Weisheit zur Langen Leben und Vollkommenen
Reichtum (1739) (SI_AS 863, p. 1)

Figure 34: Swan over the walrus (salamander) in Freyer's abundantly illustrated student copy
of the book J. C. Vanderbeeg Das geheime Buch der Weisheit zur Langen Leben und
Vollkommenen Reichtum (1739) (SI_AS 863, p. 1)

Figure 35: Freyer's Sun, sown on the fountain spring in Freyer's richly illustrated student
copy of the book J. C. Vanderbeeg Das geheime Buch der Weisheit zur Langen Leben und
Vollkommenen Reichtum (1739) (SI_AS 863, p. 1)

Figure 36: The title page of J. C. Vanderbeeg's book, from which Freyer copied and
transcribed published in 1739 as Manductio Hermetico-philosophica.
Figure 37: Vanderbeegs (1739) Manductio Hermetico-philosophica, Title page.
Figure 38: Vanderbeegs (1739) Manductio Hermetico-philosophica, Title page.
Figure 39: Freyer's symbolic sketch of distillation procedures in his handwritten book, dated
1751 in Ljubljana, entitled Curiosity (Curiositam cujus generis seu curiosa on (tur) ae
miracula) (SI_AS 863 Freyer's birth, 1)
Figure 40: Freyers book of Snyders (1678) entitled Medicina, the Title page. Freyer's
transcript of Snyders' work, in which the description of a large mercury vacuum barometer
was kept under the pen of Ernest's son and assistant Karl Freyer following the 1787 letter
from the Lithopolitan Academy (Swiss Stein am Rhein or Peterburg) (Johan Monte Snyder,
Universae Medicinae (Berlich), Gtz, Frankfurt, Leipzig, 1678. Tied in Joannes de Monte
Snyders (Snyder, about 1625-1670), Metamorphosis planetarum: dass ist, Eine
wunderbahrliche Vernderung der Planeten, and Metallische Gestalten in ihr erstes Wesen ...
(ed. Berlich), Tobias Oehrling, Frankfurt, 1684 (first edition 1663) (SI_AS 863, p. 2))

Figure 41: Freyers book of Snyders entitled Planetarum with a royal picture.
Figure 42: Freyers book authored by Snyders entitled Planetarum with a Mercury picture.

Inzaghis advancements of Idrija Mine

E. Freyers research of phosphorescence influenced Inzaghis decision to republish the


phosphorescence research of Beccaria with exam of the Professor Gregor Schttl who was
Inzaghis acquaintance from Styria and Graz University studies. Gregor Schttl took over the
Department of Physics-Chemistry in Ljubljana on 22 October 1768, in parallel with the
arrival of G. Gruber to the College. The following year, Schttl became a professor of moral
theology, a professor of philosophy and confessor. Upon his arrival in Ljubljana, G. Schttl
donated a Jesuit library to the book, which included the unspotted exibition In Soc. Bibl. Phil.
Coll. Lab. S. J. Dono P. Greg. Schttl. Among the donated works was a genealogical survey
of the (counted) Counts of the Celje, connected with the examination theses, which were
defended by the canonical Halberstadt and Hildesheim Baron Edmund Brabeck, a listener of
the second year of physics, mathematics and history with the professor of physics,
numismatist Erasmus Frlich (Frhlich, 1700, Graz; 1758, Vienna) at Theresienstadt.
Frhlich was a member of the Societas incognitorum eruditorum and terris Austriacis, led by
Joseph Leopold Baron Petrasch (Petr, * 1714, Slavonski Brod; 1772, Neuschlo in
Moravia) from Olomouc from 1746 to 1751, together with Gerard van Swieten and professor
of mathematics in Olomouc, Joseph Lewald.

In special physics, Frlich described fire, phosphorescence, underground fire, thermometer,


weight of the atmosphere, mercury vacuum barometer, similar siphon, hygroscopic,
waterfalls, movement of the compass with reference to Bokovi, steam, mist, rain, halo,
rainbow, spreading and light electricity . He explained the causes of the heat of the sea and
freezing, the types of earth or metals, the movement of the needle in the compass, and in this
particular emphasized the opinion of the relatively young Bokovi about magnets. This early
mention of Bokovi, as the only contemporary writer, ranks both Frlich and G. Schttl
among his early advocates. Frlich specially described electricity without connecting
magnets; He described the attraction, reflection, light, and the spread of electricity.

Gregor Schttl was the advocate of Newton's science in Bokovi's form, which was
commonly among the Jesuits of his time. He dealt with vacuum and pores in the bodies.
Students were asking whether all of the bodies were porous and the size and shape of the
pores. It was necessary to know the Cartesian, Epicure, Gassendi, Newton and Leibniz
opinions on pores.
Figure 43: Gregor Schttls funeral at St Jacobs in 1777 (Sv. Jakob 4_24 NAL 71)

Schttls student Martin Prenner from kofja Loka was also no stranger to Inzaghi because
the mercury from Idrija was traditionally exported to the northeast through kofja Loka until
Inzaghi finished the more convenient road to the east in Ljubljana direction in 1765.69 In the
beginning of his directorship in 1765 Inzaghi ordered the digging of the Idrija Mine Shaft of
Marys conception which was eventually abandoned seven years later when Inzaghi realized
that he missed the main mercury deposits.70 In 1764 the so-called Inzaghi Shaft was opened
which operated until 1890. In his Idrija castle director Inzaghi welcomed many influential
engineers, among them Ignaz Born after he left law studies in August 1763, Johan Jacob
Ferber in 1770 and Styrian Benedikt Franz Hermann (* 1755; 1815 Petersburg) on

69
Petkovek, V (1978) kofja Loka in naravoslovci iz dobe razsvetljenstva. Loki razgledi. 25, 160.
70
Pirnat, M (1907) Zgodovinski napisi v Idriji, Izvestja muzejskega dru tva za Kranjsko. 17/3-4: 76.
3/7/1780.71 In the beginning of his letter from Idrija Hermann described the work of Schttls
collaborator G. Gruber on Ljubljana Canal.72 Hermann met Gruber again in Russia where
Hermann traveled in Siberia (1783, 17851787, 1790), became the professor of mineralogy
in Petersburg Academy of Science in 1796, inspector of Imperial Mine Schools in 1799, state
counselor and higher mine captain in 1801. Inzaghi mostly collaborated with Bansk
tiavnica (Schemnitz) Silver Mine and with Almadn Mercury Mine. In the last years of
Inzaghis directorship he had to meet the huge order of Spanish government issued in 1786-
1796 which greatly expanded the mine production. In 1785/86 Inzaghi began to work on the
first five years contract with Spanish government needed for amalgamation of the ore in
Mexico.73 To meet the Spanish demand Inzaghi raised the mercury production in Idrija Mine
from 145 tons produced before the Spanish Contract in 1783 to the average yearly production
of 600 tons, which means more than four-fold grow. Subsequently Inzaghis 425 miners and
about 80 foresters employed in 1784 also more than doubled after the Spanish Contract.
Inzaghi and Ignaz Pasetzky began the cinnabar (1781) and red color vermilion production in
a new factory of cinnabar on the right bank of the Idrijca River in 1785 where he employed
six regular workers and twenty substitutes in 1790. According to the report of
Oberbrennmeister Ignaz Pasetzky (*20/3/1749 Idrija) the sublimation in just partly airproofed
retorts polluted the fabric and threatened the health of workers74 who were not fully aware of
the dangerous mercury poisoning. In 1750 the Bergrath, Berghauptmann,
Bergverwalter named Pollo introduced in Idrija Mine the Almadn furnaces for mercury
distillation with huge fire holes in retort. In 1 646 and 1660 Almadn superintendent Don
(Juan) Alfonso Bustamente of Zagala introduced the novelty connected with inventions of
Alvaro Alonso Barba (*1569; 1662) and Lope Saavedra Barba in Peru. For the French
public, Antoine de Jussieu (1686-1758) described the invention in 1719.75

I. Pasetzky bettered Bustamentes device but not enough to accomplish the great Spanish
demands after 1785. Therefore, the Gubernium Counselor Josef von Leitner (Leithner, *1743
Arad in Transylvania; 1822) introduced the vertical flame eyelets (Flammsen) with
fireplaces or Smoke-rooms in Idrija in 1787.76 From 1785 to 1791 Liethner look over export
of mercury for Spain and afterwards replaced the deceased Ignaz Born as the head of
Viennese mining and mint court office. With all that novelties Inzaghis enlightenment
directorship seems to be the most prosperous in history of Idrija Mine.

In 1786 Inzaghi opened the main 340 m deep Josefs Shaft as miners entrance and biggest
export station which later used Mine Railway to transport the ore to furnaces. In 1790 Inzaghi
designed Water wheel (Wasserkunst, kamt) of oak with the diameter of 13.6 m strengthened
by steel hardware. Inzaghi placed the wheel in stone building where it worked up to 1948 as
the biggest of its kind in Europe. The water from upper Idrijca river dam flew to the wheel
through 3.5 km long canal build for the first time in late 16th century where wooden construction

71
Hermann B.F (1784) Reisen Wien. 112, 118; Hermann B.F (1973) Iz knjige potopisnih pisem Benedikta
Franca Hermanna, Idrijski razgledi. 17/2: 112, 117-118.
72
Hermann B.F (1973) Iz knjige potopisnih pisem Benedikta Franca Hermanna. 17/2: 110.
73
Brading D.A (1971) Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, 1763-1810, Cambridge University Press. 142
74
Pfeifer (1990) Zgodovina. 87, 89.
75
Jussieu A (1719) Observations sur ce qui se pratique aux mines d'Almaden, en Espagne, pour en tirer le
mercure; et sur le caractre des maladies de ceux qui y travaillent Mmoires de l'Acadmie royale des sciences,
Paris. 461-476; Ferber J.J (1774) Beschreibung des Quecksilbergwerks zu Idria in Mittel Crayn. Berlin. 66, 67;
Hildebrandt G.F (1793) Chemische und mineralogische Geschichte des Quecksilbers, Braunschweig. 440-441;
Hitzinger P (1860) Das Quecksilber-Bergwerk Idria : von seinem Beginne bis zur Gegenwart, Laibach:
Kleinmayr & Bamberg. 59.
76
Struna A (1955) Vodni pogoni na Slovenskem. Ljubljana. 203.
was replaced with stone canal of oval profile in 1748 and Inzaghi changed it to the
rectangular profile in 1766-1770.77 The wheel frequency used to be 4.5 turns per minute with
the power of 75 to 100 Horsepower (55-74 kW). The wheel used 69 m long horizontal rods to
reach Josefs Shaft and had vertical pumping system to pump 300 l of water per minute from
the depth of 235 m (9th horizon) later also from the depth of 283 m (11th horizon). The wheel
lifted some mercury ore and according to the legend pumped the water from the depth of
1000 m. With that wheel Inzaghi replaced all other pumps, among them some two centuries
old.

Bansk tiavnica and Idrija Mine Water Pumps

The Water Wheel (Wasserkunst, kamt) of Idrija Mine which Inzaghi put into operation in 1790
was a product of J. K. Hells engineering water pumping practices of Bansk tiavnica mine
and it was based on the masterpiece textbook of Christoph Traugott Delius (* 1728
Wallhausen in Thuringia; 1779 Florence). Delius was a professor of mining in Mining
Academy of Bansk tiavnica from 1770 to 1772 together with the professor of mathematics-
mechanics-machinery Poda and the professor of metallurgy with applied chemistry Scopoli.
Scopoli began to teach in Idrija under Sartori and Inzaghi on the newly created chair for
chemistry and metallurgy with seven students on 14/11/1763, and he left the chair and Idrija
before 3/3/1769.78 In 1772 Scopolis Bansk tiavnica colleague Delius was appointed as the
referent of Viennese mines and mint department. Delius devoted a special concern to Idrija
ore washing equipment.79 On New Year 1791 Inzaghi acquaintance Tobias Gruber researched
the phenomenon which was noticed in 1758 on the valve of mining pump in Bansk
tiavnica. Tobias Gruber used his domestic experience based on observations of his brothers
Gabriel Gruber's hydraulic pump on the Sava River near Ljubljana rebuilt in 1770. In 1770 in
nearby Kranj Gabriel renewed the hydraulic machine for the lifting of water from the Sava
River in the water supply. The citizens interest-free loan paid the expenses which were later
repaid by the contribution of Kranj domestic home owners from 1771 to 1815. The original
pump was built by "experts" from Nuremberg and Salzburg near the Capuchin convent in
Kranj for the price of 4000 guldens around the year 1650. Water flowed through lead pipes
only for several days after the departure of "experts", and later nobody could repair the
system for many decades. From 1770 to 1772 Gabriel visited Kranj to examine its water
supply. Sava River drove his wheel provided with paddles and on the axes another wheel was
attached. The second wheel stretched into the first ridge and geared the lever, and with the
lever also the connected piston which pushed water in Kranj City fountain situated on the city
market. Unfortunately, the pipes were exposed to freezing and sludge covered the device
during high water levels of Sava River. Therefore, it was necessary to repair it every year.80

77
Struna (1955). 386.
78
Arkob (1931) Zgodovina Idrije, Idrija. 96-97.
79
Ferber J.J (1991) Opis ivosrebrnega rudnika v Idriji na srednjem Kranjskem. Zbornik za zgodovino
naravoslovja in tehnike. 11: 191; Delius C.T (1773) Anleitung zu der Bergbaukunst nach ihrer Theorie und
Ausbung, nebst einer Abhandlung von den Grundstzen der Bergwerks Kammeralwissenschaft fur die k. k.
Schemnitzer Bergwerkersakademie entworfen. Wien: Trattnern. tables 10, 13, 15.
80
ontar J (1982) Zgodovina mesta Kranja. Kranj: Skupina obine. 206, 238, 278, 297, 454, 458; ARS, AS 7
deelno glavarstvo, publico politica, box 9, litera B, No. 9. Volume 1 (Kranj Watersupply 1771-1781); Gruber T
(1784) Anhang zu den Briefen hydrographischen und physikalischen Inhalts aus Krain. An Ignaz Edlen von
Born kaiserl. knigl. wirklichen Hofrath. Von Tobias Gruber, Weltpriester; k.k. Baudirektor auf den
Kameralherrschaften in Bhmen. Born's Physikalische Arbeiten der eintrchtigen Freunde in Wien. Vol. 1. Des
zweyten Quartals. Wien: Wappler. 1 /2: 8.
Jozef Karol Hells (*1713 Bansk tiavnica; 1789 Bansk tiavnica) water-pillar (water
pump machine, Luftmaschine) powered by the difference of hydrostatic pressures pumped
water from the depth of 212 m for the first time in Bansk tiavnica Mine on 23/3/1753. The
expanded air produced snow on valves of Hells machine which caused great debates among
Erasmus Darwin, Tobias Gruber, Grubers teacher and Scopolis friend Nicolas Poda, Gabriel
Jars (* 1732; 1769), and other literati. Joseph Karl Hell was the older brother of the Jesuit
astronomer Maximilian and a student of Samuel Mikovni (1750). J.K. Hells collaborators
were Jn Lill (*1751; 1817) and Ignaz Cornova, a son of Matthias Cornova of the old
artisan family. In 1753 J.K. Hells pump worked without the engine because it was driven by
the pressure of water column 260 feet high which pushed the wet air through the stopcock
outside where the moisture adhered to the cock in a shower of snow.81 Maximilian helped his
brother J.K. Hell with calculations while he taught in nearby Bansk Bystrica in that time.
Almost a century later J.K. Hells design became extremely popular, and it was used to pump
out the oil in Pennsylvania. The compressed air from the pump of Bansk tiavnica was
pushed through the valve but the valve eventually gathered some snow. In pumps of Hells
type, the water tower overreached 40 meters and the air under high pressure in its expansion
into the atmosphere deposited solid ice on each object along is way. The Bishop Teodor
Kazimierz Czartoryskis (*1704; 1768) physician-botanist-astronomer Nataniel Mateusz
Wolf (Nathaniel Matthaeus Wolfe, *1724 Chojnice (Conitz); 1784 Danzig (Gdask))
described the machine for Royal Society, which elected him a Fellow in 1777. E. Darwin
read Wolfs report and illustration of Herons fountain used for Hells pump in Bansk
tiavnica.82 Gabriel Jars (*1732; 1769) described the phenomena for French readers. Jars
was a son of the Lyon based director of mines in Ghessy and nearby Sain-Bel. Between 1757
and 1759 together with the older companion Jean Pierre Franois Guillot-Duhamel (*1730;
1816), Jars travelled to Saxony, Austria, Bohemia, Tyrol, Carinthia, Styria, Bansk
tiavnica, and other Hungarian places. On January 10, 1761 after he returned from the first of
his trips to Europe Jars was elected a corresponding member of the Paris Academy, and on
May 19, 1765 he became a full member after he defeated the first candidate Lavoisier. Tobias
Grubers professor Poda proposed the improvements of Hells pump and Born published a
comment of Podas ideas. After 20-30 seconds of work, the ice covered the extremity of the
pumping tube without any evident physical cause83 known to the contemporaries. In 1773
Tobias professor of mathematics Scherffer sketched Hells pump made on the end of
Scherffers hydrodynamics textbook used by the students of the three years philosophical
studies. Scherffer described the mechanical action of the pump and took no interest in the
formation of ice. He admired the shut-off valves which he drew very carefully.84 Scherffer
described Hells pump to both his Viennese students, Gabriel and Tobias Gruber, because

81
Darwin, E (1788) Frigoric Experiments on the Mechanical Expansion of Air, Explaining the Cause of the
Great Degree of Cold on the Summits of High Mountains, the Sudden Condensation of Aerial Vapour, and of
the Perpetual Mutability of Atmospheric Heat. By Erasmus Darwin, M. D. F. R. S.; Communicated by the Right
Honourable Charles Greville, F. R. S. Phil.Trans. 1/1/1788 78: 46. Translation (1791) Versuchen auf die
Erzeugung der Klte. Grens J. Phys. 3/1: 73-77.
82
Darwin (1788) 47.
83
Born, I (1771) Prager gelehrte Nachrichten. 4: 59; Wolf N.M (1756) Descriptio fontis Hieronis in
Metallifodinis Chemnicensibus in Hungaria, Anno 1756 Extructi. Reprint (1761-1762) Auctore - Wolfe, M. D.
Communicated by Mr. Henry Baker, F. R. S. Phil.Trans. 52: 552-553.
84
Scherffer K (1773) Institutionum mechanicarum / Pars prima sive de motu, et aequilibrio corporum solidorum
in usum tironum / Pars secunda sive de motu, et aequilibrio corporum fluidorum in usum tironum. Vindobonae:
Trattner. 123-124, fig. 93, 94; Delius (1773) 379-380 (Hells 1749 pump Wassersulenmaschine with table 17),
389 (Hells Luftmaschine on table 18).
Hell's invention was on high esteem among the Jesuits due to the reputable position of the
inventors brother, the Slovakian Viennese astronomer Maximilian Hell.

FIGURE 44: Podas sketch of Hells pump (Poda, 1771, page 54: fig. 23).

FIGURE 45: Hells 1753 pump (Scherffer, 1773, fig. 93 (Table VII)) with increased sketch
of the valve (Scherffer, 1773, fig. 94 (Table VII) ). Vacuum tank noted as GH, under the tube
AB with a lead pellet e, in which we observe freezing of the steam after the valve cd was
opened (Scherffer, 1773, 120, fig. 87 (Table VII). Here reproduced Scherffer, 1769, 432-433,
fig. AA and BB (Tab. XI)).

In 1773 and 1775 the grandfather of Charles Darwin (*1809; 1882), Erasmus Darwin
(*1731; 1802) repeated Cullens, Arnolds, and similar experiments. E. Darwin began
experimenting with gases in 1757. On March 11, 1784 in a letter mailed to the potter Josiah
Wedgwood (*1730 Burslem; 1795 Etruria) whose daughter was his daughter-in-law and the
mother of Charles Darwin, Erasmus claimed that expanded air always takes up the heat from
its surroundings. E. Darwin described his experiments performed twenty-five years ago and
supported Wedgwoods ideas of sublimation. Wedgwood used scientific inventions to
develop his pottery workshop. He became a Queens Potter and a Fellow of the Royal Society
of London in 1783. James Watt, Dr. William Small, Darwin, pneumatic chemists and Davys
mentor Thomas Beddoes (* 1760; 1808),85 Watts assistant William Murdock (Murdoch,
*1754 Bellow Mill; 1839 Soho), Priestley, and Wedgwood were members of the
Birmingham Lunar Society until the crowd burnt down Priestleys house in 1791.86 Darwin

85
Manolov K (1986) Velikie himiki, Moskva: Narodna prosveta. 248, 259; Darwin C (1879) Preliminary notice.
Erasmus Darwin (by Ernst Krause). London: John Murray. 97-100.
86
Priestley J (1966) A Scientific Autobiography of Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804. Cambridge/London: The
M.I.T. Press, 375; Fox R (1971) The Caloric Theory of Gases from Lavoisier to Regnault. Oxford: Claredon
Press. 57, 58, 79-80; Schiffer M.B, Hollenback K.L, Bell C.L (2003) Draw the Lighting Down. Benjamin
and De Luc were the only 18th century researchers who realized that the compression of air
and not filling the vacuum caused the adiabatic phenomena. Therefore, neither of them was
particularly sympathetic to the experiments in vacuum. De Luc criticized Irvin and
Crawfords theory. Although a native Swiss, De Luc travelled a lot, and after settling in
England abandoned the Swiss-German description of adiabatic phenomena which
contradicted the British ideas. Like Sir John Leslie (*1766; 1832) and John Murray (*1778;
1820)87 of the University of Edinburgh, De Luc did not distinguish between specific heat at
constant volume and at constant pressure.88 In December 1784 Darwin and Fox89 researched
cooling during the sudden release of air compressed by 260 feet high water-column which
caused freezing of water vapor of air in Bansk tiavnica. They performed the similar
experiment with their domestic Derby water-supply pumped with four pumps to the top of St.
Michaels Church 35-40 feet above the air vessel where the water-column cooled the air
stream for four degrees.90 In March 1785 Darwin continued the experiments on expansion of
gases with Fox and cotton spinner William Strutt FRS (*1756 Derby; 1830).91 E. Darwins
co-founder and president of the Derby Philosophical Society, and brother of the textile
businessman-philanthropist Joseph Strutt (*1765; 1844). In November 1787 Darwin proved
that air expanded on exhaustion with air-pump attracted or absorbed the heat for mercury of a
thermometer opened on the top with a help of Richard Forester French (*1771; 1843),92 a
member of E. Darwins Derby Philosophical Society.

On November 22, 1787 Erasmus remarked in the paper read by amateur mineralogist Charles
Geville FRS (*1749; 1809) before the Royal Society on December 13, 1787, that such
operation can even froze the mercury at -39C. He researched the cold air of higher altitudes,
where the lower pressure air expands and cools. He correctly applied his knowledge of the
adiabatic change to meteorology after the recent aerial navigators including Darwins own
balloon proved the frozen circumstances in upper regions. Darwins pneumatics ideas had no
great echo. Darwin related to Humboldts companion Antonio de Ulloa y de la Torre-
Giraults (*1716; 1795) report on weather in Quito below Andes. Later from 1758 to 1764
Ulloa was the governor and general manager of the quicksilver mines of Huancavelica in
Peru. Darwin discussed Pieter van Musschenbroek and Richard Kirwans (*1733; 1812)
measurement on different latitudes relating that water boils with less heat in vacuum. In his
strictly mechanic image of weather processes Darwin hoped that more accurate
measurements will discover the quantity of heat squeezed out of the air by a certain pressure.
In a global Darwins view, hot atmospheric air was dry and the cold one was moist. The
power of attraction of air or attraction of airs electricity was just a minor cause of wetting
which worked like water which dissolves or suspends the portion of salt.93

Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of
California Press. 72.
87
John Murray studied in St. Andrews until 1814. He criticized the theory of chlorine of Sir Humphry Davy by
claiming that chlorine contained oxygen which Humphrys brother Dr. John Davy (*1790/91; 1868) disproved
after the discovery of carbonyl chloride. Murray wrote textbooks Elements of Chemistry (1801); Elements of
Materia Medica in Pharmacy (1804), A System of Chemistry (1806), (anonymous) A Comparative View of the
Huttonian and Neptunian Systems of Geology. With the man of the same name John Murray (* 1786; 1851)
he discussed the invention of Davy's safety mining lamp in Phil. Mag. in 1817.
88
Fox R (1971) 48-49, 52-53, 158.
89
Darwin E (1788) 46. Probably Samuel Fox's son Samuel Fox (*1765; 1851), husband of Erasmus' niece
Anne Darwin (*1777; 1859) and father of the politician William Darwin Fox (*1805; 1880).
90
Darwin (1788) 46.
91
Darwin (1788) 44-45.
92
Darwin (1788) 45; King-Hele (2007) 459.
93
Darwin (1788) 48-49.
T. Gruber offered more complicated nonlinear relation between the heat of air (caloric) and
the moisture of air. Darwin supposed that sudden condensation of small quantity of vapor left
vacuum which attracted atmospheric vapor with circumference of many miles. The expansion
of vapor produced cold and condensation on much larger scale compared to the minor
condensation which caused the process. Darwins description seemingly contradicted the
later law of conservation of energy. He called specific enthalpy (latent heat) of vaporization
with a term latent or combined heat after Joseph Black introduced it a quarter of century
earlier. Darwin used his theory to explain the steam expansion into vacuum of Watt-Bultons
steam engine like the sudden condensation at the commencement of thunderstorms with
electricity as its consequence. Darwin explained the seemingly violation of conservation of
heat (energy) by the acquired momentum of water molecules which carried them towards
each other nearer than at the beginning of condensation.94

Darwins causes of cold and of sudden vacuity included phenomena of combination of


dephlogisticate (O2) and inflammable (H2) gas which was not understood in his era. He
explained South-West wind in attempt to connect the climate changes with the health of his
patients.95 Darwin used weather-forecasting device connected to a weather-vane situated
above, which showed to Darwin at least the direction if not also the power of the wind. The
device was probably designed made by the member of Lunar Society John Whitehurst FRS
(*1713; 1788).

Darwins pointer showed the sudden changes. An open tube attached to a chimney with a
windmill sail and a series of cogged wheels to show the revolutions enabled Darwin to
measure the north-south airflow. Darwin identified warm and cold fronts which were not
rediscovered until the 1920s. The air was rarefied on a line south of the British Isles, and
rise in a heap, which wetted on the lower parts of the atmosphere, like the sand in an hour
glass. A current flowed from the cold Poles to the Equator, until the 'heap' at the line was
heavier than the polar air. Then the very elastic air oscillated with no friction, like a
pendulum. Darwins winds from west to east, as opposed to north and south, were a function
of the movement of the earth itself.96

Gruber criticized Darwins claim that expanded air had the ability to extract caloric from
other bodies, but otherwise praised Darwins wit.97 Gruber did not approve Darwin idea that
mechanical stretching took heat from the body. Darwin even stated that the heat would be
released during the condensation of gases and that the similar principle should apply to elastic
fluids and solids to explain atmospheric phenomena. Darwin accomplished his early
experiments in that direction in 1774/1776 in presence of the Irish fellow of Lunar Society
Richard Lovell Edgeworth (*1744; 1817) and Edinburgh geologist-meteorologist James
Hutton (*1726; 1797) who endorsed Darwin's ideas after Darwin introduced Hutton to the
Birmingham Lunar Society in 1774. In the same time Darwin used the assistance of a lecturer
on technology from Coalbrookdale John Waltire (*1739; 1810) to examine air expanded on

94
Darwin (1788) 50-51; Uglow J.S (2003) The lunar men: the friends who made the future: 1730-1810. London:
Faber and Faber. 370.
95
Darwin (1788) 52.
96
Uglow (2003).
97
Gruber T (1791) Bemerkungen ber H. Erasmus Darwins Folgerungen aus Versuchen auf die Erzeugung der
Klte durch die mechanische Ausdehnung der Luft u.s.w. Journal der Physik 1 Heft S. 73. Grens J. Phys. 3/2:
188-189, 195.
exhaustion with air-pump which attracted or absorbed the heat for mercury in a closed
thermometer which sunk for two or three degrees.98

Gruber said that the thinning of flowing caloric influences the bodies in its vicinity.
According to Gruber the denser air does not emit heat to its surroundings. For his calculations
Gruber used his three years older measurements of the changes of boiling point of water with
the external pressure.99

He examined the relationship among the volumes of water vapor and air based on his
description of the electrified clouds as thermal insulators published in 1790.100 the
assumption of the coldness of higher parts of the atmosphere Gruber explained the formation
of hail. He supposed that the atmosphere had tides like an ocean. Darwin assumed that the
level of mercury in the barometer depends on the pressure of the lower elastic layer of
atmospheric air. The pressure was also affected by rain because the rainfall changes the
amount of acid (CO2) in the atmosphere and therefore affects the density of air. In his
discussion of the causes for the changes in level of mercury in the barometer during the
rainfall T. Gruber referred to his travelogue paper which was "just" printed in Dresden. He
wrote it together with Franz Joseph Gerstner and their other colleagues of the Scientific
Society (esk Spolenost Nauk) in Prague where T. Gruber was the distinguished leader.
Gruber connected his model of the atmosphere the results of experiments with an air pump.
Later in June 1799 G. Gruber exhibited the similar air pump for the Academy in St.
Petersburg and received great admiration of Russian dignitaries. T. Gruber published his
discussion in Grens journal just three months after Grubers last experiments because the
editor Friedrich Albrecht Carl Gren (* 1760; 1798) was his close friend. In his final
footnote, the professor of Chemistry at Faculty of Medicine of the University of Halle Gren
joined the criticism of Darwin after he published the translation of Darwins paper in the
same magazine. According to Gren the heat lost during the dilution of air cannot be explained
by mechanical phenomena in the air in Darwin's way. Gren agreed with Gruber that the
phenomenon was due to the thermal fluid called caloric.101

Gren and T. Gruber endorsed then prevailing Lavoisier's theory of caloric, while Darwin was
more cautious although several months later he recommended to Watt the new Lavoisiers
theory described in a book of Antoine-Franois count Fourcroy (* 1755; 1809).102 Gren and
Gruber believed in the dynamic theory of Bokovi and Kant but carefully avoided use of
atoms. Gren endorsed the ideas of Immanuel Kant in his Handbook of physics and
chemistry.103 He edited a magazine Journal der Physik between 1790 and 1794, and
afterwards he edited Neues Journal der Physik until 1798. Both were forerunners of Annalen
der Physik, the leading German physics journal of the nineteenth century. Gren hoped in vain

98
Fox R (1971) 57, 59, 337; Rosenberger R (1890) Die Geschichte der Physik in Grundzgen mit
synchronistichen Tabellen. III. Braunschweig: Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. 74; Darwin,
E (1788) 45; http://historywm.com/wp-content/uploads/Barrie_Trinder.pdf, p. 28.
99
Darwin (1788) 43-44; Gruber (1791) Bemerkungen, 190.
100
Gruber (1791) Bemerkungen, 192; Gruber T (1791) Betrachtungen ber die Bestandtheile der Atmosphre in
Beziehung auf Dichtheit und Druck (Considerationes de partibus constitutivis Athmospherae relate ad
densitatem et pressuram). Neuere Abhandlungen der k. bhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Wien und
Prag: Degen. 1/ 2: 188, 195-196, 203.
101
Gruber T (1791) Bemerkungen. 197.
102
Uglow (2003) 431.
103
Solovjev J.I (1983) Stanovlenie himii kak nauki. Moskva: Nauka. 399; Lind G (1992) Physik im Lehrbuch
1700-1850. Zur Geschichte der Physik und ihrer Didaktik in Deutschland. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 318, 364-
365, 375.
that he could combine the new Lavoisiers chemistry of oxygen with the older Stahls
phlogiston,104 which was no exception in times when Volta experimented with Lavoisier in
Paris during the spring of 1782 but still relied on his own version of phlogiston at least for
another decade. Gren supported Gruber's critique of Darwin in his editor's note at the end of
Gruber's article.105

The Italian Tiberio Cavallo (*1749; 1809) liked Darwins views. Cavallo became famous by
testing paper balloons in 1782 and Darwin repeated the similar experiments on December 26,
1783 after the Iceland volcanic eruption of Laki in June 1783.106

Cavallo was a member of the Royal Academy of Naples and FRS in 1779. Inzaghi's
acquaintance iron-manufacturer iga baron Zois (* 1747; 1819) had many Cavallos books
in his library in Ljubljana. Cavallos comment on Voltas early paper on galvanism was
published in Grens Journal immediately after T. Grubers paper on page 303 in 1794.

Exam of Prenner from kofja Loka

The final exam of Martin Prener (Prenner) from kofja Loka at the Jesuit high schools in
Ljubljana was among the most interesting in 1769. He focused his affection for the teachings
of the Dubrovnik Jesuit Ruer Josip Bokovi. We explain that such a way of thinking was
not unexpected immediately after at least three visits by Bokovi in Ljubljana and
immediately after the arrival of the two principal Prenner's professors from Ljubljana,
engineer Gabriel Gruber and physicist Gregor Schttl; both scholars have studied with
Bakovi's Habsburg friends in Vienna and Graz.

Prenner's family in kofja Loka was not poor, nevertheless they would have difficulties to
handle the costs of Martin's study in Ljubljana, since two other Martin's brother's students
had also to be maintained. The decisive point was the role of Martin's Patron, the manager of
the Idrija mine count Franz Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi Baron Kindberg (* April 27, 1734; 13
January 1818). Inzaghi was a second cousin of the mother of the famous gas and electricity
explorer Alessandra Volta (* 1747; 1827), who was also impressed with Bokovi's ideas.
For this reason, Inzaghi was very interested in publishing Martin's examination questions in
the Bokovi Spirit as much as possible. Inzaghi not only financially supported the print of
Martin's exam questions, but also provided him with the first Kaplan accommodation in
Spodnja Idrija.

Older students have always played a prominent role at Ljubljana's high schools. Thus, the
poor students first publicly advocated Koper's doctrine in Ljubljana in 1760, as soon as this
was officially allowed in Catholic countries. Nine years later, the kofja loka native Martin
Prenner showed up again with a revered Ljubljana final exam in physics and related
disciplines. Of course, his Copernican stance was no longer a special novelty; moreover,
Martin's support for Bokovi's science, which is still valid today, is more in sight.

104
Pauek-Badar S (1994) Flogistonska teorija u Hrvata. Zagreb: HAZU. 26.
105
Gruber (1791) Bemerkungen, 197.
106
Fox R (1971) 57, 59, 337; Rosenberger F (1890) 74; Uglow (2003) 367, 371.
Do-Gooder Inzaghi

Martinus Prenner (* 10 September 1746 kofja Loka; after 1801), as a twenty-three-year


physics student, bound Beccaroa's book on phosphorus and luminescence to his final exam at
Gregor Schttl in 1769 in Ljubljana. He added a grateful dedication to Count Franz Janez
Nepomuk Inzaghi Baron Kindberg (* April 27, 1734; 13/1 1818), the manager of the Idrija
mine. After the ceremonial sanctification of 1771, Martin was a cavalry in Spodnja Idrija for
a year, of course, under the watchful eyes of Inzaghi.

Inzaghi was the wife of Marie Valpurge Dietrichstein, and after her death, she chose Count
Rosalia Attems ( 14 February 1841). Maria born to him was the future governor of Carniola
(1818-1819), Venetian governor (1820-1826) and later senior court chancellor Karl
Borromus Rudolf of Count Inzaghi (5.12.1777 Idrija-1856 Graz), as well as the captain and
emperor Philippe (15. 8. 1781 Idrija-1857 Ober-Rindberg in Styria). Franz Janez Nepomuk
was the brother of the Trieste (25. 4. 1775), the Gorizian (1788) and the bishop of Gorizia-
Gradisca (1791), Franc Filip Inzaghi, who worked as the canonical figure of the. Their
relative, Franc Ignac Inzaghi, was a pastor in Ptuj, at least from 1758 until his death in 1769.

Figure 46: Karl Borromus Rudolf of Count Inzaghi (5. 12. 1777 Idrija-1856 Graz),

Franc Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi was the manager of the Idrija mine between 1764-1791 and
immediately started excavating the shaft, which we call him still today. Inzaghi moved to
Styria from Lombardy Coma. In Carniola, he was relieved by the spirit of Idrija's mercury,
which did not touch only Franz Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi, but also his great-grandfather
Abundus Maria Inzaghi (Abondio, * 1600; after 1659).

Abundus (Abondio) Maria was the wife of Mary Magdalene Morella von Schoenberg, father
of Johann Philippe, grandfather of Charles Franz and grandfather of Franz Janez Nepomuk.
He worked for Emperor Ferdinand III. and Leopold I as a councilor of the court chamber and
a senior mining supervisor or inspector in Idrija. Similar as Ptuj's brothers Caccia, Abondus
Inzaghi was initially involved in the sale of money and money transactions; Later he moved
to Graz, where he became head of the money office. He reorganized mercury production in
Idrija, and then he controlled mercury trade as well as copper and other commodities. With
the acquisitions of Kindberg, Hart and Ober-Lorenzen, on August 19, 1658, he joined the
tajerska castle. Abondus Inzaghi, the great-grandfather of Franz Janez, led the Idrija mine,
proposed state management and sale (1659); The sale of mercury through Amsterdam was
made possible through the Deutz family. Finally, it was too successful Abondus was accused
of having more profits than Idrija's mercury than the state treasury himself, and was thrown
out. Despite this, Emperor Leopold Abundus raised Mary into the baron and then into the
count. Abundus' two sons established the family branch in Como and Graz. The first was
given in 1745 by the famous Alessandra Volta, and the second by the descendants of Johann
Philippe Inzaghi (* around 1630; after 1685) in Styria. Walt's mother, Mary Maddalena,
and the Idrija governor, Johann Franc Janez, were the children of cousins and, despite the
distances in close contact. Franc Janez Inzaghi led the production of Idrija mercury at the
time Volta used it in barometers for his experiments with gases.

Inzaghi family members were highly educated, and their technical talent was also inherited
by Alessandro Volta (* 1743 Como) by his mother, Maria Maddalena Inzaghi, the friday
cousin of Idrija, Franz Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi. In Graz Inzaghi gathered a powerful library
in their books and they wanted to enter many marginal notes. Among others, they had the
first edition of Valvasor's Glory and Topography, Andreas Albertus Aritm Eticae (1671,
Euclid (1509), bound in Peuerbach's Tabulare eclypsium (1514), Guerick's Experiment New
(1672) with a tethered book by J. Christian Steeb (1679) Coelum Sephiroticum Hebraeorum,
A. Kircher's China (1771 with Inzaghis marginal and bookplate) Mundus Subterraneus
(1678, Inzaghi derivative) and Magnes sive de Arte Magnetica (1654 Inzaghi's exile with
exlibris), Montucello's History of Mathematics 1779-1802, Newton's English Optics from
1704. In 1671, the grandfather of the late manager of the Idrija mine Johann Philipp Inzaghi
in Freiburg together with Johannes Georgius Kieffer published the political work Dissertatio
politica de sacrosancti romano-Caesareo-Graeco-Franco-Germanicus augustissimi imperii
serenissima Habsburgo-Austriaco-Germanica domo, ejusque regni ducatibus & praerogativis
... proposuit Joannes-Philippus D. ab Inzaghi Baro de Kymberg. In 1685, Johann Ndasi (*
1614) devoted Johann Philip Inzaghi a book printed at Widmanstadt in Graz on Gregorian
calendar reform under the title Calendarium Novum, ad bene moriendum: Perquam utile ... In
Academico Societatis Jesu Collegio Graecii erectae ... Anni ... M.DC.LXXXV. a Confirmata
per Gregorium XIII. Pontificem Maximum. Francis Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi grew up in an
extremely learning environment susceptible to the novelty of the then-predicting industrial
revolution. He managed the Idrija mine during Scopoli and Hacquet, although Inzaghi was
opposed to Scopoli and later to Hacquet's scientific work, which was supposed to be at the
core of the treatment of miners. Inzaghi initially defended hacking in 1766, but was rejected
by G. van Swieten. Inzaghi knew his two years older fellow professor Gregor Schttl from
Steyr from the time of his studies in Graz, which he was persuaded by the Catholic Church.
Even Schttl's student the kofja Loka native Prenner was not unknown to Inzaghi, as Idrija
mercury was traditionally shipped through kofja Loka. The loading of Idrija mercury took
place through iri in the Poljanska Valley and kofja Loka until the mining chief Anton
Sartori (1754-1764) started the repair of the road across Kovaev rovt, Dole and Vehare to
Vrhnika in 1760 due to the announced imperial visit. Because if the emperor's death the rad
was not finished then, but Inzaghi finished it in 1765. Inzaghi organized the beginning of the
digging of the trench of the Marija conception in 1765; because the main mercury core was
missed, the trenches were abandoned in 1772. Inzaghi began the digging in the pir in 1764,
and it was completed only in 1890. Inzaghi also organized a high level of cultural life in
Idrija, which also lacked theatrical performances. He and his wife, together with Edling, were
well received by the Styrian fellow Benedict Franz Hermann (* March 17, 1755 Mariahof at
Sankt Lambrecht; 31. 1. 1815 Petersburg) on his visit to Idrija on 3. 7. 1780. Edling was
Freemason and Supervisor of Schools, and a member of the Carniolan Agricultural Society
and Beneficial Skills (1780-1782), unlike Inzaghi. At the beginning of the letter from Idrija,
Hermann described G. Gruber's work on the canal. Edling and G. Gruber later met in Russia,
where Hermann traveled through Siberia (1783, 1785-1787, 1790), in 1796 he became a
professor of mineralogy at the Petersburg Academy of Sciences, in 1799 the inspector of the
Imperial Mining Schools, in 1801, a state councilor and a senior mining captain. Janez
Nepomuk Jakob Count Edling baron Saullenberg (* 1751 Gorizia; 1793 Vienna) from the
Ajdovina branch was the councilor of the provincial capital, son of Alberto (* 1717;
1796), and Countess Carolina Saurau, a schoolteacher from 1777, a freemason. Edling
collaborated with Kumerdej and members of the Academy Operosorum Kuralt, Japl, Dev,
Pohlin and his client Linhart. Mother of Inzaghi's mother-in-law Maria Klara Renata von
Saurau (* 13/11/1667; 28.3.1738 Graz) was a relative of Edling's mother. As administrator
of the kofja Loka estate of the Freisingen bishop, the administrator (Lehenprobst) in kofja
Loka was set up between 21 January 1772 and 28 January 1774, until 1782, Edling knew
Loka the native Prenner well and surely recommended Martin Prenner to the protection of
Inzaghi. Inzaghi's client the kofja loka native Martin Prenner advocated thirty theses from
philosophy of physics, ten from ethics, and ten from mathematics. His examination thesis
with a dedication were bind to Beccaria's book on phosphorus, published a year ago in Latin
by Biwald in Graz. Former Ljubljana professor Gottlob Leopold Biwald (* 26 February 1731
Vienna; SJ 17 October 1747; 8 September 1805 Graz) was, of course, well known to Inzaghi,
as Biwald taught his students in Graz that all forces in nature should be based on a single,
simple natural law illustrated by the Bokovi curve. This should well explain the incongruity
and extensibility of the bodies, divisibility, cohesion, flexibility and flexibility. He advocated
Bokovi's internal structure of the body from the basic particles in the examination theses
and textbooks. The Prenner exam was preserved in the Franciscan Library of Ljubljana,
bound in a brown card with three labels of various bells of the Franciscan Ljubljana Library
on the back. It has no marginalities except traditional signatures and CC signatures on
headlines. Below the cover page is the bookplate which reads Capuchinorum Laubaci and
Capacinorum Laubaci in the top part of the cover. There is no picture other than the beauty
illustrated final page which has no connection to the content of the book. The Ljubljana
Capuchins were abolished by Marmont in 1809, so the book then came to the Franciscans. It
was tied in: Commentarii duo de phosphoris naturalibus et artificialibus, which was Biwald's
reprint from the 1768 Sources of the Clarissimi Iacobi Beccariae Commentarii duo, de
Phosphoris Naturalibus et Artificialibus, ex Actis Bononiensibus Excerpts. The item is now
stored in NUK under signature 8227. Prenner and his professor Schttl certainly chose the
book because of Biwald's print, while they also examined phosphors and luminescence in the
exam.

Figure 47 : Graz edition of Beccaria from the 1768 census in Wilde's list of
(Wilde1800_122_1474BeccariaBiwaldCasati.jpg / LG / ShranjevanjeDatotekWilde1800Katalog)

Lyceum library items with the library number 1474 in 1800.

FIGURE 48 (BeccariaJacob_SchttGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris0001posvetiloInzagijuIdrijaCROP.jpg / laptop / ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010 / Desktop / Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzinski) : Prenners dedication to Idrija Director and the
patron Inzaghi (FSLJ-8 to 70).

Figure 49 : Graz reprint of Beccarias book on phosphorus in


(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris000TPCROP.jpg / laptop / ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010 / Desktop / Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzinski)

which Prenner tied to his exam theses (FSLJ-8 d 70).

Figure 50: (Beccaria1768PhosphorisNaturalibus000SchottloveTeze / Laptop / StorageDatotekJulij2010 / Desktop / Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzinski) : The bottom of Prenners theses tied to Beccarias (1768)
Phosphoris Naturalibus (FSLJ).
Figure 51 : The back of Beccaria's phosphorus book into which
(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris000hrbet.jpg / laptop / ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010 / Desktop / Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzinski)

Prenner bind his thesis (FSLJ-8 d 70).

Figure 52 ( BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1 769 ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris000prvaPlatnica.jpg / Lapto p / StorageDatote kJu lij2010 / Des ktop / Telefon25_6_ 2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzins ki) : The front cover of Beccaria's phosphorus in which Prenner tied his
thesis (FSLJ-8 d 70).

Figure 53 ( BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1 769 ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris0002 SchottlovI zpitNas lov B.jpg / Laptop / StorageDatote kJu lij2010 / Des ktop / Telefon25_6_2 010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzins ki) : Front page of the Schttls exams (FSLJ-8 d 70).

Figure 54 : The other side (second page) Prenners examination theses in


( BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1 769 ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris0004 SchottlovI zpitFizikaE tikaMat.jpg / laptop / ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010 / Des ktop / Telefon25_6_2 010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzins ki)

Schttls astronomy (theses 16-17), the air and the sound, (21-22), light and heat (28-30), ten
ethical theories and the beginning of mathematical theses about parallels (FSLJ-8 d 70).

Figure 55 : The second page of Schttls thesis with astronomy (theses 16-
( BeccariaJaco b_SchttlGregor1768_ 1769 ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris0004 SchottlovI zpitFizikaEtikaMatB.jpg / Laptop / SavingDatote kJu lij2010 / Des ktop / Telefon25_6_2 010KnjigeBiw aldJaslzins ki)

17), air and sound (21-22), light and heat (28-30) (FSLJ-8 d 70).

Figure 56 : Fourth and fifth (penultimate) page index and the first (the
( BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1 769 ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris004_0 05fosfoCROP. jpg / Lapto p / SavingDato te kJulij2010 / Des ktop / Telefon2 5_6_20 10KnjigeBiwaldJaslzins ki)

seventh) part of Beccarias book on phosphorescence and luminescence (FSLJ-8 d 70).

Figure 57 : The last six pages index and the first (seventh) page of Beccarias
( BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1 769 ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris006_0 07fosforjiCROP.jpg / Lap top / ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010 / Des kto p / Telefon25_ 6_2010K njigeBiwaldJas lzins ki)

book on phosphorescence and luminescence (FSLJ-8 d 70).

Figure 58 : the last six pages Beccarias Paper on phosphorescence and


( BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1 769 ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris112Konecv Fosforjev.jpg / Laptop / ShranjevanjeDatotekJ ulij2010 / Des ktop / Telefon25_6 _2010K njigeBiwaldJas lzin ski)

luminescence (FSLJ-8 to 70) in which the kofja loka native Lorenz Prenner bind his thesis
for the final exam.

Figure 59 : The tile page of Prenners examination theses in Schttls class of


( BeccariaJacob_SchttGregor1768_176 9ComentariiDu oDePhosphoris0 003 SchottlovIzpitCROP.jpg / lap top / ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010 / Des kto p / Telefon25 _6_201 0KnjigeBiwald Jasl zins ki)

metaphysics (theses 1-6), chemistry, carbon (12) and the Newtonian physics of motions (14)
(FSLJ-8 d 70).

Figure 60 : Last ten pages of Prenners math exam theses in Schttls class
( BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1 769 ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris001fosforjiScho ttlo vIzp itMatCROP.jpg / Lap top / ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010 / Des kto p / Telefon25_ 6_2010K njigeBiwaldJas lzins ki)

and the first index page Beccarias Paper on phosphorescence and luminescence (FSLJ-8 to
70).

Table 2: Professor of kofja Loka native Prener: Gregor Schttl, physicist and meteorologist
Examination questions dedicated to Idrija manager Inzaghi. Schttl's final geometric exam
thesis of August 1769 which his student the kofja loka native Prenner dedicated to the Idrija
mine manager Inzaghi.

Latin original English and Slovenian translation

I. Si parallelas secet transversa, anguli alterni If a parallel cuts the transverse angle of
interni, & alterni externi aequantur: item duo each of the internal and external equal
interni vel externi ad eandum partem positi = exchange, the two internal or external to
180o. that part of the set = 180o. e
vzporednica preno seka kota vsakega od
notranjega in zunanjega enakega
izmenjave, dva notranjih ali zunanjih ta
del niza merita180 stopinj Matematika
II. Radius as puntum contactus dutus, est ad 2. Radius as a point of contact between
tangentem perpendicularibus. the folds, is perpendicular to the tangent
Polmer kot toka dotika je pravokoten na
tangento
III. Angulus ad puntum contactus iter The inscribed angle theorem states that
tangentem & chordam comprehensus habet an angle inscribed in a circle is half of
mensuram dimidium arcum, quem chorda the central angle that subtends the same
subtendit. arc on the circle.
Kot med tangento na toko stika med
cesto in ujel merilo pol lok niz, ki je niz
objema. Kot med tangento in sekanto v
toki stika je pol kota, ki ga izree
sekanta (sredini kot je dvakrat veji od
obodnega kota nad istim lokom kot
posploitev Talesovega izreka)

IV. Tres anguli trianguli = 180o. Angulus vero 4. The three internal angles of a triangle
externus = duobus internis oppositis. measure 180o and their external angles
measure twice that much. 4. Trije koti
trikotnika merijo 180o, zunanji kot pa
dvakrat toliko.

V. Quadratum hypothenusae = quadratis The square of hypotenuse = square of the


cathetorum catheters.
Pitagorov izrek: Kvadrat hipotenuze =
kvadratom vsote katet
VI. Invenire summam omnium angulorum 6. Find the sum of all the internal angles
internorum polygoni. of polygon.
Najdi vsoto notranjih kotov poligona
VII. Demonstrare aequalitatem triangulorum 7. Demonstrate equality all the sides of
habentium vel omnia latera homologa aequalia, the triangles that have the homologous or
vel omnes angulos homologos aequales cum equal, with an equal or equal to all
aequali uno latere homologo, vel duo latera corners of homologous one side of
homologa aequalia cum comprehenso angulo homologous lengths, equal to or
aequali. homologous with the angle enclosed the
two sides equal.
7. Dokazati enakost vseh stranic
trikotnikov, ki so homologne ali enako, z
enako ali enako na vse konce
homolognih ena stran homologne dolin,
ki so enake ali homologne s kotom
zaprtih obe strani enako.
Dokai enakost trikotnikov ko imajo
enake vse kote in eno stranico, ali pa dve
enaki stranici in vmesni kot.
VIII. Areas triangulares, parallelogrammas, 8. The areas which the triangles,
circulares determinare. parallelograms, circles determined.
8. (Izraunaj povrine) Obmoja, ki jih
doloajo trikotniki, paralelogrami, krogi.
IX. Soliditatem prismatis, cylindrim pyramidis, 9. Find Volume of the prism, cylinder,
coni invenire. cone, cone.
9. Najdi obseg prizme, valja, stoca,
piramide.

X. In omni triangulo sinus angulorum sunt ut X. That in every triangle are as the sine
latera opposita. of the angles opposite sides
X. To v vsakem trikotniku je sinus kota v
enakem razmerju z nasprotno stranico
(Snusni izrk v ravninski trigonometriji
pravi, da je v trikotniku razmerje med
sinusom kota in dolino nasproti leee
stranice enako za katerikoli par stranic -
nasprotni kot).

Table 3: Chemistry related Schttls exam theses dedicated to Inzaghi in August 1769

Latin Slovenian English


7. Principium corporum sunt substantiae simplices vi motrice praeditae. 7. Poelo teles so
enostavne substance, ki jim je dano, da imajo v sebi gonilno silo. 7. The bodies began to be
simple substances, given to them that they have an inherent force in themselves.
8. Vires in natura existentes ad unam simplicem legem revocari, 8. Sile v naravi se podrejajo
enemu samemu enostavnemu zakonu. 8. The forces in nature are subject to a single simple
law.
9. Inde praecipuae corporum proprietatis: ut, impenetrabilitas ex viribus repulsivis
minimarum distantiarum, in quadam ratione inversa earundem agentibus.
9. Od tod sledi najpomembneja lastnost teles, da je nepredirnost glede odbojnih sil pri zelo
majhnih razdaljah v nekem obratnem sorazmerju z odbojnimi silami po Bokoviu. 9. From
this follows the most important property of the bodies is that the unpredictability of the
reflective forces at very small distances in some inverse relation with them (= the reflecting
forces of Bokovi).
10. Cohaesio ex collocatione elementorum in limitibus numero impari progredientibus, vel
extra limites ex virium utrimque aequalium & oppositarum elisione. 10. Privlana sila zaradi
razporeditve elementov znotraj meja (telesa) naraa z lihim tevilom, zunaj meja pa so
dopuene tako enake kot nasprotne sile. 10. The attractive force due to the arrangement of
elements within the boundary (body) increases with odd number, and outside the boundaries
are tolerated as much as the opposite forces.
11. Elasticitas ex arcubus satis amplis circa cohaesionis limites. 11. Elastinost v obmoju
hribov (Bokovieve krivulje) je velika znotraj obsega kohezije. 11. The elasticity in the hill
range (Bokovis curve) is large within the scope of cohesion.
12. Fluiditas liquidorum ex eorundem particulis proxime sphaericis. 12. Fluidnost tekoin
povzroajo delci, ki so najblije kroglasti oblik. 12. The fluidity of the liquids is caused by
the particles closest to the spherical shape.
13. Fermentatio ex virium alternatione turbato earundem aequilibrio facta corporum
commixtione. 13. Fermentacija nastane s poruenim ravnotejem sil pri izmenjavi le-teh ob
zdruevanju teles. 13. Fermentation originates with a collapsed balance of forces in the
exchange of bodies upon the union of bodies.
21. Aer est corpus fluidum, elasticum, a vaporibus diversum. 21. Zrak je tekoe elastino telo
razlino od hlapov. 21. Air is a liquid elastic body different from vapors.
23. Lumen est effluvium corporis lucidi. 23. Svetloba je izliv svetlobnega telesa. 23. Light is
the outpour of the light body.
24. Constat partibus heterogenis. 24. (Svetloba) je iz heterogenih delcev. 24. (Light) is from
heterogeneous particles.
25. Hinc corporum colores. 25. Od kot barve teles? 25. From where originates the color of the
bodies?
26. Diaphaneitas corporum a virium homogeneitate. 26. Prosojnost teles (je odvisna) od sil
homogenosti. 26. The transparency of the bodies (depends on) the forces of homogeneity.
27. Ab earundem heterogeneitate opacitas habetur. 27. Heterogenost doloa neprozornost
(teles). 27. Heterogeneity determines opacity (of bodies).
28. Ignis sunt ipsae partes corporis ardentis attenuatae, maximaque celeritate praeditae. 28.
Ogenj sestavljajo zmanjani delci samega goreega telesa, ki jim je dana izjemno velika
hitrost. 28. A fire (consists of) burning parts of the body are themselves attenuated endowed
with maximum speed.
29. Calor consistit in motu partium corporis moderatore. 29. Toplota sestoji iz krmiljenega
gibanja delov telesa. 28. The heat consists of more moderate motions of parts of the body.

30. Frigus est minor caloris gradus, ad quid nullae particulae salinas necessariae sunt. 30.
Hladno je manja stopnja segrevanja za katero niso potrebni nobeni delci soli. 30. The
smaller degree of heat is cold, to which absolutely no parts of salt are necessary.

Ljubljana professor of mathematics, geodesy and construction Joef Kauffmann (* 22 August


1725 Vienna; SJ 20 October 1741 Trenin; 1791 (Lukcs, 1988, 2: 692)), who gave lectures
to the students in Ljubljana in 1758/59, 1765/66, 1766/67, 1767/68, 1768/69, 1769/70 and
1770/71, was not included in Prenners title exam. This may mean that the geometry of the
tangent, triangles, ranges, surfaces of polygons, volumes and the synopsis was lectured by the
physicist and professor of moral philosophy (ethics) Schttl.

Weather

Ljubljana professor Schttl was temporarily confirmed as a physics professor after the ban on
the Jesuit order on 9 October 1773. He was subordinate to the diocese of Ljubljana, but after
the ban, the Society did not ask for jurisdiction for Jesus, although he had previously
performed a priesthood service. He lived in Barb's house, and he ordered food from the inn.
In August 1775 he participated in the public from Jurij Vega and his classmates. In Ljubljana,
G. Schttl, together with the former Idrija surgeon, B. Hacquet, published the weekly of the
Carniolan Agricultural Society, where they regularly published meteorological reports. On 5
January 1776 and 16 May 1776, G. Schttl published 6 meteorological reports in the
Agricultural Newsletter company Public weekly newspaper Des wchentliche
Kundschaftsblat im Herzogthum Krain. The editor was G. Schttl himself, together with
Hacquert, and the publisher was the Ljubljana printing press Janez Friderik Eger. The
economic and political reports and obituaries were printed. The mine manager Inzaghi dod
not only led the mercury mining for a good half a decade, but je also supported local
scientists and students, among them especially professor of physics Gregor Schttl and his
pupil the kofja loka native Marina Prenner. Although Inzaghi, despite the enviable
knowledge, didnt succeed in all the excavations in Idrija, his support for the Carniolan
schoolboards undoubtedly deserved a success. Schttel student was, among others, "studied
Mr. Janez Nepomuk Kavi, Carniolan from Idrija", who in July 1771 passed the physics
examination on liquids in general and especially about the water after lectures by honorary
patriot Gregor Schttl from the Society of Jesus in Ljubljana. In 1769 the same Idrija native
Kavi studied rhetoric at the age of 17 in Ljubljana.

Divine Prenner

It can be known that the Prener family members were descendants of Germanic settlers in the
territory of today's Slovenia. In 1574 the Prennerji (Brenner) were inhabited on ten half-farms
in the northern Koevje suburbs of Zgornje Loine and Koflar, and above all in the Slovene
village, where they moved from Riglje to Koevski Rog and remained until the 20th century.
In 1574, the Prenner family in the village of Komolec remained in Rog. On June 2, 1702 and
again from December 22, 1850 to 1852, the Transnerers are also found in the neighboring
southern Kostel, Fara, where they lived as homeless settlers and in Pirce, at the customs
branch along the border with Croatia, where everyday bread served as shoemakers.
Undoubtedly, the surname spread elsewhere: Ljuba Prenner (* 1906 Slovenj frim Carinthia
1977 Fara pri Prevaljah), a famous lawyer and writer, was, of course, from Carinthia.

Te Prenner folks soon reached even after the noble titles, so Franc Kaspar Baron Prenner was
already a Carniolan provincial attorney in 1640-1651, along with Eberhard Leopold Blagaj-
Ursini ( 1680), the owner of Botanje pri alni. Even at the beginning of the 17th century,
the Blagaj-Ursini were the Koevje landlords with Prenneres as their subjects, so the times
changed in the meantime. Thus, Maria Elizabeth Countess Blagaj (* 1676; 10.4.1728)
became Baroness Prenner after a marriage with captain Philip Jacob Jacob Precious ( 21. 10.
1735).
Figure 61: Family Prenner of kofja Loka.

In-between, the kofja Loke Prenner family upward among the respectable townspeople.
Martin's father Janez married Helena Garbes on 21. 5. 1742; her surname may be reflected in
the modern bad name Gerbec. Amongst their children, Martin was third. His birth followed
as follows: Mary (* 4. 8. 1743), Augustine Pascal (* 22. 1. 1745) baptized in the name of
Paul, Martin (* 10 September 1746) and Ignac Anton (* July 27, 1748 ). They studied both
their middle brothers and then dedicated themselves to the priesthood profession. Thus, the
pupil of the family continued as a disciple Ignac, who had with Maryana (Marija Ano) Zora
many children who were born in a row: Franc Maksimiljan (* 26. 11. 1772), Marija Ana (* 8.
6. 1774), Jozefa Maksimiljana (* 9 February 1777), Joseph Franz Ignac (* 23 March 1778),
Marija Franc (* 7 September 1779) and Karl Jozef Prenner (* 3 November 1780 kofja Loka;
13. 5. 1841 Stina). Already the double names, the earliest exclusive privilege of the
nobility, reflect the rise of Ignace Penner's father during the then Lokal bourgeoisie. Karl
Joef Prenner was an actor of the State Ecumenical Council of Skofja Loka between 1818-
1834, and in Carniola he published seventeen discussions on genealogical historical contents.
Karel was probably born in Homan's house on Town Square no. 2 as the son of the protester
and the city judges Ignac Anton and Marie Anne. Mary Anna Zore gave a colorful drawing
by Alojz Schaffenrath (* 1794; 1836) to the Ljubljana Museum of the Loka Capuchin
Monastery and Predjama. Alojz was the son of the goldsmith of Tobias, and he was famous
by the signing of signatures in the Postojna and surrounding caves; he realized the ideas of
Josip Jerinovi von Lwengreifa after his resignation from the position of the technical
director of the Postojna Cave Commission for his accusations of gaining influence, and
became a member of the Cave Commission in 1823. In 1825, Schaffenrath became a district
engineer in the district governmnt in Postojna, so he did a lot for the first tourist arrangement
of the Postojna Cave; drawings and a transcript of post-Signatures was created between 1817
and 1829. Mecen Inzaghi, or how to print his higher education exams by Carlo Jozef Prenner,
Martinus Prenner (* 10 September 1746; after 1801), he completed lower studies after
primary schooling, philosophy and morality in Ljubljana; he attended Ljubljana Lower Jesuit
Studies with the help of Thalberg Foundation scholarship and graduated in 1767. Other
theological studies were carried out in Linz, although his name was Martin Prenner from
Gundersdorf at Deutschlandsberg in Vienna. Loki Martin Pregner was consecrated in 1771
in a magician. Then, for one year in Spodnja Idrija, he was a co-pilot at his mosque Inzaghi.
Why, after a year of crying, their cooperation broke down is difficult to judge. For the next
six years, Martin spent his time in kofja Loka's home without a job. That was the time of the
ban on the Jesuit order after which many Jesuits entered became the secular priests, and
perhaps Martin could not reach his right place near his hometown against the ex-Jesuit
competitors. In any case, a long wait was paid to him, so that between 1779-1788 and later he
was the parish priest. In 1793, he became a priest in Dovje, and in 1796, he became a localist
in Strana where he served over five years. He was distinguished as an eloquent, entertaining
and exemplary priest; maybe it was sometimes insufficiently serious, but he become very
popular with people. As a twenty-three years old physics student, Martin Prenners bind
Beccarias book on phosphorus and luminescence to his final exam with Gregor Schttl in
1769 in Ljubljana. He added a grateful dedication to the Count of France, Janez Nepomuk
Inzaghi, Baron Kindberg (* April 27, 1734; 13 January 1818), the director of the Idrija
mine. How did he get to get such a famous patron who, of course, honorably untied the scribe
to pay for the cost of the press, and certainly provided another treat for the merry Martine?
Inzaghi married Maria Valpurge Dietrichstein. After her sad death, he chose the Countess
Rosalia Attems ( 14. 2. 1841). Maria gave birth to the future governor of Carniola (1818-
1819), Venetian governor (1820-1826) and later senior court chancellor Karl Borromus
Rudolf of Count Inzaghi (5. 12. 1777 Idrija-1856 Graz), as well as the captain and emperor
Philippe (15.8 .1781 Idrija-1857 Ober-Rindberg in Styria). Franz Janez Nepomuk was the
brother of the Trieste (25. 4. 1775), the Gorizian (1788) and the bishop of Gorizia-Gradica
(1791), Franc Filip Inzaghi, who worked as the canon. Their relative Franc Ignac Inzaghi was
a pastor in Ptuj, at least from 1758 until his death in 1769. Franc Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi was
the manager of the Idrija mine between 1764-1791 and immediately started excavating the
shaft, which we call him still today. Inzaghi moved to Styria from Lombardy Coma. In
Carniola, he was relieved by the spirit of the Idrija mercury, which did not touch not only
Franz Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi, but also his grandfather Abundus Maria Inzaghi (Abondio, *
1600; after 1659). Abundio (Maria Abondio) was a husband of wife of Maria Magdalena
Morelli von Schoenberg, father of Johann Philippe, grandfather of Carla Franz and
grandfather Johann Nepomuk. He worked for Emperor Ferdinand III and Leopold I as a
councilor of the court chamber and a senior mining supervisor / inspector in Idrija. Like the
Ptuj based brothers Caccia, Abondus Inzaghi was initially involved in the sale of money and
money transactions; Later he moved to Graz, where he became head of the money office. He
reorganized mercury production in Idrija, and then he controlled mercury trade as well as
copper and other commodities. With the acquisitions of Kindberg, Hart and Ober-Lorenzen,
on August 19, 1658, he joined the tajerska castle. Abondus Inzaghi, the great-grandfather of
Franz Janez, led the Idrija mine, proposed state management and sales (1659) and revived the
sale of mercury and the sale through Amsterdam after the Deutz family. Finally, Abondus
was charged with more profit than the state treasury itself. was weaned. Emperor Leopold
raised Abundus Mary to the baron and then into the count. Abundus's two sons established
the branches in the local Lombardy Como and Graz. The first was given in 1745 by the
famous Alessandra Volta, and the second by the descendants of Johann Philippe Inzaghi (*
around 1630; after 1684) in Styria. Walt's mother, Mary Maddalen, and the governor of
Johannes Philipp Inzaghi, were the children of the cousins, and in spite of the distances in
close contact. Inzaghi led the production of Idrija mercury at the time Volta used it in
barometers for his experiments with gases. Inzaghi were highly educated, and their technical
talent was inherited by Alessandro Volta (* 1743 Como) by his mother, Maria Maddalena
Inzaghi, the fiancian cousin of Idrija, Franz Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi. In Graz Inzaghi
gathered a powerful library in their books and they wanted to enter many marginal notes.
Among others, the first edition of Valvasor's Glory and Topography, Andreas Albertus
Aritmeticae (1671, Euclid (1509)) was tied to the Peuerbach Tabulare eclypsium (1514),
Guerick's Experimenta nova (1672) with a tethered Steeb, J. Chr. 1679. Coelum
Sephiroticum Hebraeorum, A. Kircher's China (1771 with Inzaghi's marginal and
exlibrisonm), Mundus Subterraneus (1678, Inzaghi derivative) and Magnes sive de Arte
Magnetica (1654 Inzaghi derivative with exlibris), Montucello's History of Mathematics
1779-1802, Newton's English Optics from 1704. Franc Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi was
governed by the Idrija mine during Scopoli and Hacquer, so the first one could recommend
Prennera and Schttla to protection, although Inzaghi was against Scopoli and later Hacquet's
scientific work, which was supposed to be on the ripples of treating miners. initially defended
Hacquet's employment in 1766, but the mighty Caesar's physician, G. van Swieten, rejected
him. Inzaghi was two years older of his Styrian compatriot Gregory Schttl from the time of
his Graduate studies, which he was persuaded by the Catholic Church. Even the kofja loka
natives Prenner family members were not unknown to him, because Idrija mercury was
traditionally shipped over iri to Poljanska dolina and kofja Loka until the mining chief
Anton Sartori (1754-1764) started repairing the road across Kovaev rovt, Dole and Vehare
to Vrhnika in 1760 because of the announced imperial visit, which, after the emperor's death,
failed. He often ended Inzaghi in 1765. Inzaghi organized the beginning of the digging of the
pit of the Marija conception in 1765. Because the main mercury core was missed, the
trenches were abandoned in 1772. Inzaghi began digging the pit in 1764, and other ended in
only barely 1890. Inzaghi and his wife, together with Edling, were well received by the
Styrian fellow Benedict Franz Hermann (* March 17, 1755 Mariahof near Sankt Lambrecht;
31 January 1815 Petersburg) on his visit to Idrija on July 3, 1780. Edling was a freemason
and supervisor of schools, a member of the Carniolan Society of Agriculture and Useful
Skills (1780-1782), unlike Inzaghi. At the beginning of the letter from Idrija, Hermann
described G. Gruber's work on the canal; The husband later met in Russia, where Hermann
traveled through Siberia (1783, 1785-1787, 1790), in 1796 he became a professor of
mineralogy at the Petersburg Academy of Sciences, in 1799 the inspector of the Imperial
Mining Schools, in 1801, a state councilor and a senior mining captain. Janez Nepomuk
Jakob Count Edling baron Saullenberg (* 1751 Gorizia; 1793 Vienna) from the Ajdovina
branch was the councilor of the provincial capital, son of Alberto (* 1717; 1796), and
Countess Carolina Saurau, a schoolteacher from 1777, a freemason. Edling collaborated with
Kumerde, and members of the Academy Operosorum Kuralt, Japl, Dev, Pohlin and his client
Linhart. The mother of Inzaghi's mother-in-law, Maria Klara, Renata von Saurau (* 13/11
1667; 28. 3. 1738 Graz) was a relative of Edling's mother. As the administrator of the
kofja Loka estate of the Freisingen bishop, the administrator (Lehenprobst) in kofja Loka
was appointed from 21 January 1772 and on 28 July 1774 until 1782, Edling knew well
Prenner from kofja Loka and certainly recommended Martin certainly Martina
recommended to protect Inzaghi. Edling was also interested in schoolchildren; In 1776, he
presented special advice on the establishment of a norm in kofja Loka. Inzaghi's client the
kofja loka native Martin Prenner successfully advocated in thirty-five theses from
philosophy of physics, ten from ethics and ten from mathematics. He examined the
examination thesis with a dedication to Beccar's book on phosphorus, published a year ago in
Latin by Biwald in Graz. The former Ljubljana professor Gottlob Leopold Biwald (* 26
February 1731 Vienna; SJ 17 October 1747; 8 September 1805 Graz) was, of course, well
known to Inzaghi; In Graz, Biwald taught students that all forces in nature should be based on
a single, simple natural law illustrated by the Bokovi curve. This should well explain the
incongruity and extensibility of the bodies, divisibility, cohesion, flexibility and flexibility.
He advocated Bokovi's internal structure of the body from the elementary particles in the
examination theses and textbooks. The Primrose exam was preserved in the Franciscan
Library of Ljubljana, bound in a brown card with three labels from various periods of the
Franciscan Ljubljana Library on the back. It has no marginalities except traditional signatures
and CC signatures on headlines. Below the cover page is the Capuchinorum Laubaci and
Capacinorum Laubaci in the top part of the cover. Martin Prenner's exam was bind in:
Commentarii duo de phosphoris naturalibus et artificialibus, which was Biwald's reprint from
the 1768 Sources of Clarissimi Iacobi Beccariae Commentarii duo, de Phosphoris Naturalibus
et Artificialibus, ex Actis Bononiensibus Excerpts, which are now stored in NUK under
signature 8227. Prenner and his professor Schttl certainly chose the book because of
Biwald's print, while they also discussed phosphors and luminescence in the examination
papers.

In 1769, the kofja loka native Lorenz Prenner adapted his examination thesis to Professor
Gregor Schttl's curriculum. Surprisingly, it did not describe in detail the mechanical
machines, nor did electricity and meteorology. Such a decision could also be a professor,
since he intended to publish the missing areas later with other students. Pregner chose
Beccaria's book on luminescence because this phenomenon was particularly popular and
unusual, so that he also obstructed himself during the examination. In any case, the
introductory Prenner's thesis overwhelms enthusiasm over Bokovi's philosophy.

Table 4: Prenner's thesis for the exam with Schttl in 1769

The title of the chapter the thesis number: page:

PHILOSOPHY AND PHYSICS with Metaphysics I-VI 1

elements of the composition of bodies VII-XI 1

On solids and gravity XIV 1

On water and Hydrodynamics XII, XVIII, XIX 1-2

About air and sound XXI-XXII 2

On fire and cold XXVIII-XXX 2

On light, heat and vision XVIII-XX 2Astronomy XV-XVII 2

Ethics IX 2-3

Geometry IX 3-4

Table 5: Schttl's metaphysical and ethical thesis of August 1769 for his student the kofja
Loka native Prenner.

Latin original English twofold translation

I. Extat apud homini scientia Found in human knowledge.

II. Criterium veri est evidentia. The criterion of truth is the evidence.

III. Mundu est in suo genere perfectus. The world is in its own genus perfect.
IV. Anima humana est substanita sprittualis. The human soul is of spiritual substance.

V. Immortalis. Immortality.

VI. Existentia Dei e Creatuis demonstrator. Prove the existence of the God and Creator.

Ethics: I. Norma actionum humanarum, simulque lex & jus naturae est Voluntas Dei
necessaria per rationem natural promulgata, obligans omnem hominam rationis compotem.

Ethics: I. The criterion of human actions, at the same time necessary for the law, and the right
of nature is the will of God by natural reason, promulgated (proclaimed), binding all men are
possessed of reason.

II. Ignorari lex haec quoad prima sua praecepta, and cum his proxime connexa longiori
tempore nequit. 2. Ignoring the first law of its precepts has a grave consequence in a longer
run=Ignoring this law in its perception will soon be revived in the long run.

III. Praecepta ejus semper sunt immutabilia & absoluta 3. His commandments are always
immutable (fixed) and absolute.

IV. Principium ea cognoscendi ultimum est summa Dei perfectio. 4. The principle of
knowledge is the sum of perfections of God.

V: Legam naturae ad actes application, conscientia, cujus dictamen saltem moraliter certum
esse debet, semperquu sequendum est. 5. Laws of nature apply to actions. The nature is
usable for activities, because it is dictated by the consciousness with which moral morality is
to be attained.

VI. Part of debutur cultus interior, quam exterior. VI. Both the interior and exterior worship is
due to God. The inner faith belongs to God, also external.

VII. Se ipsum directe occidere illicitum 7. Unlawful (Illegality) kills directly.

VIII: Vitamine dark, aliaque bona externa negligere saepe licitum, saepe praeceptum est. 8:
Leading a life and other external things often neglects the lawful goods, but they are
commanded=8: Life and outbursts often neglect the lawful delicacies that are commands.

IX. Mendacium omne jure naturae prohibitur. 9. All the laws of nature do not allow lying=9.
Lying under all laws of nature is not allowed.

X. Nemo laedendus in bonis suis, laesoque damnum reparandum est, hoc dark discrimine, a
little fidei possessor omne, bonae fidei id tantum teneatur restituere, unde factus ditio X. Let
no one be injured in his goods, repair all damages that is done, yet this is the most critical, so
that all possessors of bad faith, people of good faith that can only be bound to restore their eir
condition. = X. Do not let anybody be harmed in their products, everything should be done to
repair defects, but this is the most critical, so that the owner is in good faith to all people of
good faith who can be re-affiliated with the terms.
Epilogue

Martin Prenner course was not the only students exam in the decade of physics lectures held
in Ljubljana by Gregor Schttl. There were also some examinations of other Schttl's kofja
Loka students. Among them was Anton Prevodnig in 1773. The certain classmate of Jurij
Vega was the kofja Loka native Matev Kalan (Kallan) in 1775.
Figure 62: Kallan from kofja Loka as Vegas classmate (SI_AS 7, TschoklJul14).
Figure 63 : Alphabetical list of school students of lower-level studies in Ljubljana in
( Backup / User's / LG / LG / File Store / HaquetGruberTaufferSchottlPlaceValeVodnikRedovalTrstRe kaASVanc12no 11)

1774. Among the kofja loka natives were: nineteen-year-old plebeian Matija Koir with the
best marks and slightly less successful sons of the local people of the town of Ljubljana,
twenty-year-old Francis Peetz, twenty-year-old Francis Popiou, and sixteen-year-old Anton
Radovi (Source: Archives of the Republic of Slovenia, AS 7 Regional Governance for
Carniola, Politica, No. 70, Lit S, No 19, Vol. 2, Schul- und Studien Sachen Anno 1774).

Figure 64: Alphabetical list of students of lower studies in


(8386RedvalnicaValentinVodnik1774.jpg / F: / Backup / User's / LG / LG / FileStore / HaquetGruberTaufferSchottlPlaceValeVodnikRedovalTrstRekaASVanc12no11)

Ljubljana in 1774. Anton Walland was recorded immediately under his sixteen-year-old
Valentin Vodnik with a slightly worse rating. Their sixty younger syntactic listeners were
greatly assessed by the local bishop Matija Demar (Source: Archives of the Republic of
Slovenia, AS 7 Regional Governance for Carniola, Publico-Politica, 70, Lit S, No 19, Vol 2,
Schul- und Studien Sachen Anno 1774).

FIGURE 65 : Alphabetical workshop of students of the Ljubljana


(8394Redovalnica1774teologiLjubljana.jpg / F: / Backup / User's / LG / LG / FileStore / HaquetGruberTaufferSchottlPlaceValeVodnikRedovalTrstRekaASVanc12no11)

Theological Studies in 1774 with excellent evaluation of the kofja Loka native Jernej Jenko,
the second-year student (Source: Governance for Carniola, Publico-Politica, 70, Lit S, No 19,
Vol 2, Schul- und Studien Sachen Anno 1774).

The Divine Martin Prenner was a priest of the new era. He exasperated his generosity to
enable him to study modern science at a level comparable to other European centers in
Ljubljana. Even though Martin's final exam was calibrated primarily in the applied physics
and mathematics sciences, devoted his 34 of the total of fifty examination theses, Martin's
subsequent spiritual life was primarily influenced by the metaphysical and central ethical
examination theses.

The way to the knowledge of many of Idrija's youngsters led through the Jesuit school in
Ljubljana. That is why the manager of the Idrija mine Gaper Liechtstock von Liechtenhaimb
paid a silver lantern for the making of the statue of the Jesuit saint, Francis Xavier in 1660,
(Kovai, Jezuiti, 228; Valentinitsch, Das Landesfrstliche, 369-425). The Idrija Natives
have always worked for the good education of their children. Nevertheless, the Idrija miners
failed to establish two high school classes despite their request of the court chamber sent on 7
July 1716 (Schmidt, History, 1: 119). Thus, the Idrija youth had to have a classical education
at home. It was not easy, but many succeeded in penetrating the world of books.

Idrija for the Jesuits of Ljubljana

The first Idrija student of the Jesuit University in Graz was the nobleman Janez Udalrik Igl
(Joanne Vdalricus). On 6 July 1622, he studied a higher grammar called the syntax, which
was the fourth of the six years of lower studies of the years then (Andritsch, Die Matrikeln,
70). Relatives of Idrija native Janez Udalrik also participated in the Jesuits order. Thus, the
Igl family in Ljubljana sent Karl Viktor Igl to study the first year of lower secondary schools
in Graz (Andritsch, Die Matrikeln, 75). Gapar Igl (* 1667 Ljubljana; SJ 1693; 1728) also
joined the important Jesuits of Ljubljana.
Ljubljana Rector Idrija native Andrej Kolperger (1630-1633).

The Jesuit Andrej Kolperger (Kolberger, * 28. 11. 1590, Idrija, SJ 13. 1. 1612 Brno; 19. 8.
1649 Pleterje) studied his first year of philosophy with logic and mathematics in Brno, where
he was then the Jesuit novice from 1612 to 1613. In 1614 he lectured grammar in Klagenfurt.
From 1615 to 1616 he studied philosophy with mathematics in the class of Wolfgang
Quelmetz and physics in the class of Joannes Heumont in Graz. From 1617 to 1620 he
studied theology in Graz, in 1617 as a prefect of the convoy. In 1621 in Dobrla Vas he passed
the third probation with oaths. In 1622 he was a professor of humanities in Ljubljana, and
between 1622 and 1629 he was a superior in Pleterje and a confessor. In the meantime, on 10
August 1625, he gave his last regular vows in Ljubljana. Between 1630 and 1633 he was
rector of the college in Ljubljana, and then returned to Pleterje as superior and confessor from
1633 to 1634. Between 1634 and 1639 he was superior in Bratislava, and then again superior
and confessor in Pleterje between 1639 and 1645 and from 1647 until his death (Lukcs,
Catalogus, II, 13, 647). Soon after Kolperger's arrival from Bratislava to his home towns, the
Jesuits earned their huge success in Idrija in 1639: "Our mission in German Idrija (so-called
because of the German miners) gave birth to our fruits; our poor people were in great
comfort. Hundreds of workers are designated for mercury mining (of mercury minerals).
Among them, hardly anyone missed a chance to confess. To accommodate the wishes of
individuals, we had to stay longer" (Baraga, Letopis, 121).

Table 6: Idrija-born Jesuits serving in Ljubljana during the Jesuit philosophical studies held
in Ljubljana in 1704-1773.

Name Birth Joined Death Ljubljana Place of Place of Study of Study of Profess
the Service Entry death Philosophy Theology Physics
Jesuits Mathem
or
Mission

1698-
1701;
Krassnig 1713- Graz:
(Krasnigh), 1730; 1702-
Franciscus 1672 1694 1730 1719-1720 Graz Ljubljana 1705
1720-1721 Priprav
novice; odhod v
1725 Graz- indijsk
lectured Trnava: misijon
Mikusch, 1741- on Graz: 1728- 1730-17
Mathias 1701 1719 1780 Grammar Ljubljana 1722-1724 1729
1763-1766
lectured Graz:
Kossen, on Trnava: 1767-
Joseph 1740 1757 humanities Vienna 1761-1762 1770
1769 Graz: 1
lectured repetito
on matema
principles;
1771
lectured Vienna:
Kavi, on Vienna: 1772-
Anton 1743 1761 1814 humanities Ljubljana Ljubljana 1765-1767 1773

Preacher Krasnigh

Franc Krasnigh (Krasnik, * 28. 8. 1672, Idrija, SJ 27. 10. 1694; 17. 1. 1730, Ljubljana) was
from 1694 to 1696 news in Graz. In 1697, he held humanistic lectures in Vienna. Between
1698 and 1701, he was a professor of grammar and humanities in Ljubljana. From 1702 to
1705, he studied theology in Graz, until he passed the third probation in Judenburg in 1706.
Between 1707 and 1712 he was a preacher, confessor and counselor in Trieste, and on 2
February 1709 he gave his solemn final vows. Between 1713 and 1730, a Slovene preacher in
the cathedral, counselor, confessor, pupil of the priest, administrator and spiritual would be in
Ljubljana until he grabbed the disease (Lukcs, Catalogus, II, 793)

Overseas missionary Mikusch

Matija Mikusch (Miku, * 17, 2. 1701 Idrija, SJ 28. 10. 1719, Ljubljana) was from 1719 to
1721, Ljubljana news. Between 1722 and 1724 he studied philosophy in Graz. In 1725 he
was a professor of grammar in Ljubljana. In 1727 he lectured on humanities in Poega, led
the congregation, and wrote the history of the post. In 1728 in Graz and the next year in
Trnava, he devoted himself to the study of theology. Between 1730 and 1731 he was
preparing to go to overseas "Indian" mission in 1732, passed the third probation in
Judenburg. The concept of India, of course, also included China, America, the Turkish lands
and the Pacific Islands for the Jesuits. The Jesuit records do not tell us where exactly Miku
went from the Austrian Jesuit province. He did not die before 1740, He was followed by
another Jesuit missionary, the Alsatian Joseph Gltkle (* 1698; 1770), who missioned in
the Philippines between 1730 and 1760 (Lukcs, Catalogus, 435, 2: 1014; Catalogus 1730:
41, 1730: 41).

Prefect of Viennese university for nobility Kossen

From 1757 to 1759, Joef Kossen (*12. 3. 1740, Idrija; SJ 18. 10. 1757 Vienna) was a
Viennese novice. In 1760, he specialized humanities with students in Gyr. Between 1761
and 1762, he studied philosophy in Trnava, where he learned how to teach humanities in
Ljubljana and to conduct a seminar between 1763 and 1766. Between 1767 and 1770 he
studied theology in Graz. In 1771 he completed the third probation in Bansk Bystrica in
today's Slovakia that he could become a professor of grammar in Leoben in 1772. During the
ban of the Jesuits in 1773, Kossen was the prefect was in the Viennese Theresianum (Lukcs,
Catalogus, II, 775).
The bishop Anton Kavi

Anton Kavi (* 8. 12. 1743, Idrija, SJ 20. 10. 1761, Ljubljana; 27. 3. 1814, Ljubljana) was a
novice in Vienna between 1761 and 1763, and in 1764, he held humanistic lectures in
Leoben. Between 1765 and 1766, he studied philosophy in Vienna, then consolidated his
linguistics in 1767. In 1765, he studied the Viennese logic with the professor of mathematics
and mechanics Joef Walcher and the logic teacher Sigismund Storchenau in the first year of
philosophy as a kind of their assistant called Bidell. In 1766, Kavi studied physics at the
class of Carinthia nobleman Joseph Edler Herbert. In 1768 he specialized in applied
mathematics in Graz. His classmates at the specializations in the class of Professor Alois
Mayer, who was at the same time catechist in the civic hospital, were Franc Rauch, Franc
Schemerl, Georg Lada, Josef Grcke as assistants Bidell, Josef Ruef and Julius Suardi.
Kavi used his knowledge accumulated in Graz next year for his grammar classes in
Ljubljana, which he continued in Klagenfurt in 1770. In 1771, he was a professor of
humanities in Ljubljana, and then he studied theology in Vienna until the suppression of
Jesuit. The renowned professor Sigmund Storchenau of Vienna was the classmate of the head
of Kavi's grammar specialization, while A. Mayer was the master of eclectic philosophy
with the praises of Wolff's ideas against Kant and the Enlighteners. Storchenau's dynamic
philosophy, opposite to the Cartesians and Leibniz, was also used in the lessons of
philosophy in Ljubljana. He shared the substance with the more modern Wolff mode, and no
longer the outdated Aristotle's ideas. After 1773, Storchenau was associated in Humperk with
former Carinthia native Jesuits including Jurij Florijani, Obalt Gutsman (* 1725,
Grafenstein in Carinthia, SJ 1745, 1790 Klagenfurt (by SBL)), Janez Kaschutnig, his
professor of physics mathematics and former physicist Janez Pogrietschnig (Pogrienik) from
Radie. On 3 November 1805, Kavi was dedicated to the Viennese subsidiary bishop. On
August 10, 1806, the Austrian Emperor Franc I appointed him to the post of Bishop of
Ljubljana, so that on 11 October 1807 he started the service of the of Ordinary Bishop in
Ljubljana (Lukcs, Catalogus, II, 693-694; Sommervogel, IV, 951; Stger, 172; Catalogus
1765, 36; 1768, 12).
FIGURE 66: Academic ancestors od Idrija native Kavi of the Ljubljana bishop according
to his studies of philosophy in Vienna.

FIGURE 67: Academic ancestors Idrija native Kavi according to his mathematical
specialization in Graz.

Idrija natives among classmates of Jurij Vega


When Vega completed his fourth year of undergraduate studies, in July 1771 he visited
Schttlov's public examination in physics about liquids in general and especially about water.
It was carried out by students of physics: the older brother of Vegas classmate, later a pastor
at St. Jakob in Ljubljana, Janez Nepomuk Christian (* 1750, Ljubljana), Narcis Kappus from
Kamna gorica, Janez Nepomuk Kavi from Idrija and Valentin Merhar from entvid. The
first two were 18 years old, Kavi 19, and the 20-year-old Merhar was the only simple
Plebeian genus, like Vega itself. They were already at the end of lower studies two years
earlier. Kavi is probably later became a professor of Idrija (rnivec, Ljubljana, 280, 281,
436, 438; Schttl Tentamen).
Figure 68: Diploma of Idrija grammatical lower grade schools, which included Professor
Janez Kavi and School Director Ignac von Gassetzky, published by Peter Garzaroll from
Trieste on 27 June 1787 for the Idrija School in the scope of the first three grades of grammar
school (ARS, AS 14 Gubernij in Ljubljana, Reg. III, fasc., 51 1795-1799).

The most Vegas classmates were rural and bourgeois sons. Two were the Bohemian Jesuit
musicians and two were Styrians. Five classmates had a noble titles: besides Schluderbach,
the son of a flood of rain an elite official from the Sork Field Jenkensheim, Leopold
Passetzky de Passecka (* 1755, Idrija; 1823), Josephus de Sartori (* 1756, Idrija) and
Stephanus Schmol de Eisenwert (* 1756, Brussels). Passetzky was the son of a plagued
leader of the Idrija minescule mill and inherited his father's position in 1791. Before
Napoleon's occupation he moved to Austria, and after the restaurant he became the head of
the Idrija mine in 1814 (Arko, History, 58-59). Sartori was the son of the director of the Idrija
mine. In Idrija, school teacher KalisterPrvi, the professor of mathematics in Ljubljana, who
was never Jesuit, was Matija Kalister (* 19th February 1774, Slavina in Notranjska, on June
9, 1828). Since 1785, the talented Indrajc has been attending a popular school in Idrija. Since
there have been no further schools since Scolopio's departure for two decades, he enrolled as
a normal person in Trieste and from 1788 to 1794 graduated from high school. Trieste did not
have higher studies, so he studied philosophy in Ljubljana, where he completed his
theological studies with the money of the local parish priest Ceka in 1800. Already before the
end of studies, in 1799, he became a scriptwriter of the Ljubljana Lyceum Library, and since
1802 he also taught the basics of mathematics on the Lyceum instead of Gruber. He
demonstrated his talent for mathematics and lectures during his years of teaching, although he
quickly completed his first trip to the Chair of Mathematics. Kalister temporarily suspended
the work in the library, since in 1803 he was given a more promising place as a teacher of the
fourth grade of the main course in Ljubljana. In 1804 he began to teach grammar classes in
Ljubljana, and in 1807 he again became a professor of mathematics, physics and science at
the Ljubljana lyceum. As early as December 10, 1808, he left the Chair of Physics at Kersnik;
Kersnik supported, although Kersnik was somewhat less educated than other professors who
had been teaching in the higher studies in Ljubljana for centuries. Under the French
authorities, Kalister did not want to compete with more educated foreign professors and
withdrew from the department. In 1811 he became a librarian assistant, in 1813 he was
temporary, and in 1816 he became a permanent head of the library. In 1824 he helped
organize the Ljubljana Museum, which was later led by Idrija native Freyer, and in 1826 he
attended a Slavist meeting in Vienna. He always wanted to return home because he had a
farm with two houses and a decorated orchard on the farm in Slavina north of Pivka, which
he managed with a skillful hand. Unfortunately, he had relatively tedious weekly journeys
from Inner Carniola (Notranjska) to Ljubljana, and he was back in the back of a jealousy,
which he even killed before cooking the spirits at the beginning of that unfortunate winter.
Matija op took over Kalistar's service on 24 November 1828 as a temporary and after the
oath of September 23, 1830 as a permanent librarian. op completed the Kalisters catalogue
of the library; this was the first Lyceum scientific catalog with signatures that we still use
today. The beginnings of follow-up schools in Idrija.
FIGURE 69: Idrija Mercury Delivery Contract signed on 12 November 1732 (ARS AS 1073,
220).

With a happy hand, the Steering Director Steinberg established a jammer school in 1728.
Among the students he was quickly noticed by the talented host of Joef Mrak (25. 2. 1709,
Idrija-14th of August 1786, Idrija). He educated him well, so on 28 April 1752 Mrak could
take the lessons of surveying, cave-measuring, cartography, geometry, geodesy and drawing.
In 1763 on Scopoli's setting, a decree was issued for the Idrija Mining School. However, with
Scopoli's departure to Bansk tiavnica, it was blissful, while Mraks Mining and
Cartography School worked after the retirement of Joseph Mrak (1776) for a few years under
his son Anton as an assistant teacher and cartographer. The geodesy used to be the Jesuits
field, but Idrija mine soon acquired the modern instruments beyond any Jesuits dream
including the theodolites and other novelties if the Munich firm of Josef von Utzschneider
(1763-1840), Joseoh Liebherr and Georg Reichenbach with their orphaned associate Josef
von Fraunhofer (1787-1826) optics included.107

In 1778, Idrija miners maintained a private gymnasium, and during the Illyrian provinces,
they even had a special mathematical department for a year. In the introduction of Josephine
tuition fees in 1784, the Idrija miners responded in their own way; they just did not want to
be excluded from the higher education system, which, after the abolition of the Jesuits, was
supposedly reserved for the rich. That is why they organized classes at the upper secondary
school in the range of three grades of gymnasium. Of course, the authorities did not look with
their eyes on their doing, and the Idrija class did not want to officially recognize them. Thus,
the graduates of the complementary Idrija school were required to take additional exams for
enrollment in the fourth grade of the Ljubljana Gymnasium; A similar obligation was
foreseen for all private students (Schmidt, History, 1: 280-281). During the Illyrian provinces,
in 1810/11, in the Idrija period, a special two-level mathematical department was established.
They taught higher mathematics and drawing. Unfortunately, the situation has changed
dramatically rapidly during those times; so, the promising department worked one year. From
1838 to 1875 they visited Sunday school, and in 1869 the primary school was renamed into
the mining school. To ensure that Idrija girls did not stay behind the boys, they founded a
lace school in 1876, and for the strong forestry school in Idrija from 1892 to 1909 (Mrdavi,
Vocational, 53-55, 57). In any case, Idrija was a great exception in the quality of mathematics
education, and it is not surprising that Monik and Peternel gained initial knowledge in this
area. Even the modern university mathematics departments behave with numerous
researchers from the Idrija-Cerkno area. Scopoli, Freyer, Hacquet and their bosses of the
Idrija mine. Many Idrija scholars can be seen through their mutual friend, Hacquet's admirer
Molla. Baron Karl Ehrenbert Moll (* 1760; 1838) is one of the key figures of the
beginnings of karstology at the turn of the 19th century. It belonged to the second generation
of Karst researchers, who followed Hacquet's pioneering findings in the first generation,
when the Karst exploration developed into a special science industry largely in Idrija. The
network of Molls correspondents and associates also includes Idrija researchers from the
Slovene Karst. He was educated at Benedictine in Kremsmnster and Salzburg; the latter was
still separated into an extravagant Central European unit in his time. Among Moll's academic
ancestors were Ernst Vols from Radgona and Andrej Kobav from Cerknica. In 1779 and
1794, Moll co-operated with former Jesuit Scopoli's friend Nikolaus Poda, a former teacher

Pavli, History, 261; Janez Slak, Geodetski instrumenti in oprema na Slovenskem.


107

Ljubljana: Zveza geodetov Slovenije, 2017, 46-47.


of Gabriel and Tobias Gruber. As a leading naturalist and editor-in-chief, Moll wrote to a
whole bunch of people. He was a member of twenty-two scientific societies covering the area
from Petersburg to Turin, from Paris to Augsburg. Scopoli and Poda worked with baron
Moll, one of Hacquet's admirers. Between August and October 1785, Moll and his older
associate and friend Hacquet traveled along the Rhine and the Alps under the protection of
Archbishop Collore, who ruled from 1772 until the abdication of February 11, 1803. Hacquet
reported on the Carpathians to his friend Moll, who published the letters in his Munich
Jahrbcher fr Bergbau und Httenkunde in 1794 and 1805. In 1797, Moll admired Hacquet's
knowledge, like other members of Hacquet's Viennese society. Moll also fed Hacquet's
autobiography. Hacquet sent Moll his last great work, the most philosophical-oriented of all
that Hacquet ever wrote. The title Blicke ber das menschliche Wissen der Naturkunde
speaks for itself. Moll's natural science network was the ancestor of the modern Internet.
Several pioneers of karst exploration belong to Mollava society, even if they were not always
friendly to each other. Among them were Hacquet, Scopoli and Tobias Gruber, although the
latter did not like Hacquet at all.

Idrija contributions to the development of Jesuit physics


(210th anniversary of A. Kavi's position on the position of the Bishop of Ljubljana on 11
October 1807)

Presentation of research approaches

We can assign to each formerly more prominent physical expert the industry (mechanics,
optics, electro-magnetism, heat) with a score of 0 to 9 in terms of his research successes,
which we distinguish between industrial-technological, experimental and theoretical. We can
estimate the score based on preserved works, technological innovations, economic-political
visibility and possible pedagogical work. The Steinberg, Valvasor, Idrija Steamberger, and
many other divers have worked in several physical sectors. Later Bishop Anton Kavi was
the only Jesuits born in Idrija, which, on the basis of his Viennese Physical-Philosophical
Master's Degree from 1766, and especially the Grammar of Applied Mathematical
Specialization from years 1768-1769, can be included in our review of technical experts.
Among the Slovene scholars are also those who worked for two or more years in the
territories inhabited by Slovenes or were born in these areas. Of course, the Jesuit scholars
were only valid until their order was banned at the end of the reign of Mary Theresa, when
the previous Jesuit Kavi became a secular priest.

Introduction

For its own mines and mixed nationalities, Idrija was always an unique feature in the Slovene
territory, much like Trieste on its outskirts. While the maritime-trade orientation of Trieste
was sailing in the seaside Italian, Slavic and Jewish livelihoods, Idrija's mining initially
attracted the appropriately trained folks of the acclaimed Inland Bohemia, the Italians or the
Germans. Due to the practical orientation in technique and profitability, Idrija ad Trieste have
resorted to usability that was not suitable for the philosophical-theological oriented Jesuit
education. Due to the Portuguese pedagogical and navigation experience, the Jesuits managed
to develop the Franjo Orlando maritime school in Trieste and the G. Gruber shipping
department in Ljubljana, although relatively late in the brief knowledge of the Seven Years'
War. Habsburg's navy from the ever-endangered Senj or the happier Reka and Trieste did not
have enough rivals to overthrow the Jesuit schools.

Comparison between Idrija and Slovak Bansko tiavnica

As for mining, it turned out differently. The Jesuits mainly developed in their transylvian
lines around today's Romanian Cluj and in Slovakia, the mining-metallurgical knowledge
under the Carpathians, and they wrote abundantly on the Therese Reforms. Nevertheless,
there were no shortage of competitors, especially those gathered around the Transylvanian
German Ignac von Borne, who turned from the disappointed Jesuit to the Freemasons on the
first modern, long-lasting scientific meeting on the amalgamation with Idrija mercury in the
Slovakian Skalica, 200 km west of Banska tiavnica near Czech border in 1786. There, Born
founded the famous Societat der Bergbaukunde with 154 members, among whom were the
particularly famous chemist Lavoisier, engineer J. Watt and the poet-optician Goethe (Born,
Trebra, 1789, 14; Juni, 2016, 24, 89 ). Born knew well that in South America, amalgam has
been used for a long time; he acted according to Columbus's logic in which American natives
do not count until they are "discovered" by the European. He described his findings in a
personal book (1786), and the success of Mozart's Freemason was embellished in his magical
flute with Borna in one of his secret roles five years later. Skalica had an important Jesuit
post, which did not play a decisive violin at Born's conference, as Born preferred to make a
more daunting mockery of the leading Slovak Jesuit M. Hella. With the criticism of the
Jesuits, of course, he did not accumulate as many grips as the half a century earlier of Galileo,
as the Hellenic Jesuit organization, in the meantime, went astray with cancer. Thus, on the
first successful Habsburg Mining Academy in Bansk tiavnica, some (former) Jesuits were
only occasionally lectured, such as Bornov's friend and G. Gruber's professor Nikolaus Poda
von Neuhaus, or Ptuj astronomical meteorologist Karl Tirnberger. Like in Idrija, the basic
seal of the school was provided by lay experts such as the Dutch arrivals Jacquin, Born or
Scopoli, who transmuted the direct from Idrija to Bansk tiavnica. In the nearby Bansk
Bystrica, the Jesuits had a strong post office for the third probation and novitiate, and from
the Bansk tiavnica one of the most important Jesuit experts was astronomer Maksimilijan
Hell (1720-1792). Maximilian's brother Karl designed the most important mining devices and
pumps in Bansk tiavnica, which they also used in Idrija (Juni, 2017c, page 6). Thus, the
Jesuit influence in the mines of Bansk tiavnica was much stronger than in Idrija, since
there were ten other few but few less famous Jesuits from the Austrian province besides Hell:
the Cluj and Koice physicist Franciscus Roys (1668-1734), his relative the physicist in Buda
and a mathematician in Koice Ignac Roys (1705-1777), Trnava physicist Johannes Pirolt
(1698-1758), Koicemathematician Joannes Zimerman (* 21. 12. 1707 Bansk tiavnica; SJ
14. 10. 1724 Gyr; 15. 12. 1766 Bansk Bystrica), physicist Johan Hvor (1708-1773) ),
physicist Antonius Grueber of Cluj (1701-1746), physicist Franciscus Halvax (Halwax, *
1712), professor of physics in Buda Georgius Loska (1720-1758), professor of physics in
Hungarian Gyr Joannes Nepomuk Adami (1738-1721), quickly as well as Gorizia physicist
Joseph Kailinger (Keillinger, Kaillinger, 1726-1790). In the nearby 36 km northeastern
Bansk Bystrica there were born five other interesting Jesuits: the first professor of physics in
physics in Prague prematurely died Joannes Labrai (1540-1564), physicist Antonius Gabon
(1677-1735), physicist in Buda Franciscus Cladni (1713 (1728-1775) and mathematician
Josephus Heinrich (* 1733). The assistant in the collection of fossils, Franc Saleki Eder
(1739-1788), gave his lectures on grammar in Ljubljana in 1762/63 and 1763/64. He died in
Bansk tiavnica, while his predecessor from Ljubljana, from 1744/45 Ignatius Gunz (1723-
1765), died in the neighboring Bansk Bystrica. The mining center in Bansk tiavnica and
its neighboring Bystrica were so closely involved in the Jesuit actions and the denial of him.
Much smaller was the Jesuit influence on the Idrija and Cerkno education, with the distance
from Idrija to Cerkno two times shorter than several times the larger Bansk tiavnica and
Bansk Bystrico. Despite the similarities and long-standing connections, Idrija has not yet
been twinned with Bansko tiavnico, but Ptuj has the twin city sisters. The Jesuit Gabriel
Gruber was friends with Scopoli and initially with Hacquet, while the Ivorian director Francis
Janez Inzaghi financially supported the Jesuit press. Nevertheless, no Jesuits were attracted to
the Steinberg, Scopolian and J. Mrakova Idrija schools. For the nearby Gorizia, Trieste or
Ljubljana Jesuits such a policy was certainly a great blow and humiliation, but the Idrija
mining was in the hands of the state of Vienna and the local rulers did not have the decisive
words here. Although the Jezuitian influence was intensely interfering with their possession
in Podnanos, however, the Inner and Idrija region did not yield rich rewards to the Jesuit
efforts, as only five Idrija Jesuits served in Ljubljana (Andrej Kolperger, Franciscus Krassnig
(Krasnigh), Mathias Mikusch, Joseph Kossen and Kavi). Among them is only the youngest,
the future bishop Anton Kavi, also specialized in technical-mathematical science in Graz,
although he never gave them a lecture on his own chair because of the prohibition of the
Jesuits. Kavi's professor was Alois Mayr (* 1731), who studied with Josef Dabiel and
important Slovenian mathematician Janez Kautnik (Kaschutnig). Between the Kavi Grass
schoolmates, the younger Franc Saleki Schemerl (emerl, * 1744) was a few months old.
Franz and Anton Kavi entered the Jesuit order at the same time, but Kavi chose
Ljubljana, while the much richer Franc took this decisive step in Vienna at St. Anne, similar
to three years later, his younger brother, Andreas (* 1747), who, following the ban on the
Jesuit order in 1780, married to Janez's daughter, Sabina Lassacher von Weyersperg, on the
occasion of Anton Kappus von Pichelstein from a famous Fusarium family, who also gave
many famous Jesuits. Their youngest brother, Joseph Maria Sheryl, was a classmate of Jurij
Vega; he inherited G. Gruber's Ljubljana Chair of Mechanics and became the leading
Habsburg architect. Since the Viennese brethren of Gruber were students of the main
defenders of Bokovi, Charles Scherffer and J. Liesganig, in their hydrodynamic designs,
the Ljubljana brothers emerl followed the Bokovi's teachings, which were also relied upon
by Anton Kavi. Kavi, as the new Bishop of Ljubljana during the advent of Napoleon's
wars, 1806-1814 monitored the re-establishment of the Jesuit Order as the fruit of the efforts
of Brother Gruber. The Bishop's palace had to leave to Marmont during the French
occupation, which also made promising electrochemical experiments in it with the alleged
caloric weighing in the dissolution of sulfuric acid in water with the help of the military
pharmacist Paiss, who previously served in Maastricht and Styria, and later the head of the
Idrija mine between 1811-1814 Louis-Georges-Gabriel de Gallois-Lachapella (1775-1825).
When Marmont in Paris showed his alleged success to his friends Gaspar Monge, Claude-
Louis Berthollet and Gay-Lussac, the result was rather cunning and dumbfounded (Juni
2017d, pages 6-7).

The comparison between the achievements of the Idrija experts and their Jesuit
contemporaries

The difference in Idrija, its cosmopolitanism and the technical support of the mining
employees has been profoundly reflected in the contributions to the Carniola technical
culture. They were especially effective at the beginnings of the state administration of the
Idrija mine with Jan Khisli and his alchemist Antonio Degalli (de Galli, Gall) or during the
early systematical medical care of Idrija miners at the fall of the Jesuit order over a dozen
years ago, a huge giant Spanish order of Idrija mercury for the export from Trieste to
America from 1791 to the Napoleonic wars. Under the guidance of Walt's relative, Inzaghi,
Idrrij mine was hosted by top scientists Scopoli, Hacket and E. Freyer. Those times gave
Idrija mine the treasures of the world's knowledge more than any other Carniola together.
Parallel to the supremacy Idrija knowledge after the Spanish Succession War, the feathers
and the skilled hands of Streinberg and Inzaghis reasonable healers are also Slovenian Jesuit
scholarship which mostly established in Hallerstein and Gabriel Gruber. However, Jesuit
technical sciences were not specialized, as they were mainly carried by a strong pedagogic
seal. The abundance of Jesuit texts was intended primarily for schooling, which was also
strongly reflected in the works of Slovene writers. Only in writing about electricity and
magnetism are Prebegg, Bernardin Ferdinand Erberg, Bonaventura Pilgram, J. Herbert and
Antun Kukec, with their knowledge, have sufficiently tackled the global progress of
knowledge. The Jesuits born in the territory inhabited by Slovenes did not contribute much to
optics, research into heat or mechanics. Of course, outline was quite promising considering
further exploration techniques and magnets alien Ljubljana Jesuit Gabrijel Gruber or student
of J. Herberts Anton Ambchell who gave their best years to the teachings in Ljubljana, like
in his time when the famous optician Zaharija Traber taught in Klagenfurt. Thus, the
comparison between the Jesuit skull of Slovene science and the simultaneous rise of Idrija
scholars keeps the water only in appearance, but in fact it was a completely different type of
knowledge. The naturalists of Idrija carried a touch of novelties of French encyclopedists and
manufacturers, and their Jesuit contemporaries persisted in knowledge as being valued in
their own way in a style that gradually took place in a modern profitable world without
scruples. The climax of Jesuit technical behavior was affected by their only half-
professionalism in the world of ever-narrower specializations, since the basic Jesuit
profession nevertheless remained the job of a priest.

The influence of the most important Jesuit Ljubljana on proficient technical experts of Idrija

In 1653 in Vienna, the Styrian Andrej Schaffer (1612-1674) as Professor of Physics


published a summary of important recent books noted in A. Kirchers Mundus Subterraneus
which discussed the minerals from deposits in the kingdom of Hungary which in those days
also included Slovakia, Croatia and Transylvanian Romania. As an influential expert,
Schaffer lectured on casuistic as a librarian and historian of the college of Ljubljana later in
1670/71. He was a very strict teacherr, so in 1670 his student Marko Fabjani and Lavrencij
Wolf were expelled from the Ljubljana college because of their fighting with local craftsmen
after a dispute over a nice maids during the dance (Historia Annua 2003: 257-258). The
Roman Jesuit professor Kircher also strongly influenced the physics and mathematics
professor of Gorizia and Ljubljana Janez Thullner, who included local specialties, including
Idrija in his Gorizia lectures on the sciences called horology. His lectures were carefully
written by his student Ale iga Dolinar (1685-1708) from the famous Carniolan family,
who unfortunately died very soon. Thullner's lectures in Ljubljana were taken over by
Sebastian Stainer, who was mainly concerned with Kircher's gnomons. The Klagenfurt
professor Bavarian Dominik Carl (1631-1688) at that time already started to introduce
Cartesian teachings in Inner Austria. In the guise of Jesuit Honorat Fabri and later Nol
Regnault Cartesian doctrines began to assert in Ljubljana by the physicist John Barbolan and
the Rector Anton Erberg. Franz Ksaver Hndler (1666-1727) was the first recognizable
advocate of the oppositions of Newton's novelties in Ljubljana as the Ljubljana Lower School
professor in 1689/90. In the following year the Carinthia native Franc Storchmann (1669-
1703) who replaced him and later became a professor of physics in Linz. Leibniz's
mathematics was started by the Novo Mesti native mathematician Karl Tosch (To). The first
to express an advocate of Bokovis novelties in Central Europe was a lecturer in poetics
Ljubljana in 1738/39 Franciscus Ginthr (Gindhr, 1714-1744), who in 1751 and 1752 under
the influence of K. Scherffer as a Viennese professor of physics reprinted two main
Bokovis Roman books. One and a half decade later, Biwald and Pogrinik did the same in
Graz and Ljubljana. The professor of Newtonian physics in Ljubljana in 1761/62 and
1762/63, the botanist Franc Saleki Wulfen, worked exemplarily with Idrija physician
Scopoli and Jacquin. The principal Bokovi's adherent, Ljubljana physicist Anton
Ambschell and his professor from Vienna the Klagenfurt native Josef von Herbert (Herwert,
Herverth, 1725-1794) proved to be the first in Europe to prove the compressibility of water
under the heavy Idrija mercury in a Latin-written book in 1773, and in Ambshell's illustrated
German translation five years later. In 1775, Herbert published a remarkable crystallographic
discussion in the anthology of former Jesuits works. Gabriel's brother Tobias Gruber argued
with Charles Darwins grandfather Erasmus, about the causes of ice picking when the steam
was emptied out through the outlet of the pump of Karl Hell in Bansk tiavnica. The
occurrence was later recognized as Joule-Thomson cooling in the propagation of gas into a
space with lower pressure, and with it, they helped with the liquefaction of air, hydrogen and
helium over a century ago, and in refrigerators we use it even today (Juni, 2014; Juni,
2017). Although Jesuit explorations were often too theoretical for the utility purposes of the
leaders of the Idrija mine, several useful innovations were developed alongside of them.
Unfortunately, the Jesuits of Ljubljana forbidden to teach some facts including the
Copernican stuff. In this, they were much more papal than the Pope, although almost a
quarter of all Ljubljana Jesuits trained in mathematical-technical-Natural history sciences
served also in Vienna or Graz because of the rapid exchange of personnel in Ljubljana. Their
commitment to Idrija was not always acceptable to the Idrija technologists because they had
to be informed about novelties all over the world if they wanted to keep up with Spanish and
world innovations in mercury mining.

The Industrial Orientation of Idrija Knowledge

On December 3, 1685, when Valvasor complained to the Royal Society of London over the
superficial Browns description of Carniola published in the Philosophical Transactions of
that time, Valvasor first mentioned by the mercury mine of Idrija immediately before the
Cerknica Lake. When Napoleon occupied the Illyrian Province for four years, he immediately
transferred the revenues of the Idrija mine to himself by his Amsterdam connections, since
another comparable profit was not available in the Illyrian provinces. The business
orientation of the Idrija natives has made many more modern mechanical, optical and thermal
devices in Idrija mine than in other places in Carniola. Many Idrija employees have been a
hind of modern businessmen and engineers comparable to the Dutch, so their contribution to
industrial physics greatly exceeded all Carniolan neighbors at least during the period of the
expansion of the Idrija mine during the Thirty Years' War and the great Spanish order shortly
after the French Revolution. Just as the Jesuits with their special spiritistic approach to
knowledge, the Idrija natives were different, although they differed in the opposite directions
of the applied industries. The Mercury vapors dangerous harms were merely one of the
competitors' arguments that killed the Idrija mine by lowering the mercury prices due to
lower demand for mercury in amalgams and thermometers (Juni, 2017c). Likewise, the
USA lawmakers without a success tried to destroy the spreaders of alcoholic beverages, while
medical studies were recently almost indignant to the tobacco industry. The hundred-year-old
fears of the Idrija folks about their exploitation of the ore were thrown into a completely
unexpectedly different pole, which did not follow the scary black scenario. The century-old
attachment to modern innovative technologies has even trained the Idrija natives for their
successful transition from mining to other industries, which continue to develop Idrija into a
booming city. Other Carniolan settlements with a shorter mining tradition, such as rnomelj
coal mine or, above all, Koevje, were never able to apply the similar re-qualifications to
other industries, and consequently they were significantly left behind the modern Idrija.

Idrija native Ljubljana bishop Anton Kavi compared to other Jesuits

The Jesuit knowledge in the countries inhabited by Slovenes was contributed by the locals as
Kavi as foreigners. We can even include them in three parts with two subsections: Jesuits
born in Slovene lands, lectured in technical sciences elsewhere, like Avgutin Hallerstein or
at home, like the physicists of Ljubljana Sigmund Jeni and Janez Kaugg from Radlje ob
Dravi, non-native Jesuits lecturers of technical sciences in Slovenian lands, such as Gabriel
Gruber and Jesuit lecturers of technical sciences who performed other duties in Slovenian
lands. Among the latter, the most important experts in the zenith of their life forces were, as
well as the locals, the Ljubljana Rector Anton Erberg, or the last Ljubljana Rector of the
Jesuit order Christian Rieger. The others from the last group performed only compulsory
teacher training in the fields of technical sciences before the theological doctorate, as did the
lecturer Josef Staininger (Steininger), who later taught physics in Graz and Vienna. In rare,
more recent cases, the Jesuits wrote technical and mathematical scripts without ever being the
bearers of such types of specialization in technical fields. Brothers Gabriel and Tobias Gruber
were also recognized architect, watercourse editor and artist. The importance of individual
Jesuit specialists in technical disciplines can be assessed by evaluating possible work on
important tasks in the neighborhood with three points, a noble background with two, another
chair or a specialization in mathematics also with three, third mathematical chair with five,
fourth with nine, fifth with ten, first physics chair with three, the second with five, the third
with seven preserved scripts with two mathematical, preserved astronomical-astrological or
physical files, plus three additional points. In this case, the scoring of the preserved
astronomical scripts is limited to 10, as otherwise modern astronomers, such as A. Hallerstein
with the 24-th or Maximilian Hell with 69 astronomical publications, would mostly exceed
all the frames in European specialized journals. A single Jesuit without all the merit
mentioned above, except the specialization or the initial technical department, gets one point,
the best among them mathematical-technical writings or architectural-technical
achievements, aristocratic roots, work abroad and many lecture chairs can receive up to 50
points we add a general estimate of 1 to 9 and the number of works retained.

Anton Kavi is the only Idrija native who, based on his Viennese Physics-Philosophical
Master's Degree from 1766 and on his specializations of Applied Mathematical
Specialization from 1768-1769, can be included in our review with 16 points. For
comparison: the Inner Carniolan noble Rafael Kobencl gets 14 points, Gabriel Grubers 59
points are primarily based on hid architectural and technical achievements with his only two
physics publications. Avgutin Hallerstein with his many astronomical writings gets even 83
points (Juni, 2017b).

Dedicated botanic Hladnik

On 15. 7. 1791, the mathematician Anton Gruber and physicist Jernej Schaller had 20
students; among the eighths on the first page there were 17-year-old Franc de Paula Hladnik
(* 29th March 1773, Idrija, 25 November, 1844, Ljubljana), on Another 12 students were
listed on the other side. The cooler was not physically crust, and therefore the Idrijian love of
flowers inherited from the time of Scopoli, E. Freyer, and Hacquert was implanted in the
core, although he personally knew only Freyeres. F. Hladnik, as the leading student in
Ljubljana, supported his students from his narrower homeland, Franz Monik and Henrik
Freyer; Sometimes he was also hard hit by the latter. F. Hladnik laid the Ljubljana botanical
garden under the Marmont scepter in 1810; today Joe Bavcon is concerned about the garden,
which is also closely linked to Cerkno and Idrija. Although he collaborated with former
professor Franc Wulf and other prominent botanists, he did not publish much, even though he
collaborated with the famous botanist.

Chemist, mathematician and director Peternel

The teacher and the homonymous writer Mihael Peternel (22 July 1808 Lanie north of
Idrija-6 August 1884, Ljubljana) was a neighbor of Monik; therefore, Monik trusted him
and helped him in his life course. Like Monik, Peternel also attended the primary school in
Idrija from 1818 to 1821. He started the gymnasium in Gorizia in 1821 and 1822; after
graduation in Klagenfurt he graduated in 1829 in Ljubljana (rnivec, Ljubljana Klasiki 838);
He then completed another two years of lyceum from 1829 to 1831. Mathematics was taught
by Schulz von Strassnitzki, physics and chemistry are Kersnik. Peternel enrolled in theology
in Ljubljana and was sent to the priest at the end of the study in 1835, unlike Monik. For
some time, Kersnik was an assistant in chemistry teaching, which Kersnik optional lectured
in his Lyceum. For a decade, Peternel grazed souls in Dobrava, Jurij Vegas Morave,
Poljane, martno and Vodice; but he wanted to teach children and in 1851 passed a teaching
exam in the natural science group of the realm in anticipation of school reform. On Monik's
proposal, in 1852, he was appointed as the first director of the new, then only three-class
Ljubljana-based Real School. He remained on the post of director until 1860. Peternel taught
chemistry, natural sciences, Slovene language and physics until 1860/61 inclusive. In 1856 he
was in the report he published the geography of the Duchy of Carniola. Together with
Monik, he participated in the issue of Vega logarithms and gave an initiative for the
installation of Vegas monument at the railway station Laze near Dolsko by Sava River; but
Vegas monument was sooner erected in Idrija where it was replaced for a while with
Scopolis monument during the Italian occupation. After postponing managerial honor,
Peternel found more time for science. In 1854 he published a biography on the centenary of
the birth of Jurij Vega. He published an extract from the biography of Jurij Vega from his
Morane parish data (Peternel, Georg Freiherr von Vega, 325-326); examined Vega's
logarithms, wrote his critical biography on the centenary of Vega's birth, and suggested that a
monument be set up for the famous fianc. Of course, he took the Vega research initiative
primarily from his ministry in Morave, where he met the relatives of the great man and saw
how Vega was the remembered in his birthplace. In 1856, Peternel compiled Slovene
terminology for geometry for the publication of school books. Similarly, in 1857 he compiled
the Slovenian terms for biology, and in 1862, in his real school reports, he published a
thorough inventory of Slovenian chemical terminology, which he certainly accumulated
during his collaboration with Kersnik. He made physics measuring and demonstrational
school devices, organized astronomical observations and published the geographical outline
of the Carniolan homeland. He discovered the centenary B.F. Erberg's list of first purchases
for the Ljubljana Physics and Mathematical lab and found out which devices were preserved
from the days that followed. In 1874, he was given early retirement soon after his friend
Monik, as he was also unhappy with the new school reforms. Of course, their protest did not
quite bend, although they were influential men. Peternel also worked on botany and
introduced regions, dallies and other flowers in Carniola.
Figure 70: Peternels transcript of preserved physics tools from B.F. Erbergs collection.
Figure 71: Peternels transcript of preserved physics tools from B.F. Erbergs collection
(SI_AS 2 Deelni stanovi za Kranjsko Fasc 514-516, box 747) USB1/MarilynMollyJezuitiNabaveFizikaFrancescoRobba).
Figure 72: Physics tools in B.F. Erbergs collection.
Figure 73: Physics tools in B.F. Erbergs collection, second page.
Figure 74: Physics tools in B.F. Erbergs collection, title page.
Mathematical knight Monik

The Habsburg Math fan of the Catholic Church Franc Monik died in Graz on 11. 11. 1891.
He was born as the second of the three sons of Andrej, who was possibly even the mayor.
Three Francs sisters died very early. Franc attended the school in Idrija from 1821 to 1824.
He showed extraordinary talent; so, the wealthy parents chose Latin schools for him in
Ljubljana. He completed six-grade lower studies between 1824 and 1830 at op, Metelko
and the gymnasium Prefect of the botanist Hladnik. In 1830/31 in his first year of the lyceum,
Monik studied mathematics with Schulz von Strassnitzki, while in the second year of
1831/32 he listened to physical lectures at Kersnik. In the class of Schulz von Strassnitzki,
Monik probably listened to a continuing mathematical course.

Later, Monik was striving for a greater number of Slovene in popular schools, although with
his textbooks in German he was not nearly as successful as with calculations textbooks
(Schmidt, History, 3; Hladnik, ivljenje, 14; Razpet, Personal, 85). On 24 March 1851, he
proposed to Minister Thurn the setting up of a bilingual pedagogical course in his Homeland
Idrija, which began in 1852/53 with a good turn up. He looked after higher salaries for
teachers, their fire supplements and the like; this diligence has certainly inherited from his
teacher Schulz. When we look at the scientific giants of the past, it is always good to know
where they went to school.

Franc Knight Monik was one of the greatest Slovenian teachers. Who taught him that he
came so high? The answers can always be more. In principle, an individual for his ancestors
is selected by people who were his mentors at the doctoral dissertation. It's very easy today.
However, dissertations have never been before and especially not in Central Europe.
Therefore, for those scholars who cannot be attributed to a doctorate, we choose people who
taught them mathematics and / or physics at the university for their ancestors. We will,
exceptionally, draw both examples for Monik. He studied physics and mathematics in
Ljubljana, where he studied mathematics with the Pole Karl Schulz and physics by Janez
Krstnik Kersnik. One of Moniks older classmates was Mihael Peternel, who became an
important physicist and director of the Ljubljana real. This is the first step towards Moniks
academic genealogy. We find another branch in Graz, where Monik is a doctor. The third
branch of Moniks ancestors can be found in the famous mathematician A. Cauchy, with
whom they worked together in Gorizia; Cauchy as the home teacher of the son of the French
king, and Monik as a professor. Monik's scientific work was entirely related to Cauchy's
advice, so that the third branch is entirely justified.
FIGURE 75: Monik's and Peternel's academic ancestors by the branches of their Ljubljana
professors of mathematics (in green rectangles) and physics (in red rectangles). Green
numbers show birth, brown possible entry to Jesuit, gray year of physics studies, red sloping
underlined possible year of specialization in mathematical sciences. Underlined violet is
death in the right bottom corner. Teachers of Monik's teachers. Another generation of
Monik's ancestors is also found without any major problems. The Slovenians are colored in
yellow, gray in the past by professors from Ljubljana. The painting shows Monik's
professors from Graz, who subsequently reached the doctoral title. Also, Moniks professor
of mathematics Knar studied with Jenko. Monik's academic ancestors with respect to his
Ljubljana professors. Mathematicians are in red rectangles, and physicists are in blue. Before
the death data, there are purple listed high schools on which the individual was learning his
mathematics and physics. We can complement the students of Monik's Ljubljana professors
and their teachers. Moniks academic ancestors include even the Jesuit astronomer Franc
Breckersfeld; after a lecture in Graz and Slovak Koice, this famous Breckersfeld became the
head of the observatory in the distant Cluj in Transylvania. The Jesuit Ernest Vols, a
numerologist of the Radgona mathematician branch, was also highly educated. He taught
many of important scholars.

Unlike Monik, Kersnik finished all his studies in Ljubljana. Kresnik studied mathematics in
the class of Anton Gruber, the younger brother of the more famous Gabriel by whom the
people called the riverbed and palace at the beginning of the Dolenjska road of Ljubljana.
Anton was a Viennese. Possibly because of his Viennese origin he was very well understood
by his colleague Schaller, who was born in the suburbs of Vienna. If they did not cooperate
genuinely, they would certainly not know how to teach Kersnik so artificially. Kersnik later
taught Monik. Kersnik had no other schools finished except those of Ljubljana. His
grandson was a writer Janko Kersnik, and the professor Kersnik himself loved the Slovene
word too. In this way, he allowed students to answer the complicated mathematical questions
in Slovenian, although this was officially wrong. Of course, Kersnik was not arrested by
anybody because of this overheating. Even the student Janez Trdina boasted him, although as
a writer Trdina was not a fan of mathematics. The pupils loved their professor Kresnik and
regularly conducted the fests with torches on Ljubljanica river on Kersniks birthdays. He
returned to them with love, so he lectured at Ljubljana's high schools for half a century. He
taught mainly physics and mathematics, and sometimes also chemistry. He had a lot of
children and needed more benefit. Karl Schulz was a Polish nobleman. He was a completely
different sort of scholar. In mathematics he also taught astronomers for local star-lovers,
which Monik certainly did not miss. Schulz studied at Imperial Vienna. His professor was
there again a Carniolan, a Kranj city native Joef Jenko. Jenko first taught mathematics at
Ljubljana's higher schools with shoulder-to-shoulder with physics Kersnik. But when
Napoleon's soldiers were hurled into the land, Jenko was not happy at all also because his
love married Jenkos student. In Ljubljana Jenko was additionally tired of unhappy love. He
immediately packed his suitcases and began teaching in Linz, then in Graz and finally for
decades at the University of Vienna where he was among the leading mathematicians of the
then Central Europe. The Slovenes did not forget about him and he remembered them, so he
helped them where it was possible. When famous Slavic Jernej Kopitar was old and sick, he
took him home and hosted him until Kopitars last hour. Kopitar was very busy and he forgot
to marry during his great deal of work and arguments with France Preeren.

Teachers who taught mathematics Moniks teachers

Jenko, on his side, again studied mathematics and physics in Vienna. He studied physics and
mechanics with Anton Ambschell, a former physics professor in Ljubljana and a rector of
Ljubljana Semi-University high school. The apple does not fall too far from the tree,
therefore Jenko learned a lot. Basics of mathematics and higher mathematics were first taught
by Metzburg, whose professor of mathematics Liesganig, on the orders of Empress Maria
Theresa, measured the meridian in Slovenian-Croatian places between Radgona, Maribor and
Ptuj. Ambschell's Viennese professor was the Carinthia native Herbert, who was taught by
his Carinthia native mathematician Koutnik (Kaschutnig), who spent his last decades in
Maribor.

Monik got his Ph.D. with the Graz professor of physics Gintl, who studied in his time in
Vienna with Ettingshausen, the predecessor of Joseph Stefan as the head of the physics
institute there. Andreas Ettingshausen studied with Lindner at the Viennese artillery school,
where Jurij Vega taught in his time. Of course, Lindner was also a student of Vega; when
Vega suddenly died, Lindner added some more recent findings to Vegas mathematical
textbooks. He also walked along Vegas footsteps, since he also published effective logarithm
tables, especially the pockets of those who came to the artillery at that time, all the too many
battlefields.

Monik's "schoolmates"

We examined Monik's diploma and doctor's degree together with his professors; we
combine both groups of teachers into a single image. Among Liesganig's classmates we can
also see the Carniolan Bernardin Ferdinand Erberg, the founder of the Ljubljana
Mathematical and Physical Cabinet with learning labs.
Figure 76: Monik's family.

Figure 77: Monik's family by ancestors of his great grandson.

A similar extension will surely be paid for when drawing a tree of Moniks professors from
Graz. Among them was a longtime professor of physics and ultimately the Ljubljana Rector
of Anton Baron Erberg from the Dol by Sava river manor. Anton was the cousin of the above
described B. F. Erberg, but above all, he considered the honor of being the uncle of one of the
largest Slovenian mathematicians and astronomers, the Chinese missionary Avgutin
Hallerstein. Karl Enders of Ljubljana was one of Anton's academic ancestors. Except for
Vegas academic ancestor, his path was exemplified by his professor at the final year of the
Secondary School of Carinthia native Janez Jakob Knauer, although after Knauer's class
Vega listened to mathematics and physics at high schools in Ljubljana. But on this occasion
and at some other occasion. Knauer as the first-rate mathematician was undoubtedly the one
who opened the mathematical eyes of Vega.

FIGURE 78: Monik's academic ancestors according to his Graz professors.

The knight Monik not only had academic ancestors, but also got the real offspring, as shown
by new research by local experts Marko Razpet and Milan Hladnik. In addition to his
daughter Maria married to a school inspector and scientist Gustav Zeynek who was Moniks
colleague, Monik also produced Emilio and Theodor. Maria had a child Olga who married
Rudel. Marias sons were Theodor and Richard; the latter had a son Wolfgang, who did not
exactly prove himself a Slavic fan in Prague during the war.

Moniks Dissertation

By using archive sources of the Graz archives Moniks work on his Graz dissertation is
described for the first time. Monik is presented as the most important mathematical textbook
writer from Slovenian Lands and even of all Habsburg Monarchy. The time and events that
enabled Moniks success are researched. The lives and published works of Moniks Graz
professors are presented and their connections with Moniks Gorizia mentor Augustin
Cauchy are claimed. At the end, a somewhat sad story of Moniks family tomb at Graz
cemetery is described.

We researched the promotion of the later knight Franc Monik (* October 1, 1814 Cerkno;
November 30, 1892 Graz) at the University of Graz. The archive documents about Moniks
examinations in the elementary mathematics, physics, applied mathematics, history
theoretical and applied philosophy in Graz were carefully studied. The achievements of his
teachers of mathematics and physics are presented with a claim that they influenced later
Moniks carrier. Although Cauchys collaborator Hessler left Graz before Moniks studies
at Graz University, his successors Knar and Gintl were also very important pedagogues and
mathematical scientists. It is worth to discuss Gintl and Knars carrier, especially their
published works. The professor of Slovene language Kvas and his influence in Graz was also
important. The optical researches of Cauchys Vienna collaborator Ettingshausen were
another example of Cauchys Central-European influences.

The documents concerning Moniks grave in Graz were studied. Monik was one of the
very important Slovenes living in Graz and its sad to confess that Slovenes are not enough
worried about the monuments of our great people in Graz. This study is just one little stone in
the mosaic needed for reparation of that sorrowful kind of neglect.

Introduction

Monik was the greatest Slovenian writer of mathematical textbooks and other teaching aids.
His ascent from the Gorizia fourth-grade teacher to the university professor and the head of
the Imperial King's Provincial School Authority office came mainly after a successful
doctorate in Graz. So, let's look more closely at documents related to Monik's promotion.

In Monik's time for promotion to the rank of Doctor of Philosophy at Habsburg universities
there was no need to write a dissertation. To the doctoral honor, the candidate came after
completing the rigorous. Monik's book on Cauchy's equation-solving procedure was greatly
contributed to Moniks success in doctoral exams at Graz University, although Cauchy's
closest associate Ferdinand Hessler left Graz five years before Monik's promotion.

Monik's promotion

During the ten years of teaching in Gorizia (1836-1846), Monik was additionally trained at
the University of Graz. In 1839, at the age of twenty-five he was enrolled in the matrices of
the Graz University as a fourteenth candidate. Among the classmates were even much
younger guys, especially the hardly sixteen-year-old Karl, the son of a professor from
Vinkovci Franz Matskahsy.

Monik's birthplace Cerkno was listed in Graz with the German name Kirchheim in the
Primorska region, where Monik was the son of "the farmer Andrej". Andrej was not
mentioned in the catalog as an innkeeper, although we know him as such from other sources.
In both semesters of 1839/40, Monik was promoted with first-rate success, and he was
especially invited with Levinik and others to study Austrian state history, which was
lectured as an optional subject by Dean Haler in the second semester.
FIGURE 79: The title page of the Catalog of optional lectures of the Austrian state history in
the academic year 1839(/1840) (Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt,
Studentenkatalog, 1836-1839).

FIGURE 80 : Levinik as eleventh and Monik as fourteen among the enrolled students in
(MonikLevicnik1839)

the Catalog of optional lectures of Austrian state law in the academic year 1839 (1840)
(Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1836-1839).

FIGURE 81: Teachers at the Faculty of Philosophy in Graz in the first semester of 1839/40
and in the second semester of 1839/40 (Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt,
Studentenkatalog, 1839 / 40-1843).

Table 1: Exams of the first semester of the first year 1839/40 in January and February 1840 at
the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Graz

Professor Subject Number of students Professors present at individual exams

Knar Basic Mathematics 144 Appeltauer, Widerhofer, Muchar, Gabriel


Muchar Latin Philology 149 Appeltauer, Knar, Gabriel
Gabriel Philosophy 144 Haler, Appeltauer, Gintl
Widerhofer Theology 144 Knar, Appeltauer, Muchar

Table 2: Examinations of the first semester of the second year 1839/40 in January and
February 1840
Professor SubjectNumber of students Professors present at individual exams

Gintl Physics and Applied Mathematics 145 Haler, Appeltauer, Gabriel


Widerhofer Theology 145 Haler, Appeltauer, Gabriel
Muchar Latin Philology 141 Knar, Appeltauer, Gintl
Gabriel Moral Philosophy 145 Gintl, Appeltauer, Muchar

Table 3: Exams from optional subjects in February and March 1840

Professor Subject Number of students Professors present at individual exams

Gabriel History of Philosophy 66 Widerhofer, Appeltauer


Haler World History 70 Widerhofer, Appeltauer
Widerhofer Educational lesson 79 Appeltauer, Gintl
Haler National History 14/5 Appeltauer
Muchar Classical Philology 24 Gintl

Table 4: Examinations of the second semester of the first year 1839/40 in July 1840

Professor Subject Number of students Professors present at individual exams

Knar Basics of Mathematics 133 Appeltauer, Widerhofer, Muchar, Gabriel


Muchar Latin Philology 129 Appeltauer, Knar, Gintl
Gabriel Philosophy 133 Haler, Appeltauer, Gintl
Widerhofer Theology 133 Knar, Appeltauer, Gabriel

Table 5: Examinations of the second semester of the second year 1839/40 in July 1840

Professor Subject Number of students Professors present at individual exams

Gintl Physics 138 Muchar, Appeltauer, Gabriel, Haler


Widerhofer Theology 138 Appeltauer, Gintl, Knar
Muchar Latin Philology 134 Appeltauer, Haler, Gabriel
Gabriel Philosophy 138 Gintl, Appeltauer, Widerhofer

Table 6: Exams from optional subjects at the end of the second semester in June and July
1840

Professor Subject Number of students Professors present at the exam


Muchar Latin and Greek philology 12 Widerhofer

Gabriel History of Philosophy 12 Appeltauer

Haler World History 71 Appeltauer, Muchar

Widerhofer Educational lesson 53 Appeltauer, Muchar

Haler National History 43/5 Appeltauer

Knar Useful geometry 5 Muchar

Kvas Slovenian Language 10 Appeltauer

Rossi Italian Language 14 Appeltauer

In 1839 and 1840, Monik passed exams of mathematics, physics, applied mathematics,
theoretical and applied philosophy and history. On March 22, 1839 between the fifth and
seventh hour in the afternoon, he defended his first rigorous exam with topics about "pure"
basics of mathematics and physics. In addition to the professors of both subjects, the dean
Leopold Haler and Professor of Philosophy Lorenz Gabriel signed the test protocol on the
right side of the document. On the left side of the document was the signature of the director
of philosophical studies, regional councilor Karl Appeltauer. The same commission
monitored Monik for all subsequent exams.

FIGURE 82: A document of Monik's rigorous studies in 1839 (Universittsarchiv Graz,


Philosophische Fakultt, Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-1866 / 1-140, Nr.33d).

Figure 83: A record of Monik's rigorous and doctorate in 1840 Universittsarchiv Graz,
Philosophische Fakultt, Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-1866 / 1-140, Nr.33 d).
On 3. 4. 1839, between 10.00 and 12.00 a.m. Monik passed an examination in theoretical
and practical philosophy in the class od Gabriel. Next year, Monik continued his exams at
the University of Graz and on the 13th of April 1840 he passed the examination of the
history, which was given by the dean Haler. Monik was unanimously confirmed "per
unanimia". The next day, on 14 April 1840, he was promoted to the Doctor of Philosophy in
Graz with the signing of the Dean Hassler. In the school year 1839/40, four candidates passed
six exams for doctoral exams, then all four were promoted, nobody failed as is also usual
today. In all that school year there were only the last of the three exams, while only Julius
Gelba completed all three. On 19 October 1839, Anton Futter passed the third and final exam
of philosophy with the majority of votes "per major" and was promoted on January 9, 1840.
Gelba passed the exam in history (23 December 1839) and from philosophy (29 1840),
according to the unanimous opinion of all interviewers ("per unanimia"). On 15. 6. 1840, on
the third mathematics and physics examination, he was got it slightly worse, nevertheless he
received a positive assessment of the most part of professors in the commission ("per
majora"), so that he was promoted on June 20th, 1840. On 4 May 1840, Jernej Levinik
passed the exam in mathematics and physics "per major" and was promoted on 8 May 1840.
He was the oldest son of Luka Levinik, a landowner from elezniki in Carniola, who rose
from a simple nail to a nail dealer with 16 or even 40 employees. Jernej Levinik was five
years older than Monik. They both received rewards for diligent learning. Monik's
promotion was the second of four in the school year 1839/40. Under the record of the four
Doctorates, Futter, Monik, Levinik and Gelbi, all eight professors of the Faculty of
Philosophy were signed: Haler, Knar, Widerhofer, Mathia Muchar as a professor of classical
philology and aesthetics, Gabriel, Gintl, the Slovenian Kvas as Prof. der wind. Sprache" and
Josef August Rossi as a provisional professor of Italian language from 1839 to 1842. The
teaching professors 40 did not change during Monik's studies in 1839/.

Figure 84: Notes on Ph.D. in Philosophy at the University of Graz in the school year 1839/40
(Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-1866 / 1-140,
Nr.33 d, 1839 / 40-1843)

We are certain that Monik, in view of his subsequent writing of textbooks and the efforts to
increase the Slovenian language in schools in Graz interested in Graz for optional lectures on
applied geometry of Knar in the second semester, and perhaps even for optional lectures from
the Slovene language of Kvas, also in the second semester. The lecture of Kvas could even be
heard by Levinik, who was Metelkos student at the Ljubljana Grammar school
(Gymnasium, 1820-1826) and the lyceum (1827, 1828) as a classmate of France Preeren's
younger brother Jurij. Levinik finished his last year of the Lyceum in Klagenfurt (1830-
1832); where Slomek influenced him. Just before the arrival of Levinik, Slomek became a
seminary spiritual on 29 October 1829. During his Doctorate studies in Graz, Levinik served
as a curate in the Upper Pleie (Inner Teuchen) above the Osho Lake near the very hard
Germans, of which there were twice as many Protestants as Catholics. In poetry, he was
inspired by Preeren and participated in all four issues of the Kranjska belica. He was most
prominent with his first Preeren biography, designed very personally in the form of an
obituary on the second anniversary of Preeren's death. As a doctorate in Graz figgured as
Monik's stepping-stone for better services at the university and ultimately for his advanced
position of a schoolteacher and consultant, the promotion also allowed Leviniks
progression soon. Of course, not immediately, as even Monik had to wait until 1846, when
he was elected professor of mathematics and commercial computing at the Technical College
in Lviv (Lvov). On 9 May 1852, Levinik finally became a dean in mohor, where he
remained until his death. During Monik's studies, the Slovene language teaching at the
University of Graz was well advanced. Kvas finished his Grammar school (gymnasium) in
Maribor (1804-1809), and his law studies in Graz. When after the illness of Janez Primic and
almost ten years of the vacancy of the Chair of the Slovene language in the University of
Graz, the place of the Slavic studies was re-issued in 1823. Oon 26 March 1823, they
accepted the Kvas among the fourteen applicants. Kvas became first a temporary ptofessor,
after the competition on December 17, 1834, from 28 April 1836 he was a regular
(permanent) professor until the summer semester of 1867. In the competition in 1834, Kvas
competitors, were Anton Murko, Franc Mikloi and Caf, but not the gifted Stanko Vraz,
who was then only a student of logic. Caf later translated Monik's calculus for the second
and third grade of folk schools in 1848; he was Moniks peer, and he also knew Monik
from the time of Monik's Doctorate in Graz, when Caf was a chaplain in Graz (1838) and in
Lebring at Wildon (1839).

During Monik's and Levinik's studies in Graz, Kvas taught three hours per week by using
Peter Danjko's (1787-1873) grammar, which Kvas even helped himself to write. Because
they did not use Danjko's grammar in the Ljubljana journal Kranjska ebelica (belica),
Kvas was disrespectful to them. That was almost certainly not what Levinik would love to
see. Kvas hosted Vraz in his home in Graz in 1834; Vraz soon turned Kvas into a supporter
of Illyrian movement, which naturally did not please Monik and especially not Levinik.

In Graz little before Monik's and Levinik's promotion Vraz, Mikloi and colleagues tried
without success to publish Metuljek as a peer or even rival to belica.

Moniks professor of applied mathematics and physics Gintl

The Jesuitd conducted higher studies at the University of Graz between 1585/86 and 1773.
After the abolition of the Jesuit order, similar personnel problems occurred on a two-year
Lyceum in Ljubljana. Joseph II abolished the Graz University, so that they had only a three-
year Lyceum in Graz between 1782-1826. Nevertheless, the professors mostly remained the
same, among them physicist Biwald, who began his career as a lecturer in Ljubljana. The
Polytechnic or the Technische Hochschule in Graz was developed in 1864 from the founding
Johann (Janez) the Archduke named Joanneum. Neumann became the first professor of
popular astronomy at Joanneum from autumn 1812 to 1816. Neumann studied physics and
other subjects at grammar school (gymnasium) and Lyceum in Ljubljana between 1804 and
1812, and later became an important writer of physical textbooks. A decade after Biwald's
death, Philip Kulik began to teach physics in the Lyceum of Graz in November 1816. He also
became Neumann's successor and last lecturer in astronomy at Graz College. In 1826, Kulik
published a paper on Heron's ancestor of the steam engine in the first volume of Baumgartner
and Ettingshausen's magazine. Kulik sketched the engine as a larger container with two
smaller ones on the side. He then studied the equations for the sinusoidal fluctuation of the
ideal pendulum under small angles without the loss of speed. For physics quantities, he used
symbols which were roughly the same as modern. Baumgartner and Ettingshausen published
Cauchy's Use of the Lagrange Interpolation Equation for the determination of the coefficient
of polynomials of different degrees and the study of primes as the roots of polynomial
equations during their first discussions in their new journal. For Kulik's paper on the
pendulum, the editors included the reprint of two Cauchys papers on the differential calculus
using Lagrange's interpolation equations. Baumgartner and Ettingshausen published many
translations of Cauchy's most recent Paris works in the first volume of the magazine in order
to consolidate the reputation of their new magazine in the scientific world. Cauchy had such a
strong influence on Habsburg mathematicians and physics a decade before his relocation to
Gorizia.

In 1820, Kulik took over the chair as a full professor. In 1826 he went to Prague, just before
the long-awaited great progress of the Graz higher education. In 1827, after many decades,
the Emperor Franc founded a university in Graz with the name of Emperor Karl-Franz which
it is wearing today. Lectures of physics at the new university were not taken over by Kulik,
but only cy a decade younger Hessler, who had just completed studies in Prague and Vienna.
On 9 January 1830, in addition to the position of a mathematician and physicist on the
Lyceum in Graz, Hessler also took lectures from Chemistry at Joanneum instead of Vest.
Hessler became a regular (permanent) professor in 1830, but on June 15, 1835, he was
granted a governor's permission to leave for Prague and assumed a physics department there.
In the same year (1835) he published a discussion on the experimental confirmation of
Cauchy's assumptions about the impact of the type of glass in the prism on the scattering of
the Solar light. Just before Hesslers leave on 12 June 1835, on the anniversary of the
foundation or reconstruction of the University of Graz, the Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy
spoke on the "Goodness of the natural sciences and especially of physics on human culture".
Hessler promoted the development of industry in the Bohemia. He became even a member of
the Evaluation Committee at the Paris Industrial Exhibition in 1855. The Supplied ptofessor
for Physics August Neumann replaced Hessler in Graz on 5 August 1835 for a short time. On
June 5, 1836, the Graz physics professor became (Julius) Wilhelm Gintl, who retained the
chair until 1847. Gintl studied in Prague and served there as a private docent until February
1833 when he became an adjunct for mathematics and physics in Vienna. His son Wilhelm
Friederich Gintl was a private assistant professor of Lippich at the German university in
Prague between 1867-1870, and then from 1870 he was a regular full chemistry professor at
the Technical College of Prague. In 1880, W.F. Gintl rejected Crookes' idea of the fourth
aggregate state. W.F. Gintl took the "cathodic rays" for the flow of metal particles eroded
from the cathode; soon it turned out to be electrons.

Table 7: Professors who were present at Gintel's exams in physics and applied mathematics at
the end of the first semester of the second year 1839/40

Datum 30. 1., 31. 1. and 1. 2. 1840 2. 2. 3. 2. and 4. 5. 2. and 6.


2. 2.

Present at the Muchar Appeltauer Gabriel Appeltauer


Examination
Table 8: Professors present at Gintl's Physics Examinations at the end of the second semester
of the second year 1839/40

Datum 3. 7. and 4. 7. 6. 7. 7. 7. and 8. 9. 7. 10. 7.


1840 7.

Present at the Muchar Appeltauer Gabriel Appeltauer Haler


Examination

In Gintel's time, physics in Vienna advanced progressively, especially after Ettingshausen


devoted his time completely to the research and teaching. From 1821 to 1835, Ettingshausen
was a professor of higher mathematics at the University of Vienna, and he then took over the
Department of Physics, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. In 1826, together with
Baumgartner, he began publishing a highly-respected physics-mathematical magazine in
Vienna, which published the papers by Hessler, Gintl, Knar, Kulik, and by the professor of
mathematics Hummel. The journal summarized the latest achievements of physics, including
the study of the third tone of Piran native Tartini. Later, Baumgartner himself published four
other volumes of a similar magazine, which in the title no longer mentioned mathematics. In
1840, Ettingshausen in Poggendorff's Leipzig Annalen described Cauchy's recently published
wirk accomplished in Gorizia to develop a procedure for calculating the intensity of the
reflected and broken light based on the equations of the late Fresnel. In doing so, he tried to
provide Cauchy and to himself the championship, which was slightly overlooked by the
Irishman MacCullagh with a letter to Cauchys Parisian opponent Arago on June 17, 1839.
Ettingshausen did not mention MacCullagh from the prudence in his paper. The controversy
continued in the Spring of the Nation, when Ettingshausen wrote about the differential
equations of light fluctuations in the first volume of the reports of the Vienna Academy of
Sciences, which he explained to his Viennese students and described them for the Paris
Academy of Music in May 1846 and May 5, 1847. By this, he provided his primacy, although
MacCullagh published the similar equations in February 1836, and then the seventh Royal
astronomer named Airy used them to explain the colors of polarized light in quartz crystals.
As early as 1835, Airy discovered a special form of lenses for the elimination of astigmatism,
which he himself had. Of course, Ettingshausen in the conflict between Cauchy and the little
before that unhappily died MacCullagh supported Cauchy's theory of ether atoms and
described their infinitely small movements with a differential equation. In 1852,
Etingshausen assessed the discussion of the Prussian Grammar School (gymnasium)
professor of mathematics Theodor Schnemann at the Vienna Academy of Sciences on the
groups of Evarist Galois and on the balance made up of leverage. Galois was certainly one
sad story in Cauchy's past, as Cauchy did not give him enough attention as Galois and the
Noevegian Abel were the most revolutionary young men during the July Revolution of 1830;
this was one of the reasons for Galois's sad end. Of course, Ettnigshausen did not publish this.
In any case, he tried to apologize to his role model Cauchy without mentioning him
specifically.

A few weeks later, in 1852, Ettingshausen rejected the theory of reflexes and the fracture of
his colleague Petzval at the Vienna Academy. He used the principle of maintaining
fluctuation at the border of two media, as developed by Cauchy and his Russian student
Ostrogradski. Petzval was a full-time professor of mathematics in Buda (later part of
Budapest) since 1835, and in 1837, in the race with the former Ljubljana professor Schulz, he
became a full-time professor of higher mathematics at the University of Vienna and retained
the chair for four decades. He investigated photographic lenses and criticized the effect that
his rival Doppler from the University of Vienna also investigated. In 1856, Ettingshausen
took the last time for Cauchy's Gorizia equations of reflection and refraction of light in bodies
with a large refraction index published in 1839. This path was also used by the measurements
of his student, son-in-law, and predicted successor Grailich. Grailich was a Viennese
academician, a private docent at the university and assistant at a poly-technical (physics)
institute, where from 1854 Grailich studied mainly optics of crystals. Grailich has shown that
the intensity of the broken light drops with the square of the distance traveled. The result, of
course, was expected to be similar with Newton's gravity. Unfortunately, Grailich died
shortly in the middle of a successful research work. His position was taken over by the
Slovenian Joef Stefan, who in 1858 began to work in the Vienna Physics Institute. J.W.
Gintl measured heights with a mercury thermometer, while he carefully noted the influence
of pressure (1835, 1837, 1849), investigated magnets (1837), observed meteors above Graz
(1837), described the weather conditions in Graz (1837-1842) and explained the ice-
formation on the Mura River (1838) compared to the then French, British and German
explorations of other rivers. In 1847 he received the telegraph inspector's office in Vienna,
and Franz Steinz became an assistant professor of physics and mathematics at the Faculty of
Philosophy at the University of Graz. Upon establishing the Vienna Academy in 1848, Gintl
became her correspondent member. He invented the first portable telegraph, and in 1854 he
published a revered plan for sending two telegrams simultaneously on the same cable.

In 1850, they began to reorganize the University of Graz. They established an independent
chair for physics, which they had previously taught within natural science. In Vienna, physics
gained independence six years before, when Ettingshausen in 1844 became the first in the
Habsburg countries to lecture in mathematical physics in German and not in Latin. Josephine
linguistic centralization moved from offices to universities. The first professor of physics at
the independent department of the University of Graz became Doctor of Philosophy Karl
Hummel; he retained the chair for seventeen years between 1850 and 31. 5. 1867. Before
leaving for Graz, Hummel was Schulz assistant since 1831, and from 1835 he was a
graduate and from 1837-1850 professor of mathematics in the first year of the Lyceum in
Ljubljana. According to Hummel's education and a later advanced position, we can think that
his lectures in Ljubljana were very good. The club's theme is his student from 1849/50, later
writer Trdina, reported about Hummel as a bad lecturer who overly boasted his own science.
At the University of Graz Hummel reportedly has only four students, or even none. In fact,
Hummel married into high society in Ljubljana which was the basis for his advancements.

Knar, Moniks professor of mathematics

The other former colleagues from Ljubljana also taught at the Graz Mathematical Chair. Josef
Jenko from Kranj studied in Vienna and in 1799 received Knafelj's scholarship together with
students of law Anton Gogola. Jenko taught mathematics at the Ljubljana Central Schools,
but on June 14, 1810 he resigned in favor of Kersnik and went to Graz. There, after the death
of Mathias Jeschowski on 29 April 1814, he passed the lectures of mathematics. Six months
later, on 24 November 1814, Jenko got the lectures on technology at Joanneum, later the
Polytechnic of Graz. Until February 1819, Ignac Appeltauer taught at the Department of
Higher Mathematics at the University of Vienna. On December 13, 1819, Jenko was called to
his Viennese Chair of Higher Mathematics. In Vienna, Jenko became a professor of
mathematics and a member of the general mutual and equity mutual and annuity insurance
company. With the help of Suffolder Rudolf Brestl, the later finance minister of the so-called
bourgeois government, he taught insurance mathematics. Jenko taught mathematics eight
hours a week after Appeltauer's textbook. For many years, he was a good friend of Jernej
Kopitar, who was Jenkos guest in his last days and died on 11 August 1844. In 1820, the
Styrian Knar started teaching mathematics in Graz instead of Jenko, and in 1824 he was
promoted to the title of regular (full, permanent) professor. In 1834/35 Knar became rector of
the Graz University, in 1854/55 and between 1857-1859 he was dean of the Faculty of
Philosophy in Graz. Haler was dean of the Faculty of Arts and the Philosophy from 1836 to
1838 and again at the time of Monik's examinations in 1839 and 1840.

Table 9: Present teachers at the Knars exams from the basics mathematics at the end of the
first semester of the first year.108

Date 30. 1. 1840 31. 1. in 1. 2. 3. 2. 4. 2. 5. 2. 6. 2.

Present at exam Appeltauer Widerhofer Appeltauer Widerhofer Muchar Gabriel

Table 10: Professors present at the Knars exams in mathematics at the end of the second
semester of the first year 1839 / 40

Date 3. 7. 1840 4. 7. 6. 7. in 7. 7. 8. 7. 9. 7. 10. 7.

Present at exam Widerhofer Appeltauer Widerhofer Appeltauer Muchar Gabriel

In 1839/40 Knar taught mathematics at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Graz in
the first semester. He interrogated 144 students at six exams. The examinations at all
professors of the Faculty of Philosophy were between 9:00 and 12:00 in the morning. In
1824, Knar published a book about the new procedure for rooting numbers in Graz. He
studied the development of functions (1827, 1856), combinatorics (1827), Euclidean fifth
axiom of parallels (1827, 1828), and harmonic types (1861, 1865) in Grunerts Mathematical
Archives. Knar was in favor of reforming the measures according to the French decimals
(1830), which was first advocated by Jurij Vega in the Habsburg monarchy three decades
earlier.

The sad tombs

108
Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1839/40-1843.
The very first Moniks biography was written by himself the great mathematician, for the
famous lexicon of the Carniolan Wurzbach in Ljubljana on February 2, 1856. At the end of
the Monik notes, Wurzbach particularly mentioned Monik's letter of 1868. Monik studied
in Ljubljana three years before Wurzbach, so they have known each other for a long time.

Figure 85: Monik's friendly letter to Wurzbach mailed from Ljubljana on February 2, 1856
with a short CV and congratulations on the birth of his son Johann (Magistrat Wien, Landes-
und Stadtbibliothek Nachlsse). For the mediation, I would like to thank Dr. Karl Monik
from the Institute for Space Studies at the Austrian Academy.

Figure 86: The grave of the Knight Monik, on which, unfortunately, there is no longer a
memorial of our great mathematics (Photo: Bruno Besser of the Institute of Space Studies at
the Austrian Academy). A record of funerals on the grave C-270 graveyard St. Peter, in
which the knight Monik was buried (Burial Book at St. Peter in Graz. Photo: Bruno Besser
of the Institute of Space Studies at the Austrian Academy). Franc Monik died after
30/11/1892 in Graz, after a heart attack. It was buried on 2 December 1892 at the St. Peter's
Graveyard. Peter at Friedhof in grave number C-270.

In the same cemetery, in the tomb number 299, there are the remains of the Ljubljana
mathematician Rihard Zupani who died half a century after Monik. Thats really an
interesting random link. On February 1, 1911, alongside with Franc Monik in the same tomb
they buried his widow Tereza Monik born Rosswald, Josefa Kejak, Franc's daughter Emilia
Monik on July 9, 1948, and right after her Olga Rudel-Zeyneck on August 29, 1948. No
one's was taking care of Moniks grave for decades. So, the plot was sold. Today on it is the
tomb of Friderich Juwann, who died on 4 December 1970, and Simona di Zmaldo.

Olga Rudel-Zeyneck has established itself among writers and journalists of women's and
Catholic magazines. She was a delegate of the Styrian Parliament as a member of the federal
leadership of the right-wing party Chrislichsociale Partei (CSP) from 21 May 1927 to 2 May
1934. From 2 December 1920 to 18 May 1927, she was a member of the Regional
Parliament. Since 1 January. 12. 1927 to 31. 5. 1928, and from 1 June 1932 to 30 November
1932, she was given a seat in the federal parliament.

Ljubljana and Graz Periods of Knight of Mathematics on bicentenary of Moniks birth


The circumstances in town of Ljubljana of Moniks time were a blessing for the
development of his mathematicians genius. He was there as a student and again two decades
later he came again as just married husband on high pedagogical position. The baptism
documents of mathematician Franc Moniks firstborn daughter are described for the first
time. The main points of his last three decades spend in Graz including his membership in
Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fr Steiermark are put into the limelight.

The conditions in which Monik lived and the circumstances in which he was raised were
favorable for the growth of his mathematical genius. He first studied in Ljubljana in such a
way that he was best guided by higher education if the mathematician the Pole Karol
(Leopold) Schulz Edler von Strassnitzki and the Moravian Karl Hummel. The quality of their
lectures in Ljubljana is outlined by the fact that both of them later became university
professors in Vienna or in Graz, with Hummel even shifting to the physics chair.

The academic ancestors of Monik's teachers of mathematics Schulz and Hummel are also
studied, as are the academic ancestors of Monik's Grammar school professor of mathematics
Josef Knar and Monik's professor of applied mathematics and physics (Julius) Wilhelm
Gintl. Except of a little older Joef Jenko, all professors of Monik's professors of
mathematical-physics subjects from the school of Jurij Vega were based on the updated of
Bokovi's science. Despite of the same teachers, political discrepancies were especially
evident after the Spring of Nations. Differences are illustrated by the sponsors of
mathematical textbooks: while Schulz and Hummel chose the Greek-Viennese Liberal
magnate Sinas for their benefactor, Monik followed the Jesuit-oriented conservative
mathematical chief Augustin Cauchy and the provost Andrew Meutar, the head of the study
court commission, who were the target group Monik's professional wishes.

Two decades after the completion of his higher education studies in Ljubljana, Monik
returned to Ljubljana again. The former student proved to be a successful, well-desirable
Catholic-oriented pedagogical functionary. He knew how to avoid the Pan-Slavic rocks
which were unfavorable for Habsburg authorities. In his second ten-year tenure in the
Carniolan capital, Monik replaced at least three lodgings and got three children. For the first
time this article deals with the previously unknown document on the baptism of the firstborn
of the mathematician Franz Monik. The baptisms of Monik's children and Monik's deeds
remind all others of the Moniks Ljubljana high social status as he became the ever-more
successful high-school Catholic pedagogue and textbook writer, who soon had no pair in
Carniola and wider. The closest to Moniks door was his classmate Menge native lawyer
Franc Omejz (Omeiz, Omejz), who was the first to have a role of godfather for two
Monikovih children. In April 1852, Monik was the godfather of the daughter of the
bookkeeper Jurij and Justine Lercher, and just five days before that, Justin was the godfather
of Monik's firstborn.

Until now, there was not much knowledge about the last station of Monik's life in Graz,
where he was initially supervisor of folk schools and real schools for Styria and Carinthia,
and for the last two decades a knight but the retired one. The gap is filled with a description
of Monik's 30-year membership in the Natural Science Society for Styria. From the data on
other members, their lectures in front of the Society, business and homeland connections, we
try to extract Monik's Graz professional and friendly ties that have adorned the autumn of
his fetching life.
Introduction to the fame

Franc knight Monik (* 1. 10. 1814 Cerkno; 30. 11. 1892 Graz) is one of the best Slovenian
mathematicians of all time, especially because of his successful writing of mathematical
learning aids. In this light, he shows how to understand Monik's studies in Ljubljana and
then ten years of service in Ljubljana. He returned to Ljubljana as a regional school councilor
and supervisor of folk schools two decades after graduating from higher education in
Ljubljana. In the meantime, Europe and Ljubljana changed completely: one-and-a-half
century old university mathematics study was abolished after the Spring of Nations, ethnic
tensions deepened, and the prevalence of churches in schools was abolished toward a division
between the church and the state. Especially the latter was not at all in the mood for Math and
pedagogue Monik.

Monik for his first time among the residents of Ljubljana

Monik started his studies in Ljubljana in autumn 1824; he completed his lower studies in
1829/30, and higher two-year philosophical studies on the Lyceum in 1831/32. The teacher of
Monik's professor of mathematics Schulz was the city of Kranj native Joef Jenko (* 27
March 1776; 1858 Vienna) who later became a professor of mathematics at the University
of Vienna. Jenko taught seven hours a week according to the textbooks of Ignatius
Appeltauer (* 1769; 20. 1. 1829) from 1814 and 1817; Later, Jenkos Vienna chair was
taken over by Dr. Franz Moth. Among Jenkos best Viennese friends was Jernej Kopitar, who
spent the last days in Jenko's home care. Monik's professor Karol (Leopold) Schulz Edler
Strassnitzki (Straszinski, Strasznicki, * 31. 3. 1803 Krakow; 9. 6. 1852 Bad Vslau near
Vienna) was one of the best Jenko and A. Ettingshausen's Viennese students. On 22 March
1823, Schulz under Jenko successfully defended several mathematical theses. With the
decree of the Provincial Government of 17.1.1823, under no. 691 Schulz received a
mathematical scholarship of 300 fl, and at the same time he became an adjunvt with
professors Andreas Baumgartner, Jenko and Andreas Ettingshausen in accordance with act
no. 43.605, issued on 13 September 1824. On 9 November 1824, Schulz became a Viennese
syllable for mathematics and physics, and on 13 June 1827 he went to Ljubljana as an adjunct
and supplied professor, and then Moniks professor. Prior to the reform, Schulz, like Jenko,
taught seven hours of mathematics per week in German language according to Appeltauer's
textbook of theoretical (pure) mathematics, which was also used elsewhere in the monarchy,
including at universities in Schulz's native Galicia and Olomouc, where Monik later
lectured. Thus, the leading Slovenian mathematician Monik was a student of Jenko's student
Schulz. At the time of Monik's study, Schulz married with Sofie Selinger (Seeliger) in 1830.
Selinger was and still is a prominent Ljubljana family with some modern physicists included.
Schulz' elder son Johann (Nepomuk Paul Friedrich, * 6 July 1831) was baptized by
Franciscans in Ljubljana the next day after his birth. The godparents were Sigmund
Pagliaruzzi von Kieselstein and Antonia Seeliger. Johann became Secretary of the Ministry
of Agriculture. On June 1, 1871 at the Ljubljana Franciscans church, his younger brother
Franz Leopold (* 1835 Lvov) married Natalia Baroness Grimschiz (Grimbschitz, * 1845) the
daughter of the senator's deputy Johann (* June 23, 1796) and Kristine von Kanal; their
wedding witnesses were Johann Schulz von Strassnitzky (Strasnichy) and Gilbert Edler
Kanal. Leopold became a sectional consultant in the interior ministry, and his youngest
brother Friderik (* 1836 Lvov) was an engineer on the Western Railway.

FIGURE 87: Schulz's academic ancestors.

In addition to Schulz, Karl Hummel (* 1801 atov (Schattau) in Moravia, 1879 Graz), who
was between 1831 and 1835, was a supplied mathematician of a somewhat younger Schulz.
He still supplied in 1836, and then became a professor in Ljubljana. Thus, he helped to teach
Monik in Ljubljana at the end of his studies of philosophy.

Hummel, as Schulz's successor, wrote the first and the only Slovene Lyceum textbook of
mathematics; he had no successor, since the lyceums shortly after Hummel 's departure from
Ljubljana - were abolished for good. His father was a landlord Thomas, and his mother was
Theresa born Plau. After the Vienna Ph.D, in philosophy, Hummel was for a decade and half
a colleague of John Baptist Kersnik. Hummel taught elementary mathematics in the first year
of the Lyceum in Ljubljana from 1835 until Hummels departure to Graz University. On 3
February 1842, as a professor and a member of a farming company, Hummel married in the
Franciscan Church of the Annunciation in Ljubljana to Francis Mara Agnes Elisabeth Mariz
Gozana (Gozzani) de St. Georges. She was baptized in Kranj on 28 June 1824. Her godfather
was the father of Fidelis Terpinec (* 1799; 1875), the wealthy merchant Bla Terpinc
(Terpinz). Marcus's baptismal baptism was Bartolome's wife Elisabeth Paulitsch. The Bride-
Marquise was the daughter of the Commissioner for Roads (Strassenbaukomisr) marquise
Johann Nepomuk (* 1782; 18. 6. 1836) of the Torino family and his wife Eve (Eveline, *
1792; 25. 3. 1872) born Trockenbrot. Their children were also Carolina Leopoldine
Elisabeth Franziska (* 2. 3. 1815), Johanna Nep. Katharina Elisabeth Franziska (baptized
August 24, 1818), Ferdinand (Bartholomus Felix Konrad baptized on 1. 11. 1819) and
Guido Josef Fidelizs Vinzenz (* 5. 4. 1831), who was the only one baptized in the cathedral
of Ljubljana, while the other were baptized in Kranj.109 Hummel's father-in-law and mother-
in-law both had funeral mass at the Franciscans if Ljubljana. Hemmels marriage withesses
were the court lawye Dr. Leopold Baumgartner, and Doctor of Medicine Johan Nepomuk
Birtzen.

The relatives of Marquise Gozzani were the officers and owners of the Volji potok manor
from 1846 to 1882. Upon Moniks second arrival in Ljubljana, Hummel left the city as the
professor of the University of Graz in 1850, He became there the first professor of physics
and retained his chair until his retirement on 31 May 1867. Even before the appointment for
the supplied professor, and in 1837 for the regular (true) professor in Ljubljana, Hummel
made improvements to the fermentation of wine and beer. He used seals and recipients
typical for the current use of vacuum and overpressure. The purpose of the discussion was to
echo Hummel membership in the Carniolan agricultural society since 1836. In the 1840s,
Hummel became a member of the Carniolan Historical Society. For his first year in
Ljubljana, Hummel lodged in the Capuchin suburb (Vorstadt) no. 55, and then moved to
Gosposka Street (Herrngasse), initially at no. 210, and at the end of the 1840's as a married
man at bigger flat in the house no. 206. Hummel published two physics papers, two textbooks
for mathematics, and some of his works were left in manuscripts. In 1833, Hummel published
a discussion of a simple electrophore for collecting electric friction charges in Baumgartner's
and Ettingshausen's Viennese magazine, which was the first journal of mathematical science
in the monarchy. In the first experiments with the ancestor of the electrophore, the Carniolan
Hallerstein participated in Peking in the 1750s, and with his research, Alessandro Volta in
Pavia compiled a modern electrophore. In 1834, Hummel published a study of ellipsis,
hyperbolas and pyramids.

Figure 88 : The mention of the professors Ernst Mach and Hummel as


(CauchyHummelSubic16_7_1866 (F: StaskoBackup / UporabniksDocuments / IbmStari / fara1)

members of the commission at the top of the Dean's document on the habilitation of Simon
ubic at the University of Graz on 16 July 1866 (AVA Min CU 6510 ex 1866).

Textbooks of Schulz supplier Hummel

While he was staying in Ljubljana, Hummel published a textbook System der Mathematik in
Vienna in 1842. In March 1842, Hummel dedicated the book to the Hungarian magnate of the
Greek-Vlach genus Simon Sinas Baron Hodos-Kizdia (* 1810; 1876), who, as one of the
greatest wealthiers, supported educational and scientific institutions in the Habsburg
Monarchy and Greece by the name of Luna Sinatra Sinas. Sinas properties Hodo and
Kizdia (Coarii) were in Romania northeast of Timisoara and were not connected with Hodos
areas in the extreme Prekmurje northeast of modern Slovenia.

In the chapter on the Logarithm Theory, Hummel explains his solely quote: he referred to the
process of calculating the logarithms of the big numbers of the Englishman Long in 1724 and
the work of the French academician from Strasbourg Christian Kramp. The last section of

109
Schiviz, Der Adel, str. 130, 315, 316.
Hummel's textbook was dedicated to applied trade mathematics and the insurance. Hummel
was the pioneer of insurance learnings in Ljubljana. After Hummel's death, his papers on
insurance mathematics were published in Munich, thirteen years before the birth of the most
important Slovenian actuary Ivo Lah. Hummel, with his writings, built a fundament of the
Ljubljana actuary merchant computing. The first arithmetic part of Hummel's lectures was
followed by another geometric part. Both have influenced Monik's work.

Figure 89 : The beginning of the dedication in Hummel's textbook.


(HummelMatematika1842Aritmetika000posvetiloSimonBaronSina.JPG / F:)

Schulz's politics

In April 1848 scholarly technical experts delegated Schulz to the Senate Parliament in
Frankfurt. He described his trip to there between 4 April 1848 and 11 April 1848 in a separate
book. He became president of the pedagogical association (Pdagogischen Vereines). He
succeeded in persuading Baron Sinas to donate 1,000 guilds to the company, thus providing
him with solid material foundations. Sixteen years after leaving, Schulz again visited
Ljubljana in 1850 and watched the fruits of his work. On 6 February 1851, Schulz was
appointed, at the same time as his former student Monik, into the examination commission
for candidates for high school mathematics teachers. Of course, this was an opportunity for
memories of the past days, when the mathematics was far from everyday politics.

In 1848 and 1850 Schulz published with the Gerold in Vienna, who, as the commercial
publishing house on the back cover published a list of other mathematical issue with prices
for them included. Schulz's manual of arithmetic from 1848 was sold for 4 fl and Gerold
offered three mathematical textbooks by astronomer Josef Johan Littrow and later also
Monik's textbooks. The first part of Monik's Arithmetic for lower Grammar Schools
(gymnasium) from 1850 was sold for 40 kr and the second part of 1851 for 48 kr. Monik's
Geometry for Secondary Grammar School (Gymnasium) from 1851 was on sale for the price
for 1 fl 40 kr; it was more demanding, as more knowledge was expected from the high school
students. In 1851, the professor of Viennese Polytechnic Schulz published the Foundations of
Higher Analysis for Technical Universities as a summary of his lectures on polytechnics. He
devoted the book to Simon Sinas, whom he praised as a benevolent and friend of the people
in the spirit of revolutionary ideas from the three-year-old spring of the nations; Sinas
contributed significantly to the publication of the textbook in the spirit of close links between
the liberal banker and the Viennese student of astronomy Sinas with the mathematics of
Ljubljana. Sinas and his father offered presents to the National Observatory and the Academy
in Athens. Of course, the liberal capitalist Sinas was not welcomed into Monik's political
thought, while Sinas was closer to Monik's teacher Schulz. In the introduction, Schulz
described algebraic and transcendental functions and natural harmonic types. With this book
on functions, Schulz continued Cauchy's research from 1837 and the findings of his disciple
Monik from 1839. Sinas could be compared with the Soros as the modern liberal magnate
opponent to Trump.

Schulz's mathematics teacher Kranj native Jenko was also a mathematics professor of Josef
Knar, who was three years older than Schulz. Ettingshausen taught Schulz and Monik's
professor of Applied Mathematics and Physics (Julius) Wilhelm Gintl. The Habsburg after-
Jesuit education network was thus trained in the first-class research mathematicians
networks of the Vega or Schulz type, but at the same time it was able to teach the first-class
pedagogues, such as Jenko and Monik. Apart from a little older Joef Jenko, all professors
of Monik's professors of mathematical-physical subjects from the school of Jurij Vega were
based on the updated Bokovi's science. Despite of the same teachers keeping their chairs,
the political discrepancies were especially noticeable after the Spring of Nations. The
differences are illustrated by the sponsor of mathematical textbooks: while Schulz and
Hummel chose the Greek-Viennese Liberal Magnate Sinas for their benefactor, Monik
followed the conservative mathematical grandmother Augustin Cauchy and the provost
Andrej Meutar, the attendant of the study court commission.

The school's supervisor

Monik's ten-page long discussion of Augustin Cauchy expanded to nearly a hundred pages
with numerous examples. The preface was signed in December 1838, just a good year after
Cauchy's own publication. With this, Monik became one of the first supporters of a rather
lonely Cauchy, who spent in Gorizia the years 1836-1838. Monik e devoted the book to a
public prosecutor, a court councilor, a director of the study court committee, a retired teacher
of the cathedral school in Trieste, a member of the agricultural companies of Carniola and
Gorizia areas Andrej Meutar.
Figure 90: Monik's professors of mathematics and physics by his collaboration with Cauchy.
Monik's academic ancestors by his Gorizia co-operation with Cauchy, were drawn down to
the famous Leibniz and Erasmus.

Andrej Meutar (Meschutar, * 17. 11. 1791 Selo near Ljubljana; 15. 12. 1865 Baden near
Vienna) finished high school in Ljubljana; in 1807 he attended the fourth grammar class.
After his studies of philosophy, he studied theology in Ljubljana and was administered years
after the end of the French rule in 1814. During the years of study, he worked as an
interpreter in the Illyrian provinces in 1812 and 1813 for the administration of the diocese
with the French authorities. Immediately after his practice and Napoleon's fall, he became a
Catechist in the Ljubljana Normal School in 1814, and next year he was a teacher of
catechism and pedagogy for the fourth-year students of theology. In 1816, he became
substitute and in 1818 he was the director of the Ljubljana Normal school. Around 1819, he
traveled through Northern Italy in the company of the priest Joef Dagarin, Matev Ravnikar
and Matija Kalister. In 1824, Meutar went to Trieste as a board member and general school
supervisor for Primorska (Littoral) areas. In 1831 he became the counsellor of governor of
the province and the referee of studies.

In 1835, he was called to Vienna as a court councilor, a member of the study court
commission, since 1837 specifically responsible for legal affairs. In 1835 he became an
honorary canon in Trieste, and in 1837 he became a pontiff in Ardagger near the Danube in
Lower Austria. In 1839, he became an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences and
Arts in Padua, and two years later, the Faculty of Philosophy in Padua declared him an
honorary member. In 1853 he became a bishop in Bulgarian Sofia (Serdika, Sardica), and in
1860 he retired. He did not publish the blast furnace, but he showed exceptional language and
state capabilities; so, it was one of the main backbones of Cauchy's and Monik's circle in
Gorizia and Trieste. In his dedication, Monik carefully listed all the previous Meutar's jobs
before the Meutar honors at Padua University. Meutar certainly contributed financially to
publishing Monik's book; his wealthy relatives Katarina and Franc Meutar became the
owner of the Moste castle in Ljubljana in 1841, which they deducted from the heirs of the
Counts of the fore Kostel manor owner count Franc Spani and Maria Anne Mikely. As a
member of the study court commission, Meutar helped the conservative Carniolan
compatriot Moniks advancement in pedagogical services, much like Sinas helped the more
liberal Schulz and Hummel. After the doctorate, the service on the Gorizia normal was
insignificant for Franz Monik, who, in the meantime, became familiar with the discussion of
the Cauchy method. In 1846 Monik became professor of mathematics and commercial
computing at the newly established Technical Academy in Lvov (Lviv) in the then Habsburg
Eastern Galicia, in today's Ukraine. At the University of Lviv Hacquet lectured half a century
before Monik. In three years in Lvov, Monik survived the spring of nations, which again
aroused strong Polish national feelings. Then, for two more years, he taught at the University
of Olomouc in Moravia, near Hummel's birthplace; there Monik searched for a gentle bride.

Monik sought to increase the Slovene language in popular schools, although he didnt
succeed with his textbooks of German language so well as with mathematical tutorials. On 24
March 1851, he proposed to the Minister of Count Leopold Thun-Hohenstein (* 1811;
1888) the establishment of a bilingual pedagogical course near Moniks native Cerkno in
Idrija; the classes started in 1852/53 with a good visit. Monik sought to raise the salaries of
teachers, their additions for heating, and the like; he certainly inherited this diligence by his
diligent teacher Schulz, although in politics they were on the opposite sides. Schulz was a
liberal delegate of the Frankfurt Parliament after the March Revolution, and so far away from
the rungs of the French Jesuit's main supporter, mathematician Augustin Cauchy, who swore
to the pedagogical ideas of our Jesuit General Gabriel Gruber and Joseph de Maistre. The
young Monik and Cauchy pledged to cooperate closely with the church in education;
Monik studied theology and did not belong to the Nationalistic Slovene societies. That's
why he was well-written at Emperor Francis Josephus eyes. At the time of the introduction of
Bach's absolutism, the Minister Count Thun looked for the right professor of the once Jesuit
University in Olomouc. Monik was the great one, and after the imperial command of 13
December 1850, Monik enrolled on 21.1.1851. Monik placed him on the distinguished
position of the school councilor and supervisor for the folk schools in Carniola. The Imperial
Decree on the Establishment and Composition of the Provincial School Authorities of 24
October 1849 was very sensitive to national minorities. During the March Revolution, the
monarchy was shaken to the foundations and everybody remembered the smell of his own
fear.

The firstborn of the knight of mathematics


Figure 91: Baptism note of Monik's firstborn (NAL, Ljubljana, Maria Annunciation,
Geburts- und Tauf- Buch, page 225, last fifth page on page, Photo: Tone Krampa, deputy
head of the Archbishop archive in Ljubljana).

On 15 October 1850, Franc Monik in Olomouc married a half - a - decade younger Theresa
Rossiwall (* 4. 10. 1830; 1911), just before his relocation to Ljubljana. On 24 April 1852,
their daughter Maria (Mary) was born in Ljubljana (Justina). The other two children were
baptized at St. Nikolai in Ljubljana, and the firstborn Mary was baptized by the Franciscans
in the Church of the Annunciation of Mary. At the baptism of Mary Justine on 25 April 1852,
Monik's family lived in the Capuchin suburb no. 42. The godfather was Francs classmate
Franc Omejz (Omeiz, Omejz) from Menge (Mannsburg), then a lawyer at the provincial
prosecutor's office in Ljubljana. Franc Omejc was the winner of the first prize among
seventy-eight classmates at the end of a lower study in 1829/30; both with Monik were
receiving scholarships. Maria Petritsch was represented (Stellvertreter) the godmother Justine
Lercher (* 1818), the wife of the bookkeeper (Buchhndlergattin) Jurij Lercher (* 1811;
1878/1901). In 1843, Jurij and Justin dwelled at the City (Hauptplatz) no. 239 or Magistrate
no. 69. Their children were Alfonz (* 1846), Emil (* 1848), Albina (* 1844), Viktor (* 1849)
and Justina Theresa, baptized at St. Nikolai on 19. 4. 1852. Justina's godmother at the
baptism in the cathedral was Serafin Monik, which was a form of the name used by Franc
Monik in 1839. Both sides of the relationship in April 1852 show close connections between
the families Lercher and Monik. In 1843, 1844, 1860 and 1871, Jurij Lercher had a
bookshop on the Mestni trg (City market) in Ljubljana, and between 1877 and 1901 he owned
Rots house on Mestni trg no. 5, where today is the City Gallery. He left the real dynasty of
bookshops. In 1721, the printer, Franz Moriz Lecher (Lehner), received a concession for the
printing of books in Graz as the Graz citizen, and in 1777 his heirs became university printers
in Graz. Graz printing press owner Christoph Lercher died in 1713, and his son with the same
name died in 1733 as a university printing press owner in Graz. At the time of the birth of the
firstborn, Mutnik had already had fifteen German books published, including thirteen
textbooks; along with two Polish and one Italian translation. Lercher did not publish any of
them, but he was, of course, closely associated with Monik's Austrian publishers. The
success of Moniks textbooks was also a kind of financial company like the well-sold
geographical textbooks and atlases of Slovenian physicist Bla Kocen (1821- 1871).

The midwife of Moniks firstborn Mary Monik was Anna Unglart (Unglarth, Unglart), who
was also a midwife to other Moniks children and other newborns. The baptism was
performed by the Franciscan pastor Kalist Omejc (baptized by the name Franc, * 29 July
1805 St. Andrew south of kofja Loka 8, OFM 1828; 15 March 1863 Ljubljana). Kalist
was a provincial, curator, definitory, meritorious guardsman, parish manager, a relative of
Monik's Kamnika native friend Omejc, the son of Valentin Omejc and Eva Koir. The
baptism was noted at the bottom of the page below the four baptized children of unmarried
mothers, who were, of course, performed only by the curate and not by the parish priest; their
grandmother was each time Tereza Gabrovi. According to the data from the human
counting, the family of Franc Monik moved somewhere later not far away to Kapucinski
(Capuchin) suburb no. 59. On 31 October 1857, the school councilor Franc Monik resided in
Gradie 32. There were six parties in that same house: the first resident was Alojz Kuar
(Kuer, * 1821), and the fifth was Monik. Monik's five-member family lived together with
two maids on 31 October 1857. Both servants were from the Upper Carniola (Gorenjki)
Apolonija Stular (* 6 February 1829 Penina Polica (Niederfeld) in the Carniolan district)
and Elisabeth Mrak (* October 29, 1836 kofja Loka). For all three children, the place of
birth of Ljubljana was mentioned. The young mothers were also the suckers of Monik's
offspring.

Maria's sister Emilia Theresa Monik, later married Schaller, was born on November 23,
1854 and baptized on November 25. The baptism was led by the chaplain Josef Supanz
(Zupanc). The godmother was Monik's mother-in-law Terezija Rossiwall from Znojm, who
was again represented by her acquaintance at the ceremony in Ljubljana. The godfather was
also this time Moniks high school classmate Franc Omejz (Franz Omeiz), lawyer at the
provincial prosecutor's office in Ljubljana. Teodor Franc Serafin was born on October 20,
1855; he was baptized two days later by the same Chaplain Supanz. Omejc was no more
acting as a godfather as he was by then transferred to Lvov as High Public Prosecutor (Ober-
Staatsanwalt) and subsequently as a Senior Regional Court Adviser (Ober-Landesgerichte-
Rthe).110 Again, Theresa Rossiwall was the godmother through the agent. Teodor (pater
Benno) became a Benedictine on 24 August 1884 in Admont after graduating from Graz
studies in 1874-1877; he died in 1920. From the records on the baptisms of both younger
children its clear that at the time of both births Moniks family lived in Ljubljana at Main
square no. 262 (Hauptplatz, later the City Square).

After his second decade in Ljubljana, Monik was transferred to Graz in 1860; He was also
entrusted with the supervision of the Styria and Carinthia Real Schools as a school councilor
and supervisor of folk schools.

According to the new school law of 1868, Monik became the first-year school-level
supervisor of Styria; but after two years he was asked to retire because of alleged medical
problems. Of course, it was a pretext; to the elderly school supervisor Monik, his guardian
and his compatriot Peternel and the Bleiweis circle, the new "non-religious" liberal school
law went into their anger with secular supervisors in place of ecclesiastical. Against the
abolition of church supervision, Cauchy fought a quarter of a century earlier in France and,
like Monik, burned down. On retirement, the Emperor adorned Monik with the order of the
third-order iron crown which enabled him to rise in the status of knight. His daughter Mary (*
1852; 1903) married very young with the school inspector Gustav von Zeynek (* 1837;
1901). They had three children: a nominee for the Nobel Prize in physiology-medicine in
1930 a professor of physiological chemistry Richard Zeynek (* 1869; 1945), Olga Rudel
Zeynek, and a member of the Austrian General Staff Shakespeare's translator in German
Theodor Zeynek (* 1873; 1948). On February 12, 1911, in the same Moniks grave of
Graz they buried his widow Tereza Rossiwall married Monik, Josefa Kejak, Emilija
Monik. Schaller was buried on 8 July 1948 and Olgo Rudel-Zeynek (28 January 1871
Olmouc; 25 August 1948 in Graz) was buried on August 29, 1948. The tomb of Marija
Monik, married Zeynek is today in a family tomb in Mdling in Vienna. Monik's
granddaughter Olga Rudel-Zeynek (Zeyneck) was a famous writer, a correspondent for
women's and Catholic magazines. She was a delegate of the Styrian Parliament as a member
of the very leadership of the Christian Socialists Party (CSP). From 2 December 1920 to 18
May 1927, she was a member of the State Parliament, a member of the federal leadership of
the CSP from 21 May 1927 to 2 May 1934. She was a member of the Federal Parliament
from 1 December 1927 to 31 December 5. 1928 and from 1. 6. 1932 to 30. 11. 1932; chaired
him as the first among women. Unfortunately, her grandson, son of Richard's lawyer
Wolfgang von Zeynek (* 1908; 1995), during the war in Prague, chose the wrong side.

The network of Habsburg technical scholars of Moniks days

The mastermind Monik was an eminent fan of the Emperor: a well-educated mathematician
of strict Catholic education without unwanted Pantheon wishes. Monik himself focused on
the axis of Gorizia-Ljubljana-Graz without any special efforts put for the Viennese service. In
this, he was different from his Professor Schulz, and Schulz's Professor Joef Jenko. In 1863,
Monik became a member of the Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fr Steiermark, established
a few months earlier on 4 April 1862 in Graz. He has also joined numerous teaching
societies, as well as in the agricultural and agricultural enterprises of Carniola and Gorizia. In
the scientific sense, it was certainly the highest ranked Natural Science Society for Styria.
Jenkos former student and Moniks professor of mathematics Josef Knar (* 1. 1. 1800

110
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Osterreichisch fr das Jahr 1856, 3. part, p. 340; 1868: 480.
Died or retired before 1881.
Hartberg; 1. 6. 1864 Graz) was a founding member and in 1863 a member of the directorate
of the Society. Another founding member was Eugen Netoliczka (Netolika, * 1825 Jihlava
(Iglau) in Moravia, 1889 Graz) professor of natural science and physics in Brno, and from
1856 serving on the higher real school in Graz. Netoliczkas books Mala fizika, Obina
zgodovina and Naravoslovje were translated to Slovenian language and published in 1875 by
Moniks narrow-peer the headmaster in Ljutomer and later the head of the city school in
Krko Ivan Lapajne (* 2. 2. 1849 Vojsko pri Idriji; 17. 11. 1931 Krko). Five years earlier
Lapajne published another translation from the history of the Styrian writer, Graz Professor
Franz Krones knight Marchlanda (* 1835; 1902) who was also a member of the Styrian
Natural Science Society. At the same time with Monik in 1863, the former Moniks
Ljubljana supplied professor Hummel joined the Styrian Natural Science Society. In 1868
Hummel helped Karl Jelinek (* 1822; 1876) to determine the average temperature of Celje.
At the same time, Zeno Mller (Franz Ignaz, * 1818 Leizen in West Pomerania; 1894)
joined the Styrian Natural Science Society in 1863. Between 1869 and 1886, Mller was the
sixtyish Abbey of the Benedictine Monastery of Admont and the head of Monik's son Benn
there. Together with them, in 1863, the Maribor bookstore owner Edvard Ferlinz (* 1817;
1874) and the architect of the castle Ignaz Hladnik (Baurevisions-Assistent) as Monik peer
joined the Styrian Natural Science Society. Monik did not lecture at meetings of the Society,
but his influence was no smaller. We can conclude that he joined the example of his teachers
Hummel and Knar. Among Moniks closest associates were Mller and Netoliczka, since
Lapajne's translations of the latter were in the line of Monik's efforts to improve the
Slovenian schools. Monik remained a member of society until his death; he spent at least the
last decade on Graz Kroisbachgasse no. 5. Since 1872, the younger members of the Styrian
Natural Science Society have been high school teacher of Josip Plemelj the Styrian Vincent
Bortner (* 1843). The Graz physicist Simon ubic was a regular member of the Styrian
Natural Science Society from 1867 to 1870. Among the members, there was also a husband
of half-Slovene maid Jetti Ludwig Boltzmann since 1871 with a break between 1874 and
1876, Boltzmann's wedding witness August Tpler since 1869 and Albert von Ettingshausen
as the Direktions-Mitglied in 1877. Ernst Mach lectured at meetings of the Styrian Natural
Science Society without being enrolled in it. Corresponding members of the Society were
from 1870 until the death of the Slovenian Karl Deman and the Carinthia based
manufacturer physicist Ivan Prettner, who reported at the meetings of the Society on the
climate of Carinthia. In 1871, the Society had 509 regular and 20 correspondent members. On
25 May 1871, Tpler was chosen as the vice-president of the Society, and after leaving Graz
in 1880, he became an honorary member. His successor to the position of vice-president
became Boltzmann in 1880. The Styrian Natural Science Society work was supported only by
regular members with annual contributions of 2 fl. Meetings of the Society with scientific
lectures and trials were every month with interruptions during the summer holidays. The
annual reports with scientific discussions, summaries of lectures, membership censuses and
inventories of received magazines were printed in reports of Mitt.nat.Ver.Steier. After 1874,
they were issued with a one-year delay. After 1871, among other things, they received the
RAD of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts from Zagreb, where ubic published
his first scientific paper in Slovenian language. Most of the scientific discussions were
focused on biology in the reports of the Styrian Natural Science Society. In the first two
decades between 1863-1883 they in Mitt.nat.Ver.Steier. they published sixteen times on
astronomy, fourteen times about mathematics, fourteen times about physics, and seven times
about technique. We can think that Monik was a regular member of the Styrian Natural
Science Society although his main associates were not among the lecturers.
Monik was the first Slovene author of mathematical scientific discussion after Jurij Vega. In
1858 and 1877, as a worthy descendant of Vega, he succeeded in publishing a logarithm in
Vienna. Monik became the most prolific Slovenian author of mathematical textbooks,
although, of course, he composed primarily in German. His textbooks contain a wealth of
commercial examples from practice and are often useful today; there have been some
successful reprints in recent years.

Brother and sister Deman

The father of Dragotin-Karl named Klemen Deman, was a court actuary in Idrija where he
died in 1825; Dragotin-Karl had to abandon his uncle in Ljubljana. Dragotin-Karl Deman (*
3. 1. 1821 Idrija; 11. 3. 1889 Ljubljana) studied medicine and then law; He was particularly
interested in the mysteries of science. In 1851 and 1852, he acquired most of his predecessors
and heirs of most astronomical instruments as a gymnasium professor of natural science and
physics, as well as curator of natural physics. Therefore, it is certainly not unnecessary to
assume that at least during the younger years he actively engaged in astronomy. Many
Deman's posts go into fiction, history, botany, meteorology, seismology, archeology,
anthropology and more. Unfortunately, in the scientific craving, he bowed his German
fortune and surrendered himself to the Slovenian nation. After the departure of Idrija native
Freyer in 1852, the second director of the museum was Dragotin (Karl) Deman who was
also from Idrija. In Bleiweis local journal called Novice and later in the Society's Studies
reports some Demans lectures were published between 1856 and 1862, on average one or
two per month with a few months of intermittent summer break. Thus, for 1858, they did not
publish reports between July and November, but did not report for the year of 1859 between
March and November. Deman reported in the reports each year about six to eight meetings
of the Society. At the meetings of the Society, only one speaker usually appeared, and
sometimes six were there. The lecture was often followed by debates about which the Report
of the Society was also reported here and there. The most lecturers dealt with natural
sciences. Deman, who most often talked there, gave lectures about the minerals and plants
of the Carniolan region, along with almost annual reports on meteorological measurements.
In May 1858, Deman reported on the flora of the Koevje district, whose honorable citizen
was. On 11 February 1857 a member of the Society dr. Etbin Costa, although at that time he
was already in a terrible scientific and political dispute with Deman. Nevertheless, their
work was covered because Costa published information about Carniola between 1855 and
1859, and in 1858 and 1863 he described the Postojna Cave, while Deman published
measurements of heights in Carniola in 1866. The Ljubljana Society under the leadership of
Karl Deman became the focus of discussions on nature and earthquakes. In the first reports
of 1856, Deman published a short history of natural science in Carniola with the biographies
of the six most important Carniolan naturalists: Scopoli, Hacquet, Wulfen, Karl and iga
Zois, and the Idrija native Hladnik. In addition to these researchers, he added a few more
recent ones. He mentioned Physics in a report on the first Wulfens lectures on Newton's
physics in Ljubljana in 1763, which was later taken over by other researchers (Deman,
Einiges, 9; Schmidt, History, 148). Deman, along with the landowner Martin Peruvian
(Peruzzi), set up research on the remnants of the Ljubljana Barje bridgeheads based on the
scientific foundations after the recognition of the Carniolan provincial council and Valentin
Zarnik on 18 March 1876, on which the newspaper Slovenian nation reported in three days.
Deman may have been the most prominent among Idrija born naturalists. Trstenjak and
Costa himself, with their approach to science, resigned so seriously that Demam wrote to
Valentin Zarnik on January 9, 1861, that he could not, as the director of the museum, be
hanging out with the relatives of Jelai's housemakers who crushed the Liberal rise of the
Viennese after spring 1848, after being in the museum (Museum fr vergleichende
Anatomie) of the anatomy of Josef Hyrtl (* 1810; 1 894) drank all spirits intended for the
conservation of biological-anatomical artefacts-preparations in alcoholic solution. Deman,
on the occasion of his memoir at Figovec, together with his sister, assistant Serafino,
occasionally sprinkled some piglets in meteorological observations, but the diet of Jelai's
warriors apparently did not work for him. The roots of Deman's alienation to Slovenia are
still deep when he is poet Omar Hajam for him (* 1048; 1131): Anyone looking for a science
teaching, his path will soon become sick, because nowadays more expensive than the wisdom
of the head is - port. Sarafina Deman among the first Ljubljana women, greatly contributed
to the development of Slovenian physics and meteorology. After the death of her brother Karl
Deman ( 11. 3. 1889), she continued with the measurement of weather conditions in
Ljubljana and thus supplemented her first long-term continuous collection of measurements
in Carniolan capital. She and his brother lived at Figovec pub house in such a way that
Serafina occupied the ground floor and measured in lower site 4 m bellow. Karl measured
until his death, and then his sister continued the job alone for another seven years up to 1896.
She did not report much about herself and most of her work was literally devoted to
experimental work. She never married although she used to be a nice wealthy maid.

Figure 92: Demans academic ancestors.

KARST RESEARCH IN 19TH CENTYRY - KARL DEMAN'S (1821-1889) WORK

Karl Demans research of the karst phenomena is worth for the examination. Among his
works were the cave research, description of Proteus, other cave animals and even the plants
were found. A special concern must be put on Demans sources dealing with Proteus
research.

As the custodian of the Land Museum of Ljubljana, Deman promoted the Ljubljanian
natural history research of his time. His scientific works are not very well known because he
did not follow the political line of the official Slovenian national representatives.
Although Deman was the most prominent natural history researcher in Ljubljana of his time,
his work is now almost forgotten. Slovenes dont remember him because they consider his
political positions at least unfriendly. The Germans dont write about Deman because he
was obliviously not one of them. But politics should not affect so decisively the greatness of
Deman archeologic, botanical, or karst research, which we present in this treatise.

Deman began his popular lecturing in Ljubljana immediately after he left a high school
teaching post and became the custodian of Ljubljanian Land Museum in 1852. Deman
delivered some popular lectures together with the Carinthia German Filip Paushitz (* May
26, 1824 Ntsch) who was the professor of physics at Ljubljanian high school (Schmidt,
1966, 140-141).

In his very first published Acts of the Museum Society in 1856 the Museum curator, Karl
Deman (Deschmann, * 3. 1. 1821 Idrija; 1889), shortly reviewed natural historical
research in Carniola. It was a kind of biography of six distinguished Carniolan naturalists:
Scopoli, Hacquet, Wulfen, Karl Zois, iga Zois, and Hladnik (Deman, 1856, 9; Schmidt,
1963, 148).

Figure 93: Karl Deman, the clever mayor of Ljubljana.


DEMAN ABOUT CAVES

On June 11, 1856 Deman reported to Museum Society about his research of the cave
Skednenca. He described other interesting natural historical samples found between Krim and
castle of Mokrice under the Gorjanci hills. The entrance into Skednenca was a difficult one.
The broken stones covered the main hall which had two holes, one of them used as the door.
In the front face of the cave there was the lower much narrower port facing the southeast side
with many stalactites. The smaller entrance had star-like cupola place which ends into lower
hollow slit of stone wall facing the open space. The cave was dry with some minor water
from stalactite dropping into the basins. Deman did not really like the scorpions, jags and
mosquitoes at the cave. Three to four walking hours from the cave Skednenca (today in
township of Ig catalogued as No. 353) you could reach Poivavnik near the mountain
Osredek (1300 m) in Kamnike Alps. Deman used to visit the farmer house Pri Benkotu
on the foot of the Krim Hill. Around Mokrice (Mokrc) many places borrowed their names
from the Turkish war times, among them Krvave Pei with several interesting botanical
species (Deman, 1862, 95-97).

Deman frequently visited Koevje, also as the elected political representative of the area. On
April 14, 1858 Deman showed to the Museum Society the red alumina stone which he
recently picked up in Micherle cave of Koevje area. He claimed that no stone like that was
ever found in any other Carniolan cave. The Vienna student Franc Erjavec (* 1834; 1887),
who later became very famous as a Slovene fiction writer, made a chemical analysis of the
Demans stone. He found 8.05 % of water, 10.74 % of iron mine, 18.49 % of alumina, 59.03
% of flint-stone, 2.83 % of sand, and 0.83 % of other ingredients, also with some traces of
lime and magnesia. The Museum Society members examined the possible technical and
industrial use of Demans stone for the fabrication of bricks; therefore, they also checked the
homogeneity, granulation, and melting-point of the sample. They looked forwards for the
more accurate finally measured results, and everybody was curious about the possibility of
making available lower price of alumina with lower transport costs.

Deman reported to the Museum Society about geology and flora of Koevje area. He paid
special attention to the formation of karst in Koevje valleys under the castle Fridrichstein at
the area of Seele (eljne), Grafenfeld (Dolga vas) and Mosel (Mozelj) with many karst
funnels called Dolina (valley) by domestic people. All area from Mozelj to the hill of
Verdreng is covered with hundreds of funnels. From the elevated points around Poljane
(Plland) you could see the landscape covered with so many holes as the sieve. Deman
compared the area of caves having regular conic shapes with similar sieves at the middle of
Cerknica Lake, like Vodonos or Reeto. Inner walls of those funnels are very flat, covered
with the dense grass. Many karst plants grow there, among them the characteristic Satureja
pygmmaea Sieb. around Mozelj. The system of holes dilled with water is situated under the
surface. As Valvasor before him, Deman was also interested in the wild romantic of Bilpa,
Veliko and Malo Okno with many creeks between Bilpa and the castle of Kostel above the
Kolpa River.

Deman paid special interest to the Ledena jama (Eis Grotte, Ice Cave) in Koevski Rog and
other caves near Ober-Skrill (Zgorni krilj, Zdihovo). Ice caves are the real snow cellars.
After one and a half hour of walking from Kuntscher (Kunar) Cave you can reach a snow
hole in Koevski Rog. It is the great cave overhang with rectangle stone walls approximately
200 m deep. On the bottom, you could find the ice even during the hottest summers. The
charcoal-burners from Koevski Rog use it as their water supply. Ledena jama in Koevsko
is situated low above the sea level compared with others of its kind. The Koevje area have
the characteristics of Alp regions at the extraordinary low height.

On noon September 23, 1858 Deman measured the temperature +1.25oC (1oR) in the cave,
while at the shadow around snow hole the thermometer raised even to +21.25oC (17oR). The
cave ice was 20 m deep with more than 8 m of circumference. It had the structure similar to
the ice in Kuntscher (Kuner) Cave with more or less regular prismatic crystals of ice. The
stone walls were covered with coral-like porcupines Hydnum coralloides Scop. and other
alpine plant Cystopteris montana L., otherwise found only at the heights 1000 m to 1800 m
above the sea level.

During the high summer of 1857 the visitors were able to find at Koevski Rog the
representation of all four-year seasons: winter ice, flowering spring Ompholodes verna Mch.
in woods, the summer vapours, and the ripe autumn fruits (Deman, 1862, 225-228). Later,
on May 6, 1883, Deman wrote a long German letter on blue paper about Ledena Jama in
Koevje region.

Most of Demans writings about caves remained unpublished and are nowadays kept at the
ARS (Privatae archive of Karl Deman, signature AS854, fascicle 13 Speleology). Among
others, we could find his drawings of the cave Vihled (Wicherle) near Kolpa. Deman visited
the cave on September 9, 1850. His young friend, the medicine student Franc Serafin Plemel
(* 30. 9. 1828 Bled; 21. 6. 1852 Vienna), draw the picture of the cave for Deman. Vihled
is a cave above the village Bilpa (Wilpen) on the very border between domains of Kostel and
Polland, which were abolished as the remains of the feudal system just before Demans visit.

Figure 94 : Deman and Franc Plemels drawing of the cave Vihled near Kolpa (ARS,
(DezmanPlemelJamaVihled1850skica)

Privatae a archive of Karl Deman, signature AS854, fascicle 13 Speleology).

During their tour Deman and Franc Plemel also visited the Selska (Seler) Cave near
Verdreng in the former domain o Koevje. Plemel did the drawing again on September 23,
1850. He finished the map began already two years ago on September 21, 1848, just after the
Vienna July revolution that also had some echo in Koevje. With Demans help Plemel
expressed an excellent knowledge and skill. Plemel was a son of a farmer Matija. The family
was very talented and later gave the very best Slovenian mathematician Josip Plemelj (*
December 11, 1873 Grad on Bled; May 22, 1967 Ljubljana).

Franc Plemel attended a local normal school between 1836-1840, a Ljubljanese high school
(1840-1846) and higher studies of philosophy (1846-1848). He learned physics from Janez
Krstnik Kersnik. He attended the Dr. Anton Schubert's ( 21. 4. 1851) lectures on natural
philosophy four hours per week. Schubert used the Knor's zoology textbook, and botany and
mineralogy textbook of Friederich Mohs (* 1773; 1839) from Graz just before Deman
returned to Ljubljana in 1849 after his studies of medicine and a formal degree in law of
Vienna University issued in 1849. When Deman replaced gravely ill Schubert as a supplier
on March 16, 1851 Franc Plemel was already studying medicine in Prague and Vienna.
Plemel eventually died in Vienna during the fourth year of his studies. Unusually, he did not
use Knafelj scholarship for his studies. He made several successful botanical tours and
discovered many new plants.
His older brother, biologist Valentin Plemel (* 7. 1. 1820 Bled; 9. 6. 1875 Koroka Bela),
was ordained as the priest in Ljubljana on July 27, 1843. Valentin used Franc innovations
and presented a very good herbarium on Vienna World Exhibition in 1873. Deman
published some of Valentins works in Acts of the Ljubljanian Museum Society. Alfonz
Paulin (* 4. 9. 1853 Turniki Castle near Krko; 1942) later used and further developed the
Plemel brothers work.

Figure 95 : Deman and Franc Plemels drawing of the cave Selska in Koevsko
(DezmanPlemelJamaSelska1866skica)

region (ARS, Privatae a archive of Karl Deman, signature AS854, fascicle 13,
Speleology).

Deman visited many other caves in the region, but he left no other pictures of theirs. Besides
Ledena Jama Deman also wrote a letter about Vrlovka Cave at Kamanje near Ozalj at the
road for Karlovac in Croatia on August 19, 1866. Vrlovka was well known hiding cave
during Turkish wars and it was opened for tourists in 1928. Deman also mentioned Vrana
cave and finally wrote an undated letter about Postojnska cave on bright blue paper.

He published several Hochstetter's drawings of the Karst locations of their joint archaeology
excavations (Deman, Hochstetter, 1880) without specially pointing to any Karst
peculiarities. Demans collaborator, the Viennese Professor on Polytechnic Ferdinand Knigt
von Hochstetter (* April 30, 1829 Esslingen; July 18, 1888 Vienna), published the research
of Krina (Kreuzberg) Jama north of Lo at the next volume of Memorials of Vienna
Academy. Hochstetter, Deman, and their friends researched the cave in 1878 and 1879. The
northern hall of the cave was called Demans hale until the end of Habsburg monarchy, as
Deman was the very first to put his foot in it. The southern most part was named
Hochstetters Treasury. A skeleton was found 2 km deep in Mogrizer Hhle (Mokrika Jama)
and carried to the Demans Museum of Ljubljana. They made a list of the animal skeleton
parts found in Krina Jama. Hochstetters assistant between 1878 and 1882, later Professor
Josef Szombathy (* 11. 6. 1853 Vienna; 9. 11. 1943 Vienna), drew the coloured map of the
Krina Cave in August 1779. He used the proportion 1:1000 and he added several enlarged
details of the cave to the next table. Next he draw the map of Mrzla Jama (Merzla, Kalte
Grotte, Cold Cave), one of several with that name in Carniola. Fran and Matija Erjavec also
participated in the research (Hochstetter, 1881, 294, 295, 302, 310, table II, table III).

Many friends helped Deman in his cave research. Demans documents about caves are kept
together with his writings about geography, descriptions of his Triglav climbing, the
measurements of the heights in Carniola, hydrology, astronomy with letters and papers from
Laibacher Zeitung, cosmology (with the description of the constellation of Serpents, the book
of ministers advisor Marian Koile about the Passage Instrument published in Brno in 1863,
the measurements of the telegraph officers in Postojna and Ljubljana, and also in Idrija by a
priest Aischolze, Demans own description of the travelling Passage Instrument with two
beautiful technical drafts at the end), mineralogy, the manuscript copies of third part of
Hacquets Oryctographia Carniolica oder physikalische Bescheibung des Herzogthums
Krain, Istrien und zum Theil der benachbarten Lnder (1784), geological excursions,
seismology, speleology, the agriculture lectures of Ljubljanian professor Hlubek, mineralogy,
chemistry, and at the end even some mathematical calculations with triangles and square
roots.
Figure 96 : Demans Passage Instrument, probably used for the determination of the
(DezmanPasazniInstrumentPrvaSkica)

geographical coordinates as a kind of meridian instrument (ARS, Privatae a archive of Karl


Deman, signature AS854, fascicle 12, Kosmographia).

Demans inventory of the Dol Archive and documents about his purchase of it for
Rudolphinum are kept together with his manuscript autobiography, a letter to his friend J.
Braun of Koevje, and Demans documents connected with the Central office for
Meteorological and Magnetic measurements at Vienna. For several decades he and his sister
Serafina measured the Ljubljanian weather conditions for the Viennese Central office (ARS,
Privatae a archive of Karl Deman, signature AS854, fascicle 1).

DEMAN ABOUT PROTEUS AND OTHER CAVE ANIMALS

The Proteus Anguineus was one of the main topics on the regular monthly meetings of the
Carniolan Museum Society. Deman published some of his research of the cave plants and
animals in his reports on the monthly meetings of the Museum Society. Most of Demans
field research took place in Koevsko (Gottscheer.land), where he also used to win the pools.
He became the honoured citizen of Koevje, as he was named earlier in his native Idrija
(1861) and Tri. He found several black Proteus in Koevje area caves. Most of Demans
writings about zoology, karst and Proteus remained unpublished and are nowadays kept in
ARS (Privatae a archive of Karl Deman, signature. SI_AS 854, fascicles 12 and 13).

On January 14, 1857 Deman reported to the Carniolan Museum Society about the so-called
hollow rubble from the fossil hills discovered by the Professor Franc Unger (* November 30,
1800 castle Amthof near Luane (Leutschach) in Styria; February 13, 1870 Graz). Unger
classified it into family of the alga. Deman also showed to the audience the example of
Laurentis book, Synopsis reptilium, where the very first description of the Carniolan Proteus
was published.

In his famous book, an Austrian, Joseph Nicolas Laurenti (* December 4, 1735; February
17, 1805), defined thirty kinds of reptiles and discussed their poisonous functions. Deman
certainly did not purchase the first edition. He used fifty years later reprint, may be from the
Erbergs Dol collection which he later bought for Rudolphinum.
Deman also pointed to the Society publics the examples of ice diver Colymbus glacialis and
arctic diver Colymbus arcticus. Both were caught in December 1857 in Cerknica Lake
(Deman, 1862, 105).

On February 19, 1858 Deman reported about Gordius awuaticus L. which was found in
drinking water in Trebnje. It was several centimetres long and the craftsman Klebel recently
brought the sample right to Demans Museum. Deman also showed the samples of black
coal which the student Alfons Mllner found in Alps (Deman, 1862, 220-221). The able
young Mllner later eventually replaced Deman as the Museum curator, but he never
became his equal in karstology.

PRINTINGS ABOUT PROTEUS

Demans writings about zoology and botany are kept in separate fascicle in ARS and are of
special interest for Slovene karstology. Among the last manuscripts there is a very interesting
bundle about Proteus. Demans wrote sixteen pages of the A4 format letter about Proteus. It
began with the list of the few tens of recent books and articles about Proteus which Deman
came across while reading secondary sources. Among the books in Rudolphinum Deman
kept Laurentis 1818 book that Deman showed to the Museum Society in Ljubljana, but he
did not list it in his manuscript dealing just with recent literature. In the last botanical book of
the fascicle the photography on glass is kept wrapped into a black paper following the habit
of their time. The Photography is well preserved with just a little damaged corner. There is no
comment about the date of photographing, its contents or use. We can still recognise four
bean-like pictures in natural dimensions, two as negatives and other two as positives. That
was probably one of the earliest photographs made for the natural history scientific purposes
in the areas of todays Slovenia.

Deman listed following books and articles about Proteus, with some biographical and
bibliographical data added for this research:

Blainville, H.M.D. de, 1819: Dictionaire des sciences naturelles. 1-14. Levrault, Strassbourg.
Reprint: 1820: Isis. 570 (Tourn. de Phys. according to Deman, sine dato, 2r).

Dele Chiaje, Stefano (* 1794; 1860), 1840: Richerche anatomico biologiche sul Proteo
serpentis. Napoli.

Configliachi, Pietro (* 1779; 1844), Rusconi, Mauro (* 1776; 1849), 1818: Del proteo
anguino di Laurenti. Pavia: Fusi (6 pictures, 119 pages, price 24 fr.). Reprint: 1819: Fusi,
Pavia.

Configliachi, P., Rusconi, M., 1820: Isis. Heft 6. Lit. Anz. Pp. 570-590, t. 6. 7.

Configliachi, P., Rusconi, M., 1821: Observatons on the Natural History and Structure of the
Proteus Anguinus (3 pictures). Edinburgh Phil.Journal. 4: 398-406; 5: 84-112. A. Constable,
Edinburg.

Configliachi, P., Rusconi, M., 1828: Sopra un Proteo femmina. Pavia.


Dalton, John Call, 1853: Some Account of the Proteus Anguinus in Sillimans Amer.Journ.
(2) 15: 387-393. Reprint: 1853: Edinburgh new Phil.Journal. 55: 332-340.

Van Deen, Isaac (Izak, * 1804; 1869), 1834: Over de rijdelingsche takken van de
zweraende zenum (Neron vagus) van den Proteus anguineus (1 picture). Tijdiche voor
natuurl.Geschied. 1: 112-129.

Fitzinger, Leopold Joseph (* 1802; 1884), 1850: Ueber de Proteus anguinus. Wien.Ber.
Mat.Nat. 5/3: 291-303. - Separate: 1850: Carl Gerolds Sohn, Wien.

Freyer, Heinrik (* 7. 7. 1802 Idrija; 21. 8. 1866 Ljubljana), 1842: Ueber einen neue art von
Hyposhthon (Proteus). (Wregman, W.F. Erichson) Archiv fr Naturgeschichte. 1: 289-290.

Hyrtl, Joseph (* 1811; 1894), 1850: Bemerkungen ber de Proteus anguinus. Wien.Ber.
Mat.Nat. 5/3: 303.

Mandl, Louis (* 1812; 1881), 1839: Dimensions des globules sanguines du sang chez le
Proteus. Compt.Rend.Acad.Sc. (Paris). 9: 739.

Mandl, L., 1839: Dimensions des globules sanguines du sang chez le Proteus. LInstitut.
7/310: 427.

Mandl, L., 1839: Note sur les globules sanguines du Prote et des Crocodiliens (mit
Abbildungen). Anal.Scienc.natur.Ver.Zool. 12: 289-291.

Michacheles, C., 1829: Proteus Anguinus Aristoteli prorsus igntus suit. Isis. 1270-1273.

Michacheles, C., 1831: Beitrge zr Naturgeschichte des Proteus. Isis. 499-509.

Oken, Lorenz (* 1779; August 11, 1851 Zrich), 1817: Ueber de Oben (Proteus Anguinus).
With Pictures. Isis. 641-645.

Rudolphi, Karl Asmund (* 1771; 1832), 1819: Ueber de Proteus Anguinus. Isis. 1017-
1019. - Translation: 1819. Phil.Magaz. 53: 181-182.

Rusconi, M., 1817: Descrizione anatomiza degli organi della circulazione delle larve delle
salamandre aquatiche. Frisi, Pavia (with 4 tables).

Rusconi, M., 1826. Descrizione di un Proteo. Giornale di fisica ecc. di Pavia. Bim. I.
Reprint: 1826 (1827): Descrizione di un Proteo femmina notabile per lo sviluppo delle parti
della generazione. With Pictures 1-8 on Table II. Isis. 20/1: 94-100 (pages 95-97 omitted by
printers mistake). Translation: 1826: Frories Notizien und der Natur Kunde. 16/332: 17-20.

Rusconi, M., 1843: Nuove observazioni sopra il Proteus Anguino di Laurenti. Lettera al
Alessandrini. Nuovo Anal. Delle Scienze nat. Bologna. 9: 177-179. - Reprint: 1744: Giornale
del Instituto Lombardo e Bibl. Italiana. 6: 288-290. - Abstract: 1844: Isis. 502-503.

Schmidl, Adolph von (* 18. 5. 1802 Knigswart in Bohemia; 20. 11. 1863 Buda), 1850:
Notizen ber den von ihm under der Planina-Hhle mitgebrachten und der Classe
vorgezeigten Proteen. Wien.Ber.Mat.Nat. 5/3: 228-232.
Von Schreibers, Carl (* 1775; 1852), 1802: A Historical and Anatomical Description of a
Doubtful Amphibious Animal of Germany, Called by Laurenti Proteus Anguineus.
Communicated by Sir Joseph Banks (* 1743; 1820). Extract of the Philosophical
Transactions. (2) 91: 241-261.

Von Schreibers, C., 1802: Johan Heinrich Voigts (* 27. 6. 1751 Gotha; 6. 9. 1823 Jena)
Magazin fr das Neueste Zustand der Naturkunde. 4: 727-732.

Von Schreibers, C., 1818: Proteus Anguineus. J.G. Heubner, Viennae.

Von Schreibers, C., 1820: Sur le Prote. Isis. 567-570.

Von Schreibers, C., 1820: Lettre de M. Charles de Schreibers a M. Dumeril (A.M.C.


Dumril (* 1774; 1860)) sur le Prote et observation de M. Blainville (Henri Marie
Ducrotay de Blainville (* 1777; 1850)) a se sujet. Isis. 567.

Von Schreibers, C., 1832: Philosophical Transactions. Abstracts. 1: 47-49.

Trevirianus, Gottfried Heinrich, 1820: De Protei Anguinei encephale et organis sensuum die
qui sitiones zootomicae. Com.Soc.Reg.Scient.Gtting. 4: 197-202.

Valentin, G., 1837: Bruchstcke aus der seineren anatomen des Proteus anguinus. (Dessens)
Report fr Anatom.und Physik. 1: 282-294.

Valentin, G., 1841: Ueber di Samentsierbndl und di afterdrse des Proteus anguinus. Report
fr Anatom.und Physik. 6: 353-358.

Viator, 1837: On the Proteus Anguinus by Viator. Edward Charlesworths The Magazine of
Natural History. 1: 625-530. Longman, Orme, Brown Green, and Longmans, London.

Wagner, Rudolph (* 1805; 1864), 1837: Stud. Notes on Proteus Anguinus. Proceedings
Zool.Society London. 107-108.

Many Demans references were published in Okens Isis, oder encyclopdische Zeitung von
Oken. Oken, himself an active researcher of Proteus, was born as Lorenz Ockenfuss and
studied at the University of Wrzburg and Gottingen. He began to publish Isis Journal in
1816. He printed it monthly until 1818 and later with two volumes per year. The publication
ended with Volume 41 during the time of troubles of the revolutionary Spring of Nations in
1848.

Oken got the title of adviser after publishing the natural philosophy textbook of 1810. In 1828
he became the private docent in Munich, Professor in 1832, and finally the Professor of
natural philosophy at the new University of Zrich in 1833. In 1821 he purposed the
organisation of the later famous Meetings of the German Natural Historians and Physicians,
that began with the very first Leipzig gathering in 1822.

Rusconi was the dentist in Pavia (Deman, sine dato, 4r) and he performed detailed
anatomical research of Proteus probably under the influence of Janez Anton Scopoli. Scopoli
taught at the University of Pavia between 1777 and his death in 1788 when Rusconi was still
a teenager.

Schmidls research of caves all over the monarchy and especially at Planinska Jama (Planina-
Hhle) earned him a funny nickname Hhlen Schmidl. Fitzinger, Hyrtl, and Schmidl
participated at the debate about Proteus in Vienna Academy held on October 3 and October
31, 1850, and published in Wien.Ber. (5/3: 228-231, 291-303) later in the same year. Several
other important scientists also took part in 1850 academic Vienna polemics about Proteus.
Wilhelm Karl Knight Haidinger (* February 5, 1795 Vienna; March 19, 1871 Dornbach),
the director of state Geological Bureau and section mine adviser, researched the Proteus
habitus in Idrija very deep under the surface with the help of the mine commander, Rudolf.
(Wien.Ber. 5/3: 229). The correspondent member of the Vienna Academy and the Academy
general secretary Ettingshausens close friend, Freyer, draw the map of Proteus habitus in
Carniola. The samples from Magdalenes cave were sold for 2 fl up to 5 fl at that time. With
the same money you could buy 6 to 15 kg of beef in Ljubljana at that time (Melik, 1981, 31).
The wealthy put the Proteus in the glass bottles and showed them in their saloons like used to
show the goldfishes. 12 samples were exported from Ljubljana to England (Wien.Ber. 5/3:
296).

In Planina-based Mali Grad (Kleinhusler) near the ruins of the castle they found new
samples of Proteus. Curator-Adjunct Fitzinger reported about the well-known Proteus
research of Celovec (Klagenfurt) general vicar the Count Sigmund Hohenwart (* June 7,
1745 Celje; 1825 Linz). Sigmund studied with Ljubljanese Jesuits Janez Joef Lucius
Erberg (* February 11, 1712 Ljubljana; SJ October 18, 1732 Vienna; June 29, 1787 Dol),
and Franc Ksaver Wulfen (* 1728 Beograd; SJ October 14, 1745; March 17, 1805
Celovec). During the school year they made natural history researches around Ljubljana, and
during holidays they visited Alps. Sigmund lived in Carinthia until 1809 as Wulfens close
friend. In 1792 and 1812 Count Sigmund published his natural historical researches of
Carinthia. In 1809 he became the Archbishop in Linz. His collections of animals, plants, and
minerals were later given to Joanneum of Graz (Deman, 1856, 9; SBL, 1: 335-336).

Fitzinger mentioned that Schreibers got his Proteus from iga Zois in 1807. Lwengreif
researched Proteus in Magdalenes cave in 1797 and 1808. Sigismunds relative, Count Franc
Joef Hanibal Hohenwart (* 24. 5. 1771 Ljubljana; 1844 Kolovec), was recognized as the
best Carniolan researcher. He studied Proteus in 1825 at the creek near Lo (Laas). He made
many tours to Alps, and headed the Carniola Land Museum as the president of the Museum
curators and the president of the Carniola Agricultural Society between 1827 and 1834.

Fitzinger was also interested at the Proteus research outside Carniola. Dr. Zohar of Zadar and
the Professor Carrara of Split found Dalmatian Proteus samples (Wien.Ber. 5/3: 296).
PROTEUS DRAWINGS

Deman copied parts of Rusconi 1817 and 1827 Italian publication with his drawings
included. Deman sketched the Rusconis Proteus with pencil in a somewhat curved form
(ARS, Privatae a archive of Karl Deman, signature AS854, fascicle 12, sine dato, 4r). He
showed all Proteus inner organs from Rusconis studies (1817, 1827). On the left margin
Deman separately drew some organs of Proteus and discussed their particularities (Deman,
sine dato, 3r). With that in mind, we claim that Deman was quite an expert for Proteus in
Carniola of his time.

Deman drew the details with the letters a-l indicating the important parts of the picture. He
used Italian language with excellent skill. Besides figure 1 of female Rusconis Proteus
Deman also discussed figure 2, which he did not reproduce (Deman, sine dato, 4r, 4v).
Deman described Rusconis opinion against the amphibian nature of Proteus (Deman, sine
dato, 4r).

Demans copying was one of his very useful habits. He also copied part of Hacquets
Oryctographia (ARS, Privatae a archive of Karl Deman, signature AS854, fascicle 13) and
German translation of Hallersteins Latin letters (ARS, 730, Gospostvo Dol, fasc. 194: 810-
850). Some of the originals Deman copied are now considered pretty rare. Deman also
copied parts of Blanville 1819 publication in French language (Deman, sine dato, 2r).
Deman cited Blanville, Cuvier (1801), and Humbolts critiques of Laurentis Proteus
research (Deman, sine dato, 2r, 3v, 4v). Deman mentioned Rudolphis letter to Isis,
Scopolis work, and Kitaibels letter about Lika in Strelovachka Pojana below Badany Alps
and Velika Stirovachka below Berdo (Hill) Vissesruga (Deman, sine dato, 2v). Hungarian
Pl Kitaibel (* February 3, 1757 Nagymarton; December 13, 1817 Pest) was one of the best
chemistry and botanic student of Jacobus Winterl (* 1739 Eisenerz; 1809) in Hungarian
capital.

Figure 97 : The title page of Demans manuscript about literature and anatomy of
(DezmanProteusNaslovnaStranAS854fasc12)

Proteus (ARS, Privatae a archive of Karl Deman, signature AS854, fascicle 12 Proteus
1r).

Figure 98 : Demans drawing of Proteus inner organs (ARS, Privatae a archive of


(DezmanProteusSkicaNotranjiOrganiAS854fasc12)

Karl Deman, signature AS854, fascicle 12 Proteus 3r).


Figure 99 : Demans drawing of Proteus as a copy of Rusconis study of female
(DezmanProteusSkicaAS854fasc12)

sample in 1827 (ARS, Privatae a archive of Karl Deman, signature AS854, fascicle 12
Proteus 4r).

Physics of Idrija native Urbas

Frischlin from 1582 to 1584 was a school director in Ljubljana; he published a Latin-written
poem about Cerknica Lake, which Anton Urbas, a writer of the book on magnetism,
electricity, heat and light (1876), translated more than three centuries later into German.
Anton Urbas (September 13, 1822 Idrija-22 December 1899 Ljubljana) was the son of an
Idrija mining officer. He studied theology in Ljubljana and was administered there in 1844.
He was a chaplain in Kovorje, Smlednik, and Planina by Rakek; there in the autumn of 1848
he organized and led the first expedition to the Postojna Cave, which penetrated the
confluence of Pivka and Rak and found human fish (proteus) and the beer sleeve. He
researched Vrana Cave and other caves and described them in Urbas Die Grotten. Urbas'
research was later dealt with by Ad. Schmidl. Urbas grazed souls in Sostro by Ljubljana until
1850. He then received a benefice in Goriica near Domale (1851-1859), became a pastor in
Zagorje (1860-1873) and Dobovec (1874-1876). Later he became the parish priest and canon
(coral) in Ljubljana. In the physics booklet on 33 pages, Urbas discussed all areas except
mechanics which he discussed otherwhere at the same time in German and Slovenian. The
book was not intended for schools, as it was intended for more educated folks, especially the
priests. He did not publish the index and did not quote. He has written about twenty claims to
each chapter, and even touched the history of the surveys and served with technical details.
The introduction was philosophical with a description of the substance of our Earth and the
universe. Every atom should have its own life. The magnetic force also operated at very small
distances, which could have been Faraday's thought. Sea water boils for 3.7 degrees higher
than fresh water, he was able to tell. He was interested in the influence of heat on the magnet.
Magnetic attraction can graze the gases themselves. Liquids are not perforated, as some
people think they have in themselves, but the water drags on. He described the conversion of
a magnet into electricity with a transverse magnet, that is, an electric motor or a dynamo. The
acidity between the gases is what is the iron between the metals. It is magnetic and electric,
very irritating, and it also has a lot of greediness after release. Each body is a magnet, more-
or-less charged, magnetic, and warm. He described electrolysis and Zamboni's Voltaic
battery among his total of sixteen theses about the electricity. Giuseppe Zamboni (* 1776;
1846) was a professor of physics and applied mathematics in Verona in 1827. (Hof- und
Saats-Schematismus, 1827, 238)

Table 7: Urbas physics chapters

Chapter Pages Number of arguments


(paragraphs)

Introduction 1-8 13
Magnetism 9-12 13
Electricity 12-21 16
Heat 18-24 17
Light with subheadings 24-33 28
The light comes from electricity, the same as heat 27-30 12-20
How the Sun works up light and heat 30/28-33 21-28

Urbas knew that normal heat of birds is greater than the human heat. The heat stretches the
body, but it is less solid, because the molecules stick together with so much force that they
cannot move so quickly in the same way as in liquids and gases. He was interested in
translating sound in a vacuum. The heat also proceeded according to the sayings, like that of
electricity. Reflection is not the cause of droplets, as droplets attract each other. The radiant
heat dropped with the square of the distance. Is the ether substance, because it penetrates
through glass and water? The heat velocity was much less than the light, since he did not
know the new Maxwell theory. At the time of the earthquake, heat increased. "By the 16th
century it was thought that the Sun, the Moon and the stars revolve around the Earth,"
sounded Urbas recall of Copernicus merits. The radiation of light from the Sun is
sinusoidal. Urbas used the vibrational hypothesis of the oscillation of the ether, much like the
older professor Karel Robida. Like heat, light is not a substance. Urbas was interested in
speed, absorption, polarization, and interference of light, its incidence with the square of
distance, color and photography. All bodies have some light in themselves. The sun pattern
has poles: magnetic, electric, light and thermal. Light and thermal poles are for 70 degrees
switched from one another, for as much as electric and magnetic. Rmer's light-speed
measurements with Jupiter's satellites (satellite) do not prove the speed of light, but the speed
of the electric effect from which light emanates. The light emanates from electricity, like
heat, which reminded Franklins ideas. Northern light is the result of magnetic phenomena.
Urbas was interested in the vacuum tubes which Heinrich Geissler (* 1814; 1879) he
recently invented in Bonn. Urbas treated "electric colors" in pipes and electric light. He
compared them with the colors of the sunlight in the prism and the artificial fire. He was
interested in the chemical effects of burning. He imagined solid bodies as concentrated gases.
The solar spectrum has two poles, one of which affected by the Lunar power. He described
the burning in a vacuum where the candle turns out. The sun and the earth are not only
attracted to each other, but are both electrically tense. The Sun is an inexhaustible conductor
that can charge the Earth. The lighter cannot ignite the mushroom in a vacuum, and the
walnut tree cannot grow from the cherry stove. He introduced the invention of telegraphy and
photography, and ultimately explained the effect of light on the eye (Urbas, Magnetismus 1-
2, 6-10, 15, 18-21, 23-25, 27, 30-31, 33, Urbas, Die Reiche).

Lapajne and Reisner's textbooks

Ivan Lapajne (* 2. 2. 1849 Vojsko pri Idriji; 17. 11. 1931 Krsko) was born not far west of
Idrija. He wrote textbooks for elementary school (in 1875 and 1876 for physics) at the School
of Agriculture in Krko. There, between November 1882 and February 1887 Ferdo Seidl,
later the leading meteorologist and seismologist, was taught, and the director was Ivan
Lapajne, who translated two physical learning books between 1875-1876. Eugen Netoliczka
(Netolika, * 1825 Iglau in Moravia), a professor of natural sciences and physics at the
gymnasium in Brno, was chosen as the first writer in his translation work. Lapajne was
initially a professor and head of the Primary and secondary School in Idrija, then he served in
Ljutomer. As the first head of the school of Krko, he included Valvasor among the important
Krko settlers, besides Bohori and Dalmatin (Slana, Janez Vajkard Valvasor, 571).

In October 1887, Lapajne's speech at the assembly of the Slovene Teachers' Society "On the
need for a permanent exhibition of teaching for Slovenian schools" (Teacher's Society,
October 15, 1887, 27: 20) was one of the stones in the mosaic from which the Slovenian
School Museum in Ljubljana was founded, also due to the need to centralize exhibition
lessons. At the opening of the Slovenian School Museum on 2 December 1898, the exhibits
were classified into twelve groups according to their use in the class. In the second group
they listed "methodic-technical products (lessons)", among which chemistry, and not physics,
were highlighted. Also, the description of the seventh group was such that it could include
some devices for teaching physics (Popotnik, 1998, 7).

Joef Reisner (Josip, * 1875 Ljubljana; 1955 Ljubljana) studied physics as the main subject
between 1894-1899 at the Faculty of Philosophy in Vienna after studying in New Year's Eve;
unfortunately, Josef Stefan died shortly before his arrival, so he listened to lectures especially
with Stefan's student Ludwig Boltzmann. In 1903 he passed the professor's examination, so
that his first professor's service was on the real estate in Idrija between 1904-1905. Shortly
before his arrival in Idrija, he published a survey of the use of a given integral from the
definition equation in eleven pages in the Vienna Reports. Of course, he wrote a lot of texts
to the Idrija students. In the years 1908-1909, the Idrija and Novo mesto lecturing
experiences were combined into a textbook that was used with advantage until the war
(Reisner, 1904; Reisner, 1913). He was one of the beginners of the popular lectures of
physics and chemistry in Idrija. He fought hard for his national party (NNS) founded in 1894
with a relatively weak counterweight to the Catholic Slovene People's Party.

Table 3: Physics and Mathematics among Idrija schoolchildren

Name Time Taught and researched Institution

Steinberg 1727- Cartography, Geodesy, Technical Drawing Geodetic School


Mrak 28. 4. 1752 - 1769 Geometry Jammer School

Scopoli 1763-1769 School for metallurgical and chemical sciences


Josip Reisner 1904-1905 M, F Real School
Julius Nardin 1905-1912 F, M Real School
Fran ade 1914? -1918 F supplied professor Real School
Leopold Andre 1912-1914 F Real School
Lava ermelj 1914 - beginning of March 1920 M, from autumn 1918 to F Real School

Nardin and Bloudek's aircrafts


Dr. Nardin studied physics at antl in Gorizia and then graduated from Boltzmann in Vienna
in 1904. In 1905, antel showed Nardin his windbreaker with partly movable resilient blades
according to the Ressel idea. At that time, Nardin was a practitioner under the mentorship of
Boltzmann brother-in-law Anton antel in Gorizia.

Nardin taught in the Idrija during the years 1905 to 1912. With his friend Zei from Gorizia,
he immediately patented the independent invention of the relay for telephones and telegraphs
in Austria in 1913, especially for the use of submarine cables (Juni, Nemani, Iznajdba,
22).

They used the generator of slow electrons Arthur Wehnelt (* 1871; 1944) with a 400 V
voltage in a exhaust pipe with two (or more) equivalent, mutually isolated anodes. The
anodes have been connected in the same circuit so that their ends are winding in the opposite
directions around the iron core of the primary coil of the transformer. An anode with a
constant current to prevent disturbances could also be placed between the anodes.

The cathodes did not heat directly, as we do today, but radiated it with a special plate placed
for the cathode in the electronics. Electrodes have placed an electromagnet for directing
cathodic and other (sic!) Rays. In the patent, Nardin twice mentioned "other rays" in addition
to the cathodic, to protect himself from the "discoveries" of a whole series of new rays at the
turn of the century. Caution is the mother of wisdom.

If the electrons fell symmetrically on both parts of the anode, they had both the same
potential and the same flow was flowing through both branches. The effect of the two
currents was eliminated on the opposite direction of the coils. When several electrons fell on
one of the anodes, they dropped on the other, and the influence of their currents was added
together in the opposite windings of the coil and therefore strengthened.

During the quest for his patent rights, Nardin realized that his amplifier was four times
stronger than Lieben's of 1906. The ionization of the gases did not disturb him just like the
triode that Robert von Lieben (* 1878; 1913) made in 1910. However, his device could not
be tested, because it did not have enough efficient vacuum pumps available. Zee did not have
the ability to buy a stronger pump, and without success she negotiated for cooperation with
the Zwietusch phone factory from Berlin, which became part of Siemens & Halske during the
First World War. The first Slovenian motorcycle rider Edvard Rusjan (* 1886 Trieste;
1911) came to study the basics of aerodynamics in Idrija to Nardin; Edward traveled publicly
for the first time in 1909 after building a three-legged Eda II with his brother after Nardin's
advice. In 1910, Nardin's unleaded aircraft was upgraded; the flight was postponed and
finally abandoned after Rusjan's death in early 1911. In the meantime, Nardin entertained
himself with the reaction engine as a drive. Nardin's plane remained in Idrija even after his
departure to Ljubljana in mid-1912; Unfortunately, it collapsed during the First World War.
Stanko Bloudek (* 1890 Idrija; 1959) together with his father, the Czech Idrija mining
engineer, left Idrija to the Bohemia in 1894, just before he could admire Nardin on the Idrija
real. In any case, Nardin could work closely with Stanko's father Jaroslav Bloudek (* 1846;
1906) in Idrija if Jaroslav did not get a job in the Bohemia where the death nocked on his
door after ten years. Shortly after his father's death, Stanko Bloudek began to produce
airplane models in 1906. Bloudek's and Nardin's paths were dissolved, their Andre's
beginnings of Idrija aviation continued today by Idrija native Rajmund Krivec. Between 1912
and 1920, Nardin taught at the classical gymnasium in Ljubljana. There he designed a
vacuum pump using a drop pressure and adhesion of a mercury pair. Unfortunately, the deal
with the Viennese manufacturer collapsed due to the war. That is why Nardin experimented
with the electromagnetic discoloration of a glowing gas arc between anodes from a bar of
carbon at normal pressure. At the end of the First World War, it was shown that it was
overtaken by de Forest's invention of triodes by the improvements of Irving Langmuir (*
1881; 1957) at General Electric, which, in the city of Schenectady, New York City, was led
by the famous Thomas Edison (Nardin, Zei, Relais, 1-2, Nardin, Problems, 44-48; Sitar, Sto,
193; Sitar, From Pre-history, 167; Sitar, Aviation, Reich, Irving Langmuir, 213). Nardin's
Idrija experiments, however, were not enough in trousers to smack into the goat horn of
Edison himself. At the technical high school, Nardin taught between 1920 and 1947 with a
breakthrough during World War II. At the medical faculty, J. Reisner lectured experimental
physics in 1920/21, and from 1921/22 onwards, Nardin, who graduated from the Faculty of
Medicine from the honorary profession as a full professor and founded a physical institute
there. Between 1927 and 1928 Nardin lectured physics at the Faculty of Arts and the Faculty
of Engineering, University of Ljubljana; there he was replaced in 1934 by the second pioneer
of the Slovenian aviation Anton Kuhelj (* 11 November 1902 Municipality of Trieste; 31
July 1980 Ljubljana), a relative of the writer of these lines according to the common
ancestors in uemberk. Kuhelj took up lectures of physics at the Technical Faculty as an
assistant professor of mechanical engineering. In Trieste, young Kuhelj watched the
evolution of the Rusjan brothers' aircraft. Cook's first flight took off in 1930, the last one
almost a quarter of a century later. Perhaps precisely because of the tragedy of Edward
Rusjan, Kuhelj did not want to change Slovenia to Belgrade. As the leading aviation expert,
Kuhelj was soon invited to a new position in Belgrade shortly after the war, where Kuhelj's
airplane pilot Edvard Rusjan, a professionally-minded Idrija pupil, fell. An invitation from
the Beograd Tito's Cabinet itself was meant as a gigantic honor and recognition of Kuh's
successes. Kuhelj, however, understood it altogether. He was a very religious Catholic and,
above all, an apprentice of Slovenia, his own house in the Rona dolina and the home
environment. He knew that he would not feel well in Belgrade. That is why he instilled all his
connections and acquaintances that this chance could pass by him. With huge efforts, he
succeeded and could return from Belgrade quickly enough to return to the Ljubljana service.

Radio-amateur and pilot Leopold Andre

Leopold Andre (* 14 November 1879 Novo mesto; 8 July 1952 Ljubljana) attended a
gymnasium in Novo mesto from 1899 to 1909, then studied mathematics and physics in
Vienna since 1901 by 1906. He also heard Boltzmann's lectures in Vienna, and completed his
studies with a mathematical paper and by Hertz's confirmation of Maxwell's electrodynamics
Die Hertz'schen Versuche und ihre Beziehung zur Maxwell'schen Theorie. As a professor he
lectured in Idrija and Ljubljana, and he often wrote in Elektrotehniki Vestnik as a first-rate
radio amateur. Because he replaced Nardin in Idrija and "inherited" his plane he also, of
course, threw himself into aviation and held courses on the physics of flying; Unfortunately,
according to his experience, the handwriting Aeronautics - Physical Basis has not even been
through print or at least Internet machines. A new task for the tidy young Idrija aviators. His
son Leopold Andre (* 20 December 1910 Ljubljana; 1992 Ljubljana) graduated in 1935 as
an electrical engineer at the Machinist-electrotechnical department of the Technical Faculty
in Ljubljana. He then worked for three years at the Institute of Electrical Engineering in
Ljubljana together with Milan Vidmar. From 1938 until the end of the war he was an
assistant, since 1946 he was a private assistant professor, since 1957 he has been
extraordinary and since 1962 he has been a full professor at the Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering in Ljubljana. In 1965, 1966, 1967 there was also Dean. He studied energy
engineering. He patented ultrasonic devices for accelerating combustion, for dispersion and
for improved electro-filters. He was mainly engaged in electrical measuring and testing
devices and steam boilers, especially in thermal power plants. He published thirty-seven
scientific papers.

Radioactivity of Fran ade

Fran ade (* 8. 12. 1882 Kranj; 18. 3. 1945 Ljubljana) studied mathematics and physics at
the University of Vienna after completing his studies in Ljubljana on 6 July 1906, in co-
operation with Leopold Andre as one of the last Boltzmann students; Boltzmann died two
months after the promotion. He co-served in the Viennese Central Meteorological Institute
there (1907), in Ljubljana, Koper, Gorizia, and finally on the Idrija river instead of Fran
Andre. In 1918 he became a professor at the Ljubljana School of Music. He wrote a popular
scientific discussion entitled "The secret of radioactivity" for the Slovenian school queen
before coming to Idrija in 1908; in the Idrija period he published frequently in Notranjec
journal and lectured a lot about science, 4 December 1932 - 1 January 1933 also on Ljubljana
radio. He first told the Slovenes and, above all, his future Idrija students: "How this light
emitted outdoors was investigated as the first Slovene doctor (sic!) Rntgen in 1895. In a
completely dark room, during the experiment, his tube was dashed with a clean opaque cloth.
Suddenly he remembers that all the glass and porcelain vessels in his room began to lighten.
Since the light came from? He soon became convinced that these rays were coming out of
that part of his, with a collapsed pipe, which was greenish due to the influence of cathodic
rays ..." (ade, Mystery, 20). He also knew a lot about the ionized particles in the substance
that Rutherford had just revealed: "Alpha-rays ... are quietly stranded in the air at a short
distance of 6-8 cm from the radio. They did not make their short paths unsuccessful. All the
air molecules they encountered along their path were split immediately into atoms or ions. A
single -fragment disperses in its path over 100,000 molecules into ions. How big should the
influence of all the a-particles be together!" Idrija teacher Fran ade conceived the real
dynasty of Slovenian physicists and mathematicians. His sons were engineer Vladimir and
Marjan ade (* 1912 Gorizia; 2009), who first studied mathematics and then received a
doctorate from physical science in 1942 in Ljubljana at the meteorologist Oskar Rey, who
graduated in 1921 in Idrija. After the war, Marjan was called to Belgrade at the Federal
Hydrometeorological Institute and then until his retirement he was a professor at PMF in
Belgrade as a leading Belgrade meteorologist; in that time, he also studied in Belgrade in
1968 for these lines, until 1968. All four of Fran's grandchildren studied physics; three have
become scientists, one is a very successful businessman in information technology. Some of
Fran's descendants also go through similar degrees. The son of Marjan, the expert in plasma
and induced radiation the student of Milan Kurepa dr. Iztok ade (* 24. 3. 1945 Ljubljana)
was born only six days after the death of his grandfather Fran. Dr. Andrej ade is a leading
expert on Einstein's general theory of relativity. Head of the Department of Mechanics library
Zvezdana Pear ade is a university graduate engineer of geology. They remained faithful
to the eyes of the invisible rays to this day, also through their relationship with important
Slovene scientists Zwitter; the aunt of astronomer Toma Zwitter, Martina, was the mother of
physicist Andrej Detela.

The popularizer ermelj


Lavo ermelj studied at the Prague Faculty of Law, but after the first year he changed his
mind and started in the autumn of 1910 with a four-year study of mathematics and physics in
Vienna. ermelj listened to Wirtinger and Escherichus lectures, and about a number theory
at Franz Martens class. Escherich was Professor of Josip Plemelj, who taught Ivan Vidav.
Vidav and Anton Kuhelj were professors of the Idrija and Cerkno natives Batagelj, Hladnik
and Marko Razpet. Felix Ehrenhaft and Friedrich Hasenhrl studied physical theories, while
Ernst Lecher studied experimental physics, in which ermelj reported hos dissertation on
special electric currents in bismuth. At the end of the summer semester 1914, ermelj applied
for the diploma exam in Echerichs class about Fourier series based on the recent works and
about Lechers research on galvanic and thermomagnetic phenomena. ermelj evaluated the
mathematical parts of those problems very satisfactory, and his discussions of physics aspects
were excellent. In the autumn of 1914, just before the outbreak of the war, he passed rigorous
studies exams in mathematics, physics and philosophy in Vienna, and worked as a professor
of mathematics and physics at the Trade School in Trieste until its closure in the autumn of
1918. In the first months of the war he defended his doctoral dissertation on non-
homogeneity in apparently homogeneous conductors. In the beginning of March 1920, he
then instructed in Idrija instead of Andre, and then placed ade. In 1929, ermelj escaped
from Trieste to Ljubljana to avoid arrest. The mathematician Rihard Zupancic did not support
ermelj's habilitation at the University of Ljubljana; so. he worked in secondary schools and
at a minority research institute, whose headquarters he developed at his own home. Although
he devoted most of his mighty opus to physics, he also published numerous mathematical
works (Lavreni, Lavo ermelj, 38, 44-45, 55, 82, 106-107). Lavo ermelj also translated
Hoyles Astronomy. In his writings of mathematical textbooks, he worked with high school
professor Vladimir Lapajne, who was assigned to the Ministry of Education in 1928.

Idrija and Cerkmo natives at home and abroad

The physicist Milan Strgulc (* 1942 Spodnja Idrija) as an expert in electrical engineering
cooperates with NASA in Canada; Among other things, the church of electrical engineering
includes dr. Franc Lahajnar from the Planina (Mountain), who works at Kolektor in Idrija,
and dr. Jure Rejc from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Ljubljana. Anton Primoi,
associate of mathematics photographer Ciril Velkovrh, finished high school in Idrija as the
first-time competitor in secondary mathematics. He graduated from mathematics in Ljubljana
and is also the uncle of the alpine skier from kofja Loka Nataa Bokal (* 1967). Max Pagon
(* 1926; 1987), a teacher of mathematics and physics at the elementary school in Cerkno,
gave his students a good basis. His work was upgraded by Joe Karnik, professor of
mathematics and physics at the Idrija Gymnasium, winner of the DMFA award in 1974, three
years for Pagon. Among the Pagon's and Karnik's students, among others, Anita Buckley,
born Monik, a mathematician at home in Zakri by Cerkno, working at FMF in Ljubljana.
At the University of Maribor, the mathematics of dr. Bojan Hvala, an expert on the theory of
home operators in Cerkno, which also explores the legacy of Knight Monik, and dr. Duan
Pagon (* 1955 Cerkno), in Moscow, a geometric expert and a researcher of the work of Franz
Monik. At the University of Primorska, the Cerkno Psychologist dr. Sonja Rutar and
mathematician Ana Zalokar who was born Uri.

Batageljs Pajek
Idrija native Vladimir Batagelj (* 1948 Idrija) attended a Grammar School (gymnasium) in
Nova Gorica. With his mathematical talent, he soon received the respect of classmates and
teachers. Batagelj's basic orientation is discrete and computer mathematics, and as an
assistant he taught the writer of these lines, who later worked for several years at hos Institute
of Mathematics, Physics and Mechanics in Ljubljana. Batagelj received his doctorate with
Toma Pisanski in 1986. He and Pisanski founded Slovene graph theory and combinatorics.
Batagelj today publishes mainly research on database analysis using discrete mathematics.
Among his important associates in the development of the "Pajek" program are dr. Andrej
Mrvar from the Faculty of Social Sciences and dr. Matja Zavernik from the Faculty of
Mathematics; the data the famous Pajek (Spider) in 2014 were even translated by Chinese.
Thus, Batagelj transfers his knowledge among Slovene social scientists, and through modern
theory of networks to physics, because the networks are a kind of parade horse of modern
Slovenian science.

Hladniks mathematical analysis and history

Many of the first-class Slovenian mathematicians also studied in Idrija including Milan
Hladnik (* 7. 7. 1950 Idrija). After his doctorate in mathematical analysis in 1985 in
Ljubljana, he devoted much of his research work to the history of Slovenian mathematics. In
addition to surveys on Jurij Vega, he published high-profile studies on Monik's work and his
descendants. Both Monik and Hladnik studied in Idrija and Ljubljana, which gives Hladnik's
research additional weight.
FIGURE 100: Academic ancestors of Milan Hladnik.

MARKO RAZPETs history of math

Marko Razpet (* 22. 3. 1949 Planina pri Cerknem) advocated a doctorate in mathematics at
Pisansko in 1989 at the University of Ljubljana. It is by the genus Cerkno, who, in addition to
basic research at the Ljubljana Pedagogical Faculty, dedicates himself to mathematicians
from his home town, especially Monik and Peternel. For his exploration of Peternel's work,
which he crowned with the discovery of a panel at the Peternel Homestead, in 2004, in his
birthplace Cerkno, he received the DMFA Award. To maintain the mathematical and dialect
tradition in his native Cerkno, he received the Bevks Prize of the Municipality of Cerkno for
2002. In 2011, he received the Republic of Slovenia Prize in the field of lifelong learning.
From 2010 to 2014 he headed Seminar on the history of mathematical science. During this
time, he published more than 10 articles in the Review of Mathematics and Physics. On
October 1, 2014 Marko happily retired.
FIGURE 101: The academic ancestors of Marco Razpet

Planes and the three bodies problem of Rajmund Krivec

Rajko Krivec (13. 5. 1956. Spodnja Idrija) was in the summer of 1977 on a one-month study
practice in Minsk together with a writer of these lines. He received his doctorate in 1986 with
Miodrag V. Mihailovi. Between 1991-2000 he worked closely with Racah's Institute of
Physics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2010 he became a scientific councilor. For
more than a decade, she has been successfully engaged in airplane simulation and
reconstruction. For the film "The Flying Brother Rusjan" directed by Boris Palo, he
investigated the causes of the tragic accident of Edvard Rusjan in Belgrade. The basic field of
research od Rajko Krivec is the problem of three bodies, or the precise direct solution of
Erwin Schrdinger's equation (* 1887; 1961) for several bodies with the singular Coulomb
force. The solution also approaches iterative methods for general differential equations
including the Schrdinger equation for singular potential; it is interesting that the academic
ancestors of Rajko Krivec connect with Werner Heisenberg, who was the author of the matrix
variant of quantum mechanics as a rival and a peculiar opponent of the author of the wave
equation Erwin Schrdinger. Rajko Krivec also likes to go home, where he lectured on
Einstein on 18th October 2005 at the City Museum of Idrija. Einstein was much closer to
Schrdinger than Heisenberg in his thinking. Einstein and Schrdinger liked to look at
beauty, but Heisenberg wanted to be considered a relatively strict Lutheran and did not
specifically combat the Nazi military bomb plans.
Figure 102: Academic ancestors of Idrija native Rajko Krivec summarized after the British
training of his mentor Mihailovi.
Prispevki k slovenski fiziki in tehniki

700

Robida
Lavtar
Vlacovic
600
h Finger
Stefan

500

400 Perger Scopol


Herma i Ernst Krakovi;
n Freyer Villefosse
Koroki Herberstein Gallois
300 Hirschlvogel Passetzky
Steinberg
Barbara F.J.Inzagh
Celjska Khisl Abondio
Kacijan Inzaghi i Hacquet
200 Degalli
Anderlain

Ivan
Urbas
100 Lipold Nardin

Vsi fiziki povezani z Idrijo Vsi fiziki iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci


Vsi Italjani-fiziki iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci Vsi nemki fiziki iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci
Vsi hrvaki fiziki iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci
Figure 103: Idrija-Cerkno scientists in broader Slovenian multinational frame.
Primerjava med idrijskimi, jezuitskimi in nejezuitskimi fiziki
Josef
Stefan
700

600

Sigmundus
500 Siserus

400
Avgutin
Hallerstein
300 Abundus
Inzaghi Franc
Breckerfeld

200

Monik
100 Deman
E. Freyer, Hladnik
Scopoli, Peternel, Urbas, Lipold
Hacquet,
F.J.Inzaghi
0

Vsi nejezuitski fiziki iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci

Rojeni v deelah poseljenih s Slovenci:tevilo let predavanj ovrednotenih po vseh naravoslovnih zapisih po letih objav ter predavanj

VSI jezuitski profesorji avstrijske in eke province rojeni in/ali delujoi v deelah poseljenih s Slovenci:tevilo letnikov predavanj in ovrednoteni spisi

Vsi fiziki povezani z Idrijo

Figure 104: Idrija-Cerkno scientists in broader Slovenian frame.


Primerjava med fiziko-tehniko v slovenskih deelah rojenih jezuitov in idrijskih strokovnjakov
Franc Scopoli
Breckerfeld Ernst
Steinberg Freyer
Avgutin
Hallerstein
200
Inzaghi
Hacquet
Khisl Joseph
Ernestus
Degalli Herbert
Vols
Rafael
Janez
150 Kobencl

Sigmundus
Siserus

100
Ivan
Urbas
Lipold

Kacijan
Anderlain
50

Rojeni v deelah poseljenih s Slovenci:tevilo let predavanj ovrednotenih po vseh naravoslovnih zapisih po letih objav ter predavanj Vsi fiziki povezani

Figure 105: Idrija erudite compared to the local Jesuits.


Idrijska industrijska fizika v primerjavi z ostalimi nejezuitskimi fiziki iz deel poseljenih s Slovenci

Scopoli
180 Ernst
Caspar Freyer
Lichtenheim Mrak
Abondio Ferdinand
160 Inzaghi Tirnberger
OFM,
Stampfer von Tartini
140 Walchenberg,
Alex baron
Ruessenstein

120
Iggl (Igel) von
Waldrekhlirn Valvasor
Santorio
100 Carli

80
Frischlin

60

Ivan
Urbas
40
Lipold
Kacijan
Anderlain
20
Khisl
Inzaghi
Degalli
Steinberg Hacquet
0

Vsa tehnologija Vse industrijske fizikalne vede povezane z Idrijo


Figure 106: Idrija technologists compared to the other Slovene related industrial innovators.

Conclusion

Alessandro Voltas cousin the director of Idrija Mine Inzaghi supported the spreading of
Voltas inventions to the East from Voltas working places in Como and Pavia. Inzaghi
supported the printings of Ljubljana Jesuits books related to Voltas contemporary research.
In Inzaghis time the Ljubljana Jesuits very quickly endorsed Voltas inventions, especially
electrophorus and Voltas pistol (eudiometer). The collaboration between Inzaghi and Volta
worked in both directions while Idrija Mine supplied Volta with mercury especially after
Volta took over the chair of Pavia University soon after former Idrija physician-chemist
Scopoli. Inzaghis apothecary Freyer was Inzaghis right hand in his connections between
technology and science. After 1786 the greatest Inzaghis achievements followed when the
Spanish Government decided that Almadn Mine mercury production could not fulfil the
Mexican needs for amalgamation and therefore the Spanish Bourbon Government signed its
first five years contract with Habsburg government for the export of mercury from Idrija
Mine. In 2012 Idrija and Almadn were added to UNESCOs World Heritage List as two
largest mercury mining sites worldwide. Both Idrija Mine directors Inzaghis and their
collaborators contributed to that success. The mining technologies of Idrija and Almadn do
not produce mercury any more, but they still support the local descendants of miners as
attractive industrial heritage sites available for tourists.

Voltas Cousin and His apothecary in Idrija Mercury Mine story on 270th anniversary of
Voltas birth shows the great collaboration among Habsburg erudite in a monarchy which is
now widely divided by many national borders. The 18th century connections between Mining
technology in Almadn, Idrija, and Bansk tiavnica is put into limelight. Spanish Mexican
demands for great quantities of mercury from Idrija accelerated the development of Idrija
mining technology from 1785 to 1796 under the director Count Franz Johann Inzaghi. The
immense popularity as well as comparatively quick acquisitions of early Voltas inventions in
Ljubljana, Idrija and Graz is attributed to the impact of Voltas relative Count Franz Johann
Inzaghi who headed the Idrija Mine between 1764 and 1791. The interesting fact was put in the
limelight: already the great-grandfather of Francis Johann Inzaghi and Volta, Abondio Maria
Inzaghi, was a head of Idrija mine for a decade. In 1769 Franz Johann Inzaghi paid the
printing of Ljubljana exam theses on the chemical and related sciences tied in a book of the
Voltas favorite researcher of those times, the Turin professor Beccaria. A year earlier the
former Ljubljana professor the Jesuit Bokovis follower in Graz Gottlob Leopold Biwald
(*1731; 1805) translated Beccarias work published with Bologna Academy under the title
Commentarii duo de phosphoris naturalibus et artificialibus in 1744, and Biwalds translation
was used in Ljubljana. The Ljubljana exam theses were written in the style of Bokovis
chemical beliefs which Volta endorsed throughout his life.

Voltas early research of gases in Habsburg schools in Como and Pavia were used by his
relative Inzaghi to provide a greater security in an otherwise stale Idrija shafts. Voltas
chemical ideas were used for the purification of the Idrija mercury and for the fabrication of
secondary products, especially cinnabar red color vermilion in a new factory of cinnabar on
the right bank of the Idrijca River established in 1785. Voltas invention of the electrophorus
for multiple electrical charging and Voltas pistol - eudiometer for measuring the quality of
air were implemented extremely fast in a collection of Ljubljana higher school physics-
chemical cabinet. Inzaghi was still in touch with Volta after his return to Graz, especially
upon Voltas wedding in the year 1794. The present paper provides is the first publication of
family relations of Inzaghi and Volta. Inzaghis apothecary was the first-class Bohemian
expert Ernest Freyer who worked in Ljubljana from 1751 to 1753 and established the
Pharmacy in Idrija between 1754 and 1795. Freyer used local mercury for his remedies and
amalgamations long before John Frederic Daniell (*1790; 1845) introduced his Voltaic Cell
which produced about 1.1 Volts as one of the first to incorporate the mercury by
amalgamating it with the zinc anode to reduce corrosion when the batteries were not in use.
Alessandro Voltas cousin director of Idrija Mine Inzaghi supported spreading of Voltas
inventions to the East from Voltas working places in Como and Pavia. Inzaghi supported the
printings of Ljubljana Jesuits of books related to Voltas contemporary research. In Inzaghis
time the Ljubljana Jesuits very quickly endorsed Voltas inventions, especially electrophorus
and Voltas pistol (eudiometer). The collaboration between Inzaghi and Volta worked in both
directions and Volta received the needed mercury from Idrija especially after Volta took over
the university chair in Pavia soon after former Idrija Physician-chemic Scopoli. Inzaghis
apothecary Freyer was Inzaghis right hand in his connections between technology and
science.

After 1786 the greatest Inzaghis achievements followed when the Spanish Government
decided that Almadn mercury production could not fulfill the Mexican needs for
amalgamation and therefore the Spanish Bourbon Government signed its first five years
contract with Habsburg government for the export of mercury from Idrija Mine. The pumping
of water from the depth of the mine was the main technological problem of Inzaghis
time and became especially demanding because of the huge export of Idrija mercury to
Spanish America. The practical solutions and theoretical quarrels of Inzaghis times were put
in the limelight. Erasmus Darwin and Inzaghis acquaintance Tobias Grubers contradictory
viewpoints on the production of snow on the valve of Hells Bansk tiavnica water pump
were discussed. In 2012 Idrija and Almadn were added to UNESCOs World Heritage List
as two largest mercury mining sites worldwide. Both Idrija Mine directors Inzaghis and their
collaborators contributed to that success. The mining technologies of Idrija and Almadn do
not produce mercury any more, but they still support the local descendants of miners as
attractive industrial heritage sites available for tourists.

The final exam of Martin Prenner of Bishops Loka in Ljubljana Jesuit College (1769) is
described. He endorsed the teachings of Dubrovnik Jesuit Ruer Josip Bokovi. Martins
way of thinking was not unexpected after at least three Bokovi+s visits to Ljubljana and
soon after the arrival of the two main Prenners Ljubljana professors, the engineer Gabriel
Gruber and the physicist Gregor Schttl. Both scholars were in fact trained by Bokovis
Habsburg friends in Vienna and Graz.

Martin Prenners family in kofja Loka was not poor. However, his parents would hardly
cover the costs of Martin's studies in Ljubljana because two Martins brothers also went to
schools. The role of Martin patron, the manager of the Idrija mine Count Franz John
Nepomuk Inzaghi Baron Kindberg (* 27/4/1734; 13/1/1818) is highlighted. Inzaghi was a
second cousin of the mother of the famous researcher gas and electricity, Alessandro Volta (*
1747; 1827), who was also impressed by the Bokovis ideas. Therefore, Inzaghi was very
interested in the most high-profile publication of Martin's exam questions in Bokovis
spirit. Inzaghi did not only financially support the printing of Martin's exam questions, but he
also provided Martins first curate post in Lower Idrija.

Many clever Slavic mathematicians grew under the Habsburg scepter, but none of them
published so many textbooks as Monik. In 1892/93, folks had used thirty-six of his books at
secondary schools, and fifty-two editions in different languages at elementary schools. In the
last twenty-two years of his life, Monik spent his time in Graz, where he proudly mentioned
his success at the doctoral exam. His actions in Graz remain neglected, including the sad fact
that Slovenes have somehow forgotten his grave. Nemo propheta in Patria.

Deman was the best versed and the most influential Ljubljanian natural historian of his time.
The karst and cave research are just some aspects of his works, many of them published with
the Vienna Academy of Science. Demans work show that domestic Ljubljanian researchers
of the caves and Proteus were well informed and able to perform some first-rate work of their
own.
Its a pity that Demans work was simply forgotten for political reasons. Our publication is
just one of the key-stones needed for his scientific rehabilitation, to end the sorrowful neglect
of his scientific achievements.

Idrija was the cradle of the Carniolan scholars because of the mine. Initially, it was primarily
for the Jesuits in a unique network of scholars of the day, who liked to draw new power from
the middle of the relatively well-sighted sons of Idrija miners; The Jesuits of those days were
extremely fortunate to describe with the modern theory of nets. In the meantime, the
alchemists appeared spicy with first-rate doctors in the spirit of the Scopoli-Freyer-Hacquet
trio with Inzaghi as their conductor. Today, Idrija with Nardin, Andr, Bloudek and Krivec
become the true source of Slovenian aviation ideas. The city of Idrija is proud of its many
mathematicians, who at the very least are neighbors from Cerkno.

Idrija became the cradle of the Carniolan scholars concentrated around its mercury mine.
Initially, it was primarily for the Jesuits in a unique network of scholars of the day, who liked
to draw new power from the middle of the relatively well-sighted sons of Idrija miners. The
Jesuits of those days as we know today were extremely fortunate with their networks. In the
meantime, alchemists have been spiced up with first-rate Idrija naturalists in the spirit of
Scopoli, Freyer, and Hacquet.

The advanced technique is undoubtedly the core of material welfare. In terms of


susceptibility, the inherited mindset plays a decisive role. Traditionally oriented societies are
sometimes trying to resist the introduction of certain technological innovations, as they are
aware that new inventions cannot be accepted without the accompanying ideology of
inventors, as the Japanese and other Easterners correctly suspected after their first contacts
with Western Christianity. The mobile societies of ethnically mixed settlers in Dutch polder,
former Native American prairies or in Idrija mine, make it easier to change the way of life
while adapting to the new challenge. The inherited habits of farmyard living are more
difficult to adapt and they advance much slower. The mighty organizations are more difficult
to correct their views of the world and to manage it compared to more loosely connected
nomadic groups. For this reason, the Iberian shepherds, after the persecution of their
neighboring Moors, easily annihilated the American indigenous people without
overwhelming conspiracy, while the Western Protestants were similarly impersonalized
industrial revolutions with the dirty initial accumulation of capital and therefore also killed
the American natives without mercy. The giant Chinese and neighboring economies had
advanced technology, but their wealth of Confucius or Buddhist moral reservations prevented
them to impose so much suffering on their own colleagues as the British did to their industrial
suburbs of Dickens' novels and Marx's theories, which had been received over a century ago.
The Idrija was better, because the dirty work with dangerous mercury and the fight for the
meadows was already anchored in the Renaissance city core of Idrija and it did not have to be
developed over again.

****+++ Slovenian Translation ****+++

Idrijska Rudarska modrost


Zapis je posveen znanstvenim junakom in junakinjam povezanim z Idrijo in Cerknim,
zaeni z Francem Janezom Nepomukom Inzaghijem baronom Kindbergom (* 27. 4. 1734;
13. 1. 1818), ki je bil upravitelj idrijskega rudnika med letoma 1764-1791; enega idrijskih
jakov po njem imenujemo e danes. Za razliko od svojih predhodnikov je Inzaghi pripadal
najvijemu plemstvu v monarhiji, kar samo po sebi potrjuje velik pomen tedanjega idrijskega
rudnika. Posebej kae poudariti, da Inzaghi ni bol prvi svojega rodu na odgovornem poloaju
v Idriji, saj se je tam pred njim udejstvoval e njegov praded in se kot prvi svojega rodu
preselil v Notranjo Avstrijo. Idrijske tehnike inovacije Franca Janeza Inzaghija pojasnjujemo
tudi z doslej neznanim dejstvom, da je bil mrzli bratranec matere najvejega znanstvenika
njega dni, pavijskega profesorja Alessandra Volte (* 1745; 1827).

V Idriji se je rodilo ve pomembnih ljubljanskih jezuitov, med njimi morda najbolj znani
ljubljanski kof Anton Kavi. Opisana so njihova ivljenja in dela. Jezuiti so bili zgolj
zaetek iz katerega so izli sodobni uenjaki.

Izjemno priljubljenost pa tudi razmeroma hitro uporabo zgodnjih Voltovih izumov v


Ljubljani, Idriji in Gradcu pripisujemo vplivu Voltovega sorodnika Franca Janeza grofa
Inzaghija, ki je vodil idrijski rudnik med letoma 17641791. Prvi objavljamo rodovne
povezave druin Inzaghi in Volta in poudarjamo, da je e praded Franca Janeza Inzaghija in
Volte, Abondio Maria Inzaghi, dobro desetletje uspeno vodil idrijski rudnik. Franc Janez
Inzaghi je plaal natis ljubljanskih izpitnih tez o kemijskih in sorodnih vedah privezanih v
knjigo tedanjega Voltovega vzornika, torinskega profesorja Beccarije. Teze so bile spisane v
slogu Bokovievih kemijskih preprianj, ki jim je Volta ostal zvest vse ivljenje. Voltove
zgodnje raziskave plinov na tedaj habsburkih olah v Comu in Pavii je njegov sorodnik
Inzaghi priredil v prid veje varnosti v sicer zaduljivih idrijskih jakih. Voltove kemijske
ideje je uporabil za preievanje idrijskega ivega srebra in proizvodnjo sekundarnih
produktov, kot je bila cinobrska rdea barva vermillon v novi tovarni cinobra na desnem
bregu Idrijce leta 1785. Voltov elektrofor za vekratno elektrino polnjenje in Voltova
pitola-eudiometer za merjenje kvalitete zraka sta izjemno hitro dopolnili zbirko
ljubljanskega visokoolskega fizikalno-kemijskega kabineta. Inzaghi je ostal z Volto v stiku
tudi po svoji vrnitvi v Gradec, e posebno ob Voltovi poroki leta 1794.

Inzaghijev lekarnar je bil prvovrsten eki kemik Ernest Freyer, ki je delal v Ljubljani od
1751 do 1753 in postavil na noge idrijsko apoteko med oktobrom 1754 in letom 1795. Freyer
je uporabljal domae ivo srebro za pripravo svojih zdravil in amalgamov dolgo predno je
John Frederic Daniell (*1790; 1845) izumil svojo Voltno celico za okoli 1.1 voltov ter med
prvimi izkoristil ivo srebrni amalgam s cinkom za zmanjanje korozije anod v uskladienih
baterijah.

Kljune besede: Jezuiti, Idrija, kof Anton Kavi, razsvetljenstvo, Franc Janez Nepomuk
Inzaghi, Alessandro Volta, Gregor Schttl, Idrijski rudnik, 18. stoletje, Abondio Maria
Inzaghi, Franc Janez grof Inzaghi, Ernest Freyer, Alessandro Volta, Idrija, Ljubljana, Gradec,
Pavia, zgodovina kemijskih tehnologij

Uvod
Alessandro Volta je po prepovedi jezuitov predaval v Comu (1774) in nato v Pavii (1778/79).
Obe mesti sta bili tedaj v isti habsburki dravi skupaj s Kranjsko; skupno ezlo je omogoilo
hitro nabavo Voltovih izumov v Ljubljani. e ve je k Voltovi priljubljenosti v naih krajih
prispeval njegov blinji sorodnik Franc Janez grof Inzaghi (*1734; 1818), upravitelj
idrijskega rudnika. Volta se je olal pri jezuitih in ni veliko manjkalo, da bi se jim pridruil.
Tudi Inzaghi je tesno sodeloval z ljubljanskimi jezuiti; gmotno je podprl natis izpitnih tez
Loana Martina Prennera iz kemije in sorodnih ved pri ljubljanskemu jezuitskemu profesorju
Gregorju Schttlu. Teze so temeljile na Bokovievemu nauku, ki ga je obudoval tudi Volta;
natisnili so jih leta 1769 v Ljubljani skupaj s knjigo o kemijskem ozadju fosforescence
torinskega profesorja eksperimentalne fizike s kemijo od leta 1747, Bokovievega prijatelja
piarista Giambattista Beccaria (*1716; 1781).

Voltov sorodnik in planik ljubljanskega natisa Inzaghi se za Beccarijevo knjigo nikakor ni


odloil sluajno. Volta se je o Bokovievi viziji elektrike dopisoval z Beccario od aprila
1765 do leta 1769. Beccaria je leta 1767 desetletje stareje pekinke poskuse Avgutina
Hallersteina in njegovih sodelavcev dopolnil z naelektritvijo premazanih steklenih plo
zgodnjega elektroforja. Beccaria je leta 1769 ponatisnil pekinko poroilo; zavzemal se je za
posebno electricitas vindex.1 Alessandro Volta ni bil zadovoljen z njo in prav iskanje
drugane resnice ga je pripeljalo do izuma sodobnega elektroforja. Odkritje je 10. 6. 1775
opisal v pismu Josephu Priestley (*1733; 1804),2 ki je tudi sam raziskoval Hallersteinov
doseek.3 Na ta nain je pekinki poskus postal ena od poti k Voltovim odkritjem; Volta je
pekinke in Aepinusove rezultate dobro poznal, saj mu je o njih med drugim poroal tudi
Joseph Klinkosch.4 Elektrofor je zanimal tudi cesarjevega brata princa Karla lotarinkega,
amaterskega elektriarja in Bokovievega prijatelja, ki ga je v Bruslju spovedoval A.
Hallersteinov brat Janez Vajkard Hallerstein. Volta je kmalu po izumu spomladi 1777 poslal
svoje zadnje objave o gorljivih zrakih in pitoli-eudiometru princu Karlu v Bruselj.5
Elektrofor najdemo v popisih ljubljanskih visokoolskih unih pripomokov iz let 1779, 1785
in 1811.6

Ljubljanski profesor matematike Karl Hummel je leta 1833 objavil razpravo o preprostem
elektroforju za zbiranje elektrinega naboja s trenjem7 v Baumgartnerjevi in Ettingshausnovi
dunajski reviji, prvem asopisu za matematino-kemijske vede v monarhiji. Ljubljanani so
si pred letom 1779 privoili tudi Parometer, ki ga je Ambschell leta 1785 preimenoval v
merilec zraka. Gotovo je lo za Ingenhouszovo oziroma Voltovo izboljavo eudiometra
namenjenega merjenju tako imenovane dobrote zraka po izumu Marsilia Landrianija (*1751;
1815) iz leta 1775. Prostozidar in cesariin zdravnik Jan Ingenhousz (*1730; 1799) si je
leta 1769 in 1789 dopisoval z B. Hacquetom; le-ta je z Ingenhouszovim eudiometrom polnim
natrijevega nitrita iskal vzroke samovigov v visokogorju; brkone si je izposodil kar olsko
napravo, vmes pa je pisal tudi idrijskemu farmacevtu E. Freyerju, eprav nista bila v dobrih
odnosih.8 Eudiometer je postal posebno priljubljen v Voltovi predelavi za elektrino pitolo;
dva eudiometra za kemijske sinteze in elektrino pitolo je uporabljal ljubljanski profesor
Janez Krstnik Kersnik (*1783; 1850) leta 1811.9

Obelodanili bomo delovanje Voltovih sorodnikov Inzaghijev na Kranjskem in njihove


zasluge za razvoj naih kemijskih ved s posebnim poudarkom na dosekih Inzaghijevega
idrijskega lekarnarja E. Freyerja.

Slika 1: Italijansko dopisovanje med mladoporoencem Alessandrom Volto in njegovim


grakim sorodnikom, donedavnim direktorjem idrijskega rudnika Francem Janezom
Inzaghijem konec poletja 1794. Volta je tedaj e dve leti proti L. Galvanijevi (*1737; 1798)
domislici o ivalski elektriki razvijal teorijo elektrike v kovinah, ki ga je v avgustu 1796
pripeljala do treh odloilnih pisem Sullelettricit eccitata dal contatto dei conduttori
dissimili; objavil jih je pri Hacquetovemu prijatelju Friedrichu Albrechtu Karlu Grenu
(*1799; 1812) v mestu Halle. Voltova zmaga nad pristai osem let starejega Galvanija ni
bila izbojevana zgolj z mojo argumentov, temve tudi z argumenti moi Voltovih prijateljev
med katerimi je pomemben poloaj zavzemal bivi idrijski direktor Inzaghi.

2. Voltov sorodnik plaa natis


Ljubljanskega izpita iz fizike s kemijo

Martin Prenner (*1746)10 je nije tudije, filozofijo s kemijskimi vedami in moralko konal
v Ljubljani.11 V manika je bil posveen leta 1771, nato pa je bil eno leto kaplan v Spodnji
Idriji nedale od gradu svojega mecena Inzaghija. Kot triindvajsetletni tudent fizike je
Baccarijevo knjigo o fosforescenci in luminiscenci privezal k svojemu konnemu izpitu pri
G. Schttlu leta 1769 v Ljubljani; dodal je hvaleno posvetilu Voltovemu sorodniku grofu
Inzaghiju.

Inzaghi je bil soprog Marie Valpurge Dietrichstein, po njeni smrti pa si je izbral grofico
Rosalijo Attems (1841). Marija mu je v Idriji rodila bodoega kranjskega guvernerja (1818
1819), benekega guvernerja (18201826) in vijega dvornega kanclerja Karla Borromusa
Rudolfa (*1777; 1856), prav tako pa stotnika in cesarskega komornika Philippa (*1781;
1857). Franc Janez Nepomuk je bil brat trakega (1775), gorikega (1788) in goriko-
gradikega (1791) kofa Franca Filipa Inzaghija (*1731; 1816), ki je kot ljubljanski kanonik
deloval v obdobju od 14. 11. 1772 do 1774. Njun sorodnik Franc Ignac Inzaghi je bil upnik
na Ptuju od leta 1758 do svoje smrti leta 1769.

Franc Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi je bil upravitelj idrijskega rudnika med letoma 17641791;
takoj je zael z izkopavanjem jaka, ki ga po njem imenujemo e danes. Inzaghiji so se na
tajersko preselili iz lombardijskega Coma. Na Kranjsko jih je zanesel prav duh po idrijskem
ivem srebru, ki ni zasvojil zgolj Franca Janeza Nepomu ka Inzaghija, temve tudi njegovega
pradeda Abundusa Maria Inzaghija (Abondio, 1691 Gradec). Abundus (Abondio) Maria je
bil soprog Marije Magdalene Morelli von Schoenberg, oe Johanna Philippa in ded Carla
Franza. Delal je za cesarja Ferdinanda III. in Leopolda I. kot svetnik dvorne komore in viji
rudarski nadzornik v Idriji. Podobno kot na Ptuju bratje Caccia, se je s sprva ukvarjal
preprodajo sukna in denarnimi posli; pozneje se je preselil v Gradec, kjer je postal vodja
novnega urada. Reorganiziral je proizvodnjo ivega srebra v Idriji in nato obvladoval
trgovino z ivim srebrom, bakrom in podobnim blagom.12 Z nakupi gospostev Hart,
Kindberg in Ober-Lorenzen severno od Gradca se je 19. 8. 1658 prikljuil tajerskim
stanovom. Abundus Inzaghi je uvedel dravno upravljanje in prodajo (1659); pospeil je
izvoz idrijskega ivega srebra preko amsterdamske druine Deutz. Cesar Leopold je
Abundusa Marijo povial v barona in nato e v grofa. Abundus naj bi imel ve dobika od
same dravne blagajne; zato je bil odstavljen.13

Abundusova sinova sta utemeljila druinski veji v Comu in v Gradcu. Prva je leta 1745 dala
znamenitega Alessandra Volto,14 druga pa potomce Johanna Philippa Inzaghija (1. 3. 1729
Gradec) na tajerskem. Voltova mati Marija Maddalena in idrijski upravitelj Franc Janez
Inzaghi sta bila otroka bratrancev in kljub razdaljam v tesnem stiku. Tako je Volta grake
Inzaghije konec avgusta 1794 povabil na svojo poroko ne da bi vedel za smrt Franza Antona
Inzaghija (*1719; 1791), starejega brata donedavnega idrijskega upravitelja Franca Janeza
Inzaghija. Franc Janez Inzaghi je Volti dne 10. 9. 1794 estital k brhki nevesti iz Coma,
Mariji Terezi Peregrini;15 vzela sta se 22. 9. 1794. Franc Janez Inzaghi je vodil proizvodnjo
idrijskega ivega srebra v asu, ko je Volta ivo srebro uporabljal v barometrih za svoje
poskuse s plini, e posebej pa v fizikalnem teatru tedaj habsburke univerze v Pavii, kjer se
je leta 1779 pridruil dve leti prej nastavljenemu Scopoliju; Scopolijeve in Inzaghijeve zveze
z Idrijo so seveda zgladile dobave ivega srebra za pavijske znanstvenike.

Leta 1784 je Volta obiskal Dunaj, habsburki oblastniki pa so mu darovali pomembno


koliino idrijskega ivega srebra za poskuse v fizikalnem teatru, ki je bil v groben konan
leta 1788. V letih 1790 in 1791 je Antonio Cetti (*1752; 1835) ve tednov v Pavii izdeloval
za Volto termometre, barometre in podobne naprave polnjene z idrijskim ivim srebrom,
duhovnik Angelo Bellani (*1776 Monza; 1852 Milano) pa je dodal druge.16

Inzaghiji so bili izjemno izobraeni; njihovo tehniko nadarjenost je podedoval tudi


Alessandro Volta (*1745) po svoji materi Mariji Maddaleni Inzaghi, mrzli sestrini idrijskega
upravnika Franca Janeza Nepomuka Inzaghija. V Gradcu so Inzaghiji zbrali mogono
knjinico kjer so v knjige radi vpisovali lastne domislice. Med drugim so imeli prvi izdaji
Valvasorjeve Slave in Topografije, Andreas Albertusovo Aritmeticae (1671), Evklida (1509)
privezanega v Peuerbachove Tabulare eclypsium (1514), Guerickovo Experimenta nova
(1672) s privezano J. Chr. Steebovo (1679) Coelum Sephiroticum Hebraeorum, A. Kircherjev
China (1771 z Inzaghijevimi marginalijami in lastnikim vpisom), Mundus Subterraneus
(Inzaghijev izvod 1678) in Magnes sive de Arte Magnetica (1654 Inzaghijev izvod z
lastnikim vpisom), Montuclovo Zgodovino matematike 17791802 in Newtonovo angleko
Optics iz leta 1704.17 Za Inzaghijeve kemijske interese je bila odloilnega pomena knjiga
Otta von Guericka o izumu vakuumske rpalke in prvih meteorolokih prognozah s pomojo
barometra polnega idrijskega ivega srebra; podobno zanimivo je bilo Kircherjevo ne vselej
neoporeno pisanje o kemiji podzemlja in magnetov.

3. Inzaghijev idrijski lekarnar

Franc Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi je upravljal Idrijski rudnik v asu zdravnikov-kemikov


Scopolija in Hacqueta; tako mu je prvi lahko priporoil Prennerja oziroma Schttla v varstvo,
eravno je Inzaghi nasprotoval Scopolijevemu in pozneje Hacquetovemu znanstvenemu delu,
ki naj bi lo na rova zdravljenja rudarjev.18 Inzaghi se je sprva branil zaposliti Hacqueta,
vendar ga je Gerhard van Swieten zavrnil leta 1766. Inzaghi je hvalili Hacquetovo
strokovnost in mu obenem oital vzvieno uenjatvo eprav je bil seveda zadovoljen s
Hacquetovimi predlogi za proizvodnjo cinobra; seveda je Hacquetu trda predla po smrti
njegovega zaitnika Swietena leta 1772.19

Freyer je v Idrijo zanesel ar vzhodnjakih modrosti. Muslimani niso uspeli osvojiti Dunaja
1683, so ga pa sedaj. Skupaj z njimi zahod osvajajo Kitajci, ki pa med Slovenci noejo
ustanoviti geta, eprav imajo gete v Trstu, Gradcu in drugod po okolici. S fizinim
transferjem samih sebe ta folk prinaa svoje tradicije, eprav so v novi domovini industrijski
sunji, esar se Naci Alternative fr Deutschland mono zaveda. Modrost vzhoda, ki se je
zaman skuala zaznavno prebiti zahod na moder nain od asu med Nikolo Teslo in
hipijevskimi dedii leta 1968, je konno nala pot na zahod z mnoinim transferjem
prostovoljnih sunjev zahodnjake industrije, ki v novi domovini zavrejo vse razen
bistvenega: tradicij svoje kulture v obliki vere muslimanov ali nevere Kitajcev. Dravljanske
vojne in boji med ljudmi enakih jezikovnih tradicij so vedno najbolj poastne, ker se te ljudje
intimno zavedajo, da pobijajo svoje brate-stare, zato morajo zakriti svoj oitni Ojdipov greh
za krvolono bestialnost v okolju, kjer je poturica vedno huji od Turka oziroma je
Volksdeutscher vedno huji od Nemca. Rasizem proti ljudem, ki se od tebe sploh ne
razlikujejo razen zaradi akulturacije v doloeno tebi tujo skupnost, je vedno najhuji, tudi pri
nekdanjih in sedanjih nacistih, saj so bili idje svoj as najbolj zadrti Nemci v celi Evropi,
podobno pa so priseljeni Turki e postajali najbolj zadrto nemki od vseh Nemcev, e jih ne
bi ustavil rasizem Alternative fr Deutschland. Ksenofobija proti drugovercem je huja od
navadnega rasizma, saj drugoverce skua spreobrniti kot skrajni cilj vsake vere, medtem ko
je, denimo, spreobraanje rnca v belca manj perspektivno, razen e ga prebarva. V vojni
med rasno razlinimi ljudmi je nek fair-play ki konno pripelje do mirovnega sporazuma, v
vojni med enakih jezikov a razline (verske) socializacije pa fair-play nima moi in mirovnih
sporazumov ni, saj imajo sprte strani nasprotnike za izdajalce (Poturice, Volksdeutcherje,
Nemkutarje), ki jih je treba spreobrniti nazaj v edino pravo vero s silo. Zato se je Inzaghi
manj otepal razmeroma tujerodnega upravnika idrijske lekarne med letoma 17541795
Ernesta Freyerja (*1730 atec (Saaz, Satz) ob Ohri v Sudetih; 1795 Idrija),20 ki mu je
svetoval izbiro Beccarijeve knjige o fosforescenci. E. Freyer je zaznamoval svoj lastniki vpis
v dve knjigi odkritelja fosforja Johanna Lwenstern-Kunckela (*1638; 1703). Prva je bila
opis kemijskega laboratorija,21 etrti del slednje pa pie o fosforju. V katalogu knjig
zapisanem 29. 4. 1790 in razporejenem po estih prostorih s knjigami je Freyer zadnjo knjigo
opisal kot: Kunckel, Chymische Traktaten.22 Freyerjevi rokopisi so danes v ARS, knjige v
NUKu pa krasi zapis priimka v desnem spodnjem delu naslovnice. Freyer je v svoj katalog
zapisal kabalo;23 brkone delo Christiana Gottlieba Kniga (Frankfurt: Heinscheit, 1740).
Bral je dela tevilnih kemikov med katerimi so bili: direktor fizikalnega oddelka pruske
Akademije znanosti Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (*1709; 1782) sin berlinskega farmacevta
Henninga Christiana Marggrafa (*1680; 1754),24 raziskovalec cinobra lan Akademije
Curiosorum Matthias Tilingius (Tiling, *1634; 1685),25 profesor kemije in metalurgije na
rudarski akademiji v Freibergu Christlieb Ehregott Gellert (*1713; 1795),26 Richard
Anglicus iz Wendoverja,27 direktor idrijskega rudnika Steinberg,28 profesor kemije in
matematike v Erfurtu Hieronymus von Ludolf (*1708; 1764),29 kopenhagenski professor
Thomas Bartholin (*1616; 1680) in njegov oe Caspar Bartholin (*1585; 1629),30 na
Ogrskem rojeni dunajski zdravnik-botanik Jacob Wernischek ter berlinski professor
toksikolog Johan Samuel Halle (*1727; 1810). Freyer je imel knjigo Jacoba Andreasa
Webra (*1741; 1792) Leichtfassliche Chemie fr Handwerker und deren Lehrlinge: worinn
die Anwenduug dieser Kunst auf die Verarbeitung aller Metalle und die Bereitung
verschiedener Farben kurz und grndlich gezeiget wird... iz leta 1793. V Freyerjevi knjinici
najdemo tudi pisce kot so bili njegov sodelavec Scopoli,33 gttingenski profesor kemije in
medicine Rudolph Augustin Vogel (Vogl, *1724; 1774),34 pastor v mestu Mamonovo
(Heiligenbeil) med letoma 15841612 Johann Cocus,35 profesor kemije na univerzi v
Uppsali Johan Gottschalk Wallerius (*1709; 1785).36 Wallerius je objavil svojo
sistematizacijo kristalnih oblik v Berlinu leta 1750. Zanj so se zanimali tudi jezuiti, ki so del
rokopisa Walleriusove mineralogije z razporeditvijo kamnin hranili v Collegio Romano.
Francoski prevod dela je izel leta 1753, nemki pa desetletje pozneje. Francoski prevod s
tevilnimi skicami simetrinih vzorcev sneink in mineralov so kmalu nabavili v Ljubljani in
je pozneje postal del licejske knjinice.37

E. Freyer ni knjig le nabavljal, temve je tevilne med njimi kar prepisal v delavni vnemi za
ve stopenj huji od zanamcev, ki delamo zgolj izpiske. Med prepisovanjem je dodal e
marsikaj svojega, posebno rad pa zanimive risbe. Tako je na 84 listih prepisal in okrasil del
312 strani dolge J.C. Vanderbeegove knjige o Paracelzu,38 ki ga je naslovil Das geheime
Buch der Weisheit zur Langen Leben und Vollkommenen Reichtum.
Freyerja je pritegnilo pisanje poznejega filozofa Emanuela Swedenborga (*1688; 1772) z
opisom elezovih rud v drugem in bakrovih rudnin v tretjem delu. Trije zvezki Emanuela
Swedenborga so bili med najbolj vpadljivimi in dragimi knjigami tudi v Zoisovi knjinici.
Swedenborg je tudiral v Uppsali, leta 1724 pa je zavrnil tamkajnjo ponudbo za
matematino katedro, eravno je imel za seboj veliko dela na tehninih reitvah. Prvi zvezek
je posvetil Ludviku Rudolfu vojvodi Bunswicku in Lneburgu, drugega Wilhelmu deelnemu
grofu Hesse, potomcu lastnika prvega sodobnega evropskega astronomskega observatorija. Z
najdebelejim tretjim zvezkom je poastil kralja vedov, Gotov in Vandalov Friderika I.
Tako kot je postalo pozneje moderno pri Renju Justu Hayu, je tudi Swedenborg v
predgovoru razdelil eter na ve elementov. Najprej je obravnaval ogenj, ogenj, magnet, zrak
in vodno paro. Opisal je deklinacijo magneta, britanskega astronoma Davida Gregoriusa in
kartezijanske vrtince okoli Zemlje. Na koncu je dodal 28 tabel s skicami, kar je bilo precej
manj kot v tretjem zvezku, kjer so zakljune skice obsegale domala pol zvezka. V drugem
delu je obravnaval elezno rudo in jame na vedskem, ogljik v povezavi z ognjem, vire
eleza in srebro. Na koncu je dodal nepaginiran zemljevid Sibirije s Tobolskom vred v
prepognjenem A1 formatu, plav in pihalnik s plavem; podobnega je izumil Zois in ga
podaril Kersnikovemu ljubljanskemu fizikalno kemijskemu kabinetu. Do enaindvajsete skice
je risal inenirske naprave, nato pa kamnine in rudarjenje do zadnje 36. slike. Swedenborg je
v zakljunem tretjem zvezku opisal ienje bakra, e posebej na ekem, taljenje bakra in
zlasti skrivnostnega alkimista Agrippo. Na konec je dodal 89 bakrorezov zaeni s sliko
popolnega fosilnega skeleta iz ledenika, kamnitimi hiami, arheolokim orodjem in novimi
napravami za dvigovanje tovorov.39 Freyerjeve kemijske usmeritve se odraajo v nakupih
knjig pomembnih piscev, med katerimi so bili profesor farmacevtske kemije na Kraljiinem
kolegiju v Cambridgeu Joannes Franciscus Vigani (* okoli 1650 Verona; 1712), (Medulla
Chemiae), Johan Kunckel (De Principiis Chemicis), Gaspar Schott40 in Marcus Friedrich
Rosenkreutzer imenovan Franz Ritter (*1579; 1641);41 brkone je uval celo Scopolijev
rokopis.42 Ljubljanski franikani so imeli celo zbirko knjig profesorja v mestu Halle
Friedricha Hoffmanna (*1660; 1742), medtem ko je Freyer nabavil le dve. Freyer je
uporabljal Reichovo priljubljeno zbirko kemijskih simbolov, prepisal pa je tudi kemijo
profesorja v Altdorfu in Halleju Johanna Heinricha Schulzeja (Schultz, *1687; 1744),
odkritelja srebrovega klorida in nitrata.43

Podobno je Freyer prepisal knjigo veda Axela Frederika Cronstedta (*1722; 1765) in G.
Wiedemana Versuch einer neuen Mineralogie (Kopenhagen: Rothenschen Buchhandlung,
1760), ki jo je Biwald v Gradcu leta 1777 ponatisnil ob vezavi k svojim izpitnim tezam iz
grake izdaje iz leta 1775. Cronstedt je upoteval kemijsko sestavo snovi; z razpihovanjem je
segreval arei kristal da je lahko iz barve izparin ugotavljal njegove lastnosti. Hacquet je v
Ljubljani uporabljal ponatis Cronstedtovega dela objavljen v Leipzigu leta 1780. E. Freyer je
nabavil tiri Linnjeva dela,46 prepisal pa je uppsalsko disertacijo Fredrica Hasselquista
branjeno pri Linnju, ki jo je hranil tudi kranjski baron Erberg v Biwaldovem ponatisu.47
ved Frideric Hasselquist (*1722; 1752) je pisal48 o tiriinpetdesetih novo odkritih vrstah
rastlin, pozneje leta 1754 opisanih v peti izdaji Genera plantarum. Biwald je k Hasselquistovi
razpravi dodal svoja dognanja, med drugim o nahajaliih volje enje (Atropa belladonna)
na tajerskem. Hasselquist je bil med najljubimi Linnjevimi dijaki; navajal je Linnjevega
leydenskega uitelja Boerhaava, eprav le v opombi. Urednik Biwald se je v razpisal ob
koncu Hasselquistovega dela; skliceval se je na akte parikih akademikov objavljene leta
1703; pri tem seveda ni pozabil omeniti Florae Carniolicae svojega prijatelja Scopolija.49
Pogumni Hasselquist se je s trgovsko ladjo odpeljal na vzhod in domov poslal prvi
naravoslovni opis Svete deele; Linn je njegovo poroilo objavil leta 1757, kmalu pa so ga
prevedli e Francozi, Nemci in Anglei.
E. Freyer je komentiral raziskavo antimonovih spojin iz leta 1764; natisnjena je bila v
Leipzigu izpod peresa Anglea Johna Huxhama FRS (*1692; 1768) kot prevod (1756)
Medical and chemical observations upon antimony. Prepisal je tudi 24 listov knjige
wittenberkega in rostokega tudenta, ronega kriarja, raziskovalca Paracelza, pastorja v
Lneburgu in Altenbruchu Christopha Barbarossa (Ratichius Brotoffer, *1562; 1623).51
Freyer je prepisal tudi delo Johna Raya FRS (*1627; 1705) Methodus plantarum emandatra
et aucta (1703) na 46 listih z razglabljanji o proizvodnji ivega srebra.

Johan Jakob Becher je bil med najbolj priljubljenimi Freyerjevimi pisci; Freyer je nabavil
njegovo alkimijo De secretis alchemiae Briefe,52 Physica Subterranea Opus Sine Pari
Lipsiae: Weidmann, 1738 in Chemische Schriften.53 E.Freyer je rono prepisal knjigo
Becherjevega dunajskega sodelavca Wilhelma von Schrderja (*1640 Preov na Slovakem;
1688): Nothwendiger Unterricht vom Goldmachen, denen Buccinatoribus oder so sich
selbst nennenden foederativ hermeticis auf ihre drey Epistel zur freundlichen Nachricht.
Knjiga je izla leta 1684, Freyer pa je uporabil natis iz leta 1721 o javnih financah in alkemiji
pod naslovom: Wilhelm Freyh. von Schrdern Frstliche Schatz- und Rent-Cammer: nebst
seinem Tractat vom Goldmachen wie auch vom Ministrissimo oder Ober-Staats-Bedienten
(Leipzig: T. Fritsch). Mladi Schrder je dne 3. 4. 1661, 6. 6. 1661 in 9. 6. 1662 poroal
Gasparju Schottu iz Londona o Boylovih vakuumskih rpalkah in drugih napravah. Pisma je
Kircherjev uenec Schott54 objavil ob prvem opisu Guerickove vakuumske rpalke. Freyer je
prepisal e Conspectvs Chemiae Theoretico-Practicae: Tomus ... In Forma Tabvlarvm
Repraesentatvs, In Qvibvs Physica, Praesertim Svbterranea, Et Corporvm Natvralivm
Principia, Habitvs Inter Se, Proprietates, Vires Et Vsvs, Itemqve Praecipva Chemiae
Pharmacevticae Et Mechanicae Fvndamenta E Dogmatibus Becheri Et Stahlii...
Explicantur... (Halae Magdenburg: Orphanotropheum, 1730), ki jo je sestavil Johann Juncker
(*1679 Londorf; 1759 Halle) ob pomoI Junckerjevega predhodnika na katedri za medicino
v mestu Halle Georga Ernsta Stahla (*1660 Jena; 1734 Berlin) na osnovi razmiljanj
dunajskega alkimista-gospodarstvenika Johanna Joachima Bechera (*1635 Speyer, 1682
London). Freyer je narisal tevilne alkimistine simbole za ponazoritev spajanja elementov;
oitno se je zanimal za osem desetletij stareja dunajska merkantilista in kameralista
Schrderja in Becherja, e bolj pa za sodobno skandinavsko kristalografijo in farmacevtsko
botaniko ljubljanskih in grakih jezuitov. Freyer je stoletje po prakem Rudolfovem dvoru e
nadalje gojil tamkajnjo alkimistino tradicijo.

E. Freyer je nabavil tudi rokopis Lu sedmih dvojnih zvezd in tevilne druge spise. Zapis je
objavil56 oziroma zapisal v etverki ljubljanski zdravnik in fizik v Varadinu, sin
ljubljanskega mestnega sodnika Jakob Ignaz Seiter (Seitern, Seitter). Delo je posvetil nekaj
let starejemu
Adamu Johannu Christophu Lebaldtu von Lebenwaldu (* 1624 Sarleinsbach v Zgornji
Avstriji; 1696 Leoben), ki je bil leta 1659 za zasluge pri zdravljenju kuge nagrajen s
plemikim naslovom. Lebenwald je bil nasprotnik alkimije kamna modrosti, od 1674 do 1684
pa je ivel na svojem lastnem gradu v Stibichhofen Trofaiach severozahodno od Leobna; v
Salzburgu je malo pred Seiterjem leta 1681/82 objavil kritiko alkimije, izdelave zlata,
ronihm kriarjev in Paracelza takoj po polemiki med Kranjcem Janezom Friderikom
Rainom in ehom Jakobom Joannesom Wenceslausom Dobrzensky de Nigro Ponte (Jakub
Jan Vaclav (Weneslav) iz erneho Mostu (Schwartzbrug), *1623; 1697), prakim uencem
Kircherjevega prijatelja Marcusa Marcija.
Leta 1751 je Freyer v Ljubljani prepisal kemijska in medicinska dela praktinega
laboratorijskega alkimista Joannesa de Monte Snydersa (Snyder, okoli 16251670), prav tako
pa medicino urednika-alkimista Adama Gottloba Berlicha iz Dresdna, ki jo je lastnorono
prepisal tudi Isaac Newton. E. Freyer je v prepis privezal Snydersovo povezovanje planetov s
kovinami istega urednika.59 Snyders je leta 1660 obiskal Leopoldov dunajski dvor, kar je
tlakovalo njegovo priljubljenost v habsburkih deelah. E. Freyer je verjetno tudiral na
ekem: doma je bil v mestu hmelja in piva atcu ob Ohri blizu Karlovih Varov in sosednjih
toplic, kjer je etrt stoletja mlaji Tobija Gruber kemijsko analiziral vode podobno kot Freyer
na idrijskem obmoju. E. Freyer je bil v Ljubljani med letoma 17511753; najprej je tam
datiral svoj rokopis o naravnih udesih,61 nato dekompozicijo (spojin) kovin62 in zbirko
kemijskih poskusov.63 Brkone je Freyer takrat nabavil tudi podobno knjigo64 domnevno
izpod peresa legendarnega Basiliusa Valentinusa; morda je bilo delo istovetno s Freyerjevim
rokopisom o filozofskem kamnu z astrolokimi rauni in igralno karto za prerokbe.65 al je
prvi zvezek z navedbo pisca izgubljen v vihri minulih stoletij. Freyer je bil brkone
ljubljanski vajenec lekarnarja Franca Karla Weinhardta na Novem trgu 2 (t. 293 nasproti
mostu, danes Juriev trg 2); hio so imeli med letoma 16541672 lekarnar Ludovik
Hauenstein in njegovi dedii, za njimi lekarnar irskega rodu Janez Jurij Tosch in dedii do
leta 1705, ko je poslopje kupil lekarnar Janez Peter Sartori. Sartori je 1717 leta kupil e
sosednjo hio Karla pl. Samburga in stavbi gradbeno zdruil. Od leta 1740 je lastnik tako
razirjene stavbe lekarnar Franc Karel Weinhardt. Weinhardt je med epidemijo pegavca leta
1752 oskrboval Idrijo z zdravili. Weinhardt je 14. 2. 1754 v Ljubljani iztoil kiparja
Francesca Robba (*1698; 1757) za neplaana zdravila v znesku 41 gld in 33 kr s 6%
obrestmi.

Zdravnik s podobnim priimkom Tirolec Ferdinand Karl Weinhart (*1654; 1716) je bil
vekratni rektor in dekan medicinske fakultete v u, osebni zdravnik cesarjev Joefa I. in Karla
VI.; drugi Franc Weinhardt je bil sedlar na pitalskem mostu v Ljubljani.66

10. 10. 1754 je dunajska Munz- und Bergwesens Hoffkammer z dekretom doloila podroja
delovanja treh zdravstvenih pomonikov je torej e pred tem datumom delal v Idriji. Morda
je E.Freyer prihajal v Idrijo e v letu 1752/53 ko je bilo treba v hini lekarni Hacquetovega
predhodnika ranocelnika Gutta in v provizorini bolninici med epidemijo pegavca pripraviti
ve zdravil, lekarnike prostore v oficirski hii pa opremiti z napravami, posodjem in
potrebinami za samostojno lekarniko delo; najmanj pol leta so vgrajevali kurilne naprave
in drugo opremo. Morda pa je bila oprema e prej ob epidemiji pegavca 1752 nameena v
priakovanju, da bo Munz- und Bergwesens Hoffkammer odobrila stroke za lekarno. Trije
idrijski zdravstveni delavci (Gesundheitshelfer) so delovali tako, da sta bila ranocelnik Gutt
in lekarniki provizor E. Freyer podrejena zdravniku Scopoliju in nista smela zdravil
predpisovati oziroma izdajati iz lekarne; zdravnik je imel letno plao 800 fl, kirurg 500 fl,
lekarnar 400 l, lekarnar-laborant pa 40 fl leta 1790. eleno razporeditev je onemogoila
nenaravna loitev zdravljenja internih bolezni od ranocelnikih pokodb ali posledic
zastrupitve ter prironost in stalna pristopnost zdravil v lekarni, ki niso bila vezana na recept.
Kasneje je bilo ob prisotnosti rudnikega upravitelja dogovorjeno uinkoviteje sodelovanje
zdravstvenih delavcev (physicus, chirurgus in apotheker provisor): za lekarnarja E. Freyerja
je bilo dogovorjeno: da mora (in sme) tudi recepte, ki jih rudniko osebje dobi od drugih
zdravnikov, zvesto izdelati in izdajati; prav tako sme v lekarni izdajati manje stvari kot so
mazila, fizikusa A.Scopolija, padarja Joefa Gutta (1765) in lekarnarja Ernesta Freyerja, ki
razpolaga z oblii, prsnimi aji in tako imenovanimi hinimi sredstvi-zdravili izdelanimi po
svojem predpisu. 6. 10. 1763 je poroal Sartori o obtobah, da lekarnar E. Freyerja izdaja
zdravila brez Scopolijevega pooblastila. Freyer je 26. 9. 1763 povsem odkrito povedal, saj se
je oitkov zlahka ubranil: da sem res sam predpisoval zdravila in izdajal zdravila, celo
uslubence in rudarje sem hoe noe tudi zdravil. Scopoli je namre vsakoletno 8 do 4 dni,
vekrat tudi 3 tedne izostajal, da bi se posveal botaniki in zbiranju insektov. Prav v tem letu
mi je za tri mesece zaupal ves rudnik in mi zaukazal obiskovanje ter zdravljenje pacientov s
pronjo, da naj ga ne obremenjujem. V najveji stiski naj pokliem zdravnika iz Ljubljane.
E. Freyer se je po pogostem nadomeanju Scopolija poutil e pravega zdravnika in se je e
pozneje rad vmeaval v zdravljenje bolnikov. Munz- und Bergwesens Hoffkammer je
opozoril, da morajo prizadeti Scopoli in zdravstveni delavci dobro sodelovati in se izogibati
sporom; Scopoli naj k bolnikom in bolnicam povabi lekarnarja, ki jezik prebivalstva dobro
razume. Scopoli je pomo izobraenega in izkuenega Freyerja potreboval pri botaninem
raziskovanju; med drugim ga je pohvalil kot odkritelja rastline Hemerocalis cava. Pritoba
zoper E. Freyerja je morda povezana z velikim nezadovoljstvom Scopolijeve druge soproge
Ljubljananke Katarine pl. Frankenfeld poroene 15. 2. 1758 e pred smrtjo njunega otroka
27. 9. 1769. Nenavadne pronje in pritobe proti E.Freyerju, ki naj bi jih domnevno poiljal
Scopoli na Dunaj, so bile pisane z roko razlino od Scopolijeve in z napakami pri
podpisnikovem imenu Scopuli, namesto Knappen pa Knaben; tudi vsebina ter sestava
tekstov kae na mono avtorico: nezadovoljno soprogo. Tako si je mogoe razloiti
nelogino in krivino obtobo proti lekarnarju.68 Da bi Scopolija potolaili, je 14. 11. 1763
zael pouevati sedem izbranih tudentov na javni kemijsko-metalurko oli za 400 gld letno;
Inzaghi ga resda ni hotel imenovati za prisednika svojega urada, kot strokovnjaka pa ga je
vabil k obravnavam galnitva.

Dvajsetletni Freyer se je med tudijem lekarnikih ved obenem privajal slovenini dokler ni
po smrti Antona Hauptmanna (27. 6. 1754)69 nastavljeni direktor idrijskega rudnika Anton
Sartori (10. 11. 1764) iz vinskega davka zbral dovolj denarja, da je lahko v Idriji nastavil
zdravnika Scopolija junija 1754 in ez nekaj tednov e lekarnarja Freyerja; tako je E. Freyer
postavil na noge idrijsko apoteko med oktobrom 1754 in letom 1795. Mo s podobnim
priimkom Johan Jakob Frey (*1631; 1711)70 je bil kranjski deelni lekarnar in si je leta
1776/77 pridobil plemiki naslov Freydenfeld. Idrijski Freyerji so poznali trgovino Pri zlatem
mesecu (Goldener Monde) na dunajski Landstrasse katere lastnik Freyer je imel sorodnike na
ekem.71 eh Georg Freyer (* 16. 2. 1681 Zkupy (Reichstadt) severno od Prage v
Sudetih; SJ 9. 10. 1716 Dunaj; 11. 12. 1731 Bratislava) je bil uvaj svetia v Slavonski
Poegi (17191724 tudi kletar), Pcsu, Budi 17261727 in Trnavi 17281731; ve ekih
jezuitov je bilo uspenih farmacevtov, med njimi praki jezuit Franiek Althaus (*1707;
1764) v jezuitskih kolegijih Koice, Gradec, Dunaj in Linz ali pa Filip Braun (*18. 2. 1673
Cheb (Eger); SJ 27. 10. 1701 Trnava; 22. 8. 1728 Trenin) na kolegijih Trenin 17051706,
Celovec 17071709, Linz 1711, Trnava 1712, Zagreb 17131714,
Dunaj 1715, Gyr 1716, Krems 17171720 in Dunaj 17211722.72 E. Freyer se je na
jezuitskih nijih olah nauil dovolj dobro latinsko in starogrko, da je lahko v obeh jezikih
pisal svoje ljubljanske in idrijske kemijske spise. Poroil se je z Elizabeto Pollin, ki mu je
rodila sinove Joefa in Karla; druinska kronika Freyerjev najprej opisuje Ernestov prihod v
Idrijo leta 1754 in ele v naslednjem odstavku navaja poroko z Elizabeto, kar daje slutiti, da
je bila poroka v Idriji.74 Leta 1736 je delovanje Idrijskega rudnika preverjala dvorna
komisija s lanom svetnikom (Bergrath, Berghauptmann, Bergverwalter) Pollom, ki je leta
1750 uvedel almadenske pei za destilacijo idrijskega ivega srebra z velikimi gorilnimi
odprtinami pri retorti, kot jih je uvedel almadenski super-intendant Don (Juan) Alfonso
Bustamente iz Zagale leta 1646/1660 na osnovi izumov Alvara Alonsa Barba (*1569; 1662)
in Lope Saavedra Barba v Peruju. Novost je Jussieu opisal leta 1719.75

Zveza z ljubljansko visoko drubo je bila nujna, da je tiriindvajsetletni E. Freyer lahko


postal provizor lekarne v Idriji po ukazu van Swietena, eravno je Janez Anton Scopoli
(*1723; 1788) dne 20. 1. 1755 preko direktorja Sartorija prosil naj kar njemu dunajski dvor
dovoli pripravljanje zdravil in vodenje lekarne ob dodatni plai 800 fl letno. 20. 9. 1754
Sartori ni podprl Scopolija, saj naj bi tedanji zdravniki ne oskrbovali svojih bolnikov z
zdravili. C. Weinhardt je Sartoriju ponudil opremo in oskrbo lekarne po nijih cenah 400500
fl letno; prav tako mu je obljubil preskrbeti izkueno osebo za vodjo lekarne. Neimenovani
strokovnjak je bil gotovo Ernest Freyer, ki se je domnevno tiste dni udinjal kot kandidat za
prvi nastop (tironcinium) pri Weinhardtu. Scopoliju se ni posreilo zase pridobiti lekarno na
Freyerjev rova, v bodoe pa sta dobro sodelovala; Scopoli je seveda skual tako Freyerju kot
Hacquetu naprtiti nekaj svojega dela, vendar sta se mu drug za drugim postavila po robu.
Seveda je bila med Scopolijem in Freyerjem velika drubena razlika, e veja pa med
Scopolijem in Inzaghijem; socialne ravni dobro orisujejo botrstva otrokom, saj pri plemikih
krstih ali porokah Freyer ni bil udeleen. Po drugi strani je leta 1783 Inzaghijev sorodnik
Volta opisal eudiometer za Scopolijev razirjeni prevod Slovarja Kemije Pierra Josepha
Macquerja, kar si je mladi Volta tisti as gotovo tel v ast.

Slika 18: Zapiski E. Freyerjevega sina farmacevta Karla Freyerja (*1762; 1835) pod
naslovom Extractus Collegiorum Chymicorum, theoreticorum tum practicorum (AS 863 .
3), ki jih je v katalogu knjig 25. 1. 1835 Freyer zapisal kot C.B. Freyer, Chymica collegia,
1790 (AS 863 . 19, t. 149), kar se je nanaalo na osem listov Karlovega rokopisa
Collegiorum Chymicorum (AS 863 . 3). Ker podrobnosti olanja E. Freyerja v Ljubljani med
letoma 17511753 ne poznamo, jih lahko morda izluimo iz dobro dokumentiranega
kemijsko-farmacevtskega olanja njegovega sina Karla v Ljubljani, Celju in na Dunaju. V
asu Ernesta Freyerja je moral bodoi lekarnar tri leta obiskovati latinske ole (jezuitske nije
tudije), nato pa je opravil izpit pred cehom in ga dal potrditi oblastem. Od srede 18. stoletja
dalje je za opravljanje samostojne obrti lekarnar moral opraviti e izpit na medicinski
fakulteti pri G. van Swietenu, od leta 1820 pa je e potreboval kemijski univerzitetni doktorat
ali univerzitetni izpit za magistra farmacije.76 Krstna botra Karla Freyerja sta bila Karl
Gariboldi in Marija Kristina rojena Pasetzky soproga Antona Sartorija. Birmanski boter Karla
Freyerja je bil zdravnik Joseph Knee (Bergkammeral physicus), ki je zamenjal Scopolija.
Karl Freyer je dne 4. 11. 1775 zael obiskovati prvi razred latinske ole v Ljubljani. Drugo
leto se je uil pri ljubljanskem trgovcu Zittrererju, tretje leto pa pri lekarnarju Littu; sedem
olskih let je zakljuil z najboljim uspehom pri emer so tedanji olski letniki lahko trajali
po dve ali celo tri leta. 29. 9. 1780 na dan sv. Mihaela je zael enoletni sta v apoteki Leur v
Ljubljani. Karel je svoje provizorino vajeniko usposabljanje s plao 100 florintov,
povrnjenimi potnimi stroki in letno nagradi tiri dukate konal v celjski apoteki Jakoba
Kayserja od 16/20. 2. 1786 do 1. 12. 1788 s sprievalom komisariata deelnoknejega mesta
Celje z dne 1. 12. 1788 in okronega fizika Wilhelma Vlatka datiranim 16. 11. 1790.77 Jakob
Kayser je poroil Franiko, herko celjskega lekarnarja Josefa Feriantschitza (Ferjani).
Vodil je lekarno samostana Olimje, po tastovi smrti pa je leta 1781 prevzel celjsko lekarno
pozneje imenovano Pri orlu; po Jakobovi smrti je leta 1790 lekarno prevzel Franikin drugi
mo Franc Ksaver Baumbach.78 Tako je bil Karel Freyer eden poslednjih uencev Jakoba
Kayserja, ki je bil gotovo prijatelj-sodelavec njegovega oeta. 3. 12. 1788 je Karel Freyer
odel za leto dni k ljubljanskemu lekarnarju Josephu Philippu pri dohodkih 100 florintov. 7.
3. 1790 je odel na Dunaj in opravil dvaindvajset kolegijev ter izpit pri profesorju
dunajskemu Madaru Josephu Langmayeru (Josua Langmair, Langmeyer, *1750; 1810) dne
10. 4. 1790; Langmayer je doktoriral leta 1772 na dunajski medicinski fakulteti; leta 1803 je
bil dunajski profesor farmacije in kirurgije,79 leta 1784 in 1806 pa je delal kot profesor
farmacije in osebni zdravnik poljskega kralja v Vilni. 3. 5. 1790 se je Karel Freyer zaasno
vrnil k vdovi Franiki Kayser s plao 180 florintov; v Celju je bil e po Baumbachovem
prevzemu lekarne. 2. 12. 1790 je Celje zapustil in ez pet dni prispel v Idrijo, kjer je bil 25.
12. nastavljen pri svojem oetu za provizorinega adjunkta plaanega 40 kr na dan.

Idrijski upravitelj Inzaghi

Nekdanji idrijski upravitelj Franc Anton pl. Steinberg je osemdesetleten umrl v Ljubljani leta
1765, malo pred tem pa je upravo idrijskega rudnika prevzel Franc Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi
baron Kindberg (* 27. 4. 1734; 13. 1. 1818), ki je med vsemi tekmeci najve obetal. Tisti
as je Inzaghijeva druina e tri rodove ivela v Gradcu kot srediu Notranje Avstrije, kar je
bilo za odgovoren poloaj v notranjeavstrijski Idriji e dodatno priporoilo.

Dobrotnik Inzaghi

Martinus Prenner (* 10. 9. 1746 kofja Loka; po 1801)111 je kot triindvajsetletni tudent
fizike Baccarijevo knjigo o fosforjih in luminiscenci privezal k svojemu konnemu izpitu pri
Gregorju Schttlu leta 1769 v Ljubljani. Dodal je hvaleno posvetilu grofu Francu Janezu
Nepomuku Inzaghiju baronu Kindbergu, upravitelju idrijskega rudnika. Po manikem
posveenju leta 1771 je bil Martin eno leto kaplan v Spodnji Idriji, seveda pod budnim
Inzaghijevim oesom.

Inzaghi je bil soprog Marie Valpurge Dietrichstein, po njeni smrti pa si je izbral grofico
Rosalijo Attems ( 14. 2. 1841). Marija mu je rodila bodoega kranjskega guvernerja (1818-
1819), benekega guvernerja (1820-1826) in poznejega vijega dvornega kanclerja Karla
Borromusa Rudolfa grofa Inzaghija (5.12.1777 Idrija-1856 Gradec), prav tako pa stotnika in
cesarskega komornika Philippa (15.8.1781 Idrija-1857 Ober-Rindberg na tajerskem). Franc
Janez Nepomuk je bil brat trakega (25. 4. 1775), gorikega (1788) in goriko-gradikega
(1791) kofa Franca Filipa Inzaghia, ki je kot ljubljanski kanonik deloval v obdobju 14. 11.
1772-1774. Njun sorodnik Franc Ignac Inzaghi je bil upnik na Ptuju vsaj od leta 1758 pa do
svoje smrti leta 1769.

Franc Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi je bil upravitelj idrijskega rudnika med letoma 1764-1791 in je
tam takoj zael z izkopavanjem jaka, ki ga po njem imenujemo e danes. Inzaghiji so se na
tajersko preselili iz lombardijskega Coma. Na Kranjsko jih je zanesel prav duh po idrijskem
ivem srebru, ki ni zasvojil zgolj Franca Janeza Nepomuka Inzaghija, temve tudi njegovega
pradeda Abundusa Maria Inzaghija (Abondio , * 1600; po 1659).

Abundus (Abondio) Maria je bil soprog Marije Magdalene Morelli von Schoenberg, oe
Johanna Philippa, ded Carla Franza in praded Franca Janeza Nepomuka. Delal je za cesarja
Ferdinanda III. in Leopolda I. kot svetnik dvorne komore in viji rudarski nadzornik oziroma
inpektor v Idriji. Podobno kot na Ptuju bratje Caccia, je se je s preprodajo sukna in
denarnimi posli sprva ukvarjal tudi Abondus Inzaghi; pozneje se je preselil v Gradec, kjer je

111
Pokorn, ematizem, str. 85
postal vodja novnega urada. Reorganiziral je proizvodnjo ivega srebra v Idriji in nato
obvladoval trgovino z ivim srebrom pa tudi bakrom in drugim blagom.112 Z nakupi
gospostev Kindberg, Hart in Ober-Lorenzen se je dne 19. 8. 1658 prikljuil tajerskim
stanovom. Abondus Inzaghi, praded Franca Janeza, je vodil idrijski rudnik, predlagal dravno
upravljanje in prodajo (1659); oivil je prodajo ivega srebra preko Amsterdama s pomojo
druine Deutz. Konno je bil kar preve uspeni Abondus obdolen, da ima od idrijskega
ivega srebra ve dobika od same dravne blagajne, zato je bil odstavljen.113 Kljub temu ali
pa celo prav zato je cesar Leopold povial Abundusa Marijo v barona in nato e v grofa.
Abundusova dva sinova sta utemeljila druinski veji v Comu in v Gradcu. Prva je leta 1745
dala znamenitega Alessandra Volto,114 druga pa potomce Johanna Philippa Inzaghija (* okoli
1630; po 1685) na tajerskem. Voltova mati Marija Maddalena in idrijski upravitelj Johann
Franc Janez sta bila otroka bratrancev in kljub razdaljam v tesnem stiku. Franc Janez Inzaghi
je vodil proizvodnjo idrijskega ivega srebra v asu, ko ga je Volta uporabljal v barometrih za
svoje poskuse s plini.

lani druine Inzaghi so bili izjemno izobraeni, njihovo tehniko nadarjenost pa je


podedoval tudi Alessandro Volta (* 1743 Como) po svoji materi Mariji Maddaleni Inzaghi,
mrzli sestrini idrijskega upravnika Franca Janeza Nepomuka Inzaghija. V Gradcu so
Inzaghiji zbrali mogono knjinico v svoje knjige pa so radi vpisovali tevilne opombe
marginalije.115 Med drugim so imeli prvi izdaji Valvasorjeve Slave in Topografije, Andreas
Albertus Aritmeticae (1671, Evklid (1509) privezan v Peuerbachove Tabulare eclypsium
(1514), Guerickovo Experimenta nova (1672) s privezano knjigo J. Christiana Steeba (1679)
Coelum Sephiroticum Hebraeorum, A. Kircherjeve China (1771 z Inzaghijevimi
marginalijami in exlibrisonm), Mundus Subterraneus (1678, Inzaghijev izvod) in Magnes
sive de Arte Magnetica (1654 Inzaghijev izvod z exlibrisom), Montuclovo Zgodovino
matematike 1779-1802, Newtonovo angleko Optics iz leta 1704.116

Leta 1671 je ded poznejega upravitelja idrijskega rudnika Johann Philipp Inzaghi v
Freiburgu skupaj z Johannesom Georgiusom Kiefferjem objavil politino delo Dissertatio
politica de sacrosancti romano-Caesareo-Graeco-Franco-Germanici augustissimi imperii
serenissima Habsburgo-Austriaco-Germanica domo, ejusque regni ducatibus &
praerogativis ... proposuit Joannes-Philippus D. ab Inzaghi Baro de Kymberg. Leta 1685 je
Johann Nadasi (* 1614) posvetil Johannu Philippu Inzaghiju grako knjigo tiskano pri
Widmanstadtu o gregorijanski reformi koledarja pod naslovom Calendarium Novum, Ad bene
moriendum : Perquam utile ... In Academico Societatis Jesu Collegio Graecii erectae ... Anni
... M.DC.LXXXV. a Confirmata per Gregorium XIII. Pontificem Maximum.

Franc Janez Nepomuk Inzaghi je tako odraal v izjemno uenem okolju dovzetnem za
novotarije tedanje napovedujoe se industrijske revolucije. Upravljal je Idrijski rudnik v asu
Scopolija in Hacqueta, eravno je bil Inzaghi nasproten Scopolijevemu in pozneje
Hacquetovemu znanstvenemu delu, ki naj bi lo na rova zdravljenja rudarjev.117 Inzaghi se
je sprva branil zaposliti Hacqueta leta 1766, vendar ga je G. van Swieten zavrnil.118

112
Gestrin, Italijani, str. 234
113
Heritage of Mercury Almadn Idrija, str. 193, 229, 236-237
114
http://www.andreacavallari.it/Comaschi/ComaschiInzaghi.htm
115
Rare and valuable books, str. 2.
116
Rare and valuable books, zadnje 3 nepaginirane strani.
117
Speta, str. 596-599
118
http://fd-idrija.icra.si/Filatelist/F10_1996.pdf str. 13-15.
Inzaghi je dve leti starejega tajerskega rojaka ljubljanskega profesorja Gregorja Schttla
poznal e iz dobe svojih grakih tudijev, kar ga je brkone preprialo za mecenstvo. Tudi
Schttlov tudent Loan Prenner mu ni bil neznan, saj so idrijsko ivo srebro tradicionalno
tovorili skozi Loko. Tovorjenje idrijskega ivega srebra je potekalo preko irov v Poljansko
dolino in kofjo Loko, dokler ni rudniki predstojnik Anton Sartori (1754-1764) leta 1760
zael z popravilom ceste ez Kovaev rovt, Dole in Vehare na Vrhniko zaradi napovedanega
cesarskega obiska, ki pa je zaradi cesarjeve smrti izostal. Cesto je konal Inzaghi leta 1765.119
Inzaghi je organiziral zaetek kopanja rova Marijinega spoetja leta 1765; ker so glavno
ivosrebrno ilo zgreili, so rov leta 1772 opustili.120 Rov Inzaghi so zaeli kopati leta 1764,
konali pa so ga komaj leta 1890.

Inzaghi je v Idriji organiziral tudi visoko raven kulturnega ivljenja, ki mu niso manjkale niti
gledalike predstave. On in njegova soproga sta skupaj z zakoncema Edling lepo sprejela
tajerskega rojaka Benedikta Franza Hermanna (* 14. 3. 1755 Mariahof pri Sankt
Lambrechtu; 31. 1. 1815 Petersburg) ob njegovem obisku v Idriji 3. 7. 1780.121 Edling je bil
prostozidar in nadzornik ol ter lan Kranjske drube za kmetijstvo in koristne spretnosti
(1780-1782) za razliko od Inzaghija. Hermann je na zaetku pisma iz Idrije opisal G.
Gruberjevo delo na prekopu;122 moa sta se pozneje sreevala v Rusiji, kjer je Hermann
potoval po Sibiriji (1783, 17851787, 1790), leta 1796 postal profesor mineralogije v
Peterburki Akademiji Znanosti, leta 1799 inpektor carskih rudarskih ol, leta 1801 dravni
svetnik in viji rudarski stotnik. Janez Nepomuk Jakob grof Edling baron Saullenberg (* 1751
Gorica; 1793 Dunaj) iz ajdovske veje je bil svetnik deelnega glavarstva,123 sin Alberta (*
1717; 1796) in grofice Karoline Saurau, referent ljubljanske olske komisije od leta 1777,
prostozidar. Edling je sodeloval s Kumerdejem, ter s lani Akademije Operosorum Kuraltom,
Japljem, Devom, Pohlinom in svojim varovancem Linhartom. Mati Inzaghijeve tae Maria
Klara Renata von Saurau (* 13.11.1667; 28.3.1738 Gradec) je bila sorodnica Edlingove
matere. Kot administrator kofjelokih posestev freisingenskega kofa upravitelj
(Lehenprobst) v kofji Loki nastavljen med 21. 1. 1772 in 28. 1. 1774 pa vse do leta 1782124
je Edling dobro poznal Loane Prennerje in je gotovo Martina priporoil v varstvo Inzaghiju.

Inzaghijev varovanec Loan Martin Prenner je zagovoril trideset tez iz filozofije s fiziko,
deset iz etike in deset iz matematike. Izpitne teze s posvetilom je dal vezati v Beccarijevo
knjigo o fosforjih, ki jo je leto dni poprej v latinini objavil Biwald v Gradcu. Nekdanji
ljubljanski profesor Gottlob Leopold Biwald (* 26. 2. 1731 Dunaj; SJ 17. 10. 1747; 8. 9.
1805 Gradec) je bil seveda Inzaghiju dobro znan, saj je v Gradcu tudente uil, da so vse sile
v naravi naj bi temeljile na enem samem, enostavnem naravnem zakonu ponazorjenem z
Bokovievo krivuljo. Ta naj bi dobro razloila nepredirnost in razteznost teles, deljivost,
kohezijo, pronost in gibljivost. Zagovarjal je Bokovievo notranjo zgradbo telesa iz
osnovnih delcev v izpitnih tezah in ubenikih.

Prennerjev izpit se je ohranil v ljubljanski franikanski knjinici vezan v rjav karton s tremi
nalepkami iz raznih obdobij franikanske ljubljanske knjinice na hrbtu. Nima marginalij
razen obiajnih prertavanj signatur in CC na prednaslovnici. Pod naslovnico je ljubljanski

119
Petkovek, kofja Loka, str. 160
120
Pirnat, Zgodovinski, str. 76
121
Hermann, Reisen, str. 112, 117-118.
122
Hermann, Reisen, str. 110.
123
Neuer Instanzkalender auf das Jahre 1782, str. 48, 90.
124
Hochfrstlich Freysingischer Hof- und Stiftskalender, str. 24, 34, 42; http://www.primorci.si/osebe/edling-
janez-nepomuk-jakob/865/.
kapucinski lastniki zaznamek Capucinorum Laubaci in packa s rnilom na zgornjem delu
naslovnice. Slik ni razen lepotnega ilustriranega zakljuka brez povezave z vsebino.
Ljubljanske kapucine je ukinil Marmont leta 1809, tako da je knjiga nato prila k
franikanom. Privezana je bila v: Commentarii duo de phosphoris naturalibus et
artificialibus, kar je bil Biwaldov ponatis iz leta 1768 Viri Clarissimi Iacobi Beccariae
Commentarii duo, de Phosphoris Naturalibus et Artificialibus, ex Actis Bononiensibus
Excerpti, ki ga danes hranijo v NUKu pod signaturo 8227. Prenner in njegov profesor Schttl
sta si knjigo gotovo izbrala zaradi Biwaldovega natisa, obenem pa sta v izpitnih tezah tudi
razpravljala o fosforjih in luminiscenci.

SLIKA
(Wilde1800_122_1474BeccariaBiwaldCasati.jpg/LG/ShranjevanjeDatotekWilde1800Katalog
): Graka izdaja Beccarije iz leta 1768 v Wildejevem popisu licejske knjinice leta 1800 pod
knjinino tevilko 1474.

SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris0001posvetiloInzagijuI
drijaCROP.jpg/Laptop/ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiw
aldJaslzinski): Prennerjevo posvetilo direktorju in mecenu Inzaghiju (FSLJ-8 d 70)

SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris000TPCROP.jpg/Lapt
op/ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzinski):
Graka naslovnica Beccarijevih fosforjev v kateri je Prenner privezal svoje teze (FSLJ-8 d
70).

SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris000hrbet.jpg/Laptop/
ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzinski): Hrbet
Beccarijevih fosforjev v katero je Prenner privezal svoje teze (FSLJ-8 d 70).

SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris000prvaPlatnica.jpg/L
aptop/ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzinski):
Sprednja platnica Beccarijevih fosforjev v katero je Prenner privezal svoje teze (FSLJ-8 d
70).

SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris0002SchottlovIzpitNa
slovB.jpg/Laptop/ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJa
slzinski): Naslovna stran Prennerjevih izpitnih tez pri Schttlu (FSLJ-8 d 70).

SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris0004SchottlovIzpitFiz
ikaEtikaMat.jpg/Laptop/ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBi
waldJaslzinski): Druga stran Prennerjevih izpitnih tez pri Schttlu z astronomijo (teze 16-17),
zrakom in zvokom (21-22), svetlobo in toploto (28-30), desetimi etinimi tezami in zaetkom
matematinih tez o vzporednicah (FSLJ-8 d 70).
SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris0004SchottlovIzpitFiz
ikaEtikaMatB.jpg/Laptop/ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeB
iwaldJaslzinski): Druga stran Prennerjevih izpitnih tez pri Schttlu z astronomijo (teze 16-
17), zrakom in zvokom (21-22), svetlobo in toploto (28-30) (FSLJ-8 d 70).

SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris001fosforjiSchottlovI
zpitMatCROP.jpg/Laptop/ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010Knjige
BiwaldJaslzinski): Zadnja stran desetih Prennerjevih matematinih izpitnih tez pri Schttlu in
prva stran kazala Beccarijeve knjige o fosforescenci in luminiscenci (FSLJ-8 d 70).

SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris004_005fosfoCROP.j
pg/Laptop/ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzinski
): etrta in peta (predzadnja) stran kazala in prva (sedma) stran Beccarijeve knjige o
fosforescenci in luminiscenci, ki so jo posvetili idrijskemu upravitelju Inzaghiju (FSLJ-8 d
70).

SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttlGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris006_007fosforjiCRO
P.jpg/Laptop/ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslzin
ski): Zadnja esta stran kazala in prva (sedma) stran Beccarijeve knjige o fosforescenci in
luminiscenci (FSLJ-8 d 70).

Profesor Loana Prennerja: Gregor Schttl, fizik in meteorolog

Izpitna vpraanja posveena idrijskemu upravitelju Inzaghiju

PREGLEDNICA 1: Schttlove zakljune geometrijske teze iz avgusta 1769 za tudenta


Loana Prennerja posveene idrijskemu upravitelju Inzaghiju.

Tedanji ljubljanski profesor matematike, geodezije in gradbenitva Joef Kauffmann (* 22. 8.


1725 Dunaj; SJ 20. 10. 1741 Trenin; 1791 (Lukcs, 1988, 2: 692)), ki je predaval
Ljubljananom 1758/59, 1765/66, 1766/67, 1767/68, 1768/69, 1769/70 in 1770/71, v
naslovnici izpita ni bil naveden. To morda pomeni, da je geometrijo tangent, trikotnikov,
obsegov, povrin poligonov, prostornin in sinusnega izreka predaval kar fizik in profesor
moralne filozofije (etike) Schttl

Latinski original Angleki in slovenski prevod

I. Si parallelas secet transversa, anguli alterni If a parallel cuts the transverse angle of
interni, & alterni externi aequantur: item duo each of the internal and external equal
interni vel externi ad eandum partem positi = exchange, the two internal or external to
180o. that part of the set = 180o. e
vzporednica preno seka kota vsakega od
notranjega in zunanjega enakega
izmenjave, dva notranjih ali zunanjih ta
del niza merita180 stopinj Matematika
II. Radius as puntum contactus dutus, est ad 2. Radius as a point of contact between
tangentem perpendicularibus. the folds, is perpendicular to the tangent
Polmer kot toka dotika je pravokoten na
tangento
III. Angulus ad puntum contactus iter The inscribed angle theorem states that
tangentem & chordam comprehensus habet an angle inscribed in a circle is half of
mensuram dimidium arcum, quem chorda the central angle that subtends the same
subtendit. arc on the circle.
Kot med tangento na toko stika med
cesto in ujel merilo pol lok niz, ki je niz
objema. Kot med tangento in sekanto v
toki stika je pol kota, ki ga izree
sekanta (sredini kot je dvakrat veji od
obodnega kota nad istim lokom kot
posploitev Talesovega izreka)

IV. Tres anguli trianguli = 180o. Angulus vero 4. The three angles of a triangle = 180o
externus = duobus internis oppositis. angle = two =internal, external
intervention. Trije koti trikotnika merijo
180o, zunanji kot pa dvakrat toliko.

V. Quadratum hypothenusae = quadratis The square of hypotenuse = square of the


cathetorum catheters.
Pitagorov izrek: Kvadrat hipotenuze =
kvadratom vsote katet
VI. Invenire summam omnium angulorum 6. Find the sum of all the internal angles
internorum polygoni. of polygon.
Najdi vsoto notranjih kotov poligona
VII. Demonstrare aequalitatem triangulorum 7. Demonstrate equality all the sides of
habentium vel omnia latera homologa aequalia, the triangles that have the homologous or
vel omnes angulos homologos aequales cum equal, with an equal or equal to all
aequali uno latere homologo, vel duo latera corners of homologous one side of
homologa aequalia cum comprehenso angulo homologous lengths, equal to or
aequali. homologous with the angle enclosed the
two sides equal.
7. Dokazati enakost vseh stranic
trikotnikov, ki so homologne ali enako, z
enako ali enako na vse konce
homolognih ena stran homologne dolin,
ki so enake ali homologne s kotom
zaprtih obe strani enako.
Dokai enakost trikotnikov ko imajo
enake vse kote in eno stranico, ali pa dve
enaki stranici in vmesni kot.

VIII. Areas triangulares, parallelogrammas, 8. The areas which the triangles,


circulares determinare. parallelograms, circles determined.
8. (Izraunaj povrine) Obmoja, ki jih
doloajo trikotniki, paralelogrami, krogi.
IX. Soliditatem prismatis, cylindrim pyramidis, 9. Find Volume of the prism, cylinder,
coni invenire. cone, cone.
9. Najdi obseg prizme, valja, stoca,
piramide.

X. In omni triangulo sinus angulorum sunt ut X. That in every triangle are as the sine
latera opposita. of the angles opposite sides
X. To v vsakem trikotniku je sinus kota v
enakem razmerju z nasprotno stranico
(Snusni izrk v ravninski trigonometriji
pravi, da je v trikotniku razmerje med
sinusom kota in dolino nasproti leee
stranice enako za katerikoli par stranic -
nasprotni kot).

SLIKA
(BeccariaJacob_SchttGregor1768_1769ComentariiDuoDePhosphoris0003SchottlovIzpitCR
OP.jpg/Laptop/ShranjevanjeDatotekJulij2010/Desktop/Telefon25_6_2010KnjigeBiwaldJaslz
inski): Prva stran Prennerjevih izpitnih tez pri Schttlu z metafiziko (teze 1-6) kemijo, atomi
(12) in Newtonovo fiziko gibanja (14) (FSLJ-8 d 70).

Vreme

Ljubljanski profesor Schttl je bil je bil po prepovedi jezuitskega reda dne 9. 10. 1773
zaasno potrjen za profesorja fizike. Bil je podrejen ljubljanski kofiji, vendar po prepovedi
Drube Jezusove ni zaprosil za jurisdikcijo, eprav je prej opravljal duhovniko slubo.
Stanoval je v Barbovi hii, hrano pa je naroal iz gostilne.125 Avgusta 1775 je sodeloval pri
javnem izpitu Jurija Vege in soolcev.126 V Ljubljani je G. Schttl skupaj z nekdanjim
idrijskim kirurgom B. Hacquetom izdajal tednik Kranjske kmetijske drube, kjer sta redno
objavljala meteoroloka poroila.

125
Rajp, Ukinitev, 273.
126
Schmidt, Zgodovina, str. 267.
Med 5. 1. 1776 in 16. 5. 1776 je G. Schttl objavil 6 meteorolokih poroil v glasilu
Kmetijske drube Javni tedenski list Vojvodine Kranjske Des wchentliche Kundschaftsblat
im Herzogthum Krain. Urednik je bil sam G. Schttl skupaj s Hacquetom, zalonik pa
ljubljanski tiskar Janez Friderik Eger. Tiskali so predvsem gospodarska in politina poroila
in osmrtnice.

Zakljuek

Idrijski rudniki upravitelj Inzaghi ni samo prvovrstno vodil izkopavanje ivega srebra dobro
poldrugo desetletje, temve je podpiral tudi lokalne znanstvenike in tudente, med njimi e
posebej ljubljanskega profesorja fizike Gregorja Schttla in njegovega dijaka Loana Marina
Prennerja. eravno se Inzaghiju kljub zavidljivemu znanju niso posreila prav vsa
izkopavanja v Idriji, pa je njegova podpora kranjskim olnikom nedvomno ela obilen uspeh.
Pri Schttlu je v Ljubljani med drugim tudiral tudi ueni gospod Janez Nepomuk Kavi,
Kranjec iz Idrije, ki je julija 1771 opravil izpit iz fizike o tekoinah na splono in posebej o
vodi po predavanjih astitega patra Gregorja Schttla iz Drube Jezusove v Ljubljani. Isti
Idrijan Kavi je leta 1769 v Ljubljani tudiral retoriko star 17 let.127

Idrijski in Cerkljanski uenjaki neko in danes

Jezuiti iz Idrije in njihovi dedii

Pot k znanju je marsikaterega nadebudnega idrijskega mladca vodila skozi ljubljanske


jezuitske olske klopi. Prav zato je leta 1660 upravitelj idrijskega rudnika Gaper Liechtstock
pl. Liechtenhaimb plaal srebrno svetilko in srebro za izdelavo kipa jezuitskega svetnika
Franika Ksaverja (Kovai, Jezuiti, 228; Valentinitsch, Das Landesfrstliche, 369-425).
Idrijani so si e od nekdaj prizadevali za dobro olanje svojih otrok. Kljub temu idrijski
rudarji niso uspeli ustanoviti dveh gimnazijskih razredov s pronjo dvorni komori poslani dne
7. 7. 1716 (Schmidt, Zgodovina, 1: 119). Tako je idrijska mlade morala po klasino
izobrazbo zdoma. Ni bilo lahko, a marsikomu se je posreilo dodobra prodreti v svet knjig.

Idrijani za ljubljanske jezuite

Prvi idrijski tudent jezuitske univerze v Gradcu je bil plemi Janez Udalrik Igl (Joannea
Vdalricus). 6. 7. 1622 je tudiral vijo gramatiko imenovano sintaksa, ki je bila etrti od
tedanjih estih letnikov nijih tudijev (Andritsch, Die Matrikeln, 70). Z jezuiti so sodelovali
tudi sorodniki Idrijana Janeza Udalrika. Tako je ljubljanska veja druine Igl poslala Karla
Viktorja Igla leta 1624 tudirati prvi letnik nijih ol v Gradcu (Andritsch, Die Matrikeln,
75), Gapar Igl (*1667 Ljubljana; SJ 1693; 1728) pa je bil pomemben ljubljanski jezuit.

Ljubljanski rektor Idrijan Andrej Kolperger (16301633).

127
rnivec, Ljubljanski klasiki, str. 281, 436
Jezuitski pater Andrej Kolperger (Kolberger, *28. 11. 1590, Idrija; SJ 13. 1. 1612 Brno; 19.
8. 1649 Pleterje) je prvi letnik filozofije z logiko in matematiko morda tudiral v Brnu, kjer je
bil nato jezuitski novic od 1612 do 1613. Leta 1614 je v Celovcu predaval gramatiko. Od 1615
do 1616 je v Gradcu tudiral filozofijo pri matematiku Wolfgangu Quelmetzu in pri fiziku
Joannesu Heumontu. Od 1617 do 1620 je v Gradcu tudiral teologijo, leta 1617 kot prefekt
konvikta. Leta 1621 je v Dobrli vasi opravil tretjo probacijo s prisegami. Leta 1622 je bil v
Ljubljani profesor humanistike, med letoma 1622 in 1629 pa v Pleterjah superior in spovednik;
vmes je 10. 8. 1625 v Ljubljani dal zadnje redovne zaobljube. Med letoma 1630 in 1633 je bil
rektor kolegija v Ljubljana, nato pa se je znova vrnil v Pleterje kot superior in spovednik od
1633 do 1634. Med letoma 1634 in 1639 je bil superior v Bratislavi, nato pa znova superior in
spovednik v Pleterjah med 1639 in 1645 in od leta 1647 do smrti (Lukcs, Catalogus, II, 13,
647). Kmalu po Kolpergerjevem prihodu iz Bratislave v domae kraje so ljubljanski jezuiti na
misijonu v Idriji leta 1639 poeli velik uspeh: Tudi na misijon v nemki Idriji (zaradi nemkih
rudarjev) je obrodil svoje sadove; nai so bili ubogemu ljudstvu v izredno tolabo. Na stotine
delavcev je doloenih za izkopavanje ivega srebra (ivosrebrne rude). Med njimi je komaj
kdo izpustil prilonost za spoved. Da bi torej ustregli elji posameznikov, smo morali ostati
dlje asa. (Baraga, Letopis, 121).

Preglednica 1: V Idriji rojeni jezuiti, ki so slubovali v Ljubljani v asu tamkajnjih jezuitskih


filozofskih tudijev 1704-1773

Ime Rojstvo Vstopil Smrt Ljubljanske Kraj Kraj tudij tudij Profes
med slube vstopa smrti filozofije teologije fizike
jezuite ali mi

Krassnig 1698-1701; Gradec:


(Krasnigh), 1713-1730; 1702-
Franciscus 1672 1694 1730 1719-1720 Gradec Ljubljana 1705
Pripra
1720-1721 Gradec- odhod
novic; 1725 Gradec: Trnava: indij
Mikusch, 1741- predavatelj 1722- 1728- misijo
Mathias 1701 1719 1780 gramatike Ljubljana 1724 1729 1731
1763-1766 Trnava: Gradec:
Kossen, predaval 1761- 1767-
Joseph 1740 1757 humanistiko Dunaj 1762 1770
1769 Grade
principi; Dunaj: Dunaj: repetit
Kavi, 1771 1765- 1772- matem
Anton 1743 1761 1814 humanistika Ljubljana Ljubljana 1767 1773

Pridigar Krasnigh

Franc Krasnigh (Krasnik, *28. 8. 1672, Idrija; SJ 27. 10. 1694; 17. 1. 1730, Ljubljana) je bil
od 1694 do 1696 novic v Gradcu. Leta 1697 je na Dunaju utrjeval humanistina predavanja.
Med letoma 1698 in 1701 je bil v Ljubljani profesor gramatike in humanistike. Od 1702 do
1705 je v Gradcu tudiral teologijo, dokler ni leta 1706 v Judenburgu opravil tretjo probacijo.
Med letoma 1707 in 1712 je bil v Trstu pridigar, spovednik in svetovalec, tako da je dne 2. 2.
1709 dal slovesne zadnje redovne zaobljube. Med letoma 1713 in 1730 je bi v Ljubljani
slovenski pridigar v stolnici, svetovalec, spovednik, prefekt dijakov, administrator in spiritual,
dokler ga ni zagrabila bolezen (Lukcs, Catalogus, II, 793)

Prekomorski misijonar Mikusch

Matija Mikusch (Miku, *17. 2. 1701 Idrija; SJ 28. 10. 1719, Ljubljana) je bil od 1719 do 1721,
ljubljanski novic. Med letoma 1722 in 1724 je v Gradcu tudiral filozofijo. Leta 1725 je bil v
Ljubljani profesor gramatike. Leta 1727 je v Poegi predaval humanistiko, vodil kongregacije
in pisal zgodovino postojanke. Leta 1728 v Gradcu in naslednje let v Trnavi sed je posvetil
tudiju teologije. Med letoma 1730 in 1731 se je pripravljal na odhod v ezmorske indijske
misijone tako da je leta 1732, v Judenburgu opravil tretjo probacijo. Pojem Indija je za tedanje
jezuite seveda obsegal tudi Kitajsko, Ameriko, turke deele in tihomorske otoke. Jezuitski
zapisi ne povedo, kam je Miku nato preel iz avstrijske jezuitske province; umrl ni pred letom
1740, za njim pa so vpisovali druga jezuitskega misijonarja Alzaana Joefa Gltkla (*1698;
1770), ki je med letoma 1730-1760 misijonaril na Filipinih (Lukcs, Catalogus, 435, 2: 1014;
Catalogus 1730: 41, 1730: 41).

Prefekt dunajske plemike univerze Kossen

Joef Kossen (*12. 3. 1740, Idrija; SJ 18. 10. 1757, Dunaj) je bil med letoma 1757 in 1759
dunajski novic, leta 1760 pa je v Gyru utrjeval humanistiko s tudenti. Med letoma 1761 in
1762 je v Trnavi tudiral filozofijo, da je znal med letoma 1763 in 1766 v Ljubljani predavati
humanistiko in voditi seminar. Med letoma 1767 in 1770 je v Gradcu tudiral teologijo. Leta
1771 je v Banski Bystrici na dananjem Slovakem opravil tretjo probacijo, da je lahko leta
1772 v Leobnu postal profesor gramatike. Ob prepovedi jezuitskega reda je bil leta 1773
prefekt na dunajskem Terezijaniu (Lukcs, Catalogus, II, 775)

kof Anton Kavi

Anton Kavi (*8. 12. 1743, Idrija; SJ 20. 10. 1761, Ljubljana; 27. 3. 1814, Ljubljana) je bil
med letoma 1761 in 1763 novic na Dunaju, leta 1764 pa je v Leobnu specializiral humanistiko.
Med letoma 1765 in 1766 je na Dunaju tudiral filozofijo, nato pa je leta 1767 specializiral
jezikoslovje. Leta 1765 je tako tudiral dunajsko logiko pri profesorju matematike z mehaniko
Joefu Walcherju in profesorju logike Sigismundu Storchenau v prvem letniku filozofije, kot
svojevrsten asistent imenovan Bidell. Leta 1766 je Kavi tudiral fiziko pri korokem plemiu
Joefu Edlerju Herbertu. Leta 1768 je v Gradcu specializiral uporabno matematiko. Njegovi
soolci pri repeticijah so bili pri profesorju Aloisu Mayerjum, ki je bil obenem e katehet v
civilni bolnici, Franc Rauch, Franc Schemerl, Georg Lada, Josef Grcke kot asistent Bidell,
Josef Ruef in Julius Suardi.

V Gradcu nabrano znanje je Kavi naslednje leto uporabil pri svojih ljubljanskih predavanjih
gramatike, ki jih je leta 1770 nadaljeval v Celovcu. Leta 1771 je bil v Ljubljani profesor
humanistike, nato pa je do prepovedi jezuitov tudiral teologijo na Dunaju. Znamenit Kaviev
dunajski profesor Sigmund Storchenau, soolec vodje Kavieve grake specializacije A.
Mayerja, je bil mojster eklektine filozofije s primesmi idej Wolffa proti Kantu in
razsvetljencem. Storchenaujevo dinamino filozofijo nasprotno kartezijancem in Leibnizu so
uporabljali tudi pri pouku filozofije v Ljubljani. Snov je delil po sodobnejem Wolffovem
nainu in ne ve po takrat e zastarelih Aristotelovih zamislih. Po 1773 se je Storchenau v
Humperku druil z nekdanjimi korokimi jezuiti Jurijem Florijaniem, Obaltom Gutsmanom
(*1725, Koroka, Grafenstein; SJ 1745; 1790 Celovec SBL), svojim dunajskim profesorjem
fizike matematikom Janezom Kaschutnigom in nekdanjim ljubljanskim fizikom Janezom
Pogrietschnigom (Pogrienikom) iz Radi. Dne 3. 11. 1805 je bil Kavi posveen za
dunajskega pomonega kofa. 25. 10. 1806 ga je avstrijski cesar Franc I. imenoval za
ljubljanskega kofa, tako da je 11. 10. 1807 nastopil slubo kofa ordinarija v Ljubljani
(Lukcs, Catalogus, II, 693694; Sommervogel, IV, 951; Stger, 172; Catalogus 1765, 36;
1768, 12)

SLIKA 1 (KavikofAnton4predniki): Akademski predniki Idrijana Kavia ljubljanskega


kofa glede na njegove tudije filozofije na Dunaju.

SLIKA 2 (Kavi5PrednikioGrakaRepMat): Akademski predniki Idrijana Kavia glede na


njegovo matematino specializacijo v Gradcu.

Idrijani med soolci Jurija Vege

Ko je Vega konal etrti letnik nijih tudijev, si je julija 1771 ogledal Schttlov javni izpit iz
fizike o tekoinah na splono in posebej o vodi. Opravili so ga tudentje fizike: stareji brat
Vegovega soolca, pozneji upnik pri sv. Jakobu v Ljubljani, Janez Nepomuk Christian
(*1750, Ljubljana), Narcis Kappus iz Kamne gorice, Janez Nepomuk Kavi iz Idrije in
Valentin Merhar iz entvida. Prva dva sta bila stara 18 let, Kavi 19, dvajsetletni Merhar pa
je bil edini preprostega plebejskega rodu, podobno kot sam Vega. Bili so soolci e ob koncu
nijih tudijev dve leti prej. Kavi je brkone pozneje postal idrijski profesor (rnivec,
Ljubljanski, 280, 281, 436, 438; Schttl, Tentamen).

SLIKA 3 (
IdrijaPeterGarzarolliTrstSolskaDiploma1jun1787ProfJanezKaviDirektorIgnacGasetzky/Kr
askovicStudijGubernuimLjub): Diploma idrijskega gramatinega razreda nijih ol, ki sta jo
profesor Janez Kavi in olski direktor Ignac pl. Gassetzky izdala Petru Garzarolliju iz Trsta
dne 27. 6. 1787 v Idrijski oli v obsegu prvih treh razredov gimnazije (ARS, AS 14 Gubernij
v Ljubljani, Reg. III. fasc. 51 1795-1799).

Velika veina Vegovih soolcev je bila kmekih in meanskih sinov. Dva sta bila eka
jezuitska glasbenika in dva tajerca. Pet soolcev je bilo plemikega stanu: poleg
Schluderbacha e sin poplemenitenega deelnega uradnika s Sorkega polja Jenkensheim,
Leopold Passetzky de Passecka (*1755, Idrija; 1823), Josephus de Sartori (*1756, Idrija) in
Stephanus Schmol de Eisenwert (*1756, Bruselj). Passetzky je bil sin poplemenitenega vodje
galnice idrijskega rudnika in je podedoval oetov poloaj leta 1791. Pred Napoleonovo
zasedbo se je izselil v Avstrijo, po restavraciji pa je leta 1814 postal predstojnik idrijskega
rudnika (Arko, Zgodovina, 58-59). Sartori je bil sin direktorja idrijskega rudnika.

V Idriji olani Kalister

Prvi ljubljanski profesor matematike, ki ni bil nikoli jezuit, je bil Matija Kalister (*19. 1. 1774,
Slavina na Notranjskem; 9. 11. 1828). Nadarjeni Notranjec je od leta 1785 obiskoval ljudsko
olo v Idriji. Ker nadaljevalne ole tam po Scopolijevem odhodu e dve desetletji ni bilo ve,
se je vpisal na normalko v Trstu in tam od leta 1788 do 1794 konal e gimnazijo. Trst ni imel
vijih tudijev, zato je filozofijo tudiral v Ljubljani in tam leta 1800 konal e bogoslovje z
denarjem domaega upnika Ceka. e pred koncem tudija je leta 1799 postal skriptor
ljubljanske licejske knjinice, od leta 1802 pa je poueval e osnove matematike na liceju
namesto Gruberja. Svoj talent za matematiko in za predavanja je izprial v letih pouevanja,
eprav je svoj prvi izlet na katedro za matematiko hitro zakljuil.

Kalister je delo v knjinici zaasno opustil, saj je leta 1803 dobil obetavneje mesto uitelja
etrtega razreda glavne normalke v Ljubljani. Leta 1804 je zael pouevati gramatikalne
razrede v Ljubljani, leta 1807 pa je znova postal profesor za matematiko, fiziko in naravoslovje
na ljubljanskem liceju. Katedro za fiziko je e 10. 12. 1808 prepustil Kersniku; Kersnika je
podpiral, eravno je bil Kersnik nekoliko manj izobraen od drugih profesorjev, ki so e stoletje
pouevali na ljubljanskih vijih tudijih.

Pod francosko oblastjo Kalister ni hotel tekmovati z bolj izobraenimi tujimi profesorji in se je
umaknil s katedre. Leta 1811 je postal pomonik knjiniarja, leta 1813 zaasni, leta 1816 pa
stalni vodja knjinice. Leta 1824 je pomagal organizirati ljubljanski muzej, ki ga je pozneje
vodi Idrijan Freyer, leta 1826 pa se je na Dunaju udeleil sreanja slavistov. Vedno se je rad
vraal domov, saj je imel na domaiji v Slavini severno od Pivke posestvo z dvema hiama in
urejenim sadovnjakom, ki ga je vodil z veo roko. al so mu razmeroma naporna tedenska
potovanja z Notranjske v Ljubljano in nazaj nakopala jetiko, ki ga je pokonala e pred
kuhanjem ganja ob zaetku tiste nesrene zime. Kalistrovo slubo je prevzel Matija op 24.
11. 1828 kot zaasni in po prisegi 23. 9. 1830 kot stalni knjiniar. op je dokonal Kalistrov
katalog licejske knjinice; bil je to prvi licejski znanstveni katalog s signaturami, ki jih
uporabljamo e danes.

Zaetki nadaljevalnih ol v Idriji

SLIKA 4 (BreskersfeldAS1073220PogodbaIdrija1.JPG): Pogodba za dobavo ivil Idriji


podpisana 12. 11. 1732 (ARS AS 1073 . 220).

S sreno roko je rudniki ravnatelj Steinberg leta 1728 ustanovil jamomersko olo. Med svojimi
dijaki je hitro opazil nadarjenega domaina Joefa Mraka (*25. 2. 1709, Idrija; 14. 8. 1786,
Idrija). Dobro ga je izobrazil, tako da je 28. 4. 1752 Mrak lahko prevzel pouk zemljemerstva,
jamomerstva, kartografije, geometrije, geodezije in risanja. Ob Scopolijevi nastavitvi so leta
1763 izdali dekret o idrijski Rudarski oli, ki pa je s Scopolijevim odhodom v Bansko tiavnico
al zamrla, medtem ko je Mrakova Rudnika, jamomerska in kartografska ola delovala po
upokojitvi Joefa Mraka (1776) e nekaj let pod njegovim sinom Antonom, pomonim
uiteljem in kartografom (Pavli, Zgodovina, 261).

Leta 1778 so idrijski rudarji vzdrevali privatno gimnazijo, med ilirskimi provincami pa so
imeli eno leto celo poseben matematini oddelek pri normalki. Na uvedbo joefinskih olnin
leta 1784 so se idrijski rudarji odzvali na sebi svojstven nain; pa niso hoteli biti izkljueni iz
vijega izobraevalnega sistema, ki naj bi bil po ukinitvi jezuitov rezerviran predvsem za
bogate. Zato so pri domai glavni oli organizirali pouk v obsegu treh razredov gimnazije.
Seveda oblasti niso s prijaznim oesom gledale na njihovo poetje in idrijskega pouka niso
hotele uradno priznati. Tako so absolventi dopolnilne idrijske ole morali opravljati dodatne
izpite za vpis v etrti razred ljubljanske gimnazije; podobna obveznost je bila pa predvidena
za vse zasebne tudente (Schmidt, Zgodovina, 1: 280-281).

V asu Ilirskih provinc so leta 1810/11 pri idrijski normalki ustanovili poseben dvorazredni
matematini oddelek. V njem so pouevali vijo matematiko in risanje. al so se razmere
izjemno naglo spreminjale v tistih prevratnih asih; tako je obetajoi oddelek deloval eno samo
leto.

Od leta 1838 do 1875 so obiskovali nedeljsko olo, glavno olo pa so leta 1869 preimenovali
v rudarsko olo. Da bi idrijska dekleta ne zaostajala za fanti so zanje leta 1876 ustanovili
ipkarsko olo, za mone Idrijane pa od leta 1892 do 1909 gozdarsko olo (Mrdavi,
Vocational, 53-55, 57). Vsekakor je bila Idrija velika izjema v kakovosti matematinega pouka
in ni udno, da sta prav tam zaetno znanje pridobila Monik in Peternel. Celo sodobni
univerzitetni matematini oddelki se ponaajo s tevilnimi raziskovalci iz Idrijsko-
Cerkljanskega obmoja.

Idrijski prispevki k razvoju jezuitske fizike


(ob 210-letnici A. Kavieve umestitve na poloaj ljubljanskega kofa dne 11. oktobra 1807)

Predstavitev raziskovalnih prijemov

Vsakemu nekdanjemu vidnejemu fizikalnemu strokovnjaku lahko pripiemo panogo


(mehanika, optika, elektrika-magnetizem, toplota) z oceno od 0 do 9 glede na njegove
raziskovalne uspehe, ki jih loimo med industrijsko-tehnoloke, eksperimentalne in teoretske.
Oceno znamo snovati na podlagi ohranjenih del, tehnolokih inovacij, gospodarsko-politine
odmevnosti in morebitnega pedagokega dela. Direktor idrijskega rudnik Steinberg, Valvasor
in e prenekateri vedei so delovali v ve fizikalnih panogah. Pozneji kof Anton Kavi je
bil edini v Idriji rojeni jezuit, ki ga na osnovi njegovega dunajskega fizikalno-filozofskega
magisterija iz leta 1766 in predvsem grake uporabno-matematine specializacije iz let 1768-
1769 lahko uvrstimo v na pregled tehnikih strokovnjakov. Med tudi slovenske uenjake
tejemo tiste, ki so dve ali ve let delovali na ozemljih poseljenih s Slovenci, ali pa so se na teh
obmojih rodili. Seveda so bili jezuitski uenjaki merodajni zgolj dokler niso njihovega reda
prepovedali ob koncu vladavine Marije Terezije, ko je tudi dotedanji jezuit Kavi postal laini
duhovnik.

Uvod

Idrija je bila zavoljo svojega rudnika in meanih narodnosti vedno posebnost v slovenskem
prostoru, podobno kot Trst na njegovem obrobju. Medtem ko je pomorska-trgovska
naravnanost Trsta srkala vase obmorski italijanski, slovanski in idovski ivelj, je idrijsko
rudarjenje sprva privabljalo predvsem ustrezno usposobljene knapovskega dela vajene celinske
ehe, Italijane ali Nemce. Oba kraja sta zaradi praktine naravnanosti v tehniko in
pridobitnitvo prisegala na uporabnost, ki ni bila pogodu filozofsko-teoloko naravnanemu
jezuitskemu olstvu. Zaradi portugalskih pedagoko-navigacijskih izkuenj so jezuiti vendarle
uspeli razviti pomorsko olo Franja Orlanda v Trstu in G. Gruberjev brodarski oddelek v
Ljubljani, eravno razmeroma pozno po bridkih spoznanjih Sedemletne vojne. Habsburko
pomorstvo iz vedno znova ogroenega Senja ali srenejih Reke in Trsta namre ni premoglo
dovolj tekmecev, ki bi lahko jezuitske olmotre ugnali v kozji rog.
Primerjava med Idrijo in slovako Bansko tiavnico

Glede rudarstva pa se je zasukalo drugae. Jezuiti so predvsem v svojih transilvanskih


postojankah okoli danes romunskega Cluja in na Slovakem resda razvijali rudarsko-
metalurka znanja pod Karpati in med terezijanskimi reformami obilno pisali o njih. Kljub
temu sposobnejih tekmecev ni primanjkovalo, predvsem onih zbranih okoli transilvanskega
Nemca Ignaca von Borna, ki se je iz razoaranega jezuita prelevil v prostozidarja na prvem
domala sodobnem dolgotrajnem znanstvenem sreanju o amalgamaciji z idrijskim ivim
srebrom v slovaki Skalici 200 km zahodno od Banske tiavnice ob eki meji leta 1786. Tam
je Born ustanovil znamenito Societat der Bergbaukunde s 154 lani, med katerimi so bili
posebno znameniti kemik Lavoisier, inenir J. Watt in pesnik-optik Goethe (Born, Trebra,
1789, 14; Juni, 2016, 24, 89). Pri tem je Born dobro vedel, da v Juni Ameriki amalgame e
dolgo uporabljajo; deloval je pa po Kolumbovi logiki v kateri ameriki domorodci ne tejejo,
dokler jih ne odkrije Evropejec. Svoja dognanja je Born opisal v lini knjigi (1786), uspeh
pa je prostozidar Mozart olepal v svoji arobni piali z Bornom v eni prikritih glavnih vlog
pet let pozneje. Skalica je imela pomembno jezuitsko postojanko, ki pa na Bornovi konferenci
ni igrala odloilne violine, saj se je Born raje odloil za bolj pogrono zasmehovanje vodilnega
slovakega jezuita M. Hella. S kritiko jezuitov si seveda ni nakopal toliknih preglavic kot
poldrugo stoletje poprej Galilej, saj je Hellova jezuitska organizacija medtem la rakom
vigat. Tako so na prvi uspeni habsburki rudarski Akademiji v Banski tiavnici zgolj
obasno predavali nekateri (nekdanji) jezuiti, kot sta bila Bornov prijatelj in G. Gruberjev
profesor Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus ali ptujski astronom-meteorolog Karl Tirnberger.
Podobno kot v Idriji, so temeljni peat oli dajali laini strokovnjaki kot nizozemski prilek
Jacquin, Born ali Scopoli, ki je v Bansko tiavnico presedlal neposredni iz Idrije. V blinji
Banski Bystrici so imeli jezuiti resda mono postojanko za tretjo probacijo in noviciat, iz
Banske tiavnice pa je bil doma eden najpomembnejih jezuitskih strokovnjakov astronom
Maksimilijan Hell (1720-1792). Maksimilijanov brat Karl je zasnoval najpomembneje
rudarske naprave in rpalke v Banski tiavnici, ki so jih uporabljali tudi v Idriji (Juni, 2017c,
stran 6). Tako je bil jezuitski vpliv v rudarski Banski tiavnici veliko moneji kot v Idriji, saj
je bilo tam poleg Hella rojenih e deset drugih resda nekoliko manj slavnih jezuitov z Avstrijske
province: clujski in koiki fizik Franciscus Roys (1668-1734), njegov sorodnik fizik v Budi
in matematik v Koicah Ignac Roys (1705-1777), trnavski fizik Johannes Pirolt (1698-1758),
koiki matematik Joannes Zimerman (* 21. 12. 1707 Bansk tiavnica; SJ 14. 10. 1724 Gyr;
15. 12. 1766 Bansk Bystrica), koiki fizik Johan Hvor (1708-1773), clujski fizik Antoniu
Grueber (1701-1746), trnavski fizik Franciscus Halvax (Halwax, * 1712), profesor fizike v
Budi Georgius Loska (1720-1758), profesor fizike v ogrskem Gyru Joannes Nepomuk Admi
(1738-1721), brkone pa tudi goriki fizik Joef Kailinger (Keillinger, Kaillinger, 1726-1790).
V sosednji 36 km severovzhodneji Banski Bystrici je bilo rojenih e drugih petero zanimivih
jezuitov: prvi profesor filozofije s fiziko v Pragi prezgodaj umrli Joannes Labrai (1540-1564),
trnavski fizik Antonius Gabon (1677-1735), fizik v Budi Franciscus Cladni (1713-1760),
koiko-trnavski matematik Joannes Bapt Schwelmer (1728-1775) in koiki matematik
Josephus Heinrich (* 1733).

Podov sodelavec pri zbiranju fosilov Franc Saleki Eder (1739-1788) je svoj as predaval
gramatiko v Ljubljani leta 1762/63 in 1763/64. Umrl je v Banski tiavnici, njegov ljubljanski
predhodnik iz leta 1744/45 Ignatius Gunz (1723-1765) pa je umrl v sosednji Banski Bystrici.
Rudarsko sredie v Banski tiavnici in sosednja danes sedemkrat bolj obljudena Bystrica sta
bili tako tesno vpleteni v jezuitska dejanja in nehanja njega dni.
Mnogo manji je bil jezuitski vpliv na idrijsko in cerkljansko olstvo, pri emer je razdalja od
Idrije do Cerknega dvakrat kraja kot med nekajkrat vejima Bansko tiavnico in Bansko
Bystrico. Kljub podobnostim in dolgoletnim povezavam Idrija danes ni (e) pobratena z
Bansko tiavnico, je pa z njo pobraten Ptuj. Jezuit Gabrijel Gruber je sicer prijateljeval s
Scopolijem in sprva celo s Hacquetom, idrijski direktor Franc Janez Inzaghi pa je gmotno
podpiral jezuitske tiske. Vseeno pa v Steinbergovo, Scopolijevo in J. Mrakovo idrijsko
strokovno olo niso privabili prav nobenega jezuita. Za blinje gorike, trake ali ljubljanske
jezuite je bila takna politika gotovo hud udarec in ponianje, vendar pa je bilo idrijsko
rudarjenje v dunajskih dravnih rokah in lokalni veljaki tu niso imeli odloilne besede.
Jezuitski vpliv je sicer mono posegal iz njihovih posesti v Podnanosu, kljub temu pa
notranjsko in idrijsko obmoje ni dalo bogatih etev jezuitskim prizadevanjem, saj je le pet
idrijskih jezuitov slubovalo v Ljubljani (Andrej Kolperger, Franciscus Krassnig (Krasnigh),
Mathias Mikusch, Joseph Kossen in Kavi). Med njimi je le najmlaji, bodoi kof Anton
Kavi, tudi specializiral tehniko-matematine vede v Gradcu, eravno jih zavoljo prepovedi
jezuitov nikoli ni predaval na lastni katedri. Kaviev profesor je bil Alois Mayr (*1731), ki je
tudiral pri Josefu Dabielu in pomembnemu slovenskemu matematiku Janezu Kautniku
(Kaschutnig). Med Kavievimi grakimi soolci je bil nekaj mesecev mlaji Franc Saleki
Schemerl (emerl, * 1744). Franc in Anton Kavi sta obenem vstopila v jezuitski red, vendar
si je Kavi izbral Ljubljano, veliko bogateji Franc pa je ta odloilni korak opravil na Dunaju
pri sv. Ani, podobno kot tri leta pozneje njegov mlaji brat Andreas (*1747), ki se je po
prepovedi jezuitskega reda leta 1780 kot G. Gruberjev savski inenir poroil z Janezovo herjo
Sabino Lassacher von Weyersperg ob prii Antonu Kappusu pl. Pichelsteinu iz slovite
fuinarske druine, ki je prav tako dala tevilne znamenite jezuite. Njun najmlaji brat Joef
Marija emerl je bil soolec Jurija Vege; podedoval je G. Gruberjevo ljubljansko katedro za
mehaniko in postal vodilni habsburki gradbenik. Ker so bili dunajski bratje Gruber uenci
poglavitnih Dunajskih zagovornikov Bokovia Karla Scherfferja in J. Liesganiga, so pri
svojih hidrodinaminih snovanjih tudi ljubljanski bratje emerl sledili Bokovievim naukom,
ki so se gotovo oprijeli tudi Antona Kavia. Kavi je kot novi ljubljanski kof med
prevratnim asom Napoleonovih vojn med letoma 1806-1814 spremljal ponovno ustanavljanje
jezuitskega reda kot plod prizadevanj bratov Gruber. kofovo palao je moral med francosko
zasedbo prepustiti Marmontu, ki je v njej delal tudi obetavne elektrokemine poskuse z
domnevnim tehtanjem kalorika pri raztapljanju veplene kisline v vodi s pomojo armadnega
farmacevta Paissja, ki je prej sluboval v Maastrichtu in na tajerskem, in poznejega vodje
idrijskega rudnika med letoma 1811-1814 Louis-Georges-Gabriela de Gallois-Lachapella
(1775-1825). Ko pa je Marmont v Parizu svoj domnevni uspeh pokazal prijateljem Gasparu
Mongeju, Claude-Louisu Bertholletu in Gay-Lussacu, je bil rezultat dokaj klavrn in nadvse
piel (Juni, 2017d, strani 6-7).

Primerjava med doseki idrijskih strokovnjakov in njihovih jezuitskih sodobnikov

Druganost Idrije, njeno svetovljanstvo in tehnika podkovanost rudnikih uslubencev se je


globoko odraala v prispevkih h kranjski tehniki kulturi. Posebno uinkoviti so bili ob
zaetkih dravne uprave idrijskega rudnika (Jan Khisli in njegov alkimist Antonio Degalli (de
Galli, Gall) ali med zaetki sistematine zdravstvene oskrbe idrijskih rudarjev ob zatonu
jezuitskega reda pred ducat let trajajoim velikanskim panskim naroilom idrijskega ivega
srebra za izvoz iz Trsta v Ameriko od leta 1791 do Napoleonovih vojn. Pod vodstvom
Voltovega sorodnika Inzaghija je njega dni iddrijski rudnik gostil vrhunske naravoslovce
Scopolija, Hacqueta in E. Freyerja. Tiste krati je idrijski rudnik dajal zakladnici svetovnih znanj
ve kot vsa druga Kranjska skupaj.
Soasno s prevlado idrijskih znanj po panski nasledstveni vojni pod peresi in spretnimi rokami
Streinberga in Inzaghijevih umnih zdravilcev, so se tudi slovenske jezuitske uenosti kar
najbolj uveljavile pri Hallersteinu in Gabrijelu Gruberju. Vendar pa jezuitske tehnike vede
niso bile specializirane, saj so nosile predvsem moen pedagoki peat. Obilica jezuitskih
tekstov je bila namenjena predvsem olstvu, kar se je mono odraalo tudi na delih slovenskih
piscev. Le pri pisanju o elektriki in magnetizmu so Prebegg, Bernardin Ferdinand Erberg,
Bonaventura Pilgram, J. Herbert in Antun Kukec s svojimi znanji dovolj tehtno posegli v
svetovni napredek znanja. Jezuiti rojeni na ozemlju poseljenem s Slovenci niso prispevali
veliko k optiki, raziskovanju toplote ali mehaniki. Seveda je oris precej obetavneji, e
upotevamo e raziskovanja tehnike in magnetov tujerodnih ljubljanskih jezuitov Gabrijela
Gruberja ali J. Herbertovega tudenta Antona Ambchella, ki sta svoje najbolja leta vendarle
darovala ljubljanskim predavalnicam, podobno kot je svoj as sloviti optik Zaharija Traber
predaval tudi v Celovcu. Tako primerjava med jezuitskim labodjim spevom slovenske znanosti
in soasnim vzponom idrijskih uenjakov dri vodo le na videz, v resnici pa je lo za povsem
razlini vrsti znanja. Idrijski naravoslovci so nosili pridih novih trendov francoskih
enciklopedistov in tovarnarjev, njihovi jezuitski sodobniki pa so vztrajali pri znanju kot
vrednoti sami po sebi v slogu, ki se je postopoma e izpel v sodobnem pridobitnikem svetu
brez skrupulov. Cokla jezuitskih tehnikih vedenj je bila predvsem njihova zgolj polovina
profesionalnost v svetu vedno ojih specializacij, saj je temeljni jezuitski poklic kljub vsemu
vedno ostajal panja ovic.

Vpliv najpomembnejih ljubljanskih jezuitskih tehniko podkovanih strokovnjakov na


Idrijo

tajerec Andrej Schaffer (1612-1674) je leta 1653 kot dunajski profesor fizike objavil
pomemben povzetek nedavno natisnjene A. Kirchejeve knjige Mundus Subterraneus o
mineralih iz nahajali na Ogrskem, ki je njega dni obsegala tudi Slovako, Hrvako in
Transilvansko Romunijo. Kot vpliven strokovnjak je poldrugo stoletje pozneje leta 1670/71 v
Ljubljani kot knjiniar in zgodovinar kolegija predaval kazuistiko. Bil je nadvse strog olnik,
tako da sta bila leta 1670 njegova tudenta Marko Fabjani in Lavrencij Wolf izkljuena zaradi
pretepa z lokalnimi obrtniki po sporu med plesom (Historia Annua 2003: 257-258). Rimski
jezuitski profesor Kircher je mono vplival tudi na gorikega in ljubljanskega fizika-
matematika Janeza Thullnerja, ki je lokalne posebnosti vkljuno z idrijskimi vkljuil v svoja
gorika predavanja o tedanji znanosti imenovani horografija (krajepisje). Umetelno jih je
zapisal njegov tudent Ale iga Dolinar (1685-1708) iz slovite kranjske rodovine, ki pa je,
al, veliko prezgodaj umrl. Thullnerjeva ljubljanska predavanja je prevzel Sebastian Stainer,
ki se je ukvarjal predvsem s Kircherjevimi sonnimi urami. Celovki profesor Bavarec
Dominik Carl (1631-1688) je tisti as e zael uvajati kartezine nauke v nae kraje, v jezuitski
preobleki Honorata Fabrija in pozneje Nola Regnaulta pa so se kartezijanski nauki zaeli
uveljavljati pri ljubljanskem fiziku Janezu Barbolanu in rektorju Antonu Erbergu. Prvi
prepoznavni zagovorniki nasprotnih Newtonovih novosti v naih krajih sta bila Franc Ksaver
Hndler (1666-1727) kot ljubljanski nijeolski profesor leta 1689/90 in Koroec Franc
Storchmann (1669-1703), pozneji profesor fizike v Linzu, ki ga je naslednje leto nadomestil.
Leibnizevo matematiko je zael uvajati novomeki matematik Karl Tosch (To). Prvi izraziti
zagovornik Bokovievih novosti na naih tleh je bil ljubljanski predavatelj poetike leta
1738/39 Franciscus Ginthr (Gindhr, 1714-1744), ki je leta 1751 in 1752 pod K.
Scherfferjevim vplivom kot dunajski profesor fizike ponatisnil dve poglavitni Bokovievi
rimski knjigi, poldrugo desetletje pozneje pa sta podobno poela Biwald in Pogrinik v Gradcu
in Ljubljani. Ljubljanski profesor Newtonove fizike leta 1761/62 in 1762/63 botanik Franc
Saleki Wulfen je zgledno sodeloval tako z idrijskim zdravnikom Scopolijem, kot z Jacquinom.
Poglavitna Bokovieva pristaa, ljubljanski fizik Anton Ambschell in njegov dunajski
profesor Celovan Joef pl. Herbert (Herwert, Herverth, 1725-1794), sta prva v Evropi
dokazala stisljivost vode pod stolpom idrijskega ivega srebra v latinsko pisani knjiici iz leta
1773 in v Ambshellovem ilustriranem nemkem prevodu pet let pozneje. Herbert je leta 1775
objavil e odmevno kristalografsko razpravo v zborniku nekdanjih jezuitov. Gabrijelov brat
Tobija Gruber se je z dedom Charlesa Darwina, Erazmom, prepiral glede vzrokov za nabiranje
ledu ob izpuhtevanju pare skozi izhodni ventil rpalke Karla Hella v Banski tiavnici. Pojav
so pozneje prepoznali kot Joule-Thomsonovo hlajenje pri irjenju plina v prostor z nijim
tlakom, prav z njim pa so si pomagali pri utekoinjanju zraka, vodika in helija pred dobrim
stoletjem, v hladilnikih pa ga uporabljamo e dandanes (Juni, 2014; Juni, 2017). eprav
so bila jezuitska raziskovanja pogosto preve teoretska za uporabne namene vodilnih mo
idrijskega rudnika, so se ob njih spletale mnogotere koristne inovacije. al pa so ljubljanski
jezuiti pretirano stavili na raziskovanje svojih sobratov. Pri tem so bili e mnogo bolj papeki
od papea, e mnogo bolj dosledni od svojih dunajskih ali grakih sobratov, eravno je zavoljo
hitre izmenjave kadrov v Ljubljani slubovala domala etrtina vseh tehniko podkovanih
jezuitov. Takna zaverovanost vase pa za idrijske tehnologe ni bila vedno sprejemljiva, saj so
morali biti razgledani po vsem svetu, e so hoteli obdrati korak s panskimi in svetovnimi
inovacijami pri pridobivanju ivega srebra.

Industrijska naravnanost idrijskih znanj

Ko se je Valvasor 3. decembra 1685 pritoil londonski Kraljevi drubi ez povrno Brownovo


opisovanje Kranjske, objavljeno v tamkajnjih Philosophical Transactions, je na prvem mestu
takoj uvodoma navedel rudnik ivega srebra, e pred Cerknikim jezerom. Ko je Napoleon za
tiri leta zasedel Ilirske Province, je nemudoma prepisal dohodke idrijskega rudnika nase, saj
drugega primerljivo donosnega posla ni bilo dale naokoli. Poslovna naravnanost Idrijanov je
mednje spravila mnogo ve sodobnih mehanskih, optinih in toplotnih naprav kot v druge
kranjske kraje. tevilni idrijski uslubenci so bili pol tisoletja moderni poslovnei in inenirji
primerljivi z nizozemskimi, zato je njihov prispevek k industrijski fiziki mono presegal vse
kranjske sosede vsaj v dobi irjenja rudnika med tridesetletno vojno in velikim panskim
naroilom kmalu po francoski revoluciji. Tako kot so bili jezuiti s svojim posebnim
poduhovljenim pristopom do znanja svojevrstna posebnost, so bili tudi Idrijani drugani,
eravno so se razlikovali v povsem nasprotni, industrijam posveeni lui.

kodljivost ivega srebra je bila zgolj eden od argumentov tekmecev, ki so pokonali idrijski
rudnik z nianjem cen ivega srebra po manjem povpraevanju po ivem srebru v amalgamih
in termometrih (Juni, 2017c). Na podoben nain so amerike prohibicije brez haska skuale
uniiti razpeevalce alkoholne omame, medicinske tudije pa so domala zavdale tobani
industriji. Stoletni strahovi Idrijanov pred izrabo rudnih il so se tako izcimili v povsem
nepriakovan drugaen polom, ki pa ni sledil straljivemu rnemu scenariju. Stoletna
navezanost na sodobne inovativne tehnologije je Idrijane usposobila celo za prehod iz
rudarstva v druge industrijske panoge, ki Idrijo e nadalje razvijajo v cvetoe mesto. Drugi
kranjski kraji s krajo rudarsko tradicijo, med njimi premogovniki rnomelj ali predvsem
Koevje, podobne prekvalifikacije v drugane industrijske panoge nikoli niso zmogli, zato so
posledino mono zaostali za sodobno Idrijo.

Idrijski ljubljanski kof Anton Kavi v primerjavi z drugimi jezuiti

Jezuitska znanja v deelah poseljenih s Slovenci so prispevali tako domaini, kot je bil Kavi,
kot tujci. Lahko jih celo uvrstimo v tri dele z dvema pododdelkoma: v slovenskih deelah rojeni
jezuiti, ki so tehnike vede predavali drugod, tako kot Avgutin Hallerstein ali doma, tako kot
ljubljanska fizika Sigmund Jeni in Janez Kaugg iz Radelj ob Dravi, tujerodni jezuiti
predavatelji tehnikih ved v slovenskih deelah kot je bil Gabrijel Gruber in jezuitski
predavatelji tehnikih ved, ki so v slovenskih deelah opravljali druge dolnosti. Med slednjimi
so bili zveine zelo pomembni strokovnjaki v zenitu svojih ivljenjskih sil, tako kot domain
ljubljanski rektor Anton Erberg ali zadnji ljubljanski rektor tujerodni Christian Rieger. Spet
drugi iz zadnje skupine pa so deelah poseljenih s Slovenci opravljali zgolj obvezno
profesorsko usposabljanje po magisteriju iz tehnikih ved in pred teolokim doktoratom, tako
kot ljubljanski predavatelj Josef Staininger (Steininger), ki je pozneje poueval fiziko v Gradcu
in na Dunaju. V redkih predvsem novejih primerih so jezuiti pisali tehniko-matematine spise
ne da bi bili kdaj nosilci tovrstnih kateder. Brata Gabrijel in Tobija Gruber sta bila tudi priznana
arhitekta, urejevalca vodotokov in umetnika.

Pomen posameznih ljubljanskih jezuitov v tehnikih vedah lahko ocenimo tako, da morebitno
delo na pomembnih nalogah v zamejstvu ovrednotimo s tremi tokami, plemiko poreklo z
dvema, drugo katedro ali specializacijo matematike prav tako s tremi, tretjo matematino
katedro s petimi, etrto z devetimi, peto z desetimi, prvo fizikalno katedro s tremi, drugo s
petimi, tretjo s sedmimi, ohranjene spise z dvema, matematine, ohranjene astronomsko-
astroloke ali fizikalne spise pa e dodatno s po tremi tokami. Pri tem tokovanje ohranjenih
astronomskih spisov omejimo na 10, saj bi sicer moderni astronomi, kot sta bila A. Hallerstein
s 24-imi ali Maksimilijan Hell z 69-imi astronomskimi objavami veinoma v evropskih
specializiranih revijah presegla vse okvirje. Posamezni jezuit brez vseh natetih zaslug razen
specializacije ali zaetne tehnike katedre dobi eno toko, najbolji med njimi z matematino-
tehnikimi spisi ali arhitekturno-tehnikimi doseki, plemikim rodom, delom v tujini in
tevilnimi predavateljskimi katedrami pa so lahko deleni do 50 tok, ki jim pritejemo e
splono oceno od 1 do 9 in tevilo ohranjenih del. Anton Kavi je edini Idrijan, ki ga na
osnovi njegovega dunajskega fizikalno-filozofskega magisterija iz leta 1766 in grake
uporabno-matematine specializacije iz let 1768-1769 lahko uvrstimo v na pregled in sicer s
estnajstimi tokami. Za primerjavo: Notranjec Rafael Kobencl jih dobi 14, Gabrijel Gruber 59
predvsem na osnovi arhitekturno-tehnikih dosekov ob zgolj dveh fizikalnih objavah,
Avgutin Hallerstein s svojimi tevilnimi astronomskimi spisi pa celo 83 (Juni, 2017b).
Sklep

Napredna tehnika je nedvomno sr gmotnega blagostanja. Pri dovzetnosti nanjo igra


podedovana miselnost odloilno vlogo. Tradicionalno usmerjene drube se uvedbam doloenih
tehnolokih novosti obasno skuajo upreti, saj se zavedajo, da novih izumov ni mogoe
sprejeti brez spremljajoe ideologije izumiteljev, kot so Japonci in drugi vzhodnjaki pravilno
posumili e po prvih stikih z zahodnim kranstvom. Mobilne drube narodnostno meanih
naseljencev na nizozemskih polderjih, neko indijanskih amerikih planotah ali v rudarski Idriji
zato laje spremenijo nain ivljenja med prilagajanjem novim izzivom. Podedovanim
navadam zavezan kmeki ivelj se prilagaja teje in precej bolj poasi. Mogone organizacije
teje korigirajo svoje poglede na svet in gospodarjenje z njim v primerjavi z bolj ohlapno
povezanimi nomadstva vajenimi zdrubami. Zato so iberijski pastirji po pregonu Mavrov tako
zlahka obraunali e z amerikimi domorodci ne da bi jih pretirano pekla vest, zahodnjaki
protestanti pa so zatem podobno brezsrno uprizorili industrijske revolucije z umazano
prvobitno akumulacijo kapitala. Velikansko kitajsko in sosednja gospodarstva so imela njega
dni naprednejo tehnologijo, vendar premogone Konfucijeve ali budistine moralne zadrke,
da bi lahko svojim lastnim sobratom naprtila toliko trpljenja, kot so ga bila pred poldrugim
stoletjem delena britanska industrijska predmestja Dickensovih romanov in Marxove teorije.
Idrijanom se je godilo bolje, saj se je umazano delo z nevarno ivim srebrom in bojem za
mezde usidralo e v renesanno mestno sr in ga ni bilo treba biti znova.
Scopoli, Freyerji, Hacquet in njihovi efi idrijskega rudnika

Veliko trojico idrijskih uenjakov si lahko ogledamo skozi njihovega skupnega prijatelja,
Hacquetovega obudovalca Molla. Baron Karl Ehrenbert Moll (*1760; 1838) je ena kljunih
osebnosti zaetkov krasoslovja na prehodu v 19. stoletje. Pripadal je drugi generaciji
raziskovalcev Krasa, ki je sledila Hacquetovim pionirskim dognanjem v prvi generaciji, ko se
je raziskovanje Krasa razvilo v posebno znanstveno panogo v veliki meri prav v Idriji. Mrea
Mollovih korespondentov in sodelavcev obsega tudi idrijske raziskovalce slovenskega Krasa.

Moll je bil izobraen pri benediktincih v Kremsmnstru in Salzburgu; slednji je bil v njegovem
asu e vedno loen v ekstravagantno srednjeevropsko enoto. Med Mollovimi akademskimi
predniki sta bila Ernst Vols iz Radgone in Andrej Kobav iz Cerknice. Leta 1779 in 1794 je
Moll sodeloval z nekdanjim jezuitom Scopolijevim prijateljem Nikolausom Podo, nekdanjim
uiteljem Gabrijela in Tobiasa Gruberja. Kot vodilni naravoslovec in pomemben urednik je
Moll pisal celemu kupu ljudi. Bil je lan dvaindvajsetih znanstvenih drutev, ki pokrivajo
obmoje od Peterburga do Torina, od Pariza do Augsburga. Scopoli in Poda sta sodelovala z
baronom Mollom, ki je bil eden od obudovalcev Hacqueta. Med avgustom in oktobrom 1785
sta Moll in njegov stareji sodelavec in prijatelj Hacquet potovala po Renu in v Alpe pod zaito
nadkofa Colloreda, ki je vladal od 1772 do odstopa 11. februarja 1803. Hacquet je poroal o
Karpatih svojemu prijatelju Mollu, ki je pisma objavil v svoji Mnchen Jahrbcher fr Bergbau
und Httenkunde leta 1794 in 1805. Leta 1797 je Moll obudoval Hacquetovo znanje, podobno
kot drugi lani Hacquetove dunajske drube. Moll je hranil tudi Hacquetovo avtobiografijo.
Hacquet je poslal Mollu svoje zadnje veliko delo, najbolj filozofsko usmerjeno med vsem kar
je Hacquet kdaj napisal. Naslov Blicke ber das menschliche Wissen der Naturkunde govori
sam zase. Mollovo naravoslovno omreje je bilo prednik sodobnega interneta. Ve pionirjev
raziskovanja krasa pripada Mollovi drubi, tudi e niso bili vedno prijazni drug z drugim. Med
njimi so bili Hacquet, Scopoli in Tobias Gruber, eravno slednja Hacqueta nista marala.

SLIKA 5 (Freyer12potomcev): Idrijani Freyerji.

SLIKA 6 (Freyer4Predniki): Predniki farmacevtov Freyerjev iz Idrije.

Zagreti botanik Hladnik

15. 7. 1791 sta imela matematik Anton Gruber in fizik Jernej Schaller 20 tudentov, med osmini
popisanimi na prvi strani je bil tudi sedemnajstletni Franc de Paula Hladnik (*29. 3. 1773,
Idrija; 25. 11. 1844, Ljubljana), na drugi strani pa sta popisala e 12 tudentov. Hladnik ni bil
telesno ravno hrust, zato pa se mu je v sr vsadila idrijska ljubezen do cvetlic, podedovana iz
asov Scopolija, E. Freyerja in Hacqueta, eravno je osebno poznal le Freyerje. F. Hladnik je
kot vodilni ljubljanski olnik izdatno podpiral svoje dijake iz svoje oje domovine, tako Franca
Monika kot Henrika Freyerja; slednjega je sicer vasih tudi trdo prijel. F. Hladnik je leta 1810
postavil na noge ljubljanski botanini vrt pod Marmontovim ezlom; danes za vrt skrbi Joe
Bavcon, ki je prav tako tesno povezan s Cerknim in Idrijo. Hladnik ni veliko objavljal, eprav
je sodeloval z nekdanjim ljubljanskim profesorjem Francem Wulfnom in drugimi vidnimi
botaniki.

Kemik, matematik in ravnatelj Peternel


olnik in domoznanski pisatelj Mihael Peternel (* 22. 9. 1808 Lanie severno od Idrije; 6. 8.
1884, Ljubljana) je bil Monikov blinji rojak; zato mu je Monik zaupal in mu pomagal pri
njegovi ivljenjski poti. Tako kot Monik, je tudi Peternel obiskoval glavno olo v Idriji od leta
1818 do 1821. Gimnazijo je zael v Gorici leta 1821 in 1822; po letu tudija v Celovcu je
maturiral leta 1829 v Ljubljani (rnivec, Ljubljanski Klasiki 838); tam je nato konal e dve
leti liceja od leta 1829 do 1831. Matematiko ga je uil Schulz pl. Strassnitzki, fiziko in kemijo
pa Kersnik. Peternel se je vpisal na ljubljansko bogoslovje in je bil po koncu tudija leta 1835
posveen v duhovnika za razliko od Monika. Nekaj asa je bil Kersnikov asistent pri pouku
kemije, ki jo je Kersnik neobvezno predaval na liceju. Peternel je poldrugo desetletje pasel
due v Dobravi, Vegovih Moravah, Poljanah, martnem in Vodicah; vendar si je elel
pouevati otroke in je leta 1851 opravil uiteljski izpit iz prirodoslovne skupine realke v
priakovanju olske reforme. Na Monikov predlog je bil leta 1852 postavljen za prvega
ravnatelja nove, tedaj samo trirazredne ljubljanske realke. Ravnatelj je ostal do leta 1860.

Peternel je na realki predaval kemijo, naravoslovje, slovenski jezik in fiziko do vkljuno leta
1860/61. Leta 1856 je v izvestjah ljubljanske realke objavil zemljepis vojvodine Kranjske.
Skupaj z Monikom je sodeloval pri izdaji Vegovih logaritmovnikov in dal pobudo za
postavitev Vegovega spomenika na elezniki postaji Laze pri Dolskem; vendar se je spomenik
prej posreil Idrijanom. Po odloitvi ravnateljskih asti je Peternel nael ve asa za znanost.
Leta 1854 je objavil ivljenjepis ob stoletnici rojstva Jurija Vege. Objavil je izvleke
ivljenjepisa Jurija Vege (Peternel, Georg Freiherr von Vega, 325-326); pregledal je Vegove
logaritme, ob stoletnici Vegovega rojstva napisal njegovo kritino biografijo in predlagal, naj
se slavnemu rojaku postavi spomenik. Pobudo za raziskovanje Vege je seveda rpal predvsem
iz svojega slubovanja v Moravah, kjer je spoznal sorodnike velikega moa in videl, kako iv
je bil Vegov spomin v rodnem kraju.

Leta 1856 je Peternel za Zalobo olskih knjig sestavil slovensko terminologijo za geometrijo.
Podobno je leta 1857 sestavil slovenske izraze za biologijo, leta 1862 pa je v realnih izvestjah
objavil posreen popis slovenskega kemijskega izrazoslovja, ki ga je gotovo nabral med
sodelovanjem s Kersnikom. Izdeloval je fizikalne naprave, organiziral astronomska
opazovanja in objavil zemljepisni oris Kranjske domovine. Odkril je stoletje star Erbergov
popis prvih nabav za ljubljanski fizikalno-matematini kabinet in ugotovil, katere naprave so
se e ohranile iz tedanjih dni. Leta 1874 se je dal predasno upokojiti kmalu za prijateljem
Monikom, gotovo tudi sam nezadovoljen z novimi olskimi reformami. Seveda njun protest
ni ravno veliko zalegel, eravno sta bila vplivna moa. Peternel se je ukvarjal tudi z botaniko
in je na Kranjskem uvajal regine, dalije in druge roe.

Vitez habsburke matematike Cerkljan Franc Monik

Eden glavnih izvajalcev olske reforme po pomladi narodov je bil Franc vitez Monik (*1. 10.
1814, Cerkno; 30. 11. 1891, Gradec). Rodil se je kot drugi od treh sinov gostilniarja Andreja,
uglednega Cerkljana in brkone celo upana. Tri Francove sestre so umrle zelo zgodaj. Franc
je obiskoval olo v Idriji od leta 1821 do 1824. Pokazal je izrazito nadarjenost; zato so premoni
stari zanj izbrali latinske ole v Ljubljani. estrazredne nije tudije je konal med letoma
1824 in 1830 pri opu, Metelku in gimnazijskem prefektu botaniku Hladniku. V prvem letniku
liceja je Monika leta 1830/31 matematiko uil Schulz pl. Strassnitzki, v drugem letniku
1831/32 pa je poslual fizikalna predavanja pri Kersniku. Pri Schulzu pl. Strassnitzkemu je
Monik brkone poslual e nadaljevalni matematini teaj. Monik si je prizadeval za vejo
veljavo slovenine v ljudskih olah, eprav s svojimi ubeniki nemine ni niti priblino tako
uspel kot z raunicami (Schmidt, Zgodovina, 3; Hladnik, ivljenjska, 14; Razpet, Osebno, 85).
24. 3. 1851 je predlagal ministru Thurnu ustanovitev dvojezinega pedagokega teaja v
domai Idriji, ki se je zael leta 1852/53 z dobrim obiskom. Skrbel je za vije plae uiteljev,
njihove dodatke za kurjavo in podobno; to prizadevnost je gotovo podedoval od svojega
uitelja Schulza.

Ko gledamo znanstvene velikane preteklosti je vedno dobro vedeti, kam so hodili v olo. Franc
vitez Monik je bil eden od najvejih slovenskih gora listov. Kdo ga je uil, da je priel tako
visoko? Odgovorov je vedno lahko ve. Naeloma posamezniku za prednike izberemo ljudi,
ki so bili njegovi mentorji pri doktorski disertaciji. To je zelo enostavno danes. Vendar
disertacije niso od nekdaj in e posebej ne pri nas v Srednji Evropi. Zato tistim uenjakom, ki
jim doktorata ni mogoe pripisati, za prednike izberemo ljudi, ki so ga uili matematiko in/ali
fiziko na univerzi.

Za Monika bomo izjemoma izrisali oba primera. Fizike in matematike se je uil v Ljubljani,
kjer ga je matematiko uil Poljak Karl Schulz, fiziko pa Janez Krstnik Kersnik. Eden
Monikovih starejih soolcev je bil Mihael Peternel, ki je postal pomemben fizik in ravnatelj
ljubljanske realke. S tem smo opravili prvi korak k Monikovem akademskem rodoslovju.
Drugo vejo poiemo v Gradcu, kjer je Monik doktoriral. Tretjo vejo Monikovih prednikov
lahko najdemo v slovitem matematiku A. Cauchyju, s katerim sta skupaj delovala v Gorici;
Cauchy kot domai uitelj sina francoskega kralja, Monik pa kot profesor. Monikovo
znanstveno delo je bilo povsem navezano na Cauchyjeve nasvete, tako da je tudi tretja veja
povsem upraviena.

SLIKA 7 (MonikFrancPrednikov4generacije): Monikovi in Peternelovi akademski predniki


po vejah njunih ljubljanskih profesorjev matematike (v zelenih pravokotnikih) in fizike (v
rdeih pravokotnikih). Zelene tevilke kaejo rojstvo, rjave morebitni vstop k jezuitom, sive
leto tudija fizike, rdee poevne podrtane morebitno leto specializacije matematinih ved.
Podrtana vijolina je smrt v desnem spodnjem kotu.

Uitelji Monikovih uiteljev

Drugo generacijo Monikovih prednikov prav tako poiemo brez vejih teav. Kersnik se je
olal v Ljubljani, za razliko od Monika pa je med Ljubljanani konal prav vse svoje tudije.
Matematiko je poslual pri Antonu Gruberju, mlajemu bratu bolj slavnega Gabrijela, po
katerem Ljubljanani imenujejo prekop in palao ob zaetku Dolenjske ceste. Anton je bil
Dunajan; morebiti se je prav zato lepo razumel s sodelavcem Schallerjem, ki je bil rojen v
predmestju Dunaja. e bi ne pristno sodelovala, bi gotovo ne znala tako umetelno nauiti
Kersnika, ki je nato predaval Moniku. Kersnik namre ni imel drugih ol razen ljubljanskih.
Njegov vnuk je bil pisatelj Janko Kersnik in tudi sam profesor Kersnik je imel nadvse rad
slovensko besedo. Tako je tudentom na zapletena matematina vpraanja dovolil odgovarjati
kar po slovensko, eravno to uradno ni bilo prav. Seveda Kersnika ni nihe zatoil zaradi te
pregrehe, celo dijak Janez Trdina ga je hvalil, eravno mu je bila kot pisatelju matematika
docela panska vas. Uenci so imeli profesorja Kresnika tako radi, da so mu za god redno
priredili sprevod z baklami na Ljubljanici. On jim je ljubezen vraal, tako da je na ljubljanskih
visokih olah predaval kar pol stoletja. Uil je veinoma fiziko in matematiko, vasih pa tudi
kemijo; imel je namre obilico otrok in se stranskega zasluka nikakor ni branil.

Matematik Karl Schulz poljskega plemikega rodu pa je bil povsem druge sorte uenjak. Ob
matematiki je za ljubitelje poueval e astronomijo, ki se je gotovo tudi Monik ni branil.
Schulz je tudiral na cesarskem Dunaju. Lepa re. Njegov profesor je bil tam namre znova
naih gora list, Kranjan Joef Jenko. Jenko je najprej uil matematiko na ljubljanskih vijih
olah z ramo ob rami s fizikom Kersnikom. Ko pa so v deelo prihrumeli Napoleonovi
vojaki, jih ni bil ni kaj vesel; Ljubljano mu je dodatno zagrenila nesrena ljubezen. Takoj je
zapakiral kovke in zael pouevati v Linzu, nato v Gradcu in konno dolga desetletja na
Dunajski univerzi med vodilnimi matematiki tedanje srednje Evrope. Slovencev pa pri tem
nikakor ni pozabil, pomagal jim je, kjer se je dalo. Ko je bil sloviti slavist Jernej Kopitar e
star in bolan, ga je vzel k sebi domov in ga je gostil do poslednje ure. Kopitar je bil namre
zelo zaposlen in se je med silnim delom (in prepiranjem s Francetom Preernom) pozabil
poroiti.

Uitelji, ki so uili matematiko profesorje Monikovih uiteljev

Jenko je po svoji strani spet tudiral matematiko in fiziko na Dunaju. Fiziko in mehaniko ga je
tam uil Anton Ambschell, nekdanji ljubljanski profesor fizike in rektor visoke ole. Jabolko
pa ne pade predale od drevesa. Osnove matematike in vijo matematiko ga je sprva uil
Metzburg, igar profesor matematike Liesganig je po ukazu cesarice Marije Terezije meril
poldnevnik tudi v naih krajih med Radgono, Mariborom in Ptujem. Ambschellov dunajski
profesor je bil Koroec Herbert, le-tega pa je uil rojak matematik Koroec Koutnik
(Kaschutnig), ki je svoji zadnji desetletji preivel v Mariboru.

SLIKA 8
(MonikFrancPrednikov4generacijPoGrakihProfesorjihObarvaniSlovenZelenMatematikiRd
eciFiziki.pdf): Monikovi profesorji matematike in fizike v Gradcu. Rumeno so obarvani
Slovenci, sivo neko ljubljanski profesorji.

Slika kae Monikove grake profesorje, pri katerih je pozneje dosegel doktorski naslov.
Tudi Monikov graki profesor matematike Knar je tudiral pri Jenku; z njim si je tudi
dopisoval.

Monikov graki profesor fizike je bil Gintl, ki je svoj as tudiral na Dunaju pri
Ettingshausenu, predhodniku Joefa Stefana na poloaju vodje tamkajnjega fizikalnega
instituta. Andrej Ettingshausen je po svoji plati tudiral pri Lindnerju na dunajski topniki oli,
kjer je svoj as poueval Jurij Vega. Seveda je bil tudi Lindner Vegov uenec; ko je Vega
nenadoma preminil, je Lindner v njegove matematine ubenike dodal nekaj sodobnejih
dognanj. Pa tudi sicer je hodil po Vegovih stopinjah, saj je tudi sam objavljal uinkovite tablice
logaritmov, e posebno rad takne epne, ki so prile prav topniarjem na tedaj kar vse
prepogostih bojiih.

Monikovi olmotri

Ogledali smo si Monikovo diplomo in doktorat skupaj z njegovimi profesorji; obe skupini
uiteljev zdruimo v enotno sliko. Med Liesganigovimi soolci vidimo tudi Kranjca Bernardina
Ferdinanda Erberga, ustanovitelja ljubljanskega matematino-fizikalnega kabineta z unimi
laboratorijskimi pripomoki.
SLIKA 9 (MonikMatematProfesorji4generacije.pdf): Monikovi graki in ljubljanski
profesorji.

Sliko Monikovih ljubljanskih profesorjev in njihovih uiteljev znamo dopolniti. Med


Monikovimi akademskimi predniki je celo astronom Ljubljanan Franc Breckersfeld; ta
znameniti rojak je po predavanjih v Gradcu in slovakih Koicah postal ef observatorija v
daljnem Cluju v Transilvaniji. Visoko je bil islan radgonski matematik Ernest Vols, ki je uil
celo paleto pomembnih uenjakov.

SLIKA 10 (MonikFrancPrednikov10generacij.pdf): Monikovi akademski predniki glede na


njegove ljubljanske profesorje. Matematiki so to pot v rdeih pravokotnikih, fiziki pa v
modrih. Pred podatki o smrti so vijoliasto natete visoke ole na katerih je posameznik
predaval matematiko in fiziko.

Podobna raziritev se nam bo gotovo splaala tudi pri risanju drevesa Monikovih grakih
profesorjev. Tako med njimi najdemo tudi dolgoletnega profesorja fizike in konno
Ljubljanskega rektorja Antona barona Erberga z graine Dol ob Savi. Anton je bil bratranec
zgoraj opisanega B. F. Erberga, predvsem pa si je tel v ast biti stric enega najvejih
slovenskih matematikov in astronomov, kitajskega misijonarja Avgutina Hallersteina. Med
Antonovimi akademskimi predniki je Ljubljanan Karl Enders. Za Vegovega akademskega
prednika smo to pot izjemoma narisali njegovega profesorja zakljunih dveh letnikov srednje
ole Koroca Janeza Jakoba Knauerja, eravno je po Knauerjevem pouku Vega poslual
matematiko in fiziko e na visokih olah v Ljubljani. A o tem ob kakni drugi prilonosti.
Knauer je bil kot prvovrsten matematik nedvomno prav tisti, ki je Vegi odprl matematine
oi.

SLIKA 11 (MonikFrancPrednikov10generacijPoGrakihProfesorjih.pdf): Monikovi


akademski predniki glede na njegove grake profesorje.

Vitez Monik pa ni imel le akademskih prednikov, temve tudi prave potomce, kot kaejo
nove raziskave domainov Marka Razpeta in Milana Hladnika. Poleg herke Emilije in sina
Teodorja je imel e prvorojenko Marijo poroeno z inpektorjem za matematiko in druge
vede Gustavom Zeynekom. Imela sta otroke Olgo poroeno Rudel, Teodorja in Richarda;
slednji je imel sina Wolfganga, ki se med vojno ni ravno izkazal v Pragi.

Monikova disertacija

Z uporabo grakega arhivskega gradiva prvi podrobneje opisujemo doktorat Franca Monika,
naega najpomembnejega pisca matematinih ubenikov, morda celo enega
najpomembnejih v vsej habsburki monarhiji. Podajamo asovni okvir in okoliine ob
Monikovi disertaciji. Raziskujemo poklicne poti in razmeroma tevilna objavljena dela
Monikovih grakih profesorjev in skuamo nakazati njihove povezave z Monikovim
gorikim mentorjem Augustinom Cauchyjem. Konno pripovedujemo e razmeroma
alostno usodo Monikovega druinskega groba na grakem pokopaliu.

Uvod128

Monik129 je bil na najveji pisec matematinih ubenikov in drugih unih pripomokov.


Njegov vzpon od gorikega uitelja etrtega razreda normalke do univerzitetnega profesorja
in vodje urada cesarsko kraljevih deelnih olskih oblasti je stekel predvsem po uspenem
doktoratu v Gradcu. Zato si podrobneje oglejmo dokumente povezane z Monikovo
promocijo.

V Monikovem asu za promocijo v doktorja filozofije na habsburkih univerzah e ni bilo


treba napisati disertacije. Do doktorskih asti je kandidat priel po opravljenih rigorozih. K
Monikovemu uspehu pri doktorskih izpitih na graki univerzi je veliko pripomogla njegova
knjiga o Cauchyjevem postopku za reevanju enab, eprav je Cauchyjev najtesneji
sodelavec Ferdinand Hessler zapustil Gradec pet let pred Monikovo promocijo.

Monikova promocija

V desetih letih pouevanja v Gorici (1836-1846) se je Monik dodatno izpopolnjeval na


univerzi v Gradcu. Leta 1839 je bil pri petindvajsetih letih vpisan v matrike grake univerze
kot tirinajsti kandidat. Med soolci so bili celo veliko mlaji, predvsem komaj estnajstletni
Karl, sin profesorja iz Vinkovcev Franca Matskahsyja.

Monikovo rojstno Cerkno so v Gradcu navedli z nemkim imenom Kirchheim na


Primorskem, kjer je bil Monik sin kmeta Andreja. Andrej v katalogu ni bil omenjen kot
gostilniar, eprav ga kot takega poznamo iz drugih virov. V obeh semestrih leta 1839/40 je
Monik napredoval s prvorazrednim uspehom, posebej pa je bil skupaj z Levinikom in
drugimi povabljen na tudij avstrijske dravne zgodovine,130 ki jo je kot neobvezen predmet
predaval dekan Haler v drugem semestru.

SLIKA 1 (MonikKatalogFiloStudijGradec1839): Naslovna stran Kataloga izbirnih


predavanj avstrijske dravne zgodovine v tudijskem letu 1839(/1840) (Universittsarchiv
Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1836-1839).

SLIKA 2 (MonikLevicnik1839): Levinik kot enajsti in Monik kot tirinajsti med


popisanimi tudenti v Katalogu izbirnih predavanj avstrijskega dravnega prava v tudijskem
letu 1839(/1840) (Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1836-
1839).

128
Za pomo se zahvaljujem dr. Brunu Besserju, dr. Karlu Moniku, dr. Marku Razpetu, dr. Milanu Hladniku in
dr. Janezu umradi in Milanu Novaku iz Slovanske knjinice v Ljubljani.
129
Vitez Franc Monik (* 1. 10. 1814 Cerkno; 30. 11. 1892 Gradec).
130
Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1836-1839.
SLIKA 3 (MonikPrviSemester1839_40): Une moi na filozofski fakulteti v Gradcu v
prvem semestru leta 1839/40 (Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt,
Studentenkatalog, 1839/40-1843).

SLIKA 4 (MonikDrugiSemester1839_40): Une moi na filozofski fakulteti v Gradcu v


drugem semestru leta 1839/40 (Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt,
Studentenkatalog, 1839/40-1843).

Preglednica 1: Izpiti prvega semestra prvega letnika 1839/40 v januarju in februarju 1840 na
filozofski fakulteti univerze v Gradcu

Profesor Predmet tevilo Profesorji prisotni pri posameznih izpitih


tudentov
Knar Osnove matematike 144 Appeltauer, Widerhofer, Muchar, Gabriel
Muchar Latinska filologija 149 Appeltauer, Knar, Gabriel
Gabriel Filozofija 144 Haler, Appeltauer, Gintl
Widerhofer Bogoslovje 144 Knar, Appeltauer, Muchar

Preglednica 2: Izpiti prvega semestra drugega letnika 1839/40 v januarju in februarju 1840

Profesor Predmet tevilo Profesorji prisotni pri


tudentov posameznih izpitih
Gintl Fizika in uporabna matematika 145 Haler, Appeltauer, Gabriel
Widerhofer Bogoslovje 145 Haler, Appeltauer, Gabriel
Muchar Latinska filologija 141 Knar, Appeltauer, Gintl
Gabriel Moralna filozofija 145 Gintl, Appeltauer, Muchar

Preglednica 3: Izpiti iz neobveznih predmetov v februarju in marcu 1840

Profesor Predmet tevilo tudentov Profesorji prisotni pri posameznih izpitih

Gabriel Zgodovina filozofije 66 Widerhofer, Appeltauer


Haler Svetovna zgodovina 70 Widerhofer, Appeltauer
Widerhofer Vzgojni nauk 79 Appeltauer, Gintl
Haler Dravna zgodovina 14/5 Appeltauer
Muchar Klasina filologija 24 Gintl
Preglednica 4: Izpiti drugega semestra prvega letnika 1839/40 v juliju 1840

Profesor Predmet tevilo tudentov Profesorji prisotni pri posameznih izpitih

Knar Osnove matematike 133 Appeltauer, Widerhofer, Muchar, Gabriel


Muchar Latinska filologija 129 Appeltauer, Knar, Gintl
Gabriel Filozofija 133 Haler, Appeltauer, Gintl
Widerhofer Bogoslovje 133 Knar, Appeltauer, Gabriel

Preglednica 5: Izpiti drugega semestra drugega letnika 1839/40 v juliju 1840

Profesor Predmet tevilo tudentov Profesorji prisotni pri posameznih izpitih

Gintl Fizika 138 Muchar, Appeltauer, Gabriel, Haler


Widerhofer Bogoslovje 138 Appeltauer, Gintl, Knar
Muchar Latinska filologija 134 Appeltauer, Haler, Gabriel
Gabriel Filozofija 138 Gintl, Appeltauer, Widerhofer

Preglednica 6: Izpiti iz neobveznih predmetov konec drugega semestra v juniju in juliju 1840

Profesor Predmet tevilo tudentov Profesorji prisotni na izpitu

Muchar Latinska in grka filologija 12 Widerhofer


Gabriel Zgodovina filozofije 12 Appeltauer
Haler Svetovna zgodovina 71 Appeltauer, Muchar
Widerhofer Vzgojni nauk 53 Appeltauer, Muchar
Haler Dravna zgodovina 43/5 Appeltauer
Knar Uporabna geometrija 5 Muchar
Kvas Slovenina 10 Appeltauer
Rossi Italijanina 14 Appeltauer

Leta 1839 in 1840 je Monik opravil izpite iz osnov matematike, fizike, uporabne
matematike, teoretine in uporabne filozofije ter zgodovine. Prvi rigoroz je zagovarjal 22. 3.
1839 med peto in sedmo uro popoldne in sicer iz istih osnov matematike in iz fizike.
Poleg profesorjev obeh predmetov sta se pod protokol o izpitu na desni stani podpisala e
dekan Leopold Haler in profesor filozofije Lorenz Gabriel. Na levi strani dokumenta je
podpis direktorja filozofskih tudijev, deelnega svetnika Karla Appeltauerja. Enaka komisija
je spremljala Monika pri vseh poznejih izpitih.
SLIKA 5 (Monik1839Rigorozi): Dokument o Monikovih rigorozih leta 1839
(Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-1866/1-140,
Nr. 33 d).

SLIKA 6 (Monik1840DoktoratRigorozi): Zapis ob Monikovih rigorozih in doktoratu leta


1840 (Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-1866/1-
140, Nr. 33 d).

3. 4. 1839 med deseto in dvanajsto uro je Monik pri Gabrielu opravil izpit iz teoretine in
praktine filozofije. Naslednje leto je Monik nadaljeval z izpiti na graki univerzi in 13. 4.
1840 opravil izpit iz zgodovine, ki jo je predaval dekan Haler. Monik je bil soglasno
potrjen per unanimia. Naslednjega dne 14. 4. 1840 je bil promoviran za doktorja filozofije
v Gradcu s podpisom dekana Halerja.131

Za doktorske izpite so v olskem letu 1839/40 tirje kandidati opravili est izpitov, nato pa so
vse tiri promovirali. Vsi so opravili v tem olskem letu samo zadnjega od treh izpitov, le
Julius Gelba je opravil vse tri. Anton Futter je opravil tretji in obenem zadnji izpit iz
filozofije 19. 10. 1839 z veino per majora in je bil promoviran 9. 1. 1840. Gelba je
opravil izpita iz zgodovine (23. 12. 1839) in iz filozofije (29. 1. 1840) po soglasnem mnenju
vseh izpraevalcev (per unanimia). 15 . 6. 1840 je na tretjem izpitu iz matematike in fizike
odgovarjal nekoliko slabe, kljub temu pa je dobil pozitivno oceno veine profesorjev v
komisiji (per majora) , tako da je bil 20. 6. 1840 promoviran. Jernej Levinik132 je 4. 5.
1840 opravil izpit iz matematike in fizike per majora in je bil promoviran 8. 5. 1840. Bil je
najstareji sin Luke Levinika,133 zemljikega posestnika iz eleznikov na Kranjskem, ki se
je povzpel od preprostega ebljarja do trgovca z eblji s 16 ali celo 40 zaposlenimi delavci.
Levinik je bil pet let stareji od Monika. Oba sta prejela nagradi za prizadevno uenje.

Monikova promocija je bila druga izmed tirih v olskem letu 1839/40. Pod zapis o tedanjih
tirih doktorandih, Futterju, Moniku, Leviniku in Gelbi, se je podpisalo vseh osem
profesorjev filozofske fakultete: Haler, Knar, Widerhofer, Matheu Muchar kot profesor
klasine filologije in estetike, Gabriel, Gintl, slavist Kvas kot Prof. der wind. Sprache in
Josef August Rossi kot provizorini profesor italijanskega jezika od leta 1839 do leta 1842.134
Unih moi med Monikovim tudijem leta 1839/40 niso menjavali.

SLIKA 7 (MonikDoktorandi1839_40): Zapisi o doktorandih iz filozofije na graki univerzi


v olskem letu 1839/40 (Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt,
Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-1866/1-140, Nr. 33 d, 1839/40-1843).

Domnevamo, da se je Monik glede na svoje pozneje pisanje ubenikov in prizadevanja za


vejo veljavo slovenine v olah v Gradcu zanimal za neobvezna predavanja uporabne

131
Povi, 1966, 5; Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-1866/1-140,
Nr. 33 d, 1839/40-1843.
132
Jernej Levinik (Bartholomeus Lewitschnigg, * 15. 8. 1808 elezniki; 9. 5. 1883 mohor v Ziljski dolini
na Korokem).
133
Lukas Levinik (* 6. 10. 1780 elezniki; 26. 8. 1860).
134
Krones, 1886, 601.
geometrije pri Knaru v drugem semestru, morda pa celo za neobvezna predavanja iz
slovenskega jezika pri Kvasu,135 prav tako v drugem semestru. Kvasova predavanja je lahko
poslual celo Levinik, ki je bil Metelkov uenec na ljubljanski gimnaziji (1820-1826) in
liceju (1827, 1828) kot soolec Preernovega mlajega brata Jurija. Zadnji letnik liceja je
Levinik konal v Celovcu (1830-1832); tam je nanj vplival Slomek, ki je tik pred
Levinikovim prihodom postal celovki semeniki spiritual (29. 10. 1829). V asu doktorata
v Gradcu je bil Levinik kurat v Zgornji Plei (Inner Teuchen) nad Osojskim jezerom ob
samih trdih Nemcih, med katerimi je bilo dvakrat toliko protestantov kot katolikov. Pri
pesnitvu se je zgledoval po Preernu in je sodeloval kar pri vseh tirih bukvicah Kranjske
belice.136 Najbolj je zaslovel s prvim Preernovim ivljenjepisom, zasnovanim zelo osebno v
obliki osmrtnice ob drugi obletnici Preernove smrti.

Tako kot je bil doktorat v Gradcu Monikova odskona deska za bolje slube na univerzi in
konno za poloaj olskega referenta in svetovalca, je promocija tudi Leviniku kmalu
omogoila napredovanje. Seveda ne takoj, saj je celo Monik moral poakati do leta 1846, ko
je bil izbran za profesorja matematike in trgovskega raunstva na tehniki akademiji v Lvivu
(Lvov). Dne 9. 5. 1852 je Levinik konno le dobil dekanijo v mohorju, kjer je ostal do
smrti.

V asu Monikovega tudija je pouk slovenskega jezika na Graki univerzi lepo napredoval.
Kvas je konal gimnazijo v Mariboru (1804-1809), licej in pravo pa v Gradcu. Ko je bilo po
bolezni Janeza Primica137 in skoraj desetletni nezasedenosti katedre za slovenski jezik na
grakem liceju mesto slavista znova razpisano leta 1823, so med tirinajstimi prosilci dne 26.
3. 1823 sprejeli Kvasa. Kvas je postal najprej zaasni, po nateaju z dne 17. 12. 1834 pa od
28. 4. 1836 redni (stalni) profesor vse do poletnega semestra 1867. Na nateaju leta 1834 so
bili med Kvasovimi tekmeci Anton Murko, Franc Mikloi in Caf,138 ne pa nadarjeni Vraz,139
ki je bil tedaj ele tudent logike. Caf je pozneje leta 1848 prevedel Monikovo raunico za
drugi in tretji razred ljudskih ol; bila sta vrstnika in sta se poznala e iz asov Monikovega
doktorata v Gradcu, ko je bil Caf kaplan v Gradcu (1838) in v Lebringu pri Wildonu (1839).

V asu Monikovega in Levinikovega tudija v Gradcu je Kvas predaval po tri ure na teden
po Dajnkovi140 slovnici, ki jo je Kvas celo sam pomagal pisati. Ker pri Kranjski belici niso
uporabljali dajnice, je Kvas o beliarjih omalovaujoe sodil.141 To gotovo ni bilo po godu
Leviniku. Kvas je na svojem domu v Gradcu leta 1834 gostil Vraza; le-ta ga je kmalu
spreobrnil v ilirizem, ki Moniku in predvsem Leviniku seveda ni bil ve. V Gradcu so
malo pred Monikovo in Levinikovo promocijo Vraz, Mikloi in sodelavci brez uspeha
skuali izdati Metuljka kot vrstnika ali celo tekmeca belici.142

135
Koloman Kvas (Kolloman Quass, * 30. 11. 1790 Roiki vrh pri Sv. Juriju ob avnici; 19. 12 1867
Gradec).
136
SBL, 1: 647-649.
137
Janez Nepomuk Primic (* 1823; 1867).
138
Oroslav Caf (* 13. 4. 1814 Reica; 3. 7. 1874 Ptuj).
139
Stanko Vraz ((* 30. 6. 1810 Cerovec; 24. 5. 1851 Zagreb).
140
Peter Dajnko (* 23. 4. 1787 Sv. Peter pri Radgoni; 22. 2. 1873 Velika Nedelja).
141
SBL, 1: 601-602.
142
Petr, 1939, 71, 116, 126.
Monikov profesor uporabne matematike in fizike Gintl143

Jezuiti so vodili vije tudije na univerzi v Gradcu med letoma 1585/86 in 1773. Po ukinitvi
jezuitskega reda je prilo do podobnih kadrovskih teav kot na dvoletnem liceju v Ljubljani.
Joef II. je ukinil grako univerzo, tako da so med letoma 1782-1826 imeli v Gradcu samo
licej s tremi letniki. Kljub temu so profesorji veinoma ostali isti, med njimi fizik Biwald,144
ki je svojo poklicno pot zael kot predavatelj v Ljubljani.

Politehnika ali Technische Hochschule v Gradcu se je razvila leta 1864 iz leta 1811
ustanovljenega Joanneuma nadvojvode Janeza.145 Prvi profesor poljudne astronomije na
Joanneumu je postal dotedanji ljubljanski profesor Neumann146 od jeseni leta 1812 do leta
1816. Neumann je med letoma 1804-1812 pa je poueval fiziko in druge predmete na
gimnaziji in na liceju v Ljubljani, pozneje pa je postal pomemben pisec fizikalnih ubenikov.

Jakob Philip Kulik je desetletje po Biwaldovi smrti zael novembra 1816 pouevati fiziko na
liceju v Gradcu.147 Obenem je postal e Neumannov naslednik in zadnji predavatelj
astronomije na graki visoki oli. Kulik je leta 1826 v prvem zvezku Baumgartnerjeve in
Ettingshausnove revije objavil razpravo o Heronovem predniku parnega stroja, ki ga je
skiciral kot vejo posodo z dvema manjima ob strani. Nato je raziskoval enabe za sinusno
nihanje idealnega nihala pod majhnimi koti brez izgub hitrosti. Za fizikalne koliine je
uporabljal simbole priblino enake sodobnim.

Baumgartner in Ettingshausen sta med prvimi razpravami v svoji novi reviji objavila
Cauchyjevo Uporabo Lagrangejeve interpolacijske enabe za doloanje koeficienta
polinomov razlinih stopenj in Preuevanje pratevil kot korenov polinomskih enab.148 Za
Kulikovo razpravo o nihalu sta urednika uvrstila ponatis dveh Cauchyjevih del o
diferencialnem raunu z uporabo Lagrangejevih interpolacijskih enab. Baumgartner in
Ettingshausen sta v prvih zvezkih revije objavljala veliko prevodov predvsem Cauchyjevih
najnovejih parikih del da bi utrdila sloves svoje nove revije v znanstvenem svetu. Cauchy je
tako mono vplival na habsburke matematike in fizike e desetletje pred svojo preselitvijo v
Gorico.

Leta 1820 je Kulik prevzel grako katedro kot redni profesor. Leta 1826 je odel v Prago, tik
pred dolgo priakovanim velikim napredkom grakega vijega olstva. Leta 1827 je namre
po dolgih desetletjih cesar Franc znova ustanovil univerzo v Gradcu, ki ime cesarja Karl-
Franza nosi se danes. Predavanj fizike na novi univerzi tako ni prevzel Kulik, temve celo
desetletje mlaji Hessler, ki je pravkar konal tudije v Pragi in na Dunaju. Dne 9. 1. 1830 je
Hessler poleg poloaja suplenta za matematiko in fiziko na liceju v Gradcu prevzel e
predavanja iz kemije na Joanneumu namesto Vesta.149

Hessler je leta 1830 postal redni (stalni) profesor, vendar je e dne 15. 6. 1835 dobil
dovoljenje gubernija za odhod v Prago in je prevzel tamkajnjo fizikalno katedro. Istega leta

143
Julius Wilhelm Gintl (* 12. 11. 1804 Praga; 22. 12. 1883 Praga).
144
Leopold Gotlib Biwald (* 26. 2. 1731 Dunaj; SJ 17. 10. 1747 Dunaj; 8. 9. 1805 Dunaj).
145
Nadvojvoda Janez habsburki (* 1782; 1859).
146
Johann Phillip Neumann (Neuman, * 1774 Trebi (Tebitsch) na Moravskem ob reki Jihlavi; 1849 Dunaj).
147
Jakob Philip Kulik (* 1. 5. 1793 Lviv (Lemberg, Lvov); 26. 2. 1863 Praga (Krones, 1886, 516)).
148
Cauchy, 1826, 96.
149
Lorenz Christian von Vest mlaji (* 1776; 1840).
(1835) je objavil razpravo o eksperimentalni potrditvi Cauchyjevi domnev o vplivu vrste
stekla v prizmi na sipanje Soneve svetlobe. Tik pred odhodom je Hessler 12. 6. 1835 ob
obletnici utemeljitve oziroma obnove grake univerze kot dekan filozofske fakultete
slavnostno govoril o Dobrodejnem vplivu prirodoslovnih ved in predvsem fizike na
loveko kulturo.150 Hessler je pospeeval razvoj industrije na ekem; postal je celo lan
ocenjevalne komisije pri pariki industrijski razstavi leta 1855.151

Suplent za fiziko August Neumann je dne 5. 8. 1835 za kratek as nadomestil Hesslerja v


Gradcu. Dne 5. 6. 1836 je graki profesor fizike postal (Julius) Wilhelm Gintl, ki je katedro
obdral do leta 1847.152 Gintl je tudiral v Pragi in tam sluboval kot privatni docent, dokler
ni februarja 1833 postal adjunkt za matematiko in fiziko na Dunaju. Njegov sin Wilhelm
Friederich Gintl153 je bil med letoma 1867-1870 privatni docent pri Lippichu154 na nemki
univerzi v Pragi, nato pa od leta 1870 redni profesor kemije na Tehniki visoki oli v Pragi.
W.F. Gintl je leta 1880 zavrnil Crookesovo idejo o etrtem agregatnem stanju snovi W.F.
Gintl je imel katodne arke za tok kovinskih delcev izbitih iz katode; kmalu se je izkazalo,
da gre za elektrone.

Preglednica 7: Profesorji prisotni ob Gintlovih izpitih iz fizike in uporabne matematike na


koncu prvega semestra drugega letnika 1839/40

Datum 30. 1., 31. 1. in 1. 2. 1840 2. 2. 3. 2. in 4. 2. 5. 2. in 6. 2.

Prisoten ob izpitu Muchar Appeltauer Gabriel Appeltauer

Preglednica 8: Profesorji prisotni ob Gintlovih izpitih iz fizike na koncu drugega semestra


drugega letnika 1839/40

Datum 3. 7. In 4. 7. 1840 6. 7. 7. 7. in 8. 7. 9. 7. 10. 7.

Prisoten ob izpitu Muchar Appeltauer Gabriel Appeltauer Haler

V J.W. Gintlovem asu je fizika na Dunaju skokoma napredovala, posebno potem ko se ji je


Ettingshausen155 povsem posvetil. Ettingshausen je bil od leta 1821 do leta 1835 profesor
vije matematike na dunajski univerzi, nato pa je prevzel katedro za fiziko, uporabno
matematiko in mehaniko. Leta 1826 je skupaj z Baumgartnerjem zael na Dunaju izdajati
odmevno fizikalno-matematino revijo v kateri so objavljali Hessler, Gintl, Knar, Kulik in

150
Wohlthtigen Einfluss der naturwissenschaften und vor allem der Physik auf die menschlische Kultur
(Krones, 1886, 148, 152-153).
151
Santifaller, Obermayer-Marnach, 1959, 306.
152
Krones, 1886, 148, 153.
153
Wilhelm Friederich Gintl (* 4. 8. 1843 Praga; 1908).
154
Ferdinand Lippich (* 1838; 1913).
155
Andreas von Ettingshausen (* 1796; 1878).
tudi ljubljanski profesor matematike Hummel.156 V reviji so povzemali najnoveje doseke
fizike, med drugim raziskovanja tretjega tona Piranana Tartinija.157 Pozneje je Baumgartner
e sam izdal e tiri zvezke podobne revije, ki pa v naslovu ni ve omenjala matematike.158

Leta 1840 je Ettingshausen v Poggendorffovih leipzikih Analih opisal Cauchyjev pravkar


objavljeni v Gorici razviti postopek za raunanje intenzitete odbite in lomljene svetlobe na
temelju enab pokojnega Fresnela.159 S tem je skual zagotoviti Cauchyju in tudi samemu
sebi prvenstvo, ki jima ga je nekoliko omajal Irec MacCullagh160 s pismom Cauchyjemu
parikemu nasprotniku Aragoju161 dne 17. 6. 1839. Ettingshausen iz previdnosti v razpravi
sicer ni omenil MacCullagha. Polemika se je nadaljevala v letu pomladi narodov, ko je
Ettingshausen v prvem zvezku poroil nove dunajske akademije pisal o diferencialnih
enabah nihanja svetlobe, ki jih je razlagal svojim dunajskim tudentom in jih maja 1846 ter
5. 5. 1847 opisal v glasilih parike akademije. S tem si je zagotovil primat, eravno je
MacCullagh podobne enabe objavil e februarja 1836, nato pa jih je sedmi kraljevi astronom
Airy162 uporabil pri pojasnjevanju barv polarizirane svetlobe v kristalih kvarca. Airu je e leta
1835 odkril posebno obliko le za odpravo astigmatizma, ki ga je imel tudi sam. Seveda je
Ettingshausen v sporu med Cauchyjem in malo pred tem nesreno umrlim MacCullaghom
podpiral Cauchyjevo teorijo atomov etra in njihove neskonno majhne premike opisal z
diferencialno enabo.163

Leta 1852 je Etingshausen pri dunajski akademiji ocenil razpravo pruskega gimnazijskega
profesorja matematike Theodorja Schnemanna o grupah Evarista Galoisa in o tehtnici
sestavljeni iz vzvodov. Galois je bil vsekakor ena alostnih zgodb v Cauchyjevi preteklosti,
saj mu Cauchy kot skrajno revolucionarnem mladeniu ni posvetil dovolj pozornosti med
julijsko revolucijo 1830; to je bil eden od povodov za Galoisov alostni konec. Tega
Ettnigshausen seveda ni objavil, vsekakor pa je skual svojega vzornika Cauchyja posredno
opraviiti, ne da bi ga posebej omenil. Nekaj tednov pozneje je Ettingshausen leta 1852 pri
dunajski akademiji zavrnil teorijo odboja in loma svojega sodelavca Petzvala.164 Uporabil je
naelo o ohranitvi nihanja na meji dveh medijev, kot sta ga oblikovala Cauchy in njegov
ruski uenec Ostrogradski.165 Petzval je bil od leta 1835 redni profesor matematike v Budi,
leta 1837 pa je v tekmi z nekdanjim ljubljanskim profesorjem Schulzom postal redni profesor
vije matematike na dunajski univerzi in je katedro obdral tiri desetletja. Raziskoval je
fotografske objektive in kritiziral efekt, ki ga je raziskal njegov tekmec z dunajske univerze
Doppler.166

Leta 1856 se je oboleli Ettingshausen e zadnji zavzel za Cauchyjeve gorike enabe odboja
in loma svetlobe v telesih z velikim lomnim indeksom, objavljene leta 1839. To pot je

156
Karl Hummel (Carl, * 1801 Moravska; 1879 Gradec).
157
Ettingshausen, 1826, 327-328.
158
(Baumgartner und Ettingshausens) Zeitschrift fr Physik und Mathematik. Wien: J.G. Heubner. 1 (1826)-6
(1829)-10 (1832) (NUK-8367). (Baumgartners) Zeitschrift fr Physik und verwandte Wissenschaften... Wien:
F. Beck's Universitts Buchhandlung. 1 (1832), 3 (1835), 4 (1835) (NUK-11658), 5 (1837), 6 (1840).
159
Ettingshausen, 1840, 425.
160
James MacCullagh (* 1809 Landahaussy; 24. 10. 1847 Dublin).
161
Dominiq Franois Jean Arago (* 1786; 1853).
162
George Biddell Airy (* 27. 7. 1801 Alnwich; 2. 1. 1892 Greenwich).
163
Ettingshausen, 1848, 125, 127, 129.
164
Josef Petzval (* 1807 Szepesbela; 1891).
165
Mihail Vasiljevi Ostrogradski (* 1801; 1862).
166
Christian Johann Doppler (* 29. 11. 1803 Salzburg; 17. 3. 1853 Benetke).
postregel e z meritvami svojega uenca in predvidenega naslednika Grailicha,167 dunajskega
akademika, privatnega docenta na univerzi in asistent na politehninem (fizikalnem) intitutu,
kjer je od leta 1854 dalje raziskoval predvsem optiko kristalov. Grailich je dokazal, da
intenziteta lomljene svetlobe pada s kvadratom prepotovane razdalje. Rezultat je bil seveda
priakovan po podobnosti z Newtonovo silo tee. al je Grailich kmalu umrl sredi uspenega
raziskovalnega dela; njegov poloaj je prevzel Slovenec Joef Stefan, ki je leta 1858 zael
delati pri dunajskem fizikalnem intitutu.

J.W. Gintl je meril viine z ivosrebrnim termometrom z upotevanjem vpliva tlaka (1835,
1837, 1849), raziskoval magnete (1837), opazoval meteorje nad Gradcem (1837), opisal
grake vremenske razmere (1837-1842) in pojasnil poledenitve na reki Muri (1838) v
primerjavi z tedanjimi francoskimi, britanskimi in nemkimi raziskovanji drugih rek. Leta
1847 je sprejel slubo telegrafskega inpektorja na Dunaju, Franz Steinz pa je postal asistent
za fiziko in matematiko na filozofski fakulteti grake univerze.168 Gintl je ob ustanovitvi
Dunajske akademije leta 1848 postal njen dopisni lan. Izumil je prvi prenosni telegraf, leta
1854 pa je objavil odmeven nart za poiljanje dveh telegramov hkrati po istem kablu.

V letu 1850 so zaeli z reorganizacijo univerze v Gradcu. Ustanovili so samostojno katedro


za fiziko, ki so jo do tedaj predavali znotraj prirodoslovja. Na Dunaju se je fizika
osamosvojila e est let prej, ko je Ettingshausen leta 1844 kot prvi v habsburkih deelah
dobil dovoljenje za predavanja matematine fizike v nemkem in ne ve v latinskem jeziku.
Joefinska jezikovna centralizacija je iz uradov prodrla e na univerze.

Prvi profesor fizike na samostojni katedri univerze v Gradcu je postal doktor filozofije Karl
Hummel; katedro je vodil sedemnajst let med letom 1850 in 31. 5. 1867. Pred odhodom v
Gradec je bil od leta 1831 Schulzov169 pomonik, od leta 1835 suplent in med letoma 1837-
1850 profesor osnov matematike v prvem letniku liceja v Ljubljani. Glede na Hummlovo
izobrazbo in pozneji visok poloaj si lahko mislimo, da so bila njegova predavanja v
Ljubljani zelo dobra. Klub temu je njegov uenec iz leta 1849/50, pozneji pisatelj Trdina,170
poroal o Hummlu kot slabem predavatelju, ki je pretirano hvalil svojo znanost. Na univerzi
v Gradcu naj bi imel pozneje le po tiri uence ali celo nobenega.171

Knar,172 Monikov profesor osnov matematike

Na graki matematini katedri so prav tako predavali nekdanji ljubljanski profesorji. Josef
Jenko iz Kranja je tudiral na Dunaju in leta 1799 prejel Knafljevo tipendijo173 skupaj
tudentom prava Antonom Gogolo.174 Jenko je poueval matematiko na Ljubljanskih
centralnih olah, vendar je dne 14. 6. 1810 podal ostavko v korist Kersnika in odel predavati
v Gradec. Tam je po umrlem Mathiasu Jeschowskem dne 29. 4. 1814 prevzel predavanja

167
Ettingshausen, 1856, 390. Joseph Wilhelm Grailich (* 1829; 1859).
168
Krones, 1886, 519.
169
Karol (Leopold) Schulz Edler pl. Strassnitzki (Straszinski, Strasznicki, * 31. 3. 1803 Krakow; 9. 6. 1852
Bad Vslau pri Dunaju).
170
Janez Trdina (* 1830; 1905).
171
Trdina, 1946, 163, 169.
172
Josef K. Knar (* 1799 ali 1. 1. 1800 Hartberg; 1. 6. 1864 Gradec).
173
Vodopivec, 1971, 67.
174
Anton Gogola pl. Leesthal (* okoli 1780 Lesce pri Bledu; 9. 10. 1841 Trst).
matematike, pol leta pozneje 24. 11. 1814 pa e predavanja tehnologije na Joanneumu,
pozneji graki Politehniki.

Do februarja 1819 je Ignac Appeltauer poueval na katedri za vijo matematiko univerze na


Dunaju. Dne 13. 12. 1819 je bil na njegovo dunajsko katedro za vijo matematiko poklican
Jenko.175 Jenko je na Dunaju postal redni profesor osnov matematike ter odbornik splone
vzajemne kapitalske in rentne zavarovalnice. Ob pomoi suplenta Rudolfa Brestla,
poznejega finannega ministra tako imenovane meanske vlade, je poueval zavarovalniko
matematiko.176 Jenko je predaval matematiko osem ur na teden po Appeltauerjevem
ubeniku. Dolga leta je bil dober prijatelj Jerneja Kopitarja, ki se je prav k Jenku zatekel v
stiskah poslednjih dni in pri njem umrl 11. 8. 1844.

Leta 1820 je tajerec Knar zael pouevati matematiko v Gradcu namesto Jenka in leta 1824
napredoval v naziv rednega (stalnega) profesorja. Leta 1834/35 je Knar postal rektor grake
univerze, leta 1854/55 in med letoma 1857-1859 pa je bil dekan filozofske fakultete v
Gradcu.177 Haler je bil dekan grake filozofske fakultete od leta 1836 do leta 1838178 in v
asu Monikovih izpitov leta 1839 in 1840.

Preglednica 9: Prisotni profesorji (prisedniki) ob Knarovih izpitih iz osnov matematike na


koncu prvega semestra prvega letnika 1839/40179

Datum 30. 1. 1840 31. 1. in 1. 2. 3. 2. 4. 2. 5. 2. 6. 2.

Prisoten ob izpitu Appeltauer Widerhofer Appeltauer Widerhofer Muchar Gabriel

Preglednica 10: Profesorji prisotni ob Knarovih izpitih iz osnov matematike na koncu


drugega semestra prvega letnika 1839/40

Datum 3. 7. 1840 4. 7. 6. 7. in 7. 7. 8. 7. 9. 7. 10. 7.

Prisoten ob izpitu Widerhofer Appeltauer Widerhofer Appeltauer Muchar Gabriel

Leta 1839/40 je Knar v prvem semestru predaval osnove matematike na filozofski fakulteti
univerze v Gradcu. 144 tudentov je spraeval na estih izpitnih rokih. Izpiti pri vseh
profesorjih filozofske fakultete so bili med deveto in dvanajsto uro dopoldne.

Leta 1824 je Knar v Gradcu objavil knjigo o novem postopku za korenjenje tevil.
Raziskoval je razvoj funkcij (1827, 1856), kombinatoriko (1827), Evklidov peti aksiom o

175
Krones, 1886, 137, 290.
176
Geschichte, 1898, 276-277, 281.
177
Krones, 1886, 582, 585-586.
178
Krones, 1886, 585.
179
Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1839/40-1843.
vzporednicah (1827, 1828) in harmonine vrste (1861, 1865) v Grunertovih180 Matematinih
arhivih. Knar se je zavzemal za reformo mer po francoskem desetikem vzorcu (1830), ki ga
je v habsburki monarhiji prvi zagovarjal Jurij Vega tri desetletja prej.

Monikov grob

Prvi Monikov ivljenjepis je spisal na veliki matematik kar sam v Ljubljani 2. 1. 1856 za
sloviti leksikon Kranjca Wurzbacha.181 Ob koncu zapisa o Moniku je Wurzbach leta 1868 e
posebej omenil Monikovo pismo. Monik je v Ljubljani tudiral tri leta pred Wurzbachom,
tako da sta se e dolgo poznala.

SLIKA 8 (MonikPiseWurzbachu1856WienLandesUndStadtBibliothekNachlasse):
Monikovo prijateljsko pismo Wurzbachu poslano iz Ljubljane 2. 1. 1856 z omembo
kratkega ivljenjepisa in s estitkami ob rojstvu sina Johanna (Magistrat Wien, Landes- und
Stadtbibliothek Nachlsse. Za posredovanje se zahvaljujem dr. Karlu Moniku z Instituta za
vesoljske tudije pri avstrijski Akademiji).

SLIKA 9 (MonikGrobSvPeterGradecC-270): Grob viteza Monika, na katerem al ni ve


spominskega obeleja naega velikega matematika (Foto: Bruno Besser z Instituta za
vesoljske tudije pri avstrijski Akademiji).

SLIKA 10 (MonikGradecStPeterFriedhofPokopalKnjiga): Zapis o pogrebih na parceli C-


270 grakega pokopalia St. Peter, v kateri je bil pokopan tudi vitez Monik (Pokopalika
knjiga pri St. Petru v Gradcu. Foto: Bruno Besser z Instituta za vesoljske tudije pri avstrijski
Akademiji).

Vitez Franc Monik je po srnem napadu umrl 30. 11. 1892 v Gradcu. Pokopali so ga 2. 12.
1892182 na grakem pokopaliu St. Peter na Friedhofu v grob tevilka C-270. Na istem
pokopaliu lee v grobu tevilka 299 e posmrtni ostanki ljubljanskega matematika Riharda
Zupania,183 umrlega dobrega pol stoletja po Moniku; vsekakor zanimiva sluajna
povezava.

Ob Francu Moniku so 12. 1. 1911 v isti grob pokopali e njegovo vdovo Terezo Monik
rojeno Rosswald, Josefo Kejak, Francovo herko Emilijo Monik184 9. 7. 1948 in takoj za njo
e Olgo Rudel-Zeyneck185 29. 8. 1948. al Monikovega groba ni nihe vzdreval ve
desetletij. Tako je bila parcela prodana. Danes je na njej nagrobnik Fridericha Juwanna, ki je
umrl dne 4. 12. 1970, in Simona di Zmaldo.

180
Johan August Grunert (* 1797; 1872).
181
Wurzbach, 1868, 18: 408-409. Constant pl. Wurzbach, vitez Tannenberg (* 1818; 1893).
182
Schiviz, 1909, 409.
183
Rihard Zupani (* 22. 12. 1878 Ljubljana; 21. 3. 1949 Judendorf-Strassengel (Suhadolc, 2001, 92-93)).
184
Emilija Monik (* 1854; 1948) se je 3. 7. 1875 poroila z adjunktom deelnega sodia dr. Josefom
Schallerjem von Hirschaujem (* 1839; 23. 1. 1896, pokopan v grobu B-76 pri sv. Petru v Gradcu). Poroni
prii sta bili nadporonik Alex Ecker in gimnazijski profesor Georg Lukas. Zet Franca Monika, Josef Schaller,
je bil sin Josefa Schallerja in Aloisije rojene Strubl (Schiviz, 1909, 27).
185
Olga Rudel-Zeynek ( 28. 1. 1871 Olmouc; 25. 8. 1948 Gradec).
Olga Rudel-Zeyneck se je uveljavila med pisateljicami in novinarkami enskih ter katolikih
revij. Bila je delegatka tajerskega parlamenta kot lanica zveznega vodstva desne stranke
Chrislichsociale Partei (CSP) od 21. 5. 1927 do 2. 5. 1934. Od 2. 12. 1920 do 18. 5. 1927 je
bila lanica deelnega parlamenta, od 1. 12. 1927 do 31. 5. 1928 in od 1. 6. 1932 do 30. 11.
1932 pa je dobila sede v zveznem parlamentu.

Zakljuek

Slovencem so pod habsburkim ezlom zrasli tevilni matematiki, vendar med njimi e
zdale nihe ni objavil toliko ubenikov kot Monik. Leta 1892/93 so na srednjih olah
uporabljali estintrideset njegovih knjig, na osnovnih olah pa celo devetinpetdeset izdaj v
razlinih jezikih.186 Zadnjih dvaindvajset let svojega ivljenja je Monik preivel v Gradcu,
kjer se je s ponosom spominjal svojih uspehov ob doktorskem izpitu. Njegova dejanja in
nehanja v Gradcu ostajajo premalo raziskana vkljuno z alostnim dejstvom, da smo Slovenci
kar nekako pozabili na njegov grob. Nemo propheta in Patria.

Ljubljanski in graki obdobji viteza matematike

Opisane so ljubljanske razmere, v katerih ivel Franc Monik. Raziskane so ugodne za rast
Franevega matematinega genija. V Ljubljani je najprej tudiral, dve desetletji pozneje pa se
je tja vrnil kot visoki pedagoki funkcionar. Prispevek obravnava tudi doslej neznani
dokument o krstu njegove prvorojenke. Podane so osnovne rte njegovega delovanja v
zadnjih treh desetletjih, ki jih je preivel v Gradcu tudi kot lan Naravoslovnega drutva za
tajersko (Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fr Steiermark).

Opisane so ljubljanske razmere, v katerih je Monik ivel, in ustrezne okoliine ugodne za


rast njegovega matematinega genija. V Ljubljani je najprej tudiral tako, da sta ga najbolj
usmerjala visokoolska matematika Poljak Karol (Leopold) Schulz Edler pl. Strassnitzki in
Moravec Karl Hummel. Kvaliteto njunih ljubljanskih predavanj orisuje dejstvo, da sta oba
pozneje postala univerzitetna profesorja na Dunaju oziroma v Gradcu, pri emer je Hummel
celo presedlal na fizikalno katedro.

Raziskani so akademski predniki Monikovih ljubljanskih uiteljem matematike Schulza in


Hummela, prav tako pa akademski predniki Monikovega grakega profesorja osnov
matematike Josefa Knara in Monikovega grakega profesorja uporabne matematike in fizike
(Juliusa) Wilhelma Gintla. Z izjemo nekoliko starejega Joefa Jenka izhajajo vsi profesorji
Monikovih profesorjev matematino-fizikalnih predmetov iz ole Jurija Vege utemeljene na
posodobljenem Bokovievem nauku. Kljub enakim uiteljem pa so bila politina razhajanja
e posebno vidna po Pomladi narodov. Razlike ponazarjamo s sponzorji matematinih
ubenikov: medtem ko sta si Schulz in Hummel za svojega dobrotnika izbrala grko-
dunajskega liberalnega magnata Sinasa, je Monik sledil jezuitom naklonjenemu
konservativnemu matematinemu veleumu Augustinu Cauchyju in protu Andreju Meutarju,
prisedniku tudijske dvorne komisije, ki je bila ciljna skupina Monikovih poklicnih hotenj.

Dve desetletji po koncu svojih ljubljanskih visokoolskih tudijev se je Monik znova vrnil v
Ljubljano. Nekdanji tudent se je v drugo izkazal kot uspeen, dvoru dopadljiv katoliko

186
Santifaller, Obermayer-Marnach, 1975, 334.
naravnan pedagoki funkcionar. Znal se je izogniti habsburkim oblastem neugodnim
panslavistinim erem. V svojem drugem desetletnem bivanju v kranjski prestolnici je
Monik zamenjal vsaj tri stanovanja in dobil tri otroke. Prispevek prvi obravnava doslej
neznani dokument o krstu prvorojenke matematika Franca Monika. Krstni botri Monikovih
otrok in Monikova botrovanja drugim opozarjajo na ljubljansko druabno obdobje vedno
bolj uspenega vrhunskega katolikega pedagoga in pisca ubenikov, ki mu kmalu ni bilo
para na Kranjskem in ire. Moniku najbliji je bil soolec Mengean pravnik Franc Omejc
(Omeiz, Omejz), ki je botroval prvima dvema Monikovima otrokoma. Aprila 1852 je
Monik botroval herki knjigarnarja Jurija in Justine Lercher, pet dni pred tem pa je bila
Justina botra Monikovi prvorojenki.

Doslej ni bilo veliko znanega o zadnji postaji Monikovega ivljenja v Gradcu, kjer je bil
sprva nadzornik ljudskih ol in realk za tajersko in Koroko, zadnji dve desetletji pa vitez-
upokojenec. Vrzel zapolnjujemo z opisom Monikovega tridesetletnega lanstva v
Naravoslovnem drutvu za tajersko. Iz podatkov o drugih lanih, njihovih predavanjih pred
Drutvom, poslovnih in domovinskih povezavah skuamo izluiti Monikove grake
strokovne in prijateljske vezi, ki so krasile jesen njegovega plodovitega ivljenja.

Uvod

Franc vitez Monik (* 1. 10. 1814 Cerkno; 30. 11. 1892 Gradec) spada med najveje
slovenske matematike vseh asov, e posebej glede na njegovo uspeno pisanje matematinih
unih pripomokov. V tej lui kae razumeti Monikov ljubljanski tudij in nato desetletno
slubovanje v Ljubljani. V Ljubljano se je vrnil kot deelni olski svetnik in nadzornik
ljudskih ol dve desetletji po konanih ljubljanskih visokoolskih tudijih. Medtem se je
Evropa in v njej Ljubljana docela spremenila: domala poldrugo desetletje star visokoolski
tudij matematike je bil po Pomladi narodov ukinjen, narodnostne napetosti so se poglobile,
neko veljavna prevlada cerkve v olah pa se je zlagoma nagibala k delitvi med cerkvijo in
dravo. Posebej slednje matematiku in pedagogu Moniku nikakor ni bilo po volji.

Monik prvi med Ljubljanani

Monik je svoje ljubljanske vije tudije zael jeseni 1824; nije tudije je konal leta
1829/30, vije dveletne filozofske tudije na liceju pa leta 1831/32. Uitelj Monikovega
profesorja matematike Schulza je bil Kranjan Joef Jenko (* 27. 3. 1776; 1858 Dunaj),
pozneji profesor matematike na dunajski univerzi. Jenko je uil sedem ur na teden po
ubenikih Ignatiusa Appeltauerja (* 1769; 20. 1. 1829) iz let 1814 in 1817; pozneje je
Jenkovo dunajsko katedro prevzel dr. Franz Moth.187 Jenko je med svoje dunajske prijatelje
tel Jerneja Kopitarja,188 ki je v Jenkovi domai oskrbi preivel zadnje dni. Monikov
ljubljanski profesor Karol (Leopold) Schulz Edler Strassnitzki (Straszinski, Strasznicki, * 31.
3. 1803 Krakow; 9. 6. 1852 Bad Vslau pri Dunaju) je bil eden najboljih Jenkovih in
A.Ettingshausenovih dunajskih tudentov. Dne 22. 3. 1823 je Schulz pri Jenku uspeno branil

187
Akademischer Senat der Wiener Universitt, Geschichte der Wiener, str. 276-277.
188
Kernc, Kopitar Jernej, str. 501.
ve matematinih tez.189 Z dekretom deelne vlade z dne 17. 1. 1823 je pod t. 691 Schulz
dobil matematino tipendijo 300 fl, obenem pa je postal adjunkt pri profesorjih Andreasu
Baumgartnerju, Jenku in Andreasu Ettingshausenu po aktu t. 43.605, izdanem dne 13. 9.
1824. Dne 9. 11. 1824 je Schulz postal dunajski suplent za matematiko in fiziko, dne 13. 6.
1827 pa je odel v Ljubljano kot adjunkt in suplent, nato pa Monikov profesor.190 Pred
reformo je Schulz tako kot Jenko predaval po sedem ur matematike na teden v nemkem
jeziku po Appeltauerjevem ubeniku teoretine (iste) matematike, ki so ga uporabljali e
drugod po monarhiji, med drugim na univerzah v Schulzevi rodni Galiciji in v Olomoucu,
kjer je pozneje predaval Monik. Tako je bil vodilni slovenski matematik, Monik, uenec
Jenkovega uenca Schulza. V asu Monikovega tudija se je Schulz leta 1830 poroil s
Sofie Selinger (Seeliger). Stareji sin pravnik Johann (Nepomuk Paul Friedrich, * 6. 7. 1831)
je bil kren pri franikanih v Ljubljani naslednji dan po rojstvu; botra sta bila Sigmund
Pagliaruzzi von Kieselstein in Antonia Seeliger. Johann je postal tajnik v kmetijskem
ministrstvu. Njegov mlaji brat (Franz) Leopold (* 1835 Lvov) se je 1. 6. 1871 poroil pri
ljubljanskih franikanih z Ljubljananko Natalijo baronico Grimschiz (Grimbschitz, *
1845), herjo svetnikovega namestnika Johanna (* 23. 6. 1796) in Kristine pl. Kanal;
mladoporoenca sta si za prii izbrala Johanna Schulza pl. Strassnitzkega (Strasnichy) in
Gilberta edlerja Kanala. Leopold je postal sekcijski svetovalec na notranjem ministrstvu,
najmlaji brat Friderik (* 1836 Lvov) pa je bil inenir na zahodni eleznici.191

SLIKA 1 (SchulzStrassnitzkiPredniki4PoJenkoEttingshausenBoljaMATEMATIKA.pdf):
Schulzevi akademski predniki.

Poleg Schulza je bil Monikov vzor pri pisanju ubenikov e Karl Hummel (* 1801 atov
(Schattau) na Moravskem; 1879 Gradec), ki je bil med letoma 1831-1835 suplent za
matematiko pri resda nekoliko mlajemu Schulzu. Supliral je e leta 1836, nato pa je postal
ljubljanski profesor.192 Tako je v Ljubljani pomagal uiti Monika ob koncu njegovih
tudijev filozofije.

Hummel je kot Schulzev naslednik spisal prvi in edini ljubljanski licejski ubenik
matematike; naslednika ni imel, saj so liceje kmalu po Hummelovem odhodu iz Ljubljane -
ukinili. Njegov oe je bil posestnik Thomas, mati pa Tereza rojena Plau. Po dunajskem
doktoratu iz filozofije je bil Hummel poldrugo desetletje kolega Janeza Krstnika Kersnika,
saj je predaval elementarno matematiko v prvem letniku liceja v Ljubljani od leta 1835 do
odhoda na grako univerzo. 3. 2. 1842 se je kot profesor in lan kmetijske drube v
ljubljanski franikanski cerkvi Marijinega Oznanjenja (B.M.V. Annunciatae) poroil s
Franiko Marijo Agnes Elisabet markizo Gozani (Gozzani) de St. Georges, kreno dne 28.
6. 1824 v Kranju. Njen krstni boter je bil oe Fidelisa Terpinca (* 1799; 1875), trgovec
Bla Terpinc (Terpinz). Markizina krstna botra je bila Bartolomejeva soproga Elisabeth
Paulitsch. Nevesta-markiza je bila herka komisarja za ceste (Strassenbaukomisr) markiza
Johana Nepomuka (* 1782; 18. 6. 1836) torinskega rodu in njegove soproge Eve (Eveline,
* 1792; 25. 3. 1872) rojene Trockenbrot. Njuni otroci so bili e Karoline Leopoldine
Elisabeth Franziska (* 2. 3. 1815), Johanna Nep. Katharina Elisabeth Franziska (krena 24.

189
Schulz pl. Strassnitzki, Gelehrter und Mensch, str. 9.
190
Schematismus Laibacher Gouvernenments Knigreichen Illyrie fr das Jahr 1834, str. 155.
191
Schiviz, Der Adel, str. 125, 232, 246; Wurzbach, Biographisches Lexikon, 32: 200.
192
Schematismus Laib., 1835: 157-158; 1836: 161; 1837: 165; 1840: 201; 1847: 225, 297; 1848: 225; Schiviz,
Der Adel, 316, 243, 251, 253.
8. 1818), Ferdinand (Bartholomus Felix Konrad (krst 1. 11. 1819) in Guido Josef Fidelizs
Vinzenz (* 5. 4. 1831), ki je bi edini kren v stolnici, medtem ko so ostale krstili v
Kranju.193 Hummelov tast in taa sta imela oba pogrebni mai pri franikanih v Ljubljani.
Hummelovi poroni prii sta bila dvorni in sodni odvetnik dr. Leopold Baumgartner in doktor
medicine Johan Nepomuk Birtzen. Sorodniki markizi Gozzaniji so bili oficirji in lastniki
graine Volji potok od 1846 do 1882.

Tik pred Monikovim drugim prihodom v Ljubljano je Hummel mesto zapustil, saj je na
graki univerzi leta 1850 postal prvi profesor fizike; katedro je obdral do upokojitve 31. 5.
1867. e pred imenovanjem za suplenta in leta 1837 za rednega (pravega) profesorja v
Ljubljani je poskrbel za izboljave vrenja vina in piva;194 uporabljal je tesnila in recipiente
znailne za tedanjo uporabo vakuuma in nadtlaka. Vinarstvu namenjena razprava je bila
odmev na Hummelovo lanstvo v Kranjski kmetijski drubi od leta 1836; v 1840-ih letih je
Hummel postal e lan Kranjskega zgodovinskega drutva.195

Prvo leto je Hummel stanoval v Kapucinskem predmestju (Vorstadt) t. 55, nato pa se je


preselil v Gosposko ulico (Herrngasse), sprva na t. 210, konec 1840-ih let pa kot poroen
mo na t. 206.196

Hummel je objavil dve fizikalni razpravi, dva ubenika za matematiko, nekaj njegovih del pa
je ostalo v rokopisih. Hummel je leta 1833 objavil razpravo o preprostem elektroforju za
zbiranje elektrinega naboja s trenjem197 v Baumgartnerjevi in Ettingshausenovi dunajski
reviji, ki je bila prvi asopis za matematine vede v monarhiji. Pri prvih poskusih s
prednikom elektroforja je sodeloval Kranjec Hallerstein v Pekigu v 1750-ih letih, na osnovi
njegovih raziskav pa je Alessandro Volta v Pavii sestavil elektrofor. Leta 1834 je Hummel
objavil e raziskavo elips, hiperbol in piramid.

SLIKA 2 (CauchyHummelSubic16_7_1866(F: StaskoBackup/


UporabniksDocuments/IbmStari/fara1): Omemba profesorjev Ernsta Macha in Hummela kot
lanov komisije na vrhu dekanovega dokumentu o habilitaciji Simona ubica na univerzi v
Gradcu dne 16. 7. 1866 (AVA Min CU 6510 ex 1866).

Ubeniki Schulzevega suplenta Hummela

193
Schiviz, Der Adel, str. 130, 315, 316.
194
Hummel, Abhandlung ber die Weinbereitung, str. 49-56.
195
Schematismus, 1836: 116; 1847: 287.
196
Schematismus, 1835: 158; 1836: 161; 1840: 201; 1844: 217; 1848: 225.
197
Hummel, Erscheinungen, str. 213-235.
Med bivanjem v Ljubljani je Hummel objavil ubenik System der Mathematik leta 1842 na
Dunaju. Knjigo je marca 1842 v Ljubljani posvetil ogrskemu magnatu grko-vlakega rodu
Simonu Sinasu baronu Hodos-Kizdia (* 1810; 1876), ki je kot eden najvejih bogataev
podpiral izobraevalno-znanstvene ustanove v Habsburki monarhiji in Griji tako, da se po
njem imenuje celo Lunin krater Sinas. Sinasovi posesti Hodo in Kizdia (Coarii) sta v
Romuniji severovzhodno od Temivara in nista povezani s Hodosom na skrajnem
prekmurskem severovzhodu sodobne Slovenije. V poglavju o Teoriji logaritmov je Hummel
objavil edini citat: pod rto se je skliceval na postopek raunanja logaritmov velikih tevil
Anglea Longa iz leta 1724 in na delo francoskega akademika iz Strasbourga Christiana
Krampa.198 Zadnji oddelek Hummelovega ubenika je bil posveen uporabni trgovski
matematiki in zavarovalnitvu. Hummel je bil pionir pouka zavarovalnitva v Ljubljani. Po
Hummelovi smrti so v Mnchnu objavili njegove spise o zavarovalniki matematiki, trinajst
let pred rojstvom najpomembnejega slovenskega aktuarja Iva Laha. S svojimi spisi je
Hummel tako oral ledino ljubljanskega trgovskega rauna. Prvemu aritmetinemu delu
Hummelovih predavanj je sledil e drugi, geometrijski del; oba sta vplivala na Monikovo
delo.

SLIKA 3 (HummelMatematika1842Aritmetika000posvetiloSimonBaronSina.JPG/F: ):
Zaetek posvetila v Hummelovem ubeniku.

Monikov profesor Schulz

Aprila 1848 so tehniki strokovnjaki delegirali Schulza za vsenemki parlament v Frankfurtu.


Svoje potovanje tja med 4. 4. 1848 in 11. 4. 1848 je opisal v posebni knjigi. Postal je
predsednik pedagoke zveze (Pdagogischen Vereines). Uspel je nagovoriti barona Sinasa,
da je zvezi podaril 1000 guldnov in ji s tem zagotovil solidne gmotne temelje. estnajst let po
odhodu je Schulz leta 1850 znova obiskal Ljubljano in opazoval plodove svojega dela.199 Dne
6. 2. 1851 je bil Schulz istoasno s svojim nekdanjim tudentom Monikom imenovan v
izpitno komisijo kandidatov za gimnazijske uitelje matematike; seveda je bila to prilonost
za spomine na minule dni, po katerih sta si bila matematika dale vsaksebi glede politike.

Prironika iz let 1848 in 1850 je Schulz objavil pri dunajskem Geroldu,200 ki je kot
komercialna zaloba na zadnjih notranjih platnicah objavila e popis svojih drugih
matematinih izdaj s cenami zanje. Schulzev prironik aritmetike iz leta 1848 so prodajali za
4 fl, ponujali pa so e tri matematine ubenike astronoma Josepha Johanna Littrowa, pozneje
pa e Monikove ubenike. Prvi del Monikove Aritmetike za nije gimnazije iz leta 1850 so
prodajali za 40 kr, drugi del iz leta 1851 pa za 48 kr. Monikovo Geometrijo za vije
gimnazije iz leta 1851 so prodajali za 1 fl 40 kr; bila je zahtevneja, saj so od dijakov vijih
letnikov so priakovali ve tudija.

198
Hummel, System der Mathematik, str. 130; Long, Philosophical Transactions, 1724, no. 339; Kramp,
Anfangsgrnde.
199
Huber, Schulz von Strassnitzki, str. 10.
200
Schulz, Handbuch der besondrer und allgemeiner Arithmetik; Schulz, Handbuch der Geometrie.
Leta 1851 je profesor na dunajski politehniki Schulz objavil Temelje vije analize za tehnine
univerze kot povzetek svojih predavanj na politehniki.201 Knjigo je posvetil Simonu Sinasu,
ki ga je hvalil kot dobrotnika in prijatelja ljudstva v duhu revolucionarnih idej iz tri leta
stareje pomladi narodov; Sinas je desetletje prej gmotno pripomogel tudi k natisu
Hummelovega ubenika v duhu tesnih povezav liberalnega bankirja in dunajskega tudenta
astronomije Sinasa z ljubljansko matematino srenjo. Sinas in njegov oe sta z darili
omogoil Nacionalni observatorij in Akademijo v Atenah. Seveda liberalni kapitalist Sinas ni
bil Monikovih politinih misli, toliko blie pa je bil Monikovemu uitelju Schulzu. V
uvodu je Schulz opisal algebrajske in transcendentne funkcije ter naravne harmonine vrste.
S to knjigo o funkcijah je Schulz nadaljeval Cauchyjeve raziskave iz leta 1837 ter dognanja
svojega uenca Monika iz leta 1839.

Schulzev uitelj matematike Kranjan Jenko je bil obenem tudi profesor matematike Josefa
Knara, ki je bil dobra tri leta stareji od Schulza. Pri Ettingshausenu je tako kot Schulz
tudiral tudi Monikov graki uitelj uporabne matematike in fizike (Julius) Wilhelm Gintl.
Habsburka po-jezuitska izobraevalna mrea je bila tako usposobljena za usposabljanje
prvorazrednih raziskovalnih matematikov Vegovega ali Schulzevega tipa, obenem pa je znala
izuiti prvovrstne pedagoge, kot sta bila Jenko in Monik. Razen nekoliko starejega Joefa
Jenka izhajajo vsi profesorji Monikovih profesorjev matematino-fizikalnih predmetov iz
ole Jurija Vege utemeljene na posodobljenem Bokovievem nauku. Kljub enakim uiteljem
pa so bila politina razhajanja velika e posebno vidna po Pomladi narodov. Razlike
ponazarjamo s sponzorju matematinih ubenikov: medtem ko sta si Schulz in Hummel za
svojega dobrotnika izbrala grko-dunajskega liberalnega magnata Sinasa, je Monik sledil
konservativnemu matematinemu veleumu Augustinu Cauchyju in protu Andreju Meutarju,
prisedniku tudijske dvorne komisije, ki je bila ciljna skupina Monikovih poklicnih hotenj.

olski nadzornik

Monik je deset strani dolgo razpravo Augustina Cauchyja raziril na skoraj sto strani s
tevilnimi primeri. Predgovor je datiral decembra 1838,202 komaj dobro leto po Cauchyjevi
objavi. S tem se je uvrstil med prve podpornike sicer dokaj osamljenega Cauchyja, ki je leta
1836-1838 preivel v Gorici. Knjigo je posvetil protu, dvornemu svetniku, referentu
tudijske dvorne komisije, upokojenemu uitelju katedralne ole v Trstu, lanu kmetijskih
drub Kranjske in Gorike Andreju Meutarju.

SLIKA 4 (MonikCauchy): Monikovi akademski predniki glede na njegovo goriko


sodelovanje s Cauchyjem potegnjeni vse do slovitega Leibniza.

Andrej Meutar (Meschutar, * 17. 11. 1791 Selo pri Ljubljani; 15. 12. 1865 Baden pri
Dunaju) je konal gimnazijo v Ljubljani; leta 1807 je obiskoval etrti gramatini razred. Po

201
Schulz, Grundlehre der hheren Analysis.
202
Monik, Theorie der numerischen Gleichungen.
filozofiji je v Ljubljani tudiral e bogoslovje in je bil ordiniran leta takoj po koncu francoske
vladavine leta 1814. e v asu tudija je med Ilirskimi provincami leta 1812 in 1813 delal kot
prevajalec za uradovanje kofijske pisarne s francoskimi oblastmi. Takoj po ordinaciji in
Napoleonovem padcu je postal leta 1814 katehet ljubljanske normalke, naslednje leto pa
uitelj katehetike in pedagogike za sluatelje etrtega letnika teologije. Leta 1816 je postal
nadomestni in leta 1818 pravi ravnatelj ljubljanske normalke. Okoli leta 1819 je potoval po
Severni Italiji v drubi duhovnika Joefa Dagarina, Mateva Ravnikarja in Matije Kalistra.
Leta 1824 je Meutar odel v Trst kot stolni in generalni olski nadzornik za Primorsko. Leta
1831 je postal gubernijski svetnik in tudijski referent. Leta 1835 je bil poklican na Dunaj kot
dvorni svetnik, prisednik tudijske dvorne komisije, od leta 1837 posebej zadolen za pravne
zadeve. Leta 1835 je postal astni kanonik v Trstu, leta 1837 pa prot v Ardaggerju ob
Donavi v Spodnji Avstriji. Leta 1839 je postal astni lan Akademije znanosti in umetnosti v
Padovi, dve leti pozneje pa ga je za astnega lana proglasila e padovska filozofska
fakulteta. Leta 1853 je postal kof v bolgarski Sofiji (Serdika, Sardica), leta 1860 pa se je dal
upokojiti. Meutar resda ni objavljal, pokazal pa je izredne jezikovne in dravnike
zmonosti; tako je bil ena glavnih opor Cauchyjevega in Monikovega kroga v Gorici in
Trstu.

Monik je v svojem posvetilu pozorno natel prav vse tedanje Meutarjeve slube pred
Meutarjevimi poastitvami na Padovski univerzi. Meutar je gotovo finanno pripomogel pri
izdaji Monikove knjige; njegova premona sorodnika Katarina in Franc Meutar sta leta
1841 postala lastnika graine Moste v Ljubljani, ki sta jo iztoila od dediev kostelskega
graaka grofa Franca Spania in Marije Ane Mikely.203 Kot referent tudijske dvorne
komisije je Meutar pomagal kranjskemu konservativnemu rojaku Moniku pri napredovanju
v pedagokih slubah, podobno kot je Sinas pomagal liberalnejim Schulzu in Hummelu.

Po doktoratu je bila seveda sluba na goriki normalki premalo ugledna za Franca Monika,
ki je medtem zaslovel z razpravo o Cauchyjevi metodi. Leta 1846 je postal profesor osnov
matematike in trgovskega raunstva na novoustanovljeni tehniki akademiji v Lvovu (Lviv) v
tedanji habsburki vzhodni Galiciji, dananji Ukrajini. Na lvovski univerzi je pol stoletja pred
Monikom predaval Hacquet. V treh lvovskih letih je Monik preivel pomlad narodov, ki je
znova vzbudila mona poljska narodna ustva. Nato je e dve leti poueval na univerzi v
Olomucu na Moravskem, blizu Hummelovega rojstnega kraja; tam si je poiskal brhko
nevesto.

Monik si je prizadeval za vejo veljavo slovenine v ljudskih olah, eprav s svojimi


ubeniki nemine ni niti priblino tako uspel kot z matematinimi vadnicami. 24. 3. 1851 je
predlagal ministru grofu Leopoldu Thunu-Hohensteinu (* 1811; 1888) ustanovitev
dvojezinega pedagokega teaja blizu domaega Cerknega, v Idriji; pouk so zaeli leta
1852/53 z dobrim obiskom. Monik si je prizadeval za vije plae uiteljev, njihove dodatke
za kurjavo in podobno; to prizadevnost je gotovo podedoval po svojem skrbnem uitelju
Schulzu, eprav sta si bila v politiki mono vsaksebi. Schulz je bil liberalni delegat
frankfurtskega parlamenta po marni revoluciji in tako dale od okopov glavnega podpornika
francoskih jezuitov matematika Augustina Cauchyja, ki je prisegal na pedagoke ideje naega
jezuitskega generala Gabrijela Gruberja in Josepha de Maistra. Mladi Monik in Cauchy sta
prisegala na tesno sodelovanje cerkve v olstvu; Monik je pa tudiral bogoslovje in ni
pripadal narodnostno obarvanemu Slovanskemu drutvu. Zato je bil pri cesarju Francu Joefu
dobro zapisan. Ob uvedbi Bachovega absolutizma je tako minister za uk in bogoastje grof

203
Smole, Graine, str. 305.
Thun prav profesorja neko jezuitske univerze v Olomucu Monika po cesarskem ukazu z
dne 13. 12. 1850 zaprisegel dne 21. 1. 1851; postavil ga je na ugleden poloaj olskega
svetnika in nadzornika za ljudske ole na Kranjskem. Cesarski ukaz o ustanavljanju in sestavi
deelnih olskih oblasti z dne 24. 10. 1849 je bil namre zelo obutljiv na narodnostne
zdrahe; le-te so med marno revolucijo do temeljev zamajale monarhijo.204

Prvorojenka viteza matematike

SLIKA 5 (MonikovaHi/ F: /Jezu22jun14): Krst Monikove prvorojenke (NAL, Ljubljana,


Marijino Oznanjenje, Geburts- und Tauf- Buch, str. 225, zadnji peti zapis na strani, Foto:
Tone Krampa, namestnik vodje arhiva).

Tik pred preselitvijo v Ljubljano se je dne 15. 10. 1850 Franc Monik v Olomucu poroil s
poldrugo desetletje mlajo Terezijo Rossiwall (* 4. 10. 1830; 1911). Dne 24. 4. 1852 se
jima je v Ljubljani rodila hi Marija (Justina). Druga dva otroka sta bila krena pri sv.
Nikolaju v Ljubljani, prvorojena Marija pa je bila krena pri ljubljanskih franikanih v
cerkvi Marijinega Oznanjenja. Ob krstu Marije Justine dne 25. 4. 1852 je Monikova druina
stanovala v ljubljanskem Kapucinskem predmestju t. 42. Boter je bil Franev ljubljanski
soolec Franc Omejc (Omeiz, Omejz) iz Menga (Mannsburg), tedaj e pravnik na deelnem
toilstvu v Ljubljani. Franc Omejc je bil dobitnik prve premije med enainsedemdesetimi
soolci ob koncu nijega tudija leta 1829/30; oba z Monikom sta prejemala tipendiji.205
Maria Petritsch je zastopala (Stellvertreter) botro Justino Lercher (* 1818), soprogo
knjigarnarja (Buchhndlergattin) Jurija Lercherja (* 1811; 1878/1901). Jurij in Justina sta
leta 1843 stanovala na naslovu Mesto (Hauptplatz) t. 239 oziroma Magistrat t. 69; njuni
otroci so bili Alfonz (* 1846), Emil (* 1848), Albina (* 1844), Viktor (* 1849) in Justina
Terezija, krena 19. 4. 1852 pri sv. Nikolaju. Justinin boter pri krstu v stolnici je bil Serafin
Monik, kar je bila oblika imena, ki jo je Franc Monik uporabljal tudi leta 1839.206
Obojestranski botrstvi v aprilu 1852 kaeta na tesne povezave med druinama Lercher in
Monik.

Jurij Lercher je bil leta 1843, 1844, 1860 in 1871 knjigarnar na ljubljanskem Velikem
(Mestnem) trgu, med letoma 1877-1901 pa je bil lastnik Rotove hie na Mestnem trgu t. 5,
kjer je danes Mestna galerija. Izel je iz prave dinastije knjigarnarjev. Tiskar Franz Moriz
Lecher (Lehner) si je leta 1721 kot graki mean pridobil koncesijo za tiskanje knjig v
Gradcu, leta 1777 pa so njegovi dedii postali univerzitetni tiskarji v Gradcu. Graki tiskar
Christoph Lercher je umrl leta 1713, njegov sin z enakim imenom pa je leta 1733 umrl kot
univerzitetni tiskar v Gradcu.207 Monik je imel ob rojstvu prvorojenke za sabo e 15
nemkih knjig, med njimi 13 ubenikov; ob njih pa e dva poljska in en italijanski prevod.
Lercher resda ni zaloil nobene med njimi, seveda pa je bil tesno povezan z Monikovimi

204
Schmidt, Zgodovina olstva, 3: 22-23.
205
rnivec, Ljubljanski klasiki, str. 386-387.
206
Monik, Theorie der numerischen Gleichungen, naslovnica; NAL, Ljubljana, Sv. Nikolaj, Krstna knjiga 19.
4. 1852; ZAL LJU Konskripcijske tabele 1830 1857 Ljubljana, Mesto 239, fara sv. Nikolaj, gospostvo
Magistrat, tevilka 69, leto 1843; Za napotek se zahvaljujem dr.prof. Milanu Hladniku.
207
Bachleitner, Eybl, Fischer, Geschichte des Buchhandels, str. 61, 87.
avstrijskimi izdajatelji. Uspeh Monikovih ubenikov je bil pa tudi svojevrstno finanno
podjetje podobno dobro prodajanim geografskim ubenikov in atlasov slovenskega fizika
Blaa Kocena (* 1821; 1871).

Babica ob krstu prvorojene Marije Monik je bila Anna Unglert (Unglarth, Unglart), ki je bila
babica tudi drugima Monikovima otrokoma in drugim novorojenkom. Krst je opravil
franikanski pater upnik Kalist Omejc (kren z imenom Franc, * 29. 7. 1805 Sv. Andrej
juno od kofje Loke t. 8; OFM 1828; 15. 3. 1863 Ljubljana). Kalist je bil provincial,
kustos, definitor, zasluni gvardijan, upnijski upravitelj, sorodnik Monikovega kamnikega
prijatelja Omejca, sin Valentina Omejca in Eve Koir. Krst je bil zapisan na dnu strani za
tirimi krsti otrok neporoenih mater, ki so jih seveda opravili zgolj kaplani in ne upnik;
njihova babica je bila vsakokrat Tereza Gabrovi.208

Po podatkih iz ljudskega tetja se je druina Franca Monika nekoliko pozneje preselila


nedale pro v Kapucinsko predmestje t. 59. Dne 31. 10. 1857 je olski svetnik Franc
Monik kot stanoval na Gradiu 32. V hii je bilo est strank: prvi stanovalec je bil Alojz
Kuar (Kuer, * 1821), peti pa Monik. Monikova petlanska druina je ivela skupaj z
dvema slukinjama dne 31. 10. 1857. Slukinji sta bili obe Gorenjki: Apolonija Stular (* 6. 2.
1829 Penina Polica (Niederfeld) v kranjskem okroju) in Elisabeth Mrak (* 29. 10. 1836
kofja Loka). Za vse tri otroke je naveden kraj rojstva Ljubljana.209 Mladi slukinji sta bili
brkone tudi dojilji Monikovega naraaja.

Marijina sestra Emilija Terezija Monik, pozneje poroena Schaller, je bila rojena 23.
novembra 1854, krena 25. novembra; obred krsta je vodil kaplan Josef Supanz (Zupanc).
Botra je bila Monikova taa Terezija Rossiwall iz Znojma, ki pa jo je pri obredu v Ljubljani
zastopala znanka. Boter je bil tudi tokrat Monikov gimnazijski soolec Franc Omejc (Franz
Omeiz), pravnik na deelnem toilstvu v Ljubljani.

Teodor Franc Serafin je bil rojen 20. oktobra 1855; krstil ga je dva dni kasneje isti kaplan
Supanz. Med botri ni bilo ve Omejca, ki je bil medtem premeen v Lvov na visok poloaj
vodje javnega toilstva (Ober-Staatsanwalt) in pozneje viji svetovalec okronega sodia
(Ober-Landesgerichte-Rthe);210 znova pa je bila botra Terezija Rossiwall preko zastopnice.
Teodor (pater Benno) je po grakih tudijih 1874-1877 postal benediktinec 24. 8. 1884 v
Admontu:, umrl pa je leta 1920. Iz zapisov ob krstih obeh mlajih otrok je razvidno, da so v
asu obeh rojstev Monikovi stanovali v Ljubljani na Glavnem trgu 262 (Hauptplatz, pozneje
Mestni Trg).211

Po svojem drugem ljubljanskem desetletju je bil Monik leta 1860 premeen v Gradec; kot
olskemu svetniku in nadzorniku ljudskih ol so mu zaupali e nadzorstvo tajerskih in
korokih realk.

Po novem olskem zakonu iz leta 1868 je Monik naslednje leto postal deelni olski
nadzornik prve stopnje za tajersko; vendar je e po dveh letih zaradi domnevnih

208
NAL, Ljubljana, Marijino Oznanjenje, Geburts- und Tauf- Buch, str. 225, zadnji peti zapis na strani. Indeks
1821-1862 za april 1852 na strani 141 nima ustreznega zapisa.
209
ZAL LJU 504 Mesto Ljubljana statistini popis 1 / 1-3 indeks 1857 A-R Ljudsko tetje, mikrofilmski
posnetek 820 v kolutu MF-80 Gradie t. 588-1030.
210
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Osterreichisch fr das Jahr 1856, 3. del, str. 340; 1868: 480.
Upokojen ali umrl pred letom 1881.
211
Rugle, Preinfalk, Blagoslovljeni, str. 133-136.
zdravstvenih teav zaprosil za upokojitev. Seveda je lo za pretvezo; ostarelemu olskemu
nadzorniku Moniku, njegovemu varovancu in rojaku Peternelu in Bleiweisovemu krogu je
novi brezverski liberalni olski zakon el v nos s posvetnimi nadzorniki namesto
cerkvenih.212 Proti odpravi cerkvenega nadzora ol se je Cauchy bojeval etrt stoletja prej v
Franciji in, prav tako kot Monik - pogorel. Ob upokojitvi je cesar Moniku z redom elezne
krone tretjega reda omogoil povianje v viteza.

Monikova hi Marija (* 1852; 1903) se je zelo mlada poroila s olskim inpektorjem


Gustavom pl. Zeynekom (* 1837; 1901). Imela sta tri otroke: nominiranca za Nobelovo
nagrado iz fiziologije-medicine leta 1930 prakega profesorja fizioloke kemije Richarda
Zeyneka (* 1869; 1945), Olgo Rudel Zeynek, in lana avstrijskega generaltaba prevajalca
Shakespeareja v nemino Theodorja Zeyneka (* 1873; 1948). Ob Francu Moniku so dne
12. 1. 1911 v isti graki grob zagrebli njegovo vdovo Terezo Rossiwall poroeno Monik,
Josefo Kejak, Emilijo Monik poroeno pl. Schaller pokopano dne 8. 7. 1948 in Olgo Rudel-
Zeynek ( 28. 1. 1871 Olmouc; 25. 8. 1948 Gradec) pokopano dne 29. 8. 1948. Nagrobnik
Marije Monik, poroene Zeynek, danes krasi druinski grob v Mdlingu pri Dunaju.

Monikova vnukinja Olga Rudel-Zeynek (Zeyneck) je bila znana pisateljica, dopisnica


enskih in katolikih revij. Bila je delegatka tajerskega parlamenta kot lanica zveznega
vodstva stranke kranskih socialistov (CSP). Od 2. 12. 1920 do 18. 5. 1927 je bila v
dravnem parlamentu, lanica zveznega vodstva CSP je bila od 21. 5. 1927 do 2. 5. 1934.
Bila je lanica zveznega parlamenta od 1. 12. 1927 do 31. 5. 1928 in od 1. 6. 1932 do 30. 11.
1932; predsedovala mu je kot prva med enskami. al je njen vnuk, Richardov sin pravnik
Wolfgang pl. Zeynek (* 1908; 1995), med vojno v Pragi izbral napano stran.213

Monik v mrei habsburkih tehnikih uenjakov svojih dni

Monik je bil cesarju nadvse veen strokovnjak: dodobra izobraen matematik strogo
katolike vzgoje brez nezaelenih panslovanskih hotenj. Sam Monik se je osredotoil na os
Gorica-Ljubljana-Gradec ne da bi si posebej prizadeval za dunajsko slubo. V tem se je
razlikoval od svojega profesorja Schulza in od Schulzevega profesorja Joefa Jenka. Leta
1863 je Monik postal lan Naravoslovnega drutva za tajersko (Naturwissenschaftlicher
Verein fr Steiermark) ustanovljenega nekaj mesecev prej dne 4. 4. 1862 v Gradcu; vlanil se
je e v tevilna uiteljska drutva, prav tako pa v Kranjsko in Goriko kmetijsko drubo. V
znanstvenem pogledu je gotovo najvije kotiralo Naravoslovno drutvo za tajersko. Jenkov
nekdanji tudent in Monikov graki profesor osnov matematike Josef Knar (* 1. 1. 1800
Hartberg; 1. 6. 1864 Gradec) je bil ustanovni lan in leta 1863 lan direkcije Drutva. Drugi
ustanovni lan je bil Eugen Netoliczka (Netolika, * 1825 Jihlava (Iglau) na Moravskem;
1889 Gradec) profesor naravoslovja in fizike v Brnu, od 1856 pa na viji realki v Gradcu.
Prevode njegovih knjig Mala fizika, Obna Zgodovina in Prirodoslovje je leta 1875 objavil
Monikov oji rojak naduitelj v Ljutomeru in pozneje ravnatelj meanske ole v Krkem
Ivan Lapajne (* 2. 2. 1849 Vojsko pri Idriji; 17. 11. 1931 Krko); Lapajne je pet let prej
objavil e prevod Povesti iz zgodovine tajerske pisca grakega profesorja Franza Kronesa
viteza Marchlanda (* 1835; 1902), lana Naravoslovnega drutva za tajersko.214

212
Schmidt, Zgodovina olstva, 3: 250, 256; Razpet, Osebno, str. 87; Hladnik, ivljenjska, str. 14.
213
Razpet, Franc vitez Monik, str. 226.
214
Lapajne, Netoliczka, Mala fizika; Lapajne, Netoliczka, Obna Zgodovina; Lapajne, Netoliczka,
Prirodoslovje; Lapajne, Krones, Povesti.
Obenem z Monikom se je leta 1863 v Drutvo vlanil tudi Monikov ljubljanski suplent
Hummel, ki je leta 1868 Karlu Jelineku (* 1822; 1876) pomagal doloiti povpreno
temperaturo Celja.215 Istoasno se je leta 1863 vlanil e Zeno Mller (Franz Ignaz, * 1818
Leizen v Zahodni Pomeraniji; 1894), ki je bil med letoma 1869-1886 estdeseti opat
benediktinskega samostana Admont in tam predstojnik Monikovega sina Benna. Skupaj z
njimi sta se leta 1863 vlanila tudi Monikov vrstnik mariborski knjigarnar Edvard Ferlinz (*
1817; 1874) in graki gradbenik Ignaz Hladnik (Baurevisions-Assistent), po poreklu
brkone Monikov oji rojak.216 Monik na sestankih Drutva ni predaval, zato pa ni bil
njegov vpliv ni manji. Sklepamo lahko, da se je vlanil po zgledu svojih uiteljev Hummela
in Knara, med njegovimi najtesnejimi sodelavci pa sta bila Mller in Netoliczka, saj so bili
Lapajnetovi prevodi slednjega voda na mlin Monikovih prizadevanj za izboljave slovenskih
ol. Monik je ostal lan drutva do svoje smrti; vsaj zadnje desetletje je preivel na graki
Kroisbachgasse t. 5.

Med mlajimi lani Drutva je bil od leta 1872 gimnazijski uitelj Josipa Plemlja tajerec
Vincent Bortner (* 1843). Graki fizik Simon ubic je bil redni lan Drutva od leta 1867 do
leta 1870. Med lani so bili e mo napol Slovenke Jetti Ludwig Boltzmann od leta 1871 s
prekinitvijo med letoma 1874 in 1876, Boltzmannova porona pria August Tpler od leta
1869 ter Albert von Ettingshausen kot Direktions-Mitglied leta 1877. Ernst Mach je predaval
na sestankih drutva ne da bi se vanj vlanil. Dopisna lana drutva sta bila od leta 1870 do
smrti e Slovenca Karl Deman in koroki tovarnar fizik Ivan Prettner, ki je na sejah drutva
poroal o korokem podnebju. Leta 1871 je imelo Drutvo 509 rednih in 20 dopisnih lanov.
25. 5. 1871 so Tplerja izbrali za podpredsednika drutva, po odhodu iz Gradca leta 1880 pa
za astnega lana; njegov naslednik na poloaju podpredsednika je leta 1880 postal
Boltzmann.

Delo Drutva so podpirali le redni lani z letnimi prispevki po 2 fl. Sestanki Drutva z
znanstvenimi predavanji in poskusi so bili vsak mesec s prekinitvami med poletnimi
poitnicami. Tiskali so letna poroila z znanstvenimi razpravami, povzetki predavanj,
popisov lanstva in popisom prejetih revij; poroila Mitt.nat.Ver.Steier. so po letu 1874
izhajalo z enoletno zamudo. Po letu 1871 so med drugim dobivali RAD Jugoslovanske
akademije znanosti in umetnosti iz Zagreba217 v katerem e ubic objavljal prve znanstvene
razprave v slovenini. Veina znanstvenih razprav je v Izvestjah tajerskega naravoslovnega
drutva obravnavala biologijo. V prvih dveh desetletjih med letoma 1863-1883 so v
Mitt.nat.Ver.Steier. estnajstkrat razpravljali o astronomiji, tirinajstkrat o matematiki,
tiriintridesetkrat o fiziki in sedemkrat o tehniki.218 Lahko si mislimo, da je redni lan
Drutva Monik predstavitve dovolj pozorno spremljal, eravno njegovih poglavitnih
sodelavcev ni bilo med predavatelji.

Zakljuek

215
Mitt.nat.Ver.Steier. 1863, 1: 13; 1864, 2: 9; 1865, 3: 4; 1890 natisnjeno 1891, 27: XII; 1892 natisnjeno 1893,
29: XII, XXX (brez poimenske omembe ali nekrologa); Jelinek, Ueber die mittlere Temperatur, str. 14.
216
Hladnik, ivljenjska, str. 19-20; Mitt.nat.Ver.Steier. 1863, str. 11, 12, 14.
217
Mitt.nat.Ver.Steier. 1875, str. XV.
218
Haupt-Repertorium, str. 7-8, 15-16, 19-21.
Monik je bil po Juriju Vegi prvi slovenski pisec matematine znanstvene razprave. Za
nameek je leta 1858 in 1877 kot vreden Vegov naslednik na Dunaju objavil e
logaritmovnika. Monik je postal najbolj ploden slovenski pisec matematinih ubenikov,
eravno jih je seveda sestavljal predvsem v nemkem jeziku. Njegovi ubeniki vsebujejo
obilo trgovskih primerov iz prakse in so marsikdaj uporabni e danes; od tod nekaj
posreenih ponatisov v zadnjih letih.

Brat in sestra Demana

Oe Dragotina-Karla, Klemen Deman, je bil sodni aktuar v Idriji, kjer je umrl e leta 1825;
Dragotin-Karl se je moral odpraviti k stricu v Ljubljano. Dragotin-Karl Deman (*3. 1. 1821,
Idrija; 11. 3. 1889, Ljubljana) je tudiral medicino in nato pravo; zanimale so ga predvsem
skrivnosti naravoslovja. Kot ljubljanski gimnazijski profesor naravoslovnih predmetov in
fizike ter kustos fizikalnega kabineta je leta 1851 in 1852 nabavil med vsemi predhodniki in
nasledniki najve astronomskih instrumentov. Zato gotovo ni odve domneva, da se je vsaj v
mlajih letih aktivno ukvarjal z astronomijo. tevilne Demanove objave segajo v leposlovje,
zgodovino, botaniko, meteorologijo, seizmologijo, arheologijo, antropologijo in e kam. al se
je v znanstveni vnemi priklonil nemki premoi in se odtujil slovenskemu narodu.

Kustos ljubljanskega muzeja je bil po odhoda Idrijana Freyerja leta 1852 drugi Idrijan
Dragotin (Karl) Deman. V Novicah in pozneje v Izvestjah drutva so med letoma 1856 in
1862 objavljali poroila z nekaterih predavanj, povpreno o enem ali dveh na mesec z nekaj
mesecev trajajoim poletnim premorom. Tako za leto 1858 niso objavili poroil med julijem
in novembrom, za leto 1859 pa ni poroil celo med marcem in novembrom.

Deman je v Izvestjah vsako leto poroal o estih do osmih sestankih Drutva. Na sestankih
Drutva je navadno nastopil le en predavatelj, vasih pa se jih je zvrstilo kar est. Predavanjem
so pogosto sledile razprave, o katerih so Izvestja Drutva tu in tam prav tako poroala.

Veina predavateljev je obravnavala prirodoslovje. Najpogosteje se je k besedi oglasil Deman,


ki je ob skoraj vsakoletnih poroilih o meteorolokih meritvah predaval e o mineralih in
rastlinah kranjske deele. Maja 1858 je Deman poroal o rastlinstvu koevskega okraja,
katerega astni mean je bil. Dne 11. 2. 1857 se je k dalji besedi oglasil e lan drutva dr.
Etbin Costa, eravno je bil v tistem asu e v hudem znanstvenem in politinem sporu z
Demanom. Kljub temu se je njuno delo pokrivalo, saj je Costa med letoma 1855 in 1859
objavljal o Kranjski, leta 1858 in 1863 pa je opisal Postojnsko jamo, med tem ko je Deman
leta 1866 objavil meritve viin na Kranjskem.

Muzejsko drutvo v Ljubljani je pod vodstvom Karla Demana postalo glavno sredie razprav
o naravi in tudi o potresih. V prvih Izvestjih leta 1856 je Deman objavil kratko zgodovino
prirodoslovja na Kranjskem z biografijami estih najpomembnejih kranjskih prirodoslovcev:
Scopolija, Hacqueta, Wulfna, Karla in ige Zoisa ter Idrijana Hladnika. Poleg teh
raziskovalcev je mimogrede omenil e nekatere noveje. Fiziko je omenil v poroilu o prvih
Wulfnovih predavanjih o Newtonovi fiziki v Ljubljani leta 1763, kar so pozneje prevzeli drugi
raziskovalci (Deman, Einiges, 9; Schmidt, Zgodovina, 148). Deman je skupaj z barjanskim
posestnikom Martinom Perucijem (Peruzzi) postavil raziskovanja ostankov barjanskih
mostiarjev na znanstvene temelje po priznanju kranjskega deelnega zbora in Valentina
Zarnika dne 18. 3. 1876 o katerem je ez tri dni poroal Slovenski narod.
Deman je bil morda najvidneji med v Idriji rojenimi naravoslovci. Trstenjak in po svoje
tudi Costa sta se mu s svojim pristopom do znanosti zamerila tako hudo, da je pisal Valentinu
Zarniku 9. januarja 1861, da se kot ravnatelj muzeja pa ne more druiti z rojaki Jelaievih
huzarjev, ki so zatrli liberalno vstajo Dunajanov po pomladi 1848, potem ko so v muzeju
(Museum fr vergleichende Anatomie) anatoma Josefa Hyrtla (*1810; 1894) popili ves
pirit namenjen ohranjanju biolokih-anatomskih artefaktov-preparatov v alkoholni raztopini.
Deman je sicer na svojem domovanju pri Figovcu skupaj s samsko sestro pomonico
Serafino ob meteorolokih opazovanjih obasno spital tudi kaknega pujska, a prehrana
Jelaievih bojevnikov mu oitno ni delala skomin. Korenine Demanove odtujitve
Slovenstvu so globoke e danes, ko o njem poje stara pesem Omarja Halama (1048-1131):
Kdor ie znanosti poduka, pot mu bo kmalu postala muka, saj dandanes draja od modrosti
glavica je luka.

Serafina Deman je med prvimi Ljubljanankami veliko prispevala k razvoju slovenske fizike
in meteorologije. Po smrti brata Karla (11. 3. 1889) je nadaljevala z meritvami vremenskih
razmer v Ljubljani in s tem dopolnila prvo dolgoletno neprekinjeno zbirko meritev v nai
prestolnici. Z bratom sta stanovala pri Figovcu tako, da je Serafina bivala nadstropje nije v
pritliju in so se njene meritve nadaljevale 4 m nije. Merila je vse do svoje smrti leta 1896,
samostojno torej kar sedem let. Ni se poroila in je veino svojega dela dobesedno posvetila
eksperimentalnemu delu.

O raziskavah krasa v 19. stoletju prispevek Karla Demana (1821-1889)

Demanova raziskovanja krasa so pomembno poglavje zgodovine kranjskega naravoslovja.


Med njimi so opisi jam, loveke ribice, druge krake faune in flore. Posebna pozornost je
posveena Demanu znanim opisom proteusa.

Kustos Deelnega muzeja Karl Deman je bil gonilna sila veine ljubljanskih naravoslovnih
raziskav svojega asa. Slabo poznavanje njegovega dela je predvsem posledica njegovega
politinega delovanja, ki ga je kmalu odtujilo poklicnim zastopnikom slovenskih
narodnostnih prizadevanj.
Muzejski kustos Deman je leta 1855 oivil Kranjsko muzejsko drutvo in v njem dajal
pomembno spodbudo ljubljanskim naravoslovnim raziskovanjem. V tem prispevku prvi v
slovenskem zgodovinopisju podrobneje opisujemo Demanova raziskovanja krakih jam,
flore in faune, kot jih je objavljal v poroilih z mesenih predavanj in sestankov Drutva. Ob
tem smo si ogledali e Demanove skice jam in proteusa v njegovi zasebni rokopisni
zapuini shranjeni pri Arhivu Republike Slovenije. Poleg skic smo nali e tevilna pisma o
kranjskih jamah, popis Demanu dosegljive literature o loveki ribici in Demanovo
natanno analizo fiziolokih posebnosti proteusa povzeto oziroma kar prepisano iz
Rusconijevih raziskav. Preuili smo Demanov popis najnovejih, predvsem domaih,
italijanskih in britanskih objav o proteusu. Tako z uporabo objavljenih del in rokopisov prvi
podrobneje predstavljamo Demanovo bogato znanje, ki je segalo celo do matematinih in
astronomskih ved.

Popisali smo dela, ki jih je Karel Deman objavil ali pa le napisal o krasu in o sorodni vedah
v Ljubljani ter v pomembnih dunajskih akademskih publikacijah. S svojim delom je raziril
sloves svojih in z njimi kranjskih znanstvenih dosekov po celi Evropi. Slabo poznavanje
Demanovega dela pojasnimo z njegovim politinim delovanjem, ki ga je kmalu odtujilo
poklicnim zastopnikom slovenskih narodnostnih prizadevanj; nerodna politina stalia so ga
oddaljila od tedanjih in poznejih voditeljev slovenskega naroda. al je zato doma kot
naravoslovec slejkoprej ostal neznan: Nemo propheta in Patria

Fizika Idrijana Urbasa

Frischlin je bil od leta 1582 do leta 1584 olski ravnatelj v Ljubljani; objavil je latinsko pisano
odo o Cerknikem jezeru, ki jo je Anton Urbas, pisec knjige o magnetizmu, elektriki, toploti in
svetlobi (1876), ve kot tri stoletja pozneje prevedel v nemino. Anton Urbas (*13. 9. 1822,
Idrija; 22. 9. 1899, Ljubljana) je bil sin idrijskega rudnikega uslubenca. Bogoslovje je
tudiral v Ljubljani in bil tam ordiniran leta 1844. Bil je kaplan v Kovorju, Smledniku, Planini
pri Rakeku; tam je jeseni 1848 organiziral in vodil prvo ekspedicijo v Postojnsko jamo, ki je
prodrla do sotoja Pivke in Raka in v pivkem rokavu zasledila loveke ribice. Raziskal je
Vranjo in druge jame in jih opisal v (Urbas, Die Grotten). Na Urbasove raziskave se je pozneje
oprl Ad. Schmidl.

Urbas je pasel due do leta 1850 v Sostrem pri Ljubljani. Nato je dobil beneficiat v Goriici pri
Domalah (1851-1859), postal upnik v Zagorju (1860-1873) in na Dobovcu (1874-1876); nato
je postal stolni upnik in kanonik (koral) v Ljubljani.

V fizikalni knjiici je na 33 straneh obravnaval vsa podroja z izjemo mehanike soasno v


nemkem in slovenskem jeziku. Knjiga ni bila olska, temve namenjena bolj izobraencem,
predvsem duhovnikom. Ni objavil kazala in tudi ne citatov. Vsakemu poglavju je zapisal okoli
20 trditev in nekoliko posegel celo v zgodovino raziskovanj in postregel s tehnikimi
podrobnosti. Uvod je bil filozofski z opisom substance nae Zemlje in vesolja. Vsak atom naj
bi imel svoje lastno ivljenje. Magnetna sila je delovala tudi na zelo majhnih razdaljah, kar je
lahko bila Faradayeva misel. Morska voda vre za 3,7 stopinje vije od sladke vode, je znal
povedati. Zanimal ga je vpliv toplote na magnet. Magnetni privlak morejo plini srebati vase.
Tekoine niso luknjiaste, kot mislijo nekateri, da imajo zrak v sebi, temve voda vlee nase.
Opisal je pretvorbo magneta v elektriko s transverzalnem magnetom, torej elektromotor
oziroma dinamo. Kislec je med plini to, kar je elezo med kovinami. Je magnetien in
elektrien, zelo draljiv, zato ima tudi veliko pohlepnost po sprostitvi. Vsako telo je magnet in
bolj ali manj naelektreno, magnetno in toplo. Opisal je elektrolizo in Zambonijev len v skupno
estnajstih tezah o elektriki. Giuseppe Zamboni (*1776; 1846) je bil leta 1827 profesor fizike
in uporabne matematike liceja v Veroni (Hof- und Saats-Schematismus, 1827, 238).

Preglednica 2: Poglavja Urbasove fizike

Poglavje Strani tevilo trditev (odstavkov)

Uvod 1-8 13
Magnetizem 9-12 13
Elektrika 12-21 16
Toplota 18-24 17
Svetloba s podpoglavji 24-33 28
Svetloba nastane iz elektrike, enako toplota 27-30 12-20
Kako Sonce dela svetlobo in toploto 30/28-33 21-28

Urbas je vedel, da je normalna toplota ptiev veja od loveke. Toplota razteguje telesa,
vendar trdna manj, ker se tam molekule drijo s toliko vejo silo skupaj in se ne dajo tako na
hitro premakniti kot pri kapljevinah in plinih. Zanimalo ga je prevajanje zvoka v vakuumu.
Tudi toplota se je ravnala po izrekih, podobno kot elektrika. Odbojnost ni vzrok kapljivosti, saj
se kapljice med seboj privlaijo. arena toplota je padala s kvadratom razdalje. Ali je eter
snov, glede na to, da prodira skozi steklo in vodo? Hitrost toplote je imel za veliko manjo od
svetlobne, saj ni poznal nove Maxwellove teorije. Ob potresu je toplota narasla. Do 16.
stoletja se je mislilo, da se Sonce, Luna in zvezde vrtijo okoli Zemlje, se je Urbas spomnil na
Kopernika. Sevanje svetlobe s Sonca je sinusoidno. Uporabil je vibracijsko hipotezo nihanja
etra, podobno kot stareji Karel Robida. Tako kot toplota, tudi svetloba ni snov. Zanimala ga
je hitrost, absorpcija, polarizacija in interferenca svetlobe, njeno vpadanje s kvadratom
razdalje, barve in fotografija. Vsako telo ima v sebi svetlobo. Soneva ara ima pole:
magnetnega, elektrinega, svetlobnega in toplotnega. Svetlobni in toplotni sta za 70 stopinj
oddaljena drug od drugega, prav za toliko pa tudi elektrini in magnetni. Rmerjeva meritev
hitrosti svetlobe z Jupitrovo sopreminico (satelitom) ne dokae hitrosti svetlobe, temve
hitrost elektrinega uinka, iz katerega nastane svetloba. Svetloba nastane iz elektrike podobno
kot toplota, kar je spominjalo na Franklinove ideje. Severni sij je posledica magnetnih pojavov.
Zanimale so ga vakuumske cevi, ki jih je v Bonnu nedavno izumil Heinrich Geissler (*1814;
1879). Urbas je obravnaval elektrine barve v ceveh in elektrino lu; primerjal jih je z
barvami Sonne svetlobe v prizmi in umetnim ognjem. Zanimali so ga kemijski vplivi gorenja.
Trdna telesa si je zamislil kot koncentrirane pline. Spekter Sonca ima dva pola, eden od njih
povezan z elektrinostjo Lune. Opisal je gorenje v vakuumu, kjer svea ugasne. Sonce in
Zemlja se ne le med seboj privlaita, temve sta oba tudi elektrino napeta. Sonce je neusahljiv
prevodnik, ki naelektri Zemljo. Vigalnik ne more vgati gobe v brezzranem prostoru, iz
enjeve peke ne more zrasti orehovo drevo. Predstavil je nova izuma telegrafije in fotografije,
na koncu pa je pojasnil delovanje svetlobe na oko (Urbas, Magnetismus 1-2. 6. 10-12, 15, 18-
21 23-25, 27, 30-31, 33; Urbas, Die Reiche).
Ubeniki Lapajneta in Reisnerja

Ivan Lapajne (* 2. 2. 1849 Vojsko pri Idriji; 17. 11. 1931 Krko) je bil rojen nedale
zahodno od Idrije. Pisal je ubenike za osnovno olo (leta 1875 in 1876 za fiziko) na
Meanski oli v Krkem. Tam je med novembrom 1882 in februarjem 1887 poueval Ferdo
Seidl, pozneje vodilni meteorolog in seizmolog, ravnatelj pa je bil Ivan Lapajne, ki je med
letoma 1875-1876 prevedel dve fizikalni uni knjigi. Za prvega pisca v svojih prevajalskih
podvigih si je izbral Eugen Netoliczka (Netolika, * 1825 Iglau na Moravskem), profesorja
naravoslovja oziroma fizike na gimnaziji v Brnu. Lapajne je bil sprva profesor in ravnatelj
Osnovne in Meanske ole v Idriji, nato pa je sluboval v Ljutomeru. Kot prvi ravnatelj
meanske ole Krko med pomembne Krane poleg Bohoria in Dalmatina priteval e
Valvasorja (Slana, Janez Vajkard Valvasor, 571).

Lapajnetov govor na zboru Slovenskega uiteljskega drutva oktobra 1887 O potrebi stalne
razstave uil za slovenske ole (Uiteljski tovari, 15.10.1887, 27: 20) je bil eden kamnov v
mozaiku, iz katerega je nastal Slovenski olski muzej v Ljubljani, tudi zaradi potrebe po
centralizaciji razstav uil. Ob otvoritvi Slovenskega olskega muzeja dne 2. 12. 1898 so
razstavne predmete razvrstili v dvanajst skupin glede na njihovo uporabo pri pouku. V drugi
skupini so popisali metodiko-tehnine proizvode (uila), med katerimi so posebej
izpostavili kemijo, ne pa fizike. Tudi opis sedme skupine je bil taken, da bi vanjo lahko
uvrstili nekatere naprave za pouk fizike (Popotnik, 1998, 7).

Joef Reisner (Josip, * 1875 Ljubljana; 1955 Ljubljana) je po novomeki maturi tudiral
fiziko kot glavni predmet med letoma 1894-1899 na filozofski fakulteti na Dunaju; al je
Joef Stefan umrl tik pred njegovim prihodom, tako da je poslual predavanja predvsem pri
Stefanovemu uencu Ludwigu Boltzmannu. Leta 1903 je opravil profesorski izpit, tako da je
bila njegova prva profesorska sluba prav na realki v Idriji med letoma 19041905. Tik pred
prihodom v Idrijo je v dunajskih Izvestjah objavil raziskavo uporabe doloenega integrala iz
definicijske enabe na enajstih straneh. Marsikaj napisanega je seveda povedal idrijskim
dijakom. Idrijske in novomeke predavateljske izkunje je med letoma 1908-1909 zdruil v
ubenik, ki so ga s pridom uporabljali vse do vojne (Reisner, 1904; Reisner, 1913). Bil je
eden zaetnik poljudnih predavanj fizike in kemije v Idriji. Mono se je potegoval za svojo
narodno napredno stranko (NNS) ustanovljeno leta 1894 z razmeroma ibko protiutejo
katoliki Slovenski ljudski stranki.

Preglednica 3: Fiziki in Matematiki med idrijskimi olniki

Ime Poueval in raziskoval Ustanova

Steinberg 1727- kartografija, geodezija, tehniko risanje Geodetska ola


Mrak 28. 4. 1752 - 1769 geometrija Jamomerska ola
Scopoli 1763-1769 ola za metalurke in kemijske vede
Josip Reisner 1904-1905 M, F Realka
Julij Nardin 1905-1912 F, M Realka
Fran ade 1914?-1918 F suplent Realka
Leopold 19121914 F Realka
Andre
Lavo ermelj 1914-zaetek marca 1920 M, od jeseni 1918 e Realka
F

Nardinova in Bloudkova letala

Dr. Julij Nardin (* 28. 12. 1877 Gorica; 15. 3. 1959 Ljubljana) Nardin se je uil fizike pri
antlu v Gorici in nato leta 1904 diplomiral pri Boltzmannu na Dunaju. Leta 1905 je antel
pokazal Nardinu vetrno kolo z deloma premakljivimi, prono nameenimi lopaticami po
Resslovi ideji. Nardin je bil tisti as praktikant pod mentorstvom Boltzmannovega svaka
Antona antla v Gorici.

Nardin je poueval na realki v Idriji med letoma 1905 in 1912. S prijateljem Zeijom iz Gorice
sta takoj nato leta 1913 v Avstriji patentirala samostojni izum releja za telefone in telegrafe,
e posebno pri uporabi podmorskih kablov (Juni, Nemani, Iznajdba, 22).

Uporabila sta generator poasnih elektronov Arthurja Wehnelta (* 1871; 1944) z napetostjo
400 V v izrpani cevi z dvema (ali ve) enakovrednima, medsebojno izoliranima anodama.
Anodi sta povezala v isti tokokrog tako, da sta njuna konca zunaj elektronke navila v
nasprotnih smereh okoli eleznega jedra primarne tuljave transformatorja. Med anodi sta
lahko postavila e krajo anodo s konstantnim tokom za prepreevanje motenj.

Katode nista segrevala neposredno, kot to ponemo danes, temve sta jo razarila s posebno
ploo, postavljeno za katodo v elektronki. Med elektrodi sta postavila elektromagnet za
usmerjanje katodnih in drugih (sic!) arkov. Nardin je v patentu dvakrat omenjal e "druge
arke" poleg katodnih, da bi se zavaroval ob "odkritjih" cele vrste novih arkov ob prelomu
stoletja. Previdnost je mati modrosti.

e so elektroni padali simetrino na oba dela anode, sta imela oba enak potencial in je skozi
obe veji tekel enak tok. Uinka obeh tokov sta se na nasprotno usmerjenih navojih tuljave
izniila. Ko je na eno od anod padalo ve elektronov, jih je padalo na drugo toliko manj,
vpliva njunih tokov pa sta se v nasprotnih navitjih tuljave setevala in zato ojaila.

Med prizadevanjem za pridobitev patenta je Nardin dognal, da je njegov ojaevalnik tirikrat


moneji od Liebenovega iz leta 1906. Ionizacija plinov ga ni motila tako kot triodo, ki jo je
Robert von Lieben (* 1878; 1913) sestavil leta 1910. Vendar svoje naprave ni mogel
preizkusiti, saj ni imel na voljo dovolj uinkovitih vakuumskih rpalk. Z Zeijem nista zmogla
nakupa moneje rpalke in sta se brez uspeha dogovarjala za sodelovanje s tovarno
telefonov Zwietusch iz Berlina, ki je med prvo svetovno vojno postala del podjetja Siemens
& Halske.

Prvi slovenski motorni letalec Edvard Rusjan (* 1886 Trst; 1911) je prihajal v Idrijo k
Nardinu uiti osnov aerodinamike; Edvard je prvi javno poletel leta 1909 potem ko sta z
bratom po Nardinovih nasvetih zgradila trokrilec Eda II. Nardinovo brezmotorno letalo je
bilo e v letu 1910 dograjeno; polete je odlagal in dokonno opustil po Rusjanovi smrti v
zaetku leta 1911. Vmes se je Nardina zabaval e z reakcijskim motorjem kot pogonom.
Nardinovo letalo je ostalo v Idriji tudi po njegovem odhodu v Ljubljano sredi leta 1912; al je
propadlo med prvo svetovno vojno. Stanko Bloudek (* 1890 Idrija; 1959) je skupaj z
oetom ekim idrijskim rudnikim strojnim inenirjem odel iz Idrije na eko e leta 1894,
tik preden bi lahko lahko obudoval Nardina na idrijski realki. Vsekakor bi Nardin lahko
tesno sodeloval s Stankovim oetom Jaroslavom Bloudkom (* 1846; 1906) v Idriji, e
Jaroslav ne bi dobil slube na ekem; tam ga je e po desetih letih obiskala starka s koso.
Kmalu po oetovi smrti je Stanko Bloudek zael izdelovati letalske modele leta 1906.

Bloudekova in Nardinova pota so se tako razla, njune on Andrejeve zaetke idrijskega


letalstva pa danes nadaljuje Idrijan Rajmund Krivec. Med letoma 1912 in 1920 je Nardin
poueval na klasini gimnaziji v Ljubljani. Tam je nartoval vakuumsko rpalko z uporabo
tlaka kapljic in adhezije par ivega srebra. al je dogovor z dunajskim izdelovalcem propadel
zaradi vojne. Zato je Nardin eksperimentiral kar z elektromagnetnim odklanjanjem areega
plinskega loka med anodama iz palice iz oglja pri navadnem tlaku. Po koncu prve svetovne
vojne se je pokazalo, da ga je prehitela de Forestova iznajdba triode z izboljavami Irvinga
Langmuirja (* 1881; 1957) pri General Electric, ki jo je v mestu Schenectady drave New
York svoj as vodil sloviti Thomas Edison (Nardin, Zei, Relais, 1-2; Nardin, Teave, 44-48;
Sitar, Sto, 193; Sitar, Iz predzgodovine, 167; Sitar, Letalstvo; Reich, Irving Langmuir, 213).
Nardinovih idrijskih poskusov tako vendarle ni bilo dovolj v hlaah, da bi ugnali v kozji rog
samega Edisona.

Na tehniki srednji oli je Nardin poueval med letoma 1920 in 1947 s premorom med drugo
svetovno vojno. Na medicinski fakulteti je eksperimentalno fiziko leta 1920/21 honorarno
predaval J. Reisner, od leta 1921/22 dalje pa Nardin, ki je na Medicinski fakulteti od
honorarnega napredoval v rednega profesorja in tam osnoval fizikalni institut. Med letoma
1927 in 1928 je Nardin honorarno predaval fiziko na Filozofski fakulteti in Tehniki fakulteti
univerze v Ljubljani; tam ga je leta 1934 nadomestil drugi pionir slovenskega letalstva Anton
Kuhelj (* 11. 11. 1902 Obine pri Trstu; 31. 7. 1980 Ljubljana), sorodnik pisca teh vrstic po
skupnih prednikih v uemberku. Kuhelj je predavanja fizike na Tehniki fakulteti prevzel
kot docent za mehaniko. V Trstu je mladi Kuhelj seveda budno spremljal razvoj letal bratov
Rusjan. Kuhljevo prvo letalo je poletelo leta 1930, zadnje pa skoraj etrt stoletja pozneje.
Morda prav zaradi tragedije Edvarda Rusjana Kuhelj nikakor ni hotel presedlati Slovenije v
Beograd. Kot vodilni letalski strokovnjak je bil Kuhelj kmalu po vojni povabljen na novo
delovno mesto v Beograd, kjer je svoja as padel Kuhljev letalski vzornik Edvard Rusjan,
strokovno gledano Nardinov idrijski uenec. Povabilo iz samega Titovega kabineta in je bilo
vsekakor miljeno kot velikanska ast in priznanje Kuhljevih uspehov. Vendar ga je Kuhelj
razumel povsem drugae. Bil je zelo veren katolik in predvsem vajen Slovenije, svoje hie v
Roni dolini in domaega okolja. Vedel je, da se v Beogradu ne bi dobro poutil. Zato je
napel vse svoje zveze in poznanstva, da bi lahko ta kelih el mimo njega. Z velikim trudom
mu je uspelo in se je lahko iz Beograda dovolj hitro vrnil nazaj v ljubljansko slubo.

Radioamater in letalec Leopold Andre

Novomean Leopold Andre (* 14. 11. 1879 Novo mesto; 8. 7. 1952 Ljubljana) je
obiskoval gimnazijo v Novem mestu od leta 1899 do leta 1909, nato pa je tudiral
matematiko in fiziko na Dunaju od leta 1901 do leta 1906. Na Dunaju je slial e
Boltzmannova predavanja, tudij pa je zakljuil z matematinim spisom in s Hertzovo
potrditvijo Maxwellove elektrodinamike Die Hertz'schen Versuche und ihre Beziehung zur
Maxwell'schen Theorie. Kot profesor je predaval v Idriji in Ljubljani, pogosto pa je pisal v
Elektrotehniki Vestnik kot prvovrsten radioamater. Ker je v Idriji nadomestil Nardina in
podedoval njegovo letalo, se je seveda vrgel tudi v letalstvo in prirejal teaje o fiziki
letenja; al pa njegov po izkunjah naravnan rokopis Letalstvo - fizikalne osnove e do danes
ni el skozi tiskarske ali pa vsaj internetne stroje. Pa nova naloga za nadebudne mlade
idrijske letalce. Njegov sin Leopold Andre (* 20. 12. 1910 Ljubljana; 1992 Ljubljana) je
leta 1935 diplomiral kot inenir elektrotehnike na Strojno-elektrotehnikem oddelku
Tehnike fakultete v Ljubljani. Nato je tri leta delal na Elektrotehnikem intitutu v Ljubljani
skupaj z Milanom Vidmarjem. Od leta 1938 do konca vojne je bil asistent, od leta 1946
privatni docent, od leta 1957 izredni in od leta 1962 redni profesor na ljubljanski Fakulteti za
strojnitvo. Leta 1965, 1966, 1967 je bil tam e dekan. Raziskoval je energetsko strojnitvo.
Patentiral je ultrazvone naprave za pospeevanje izgorevanja, za razprevanje in za
izboljane elektrofiltre. Ukvarjal se je predvsem z elektrinimi merilnimi in preizkusnimi
napravami in parnimi kotli, e posebej v termoelektrarnah. Objavil je 37 znanstvenih del.

Radioaktivnost Frana adea

Fran ade (* 8. 12. 1882 Kranj; 18. 3. 1945 Ljubljana) je po ljubljanski maturi tudiral na
Dunaju tudiral matematiko in fiziko do promocije 6. 7. 1906, domala soasno z Leopoldom
Andrejem kot eden zadnjih Boltzmannovih tudentov; Boltzmann je preminil dva meseca po
promociji. Supliral je na dunajskem centralnem meteorolokem zavodu tam (1907), v
Ljubljani, Kopru, Gorici, in nazadnje na realki v Idriji namesto Frana Andreja. Leta 1918 je
postal profesor na ljubljanski realki. Napisal je poljudno-znanstveno razpravo Skrivnost
radioaktivnosti za slovensko olsko matico e pred prihodom v Idrijo leta 1908; v idrijskem
obdobju je veliko objavljal v Notranjcu in veliko poljudno predaval o znanosti, 4. 12. 1932
1. 1. 1933 tudi na ljubljanskem radiju. O rentgenskih arkih je prvi povedal Slovencem in
predvsem svojim bodoim idrijskim dijakom: Kako se javlja ta svetloba na zunaj, je
preiskoval kot prvi slovei zdravnik (sic!) Rntgen leta 1895. V popolnoma temni sobi je
imel tekom poizkusa svojo cev pogrnjeno s isto neprozornim suknom. Kar nenadoma
zapazi, da so se zaele svetiti vse steklene in porcelanaste posode v njegovi sobi. Od kot je
prihajala svetloba? Kmalu se je preprial, da so izhajali ti arki od onega dela njegove s
suknom pogrnjene cevi, ki se je zelenkasto svetil vsled vpliva katodnih arkov... (ade,
Skrivnost, 20). Veliko je znal povedati tudi o ioniziranih delcih v snovi, ki jih je pravkar
razkrival sloviti Rutherford: Alfa-arki... v mali oddaljenosti 68 cm od radija e mirno
obtie v zraku. Svoje kratke poti pa niso napravili brez uspeha. Vse zrane molekule, na
katere so naleteli na svoji poti, so razcepili takoj v atome ali ione. En sam -delec razpri na
svojem potu nad 100,000 molekul v ione. Koliko veji mora biti ele vpliv vseh -delcev
skupaj!

Idrijski uitelj Fran ade je zasnoval pravo dinastijo slovenskih fizikov-matematikov.


Njegova sinova sta bila gradbeni inenir Vladimir in Marjan ade (* 1912 Gorica; 2009),
ki je najprej tudiral matematiko in nato doktoriral iz fizikalnih ved leta 1942 v Ljubljani pri
meteorologu Oskaru Reya, ki je leta 1921 maturiral v Idriji. Marjan je bil po vojni poklican v
Beograd na Zvezni hidrometeoroloki zavod nato je pa do upokojitve bil profesor na PMF v
Beogradu kot vodilni beograjski meteorolog; v tem asu se je v Beogradu olal tudi pisec teh
vrstic do leta 1968. Vsi tirje Franovi vnuki so tudirali fiziko; trije so postali znanstveniki,
eden pa zelo uspeen poslovne v informacijski tehnologiji. Tudi nekateri Franovi pravnuki
hodijo po podobnih stopinjah. Marjanov sin, strokovnjak za plazmo in inducirano sevanje
uenec Milana Kurepe dr. Iztok ade (* 24. 3. 1945 Ljubljana) se je rodil le est dni po
smrti dedka Frana. Dr. Andrej ade je vodilni strokovnjak za Einsteinovo splono teorijo
relativnosti. Vodja knjinice katedre za mehaniko Zvezdana Pear ade je univerzitetni
diplomirani inenir geologije. adei so ostali zvesti oesu nevidnim arkom do dandanes
tudi preko svojega sorodstva z pomembnimi slovenskimi znanstveniki Zwitterji; teta
astronoma Tomaa Zwitterja, Martina, pa je bila mati fizika Andreja Detele.

Popularizator ERMELJ

Po maturi se je Lavo ermelj vpisal na prako pravno fakulteto, e po prvem letu pa se je


premislil in jeseni 1910 zael s tiriletnim tudijem matematike in fizike na Dunaju.
Infinitezimalni raun je ermelj poslual pri Wirtingerju in Escherichu, teorijo tevil pri
Franzu Martensu. Escherich je bil profesor Josipa Plemlja, ki je uil Ivana Vidava. Vidav in
Anton Kuhelj sta bila profesorja Idrijanov in Cerkljanov Batagelja, Hladnika in Marka
Razpeta. Feliks Ehrenhaft in Friedrich Hasenhrl sta ermelja uila fizikalnih teorij,
eksperimentalno fiziko pa Ernst Lecher, pri katerem je ermelj prijavil disertacijo o posebnih
elektrinih tokovih v bizmutu. Konec letnega semestra 1914 se je javil k diplomskemu izpitu
pri Echerichu iz Fourierjeveh vrst na osnovi novejih del in pri Lecherju o galvanskih in
termomagnetnih pojavih. Matematina naloga je bila ocenjena zelo zadovoljivo, fizikalna pa
odlino. Jeseni 1914, tik pred izbruhom vojne, je na Dunaju opravil rigoroze iz matematike,
fizike in filozofije ter se kot profesor matematike in fizike zaposlil na Trgovski oli v Trstu
do njenega zaprtja jeseni 1918. V prvih mesecih vojne je na Dunaju obranil doktorsko
disertacijo O nehomogenosti v navidezno homogenih vodnikih. Nato je do ovadbe v zaetku
marca 1920 poueval v Idriji namesto Andreja in nato e namesti adea; leta 1929 je
pobegnil iz Trsta v Ljubljano, da bi se izognil aretaciji. Matematik Rihard Zupani ni podprl
ermeljeve habilitacije na ljubljanski univerzi; zato je sluboval na srednjih olah in na
manjinskem intitutu, katerega sede je razvil kar pri sebi doma. eprav je veino
mogonega opusa posvetil fiziki, je prav tako objavil tevilna matematina dela (Lavreni,
Lavo ermelj, 38, 44-45, 55, 82, 106-107). Lavo ermelj je prevedel tudi Hoylovo
Astronomijo. Pri pisanju matematinih ubenikov je sodeloval z gimnazijskim profesorjem
Vladimirjem Lapajnetom, ki je bil leta 1928 dodeljen v prosvetno ministrstvo.

Idrijani in Cerkljani doma in v tujini

Fizik Milan Strgulc (* 1942 Spodnja Idrija) kot strokovnjak za elektrotehniko sodeluje z
NASO v Kanadi; cerkljanska elektrotehnika pa sta med drugim dr. Franc Lahajnar s Planine,
ki dela na Kolektorju v Idriji, in dr. Jure Rejc z ljubljanske Fakultete za elektrotehniko. Anton
Primoi, sodelavec matematika-fotografa Cirila Velkovrha, je konal gimnazijo v Idriji kot
prvovrsten tekmovalec v srednjeolski matematiki. Diplomiral je iz matematike v Ljubljani in
je tudi stric alpske smuarke Loanke Natae Bokal (* 1967).

Maks Pagon (* 1926; 1987), uitelj matematike in fizike na O v Cerknem, je dal svojim
dijakom dobro podlago. Njegovo delo je nadgrajeval Joe Karnik, profesor matematike in
fizike na idrijski gimnaziji, dobitnik priznanja DMFA leta 1974, tri leta za Pagonom. Med
Pagonovimi in Karnikovimi dijaki se je med drugim izkazala dr. Anita Buckley, rojena
Monik, matematiarka doma v Zakriu pri Cerknem, ki dela na FMF v Ljubljani. Na
Univerzi v Mariboru delata matematika dr. Bojan Hvala, strokovnjak za teorijo operatorjev
doma v Cerknem, ki raziskuje tudi dediino viteza Monika, in dr. Duan Pagon (* 1955
Cerkno), v Moskvi olani strokovnjak za geometrijo in raziskovalec dela Franca Monika. Na
Univerzi na Primorskem delata Cerkljanki psihologinja dr. Sonja Rutar in matematiarka Ana
Zalokar rojena Uri.

BATAGELJEV Pajek

Idrijan Vladimir Batagelj (* 1948 Idrija) je obiskoval gimnazijo v Novi Gorici. Ob


matematini nadarjenosti si je tam kmalu priboril spotovanje soolcev in uiteljev.
Batageljeva osnovna usmeritev je diskretna in raunalnika matematika, kot asistent pa je uil
pisca teh vrstic s katerim sta pozneje ve let sodelovala na Intitutu za matematiko, fiziko in
mehaniko v Ljubljani. Doktoriral je pri Tomau Pisanskemu leta 1986. Skupaj s Pisanskim
sta utemeljila slovensko teorijo grafov in kombinatoriko. Danes Batagelj objavlja predvsem
raziskave o analizi baz podatkov s pomojo diskretne matematike. Med njegovimi
pomembnimi sodelavci pri razvoju programa Pajek sta dr. Andrej Mrvar s Fakultete za
drubene vede in dr. Matja Zavernik z matematine fakultete; slovitega Pajka so leta 2014
prevedli celo Kitajci. Tako Batagelj uporabo svojega znanja prenaa med slovenske
druboslovce, preko sodobne teorije mre pa v fiziko, ker so mree svojevrsten paradni konj
sodobne slovenske znanosti.

HLADNIKOVA MATEMATINA ANALIZA IN ZGODOVINA

Kot tevilni prvovrstni slovenski matematiki se je Milan Hladnik (* 7. 7. 1950 Idrija) prav
tako olal v Idriji. Po doktoratu iz matematine analize leta 1985 v Ljubljani je velik del
svojega raziskovalnega dela posvetil zgodovini slovenske matematike. Poleg raziskovanj o
Juriju Vegi je objavil e odmevne tudije o Monikovem delu in njegovih potomcih. Tako
Monik kot Hladnik sta se olala v Idriji in v Ljubljani, kar Hladnikovemu raziskovanju daje
dodatno teo.

SLIKA 12 (HladnikMilan14prednikov.pdf) : Akademski predniki Milana Hladnika.

SLIKA 13 (HladnikMilan12 prednikov.pdf): Akademski predniki Milana Hladnika v


druganem pogledu.

MARKO RAZPET
Marko Razpet (* 22. 3. 1949 Planina pri Cerknem) je zagovarjal doktorat iz matematike pri
Pisanskem leta 1989 na Univerzi v Ljubljani. Je po rodu Cerkljan, ki se poleg temeljnih
raziskav na ljubljanski pedagoki fakulteti posvea e matematikom iz svojega rodnega kraja,
predvsem Moniku in Peternelu. Za svoje raziskovanje Peternelovega dela, ki ga je kronal z
odkritjem ploe na Peternelovi domaiji, je leta 2004 v rodnem Cerknem prejel nagrado
DMFA. Za vzdrevanje matematine in narene tradicije na rodnem Cekljanskem je prejel
Bevkovo nagrado Obine Cerkno za leto 2002. Leta 2011 je prejel Nagrado Republike
Slovenije na podroju olstva za ivljenjsko delo. Od leta 2010 do 2014 je vodil Seminar za
zgodovino matematinih znanosti. V tem asu je v Obzorniku za matematiko in fiziko objavil
ve kot 10 lankov. 1. 10. 2014 se je Marko zaslueno upokojil.

SLIKA 14 (Razpet16): Akademski predniki Marka Razpeta

Letala in tri telesa Rajmunda Krivca

Rajko Krivec (13. 5. 1956 Spodnja Idrija) je bil poleti leta 1977 na enomeseni tudijski
praksi v Minsku skupaj s piscem teh vrstic. Doktoriral je leta 1986 pri Miodragu V.
Mihailoviu. Med letoma 1991-2000 je tesno sodeloval z Racahovim Institutom za fiziko
Hebrejske Univerze v Jeruzalemu. Leta 2010 je postal znanstveni svetnik. e ve kot
desetletje se uspeno ukvarja s simulacijami in rekonstrukcijami letalskih nesre. Za film
"Letea brata Rusjan" reiserja Borisa Palia je raziskoval mone vzroke za tragino nesreo
Edvarda Rusjana v Beogradu. Osnovno podroje raziskav Rajka Krivca je problem treh teles
oziroma precizna direktna reitev enabe Erwina Schrdingerja (* 1887; 1961) za ve teles
s singularno Coulombovo silo. Reitvi se pribliuje tudi z iterativnimi metodami za splone
diferencialne enabe vkljuno s Schrdingerjevo enabo za singularni potencial; pri tem je
zanimivo, da so akademski predniki Rajka Krivca povezani z Wernerjem Heisenbergom, ki je
bil kot avtor matrine inaice kvantne mehanike tekmec in svojevrsten nasprotnik avtorja
valovne enabe protinacistinega Erwina Schrdingerja. Rajko Krivec pride rad tudi domov,
kjer je 18. 10. 2005 predaval o Einsteinu ob muzejskih veerih Mestnega muzeja; Einstein je
bil po svoji miselni usmeritvi precej blie Schrdingerju kot Heisenbergu. Einstein in
Schrdinger sta rada gledala za lepoticami, Heisenberg pa je hotel veljati za razmeroma
strogega luteranca in se ni posebej branil vojnih bombnih nartov.

SLIKA 15 (KrivecRajko9): Akademski predniki Idrijana Rajka Krivca glede na ljubljanski


doktorat njegovega mentorja Mihailovia.

SLIKA 16 (KrivecRajko12): Akademski predniki Idrijana Rajka Krivca povzeti po


britanskem izpopolnjevanju njegovega mentorja Mihailovia.

Zakljuek
Idrija je zaradi rudnika postala zibelka kranjskih uenjakov. Sprva je lo predvsem za jezuite
v svojevrstni mrei uenjakov tedanjih dni, ki je rada rpala novih moi tudi iz srede
razmeroma razgledanih sinov idrijskih rudarjev; jezuite onih dni znamo danes izjemno
posreeno opisati s sodobno teorijo mre. Vmes so se izkazali alkimisti zainjeni s
prvovrstnimi zdravniki v duhu trojice Scopoli-Freyer-Hacquet. Danes Idrija z Nardinom,
Andrem, Bloudkom in Krivcem postaja pravi vir idej slovenskega letalstva. e posebej pa so
mestu v ponos njegovi tevilni matematiki, ki so jim kos kvejemu sosedje iz Cerknega.

Zakljuek

Idrija je zaradi rudnika postala zibelka kranjskih uenjakov. Sprva je lo predvsem za jezuite v
svojevrstni mrei uenjakov tedanjih dni, ki je rada rpala novih moi tudi iz srede razmeroma
razgledanih sinov idrijskih rudarjev; jezuite onih dni znamo danes izjemno posreeno opisati s
sodobno teorijo mre. Vmes so se izkazali alkimisti zainjeni s prvovrstnimi zdravniki v duhu
trojice Scopoli-Freyer-Hacquet.

Zahvala

Za pomo se zahvaljujem svojemu soolcu Idrijanu Rajku Krivcu, Roku Freyerju, Aleu
Krbaviu, Iztoku adeu, Marku Razpetu, Milanu Hladniku in Marku Zuccatto.

Arhivski in spletni viri / Archival and web sources

Magistrat Wien, Landes- und Stadtbibliothek Nachlsse.

Pokopalika knjiga pri St. Petru v Gradcu (Zentral St. Peter Stadt- und Steinfeldfriedhof,
Herrengasse 23, Graz).

Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1836-1839.

Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1839/40-1843.

Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-1866/1-140, Nr.


33 d.

Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv Wien, Ministerium fr Cultus und Unterricht (AVA Min


CU)
6510 ex 1866

Nadkofijski arhiv v Ljubljani (NAL)


Ljubljana, Marijino Oznanjenje, Krstna knjiga (Geburts- und Tauf- Buch)
Ljubljana, Sv. Nikolaj, Krstna knjiga

Zgodovinski arhiv Ljubljana (ZAL)


ZAL LJU 504 Mesto Ljubljana statistini popis 1 / 1-3 indeks 1857 A-R Ljudsko
tetje, mikrofilmski posnetek 820 v kolutu MF-80 Gradie t. 588-1030.

ZAL LJU Konskripcijske tabele 1830 1857 Ljubljana, Mesto 239, fara sv. Nikolaj,
gospostvo Magistrat, tevilka 69, leto 1843
(http://www.sistory.si/publikacije/prenos/?target=pdf&urn=SISTORY:ID:16782).

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fine arts comprising duplicates of the Imperial (National) Library, Vienna, the library of the
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Hermann, Benedikt Franc, Reisen 1780, Wien 1784. Prevod: Iz knjige potopisnih pisem
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fne arts comprising duplicates of the Imperial (National) Library, Vienna, the library of the
counts Inzaghi, and other purchases recently added to our stock,
katalog. Dunaj 1923. Gilhofer & Ranschburg (Vienna, Austria)
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