02 Functions

Sri Chaitanya: The Final Word in IIT-JEE Chapter-2 / Functions
Chapter 2
Functions
Isaac Newton
Born 4 January 1643
Died 31 March 1727
Nationality English
Field Mathematics
Known for Infinitesimal calculus
Sir Isaac Newton, (1643 1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural
philosopher, and alchemist, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science.
Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz developed calculus independently, using
their own unique notations. According to Newton's inner circle, Newton had worked out his method
years before Leibniz, yet he published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did not give a full
account until 1704.
Newton is credited with the generalized binomial theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered
Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in
two variables), made substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to
use fractional indices He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms and was the
first to use power series with confidence and to revert power series.
Sri Chaitanya Corporate Office: 55-A, Siddharth Chamber, Sarvapriya Vihar, Kalusarai New Delhi-110019 Ph.: 46022798, 46043742, 46068542.
Web: srichaitanya.edu.in, E-mail: srichaitanyaks@rediffmail.com
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IIT/OYP/U1/Mathematics/08 Sri Chaitanya: The Final Word in IIT-JEE
IIT-JEE Syllabus
Real valued functions of a real variable, into, onto and one-to-one functions, sum, difference, product
and quotient of two functions, composite functions, absolute value, polynomial, rational,
trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Even and odd functions, inverse of a function,
continuity of composite functions, intermediate value property of continuous functions.
Introduction
Let A and B be two non empty sets and f is a relation which associates each element of set A with
unique element of set B, then f is called a function from set A to set B, represented as f : A B. Set A
is called Domain and set B is called Co-domain of the function f
In the figure y 2 is image of x1 or x1 is preimage of y2 f:A B
Set of all the elements belonging to codomain set which y1

x1
y2
have their preimages is called range of the function f x2
y3
x3 y4
Thus, Range {y1, y2, y4, y5} = Rf x4 y5
Each mathematical relation is not a function. For a relation Domain Co-domain
to be a function there should be only one image in co-domain
corresponding to one element in domain and each element of
domain must have its image in co-domain.
Graphically, if any relation is a function then any line parallel to y-axis intersect the curve at
unique point throughout the graph.
Illustrations
Illustration 1
Find which of the following relations are functions
(i) y = x2 + 2 (ii) x2 + y2 = 4
Solution
(i) We can see in the figure that all the straight lines Graphical Method
Y
parallel to y-axis intersects the given curve at
f(x)
unique point only. Thus y = x2 + 2 is a function
X
(ii) y 4 x2 Graphical Method
for any values of x [ 2, 2], we get two real values
-36- Web: srichaitanya.edu.in, E-mail: srichaitanyaks@rediffmail.com
of y, therefore the given relation is not a function. Y
We can see from the figure that all the Straight

lines parallel to y-axis is intersecting the curve at X
two points. Thus y2 + x2 = 4 is not a function.
2.1 Classification of Functions

Function Domain Range Graph
Y
Constant Function
(i) R {c} y=c
f (x) = c
X
O
Y y=x
Identity function
(ii) R R X
f (x) = x O
Y Y
a>1 0<a<1
(0, 1)
(0, 1)
(iii) y = a , a > 0, a 1
x
O
X
O
X
R R +
Y Y
a> 1 0<a <1
(iv) y = loga x a > 0, a 1 R+ R (1, 0)
X X
O (1, 0) O
(v) y = sin x R [ 1, 1] - X
-2 2
Y
-5 - X
(vi) y = cos x R [ 1, 1]
-3 3
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Y

R (2n 1) ,
2
(vii) y = tan x R - X
where n I -3/2 0 3/2
Y
R {n
(viii) y = cot x R X

where n I - 0
Y
R {n ( 1] 1
(ix) y = cosec x X
wheren [1, ) -2 -
-1
Y

R (2n 1) , ( 1] 1
(x) y = sec x 2 X
[1, ) /2 3/2
where n I -3/2 -/2 O
1
Inverse trigonometric function
/2
Y

2 , 2
(xi) y = sin 1 x [1, 1] X
-1 O 1

/2
Y

/2
(xii) y = cos 1 x [1, 1] []
0 X
1 1
/2

(xiii) y = tan 1 x ( ) 2 , 2
0
-/2
(xiv) y = cot 1 x ( ) (0 , ) /2
0 X
( 1]
/2

2 , 2 0
(xv) y = cosec 1 x -1
[1, ) 1
-/2
( 1]
/2
[1, )
(xvi) y = sec 1 x [0, ]
2
1 0 1

Y
(xvii) y=|x| R [0, )

X
0
Y
| x |
1
(xviii) y sgn x x R { 1, 0, 1} X
0 O
1
Y
Greatest integer
(xix) function R I 3 2 1 0
X
1 2 3
y = [x]
Y
Fractional function
(xx) R [0 1) X
432 1 0 1 2 3 4
y = {x} = x [x]
2.2 Properties of Some Functions

Logarithmic Function
The function y log g( x ) f (x ) is defined only if f(x) > 0, g(x) > 0 and g(x) 1
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(i) loga (m n) = loga m + loga n
(ii) loga (m/n) = loga m loga n
logb m
(iii) loga m = (base change formula)
logb a
(iv) loga a = 1
1
(v) loga b =
logb a
(vi) loga mk = k loga m
1
(vii) logak m = loga m
k
(viii) a log a x x
(ix) a logb c c logb a
(x) log a b log b c log a c
Logarithmic Inequalities
x y, if a 1
(i) loga x > loga y
x y , if 0 a 1
x ab , if
a 1
(ii) loga x > b
x a , if 0 a 1
b

Greatest Integer Function
(i) [x] x, x R
(ii) [x] = x if x I
(iii) [ x] = [x] if x I
(iv) [ x] = [x] 1 if x Integer
(v) [x I] = [x] I
(vi) [x] I x I
(vii) [x] > I x I + 1
(viii) [x] I x < I + 1
(ix) [x] < I x < I
Fractional Function:
(i) 0 {x} < 1, x R
(ii) {x} is periodic function with period 1
(iii) {x} = 0 if xI
(iv) { x} = 1 {x} if x I
(v) {x} = x I if I x < I + 1
Finding domain of a function
(i) f ( x) square root of a number is real if f ( x) 0
1
(ii) f ( x) 0 is finite at each point of domain of f(x) except when denominator
f ( x)
is zero.
(iii) Let f(x) = f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) ..... f n ( x) . If f1(x), f2(x), f3(x) fn(x) have domains D1, D2, D3, Dn
respectively.
Then Domain of f(x) = D1 D 2 ............ D n
f x
(iv) Let h x , Then if domain of f(x) and g(x) is D1 and D2 respectively, then domain of
g x
h x D1 D2 x : g x 0
(v) If f (x)= f1(f2(x)), be any given function, such that f1(x) and f2(x) have domains D1 and D2
respectively. Then domain of f(x) is given by D1 D2
(vi) If g x log a f x Then the function g(x) is defined if f x 0 and a > 0, a 1
(vii) f x n Pr or n
Cr
where n and r may be function of x.
(i) n, r W & n r, where W is set of whole numbers.
(ii) n 1 and r 0.
Modulus function
| f ( x )| f (x ) if f (x ) 0
f (x ) if f (x ) 0
hence (i) | x | x if x 0
x if x 0
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(n) | x a| x a if x a
(x a) if x a
Note : | f (x )| 0 x R
Illustrations
Illustration 2
Find domain of the function
f ( x) x 1 7 x
Solution
f1 ( x) x 1 D1 x 1
f 2 ( x) 7 x D 2 7 x 0 x 7
Domain of f(x) = D1 D2
= [1, 7]
Illustration 3
Find domain of
x 3
f x
x 9 x 20
2
Solution
x 3 x 3 3,
also x 2 9 x 20 0
(x 4) (x 5) 0 x 4,5
Domain of f(x) = 3, 4, 5
= 3, 4 (4, 5) (5, )
Illustration 4
Find the domain of f(x)= log 4 x2 1
Solution
x2 1 0
+ +
-
(x 1) (x + 1) > 0 -1 1
Thus x , 1 1,
Illustration 5
Find domain of f(x) = sin 1 log 2 x
Solution:
1 log 2 x 1
2 1 x 2 [base 2 > 1, sign of inequality remain same]
1
Domain of f (x) = , 2
2
Illustration 6
Find domain of f (x) = (3x 1)P(20 4x)
Solution
3x 1 20 4x
7 x 21 x 3 (1)
1
also 3x 1 0 x (2)
3
and 20 4x 0 x5 (3)
Which is possible if and only if x is an integer taking above in account we find x should be an integer.
Thus domain of f (x) = {3, 4, 5}
Practice Exercise
Find the domain of the following functions
5x x2
1. f ( x) log
6
1
2. f (x) = x2
log10 1 x
3. f (x) = log2 { log1/ 2 (x2 + 4x + 4)}
x2
4. f (x) = cos 1 log 2
2
2 | x |
5. f (x) = cos1 [log (3 x)]
1
Answers
1. [2, 3] 2. [2, 1) {0} 3. (3, 1) {2} 4. [2, 1], [1, 2] 5. [6, 2) (2, 3)
2.3 Range
To find out range first get x as function of y. Then find the value of y for which x = g(y) is defined. or
find the domain of g(y)
We can also use the following shortcuts to find the range of a function
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Range of Trigonometric Functions
f x a sin x b cos x .
put a r cos
b r sin
f x r sin x cos sin cos x
f x a 2 b2 sin x
since 1 sin x 1
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 sin x a 2 b2
Range of f ( x) a 2 b 2 , a 2 b 2

1
(A) If f x sin 2 n x cos 2 n x , n N Range n1 , 1
2
(B) If f x sin 2 n 1 x cos 2 n 1 x , n N then Range [1, 1]
Range of Modulus Function

f x | x 1| | 2 x 1| | x 2 |
If number of terms in modulus are odd then first arrange them in increasing order.
f x | 2 x 1| | x 1| | x 2 |
Middle term x 1 = 0 at x = 1
Range: = f 1 ,
f (1) = |1 1| | 2 1| |1 2 |
=2
Thus Range of f (x) = [2, )
Illustrations
Illustration 7
Find range of f x | x 1| | 2 x 1| | 2 x 1| | x 1|
Solution
If number of terms are even than there will be two middle terms as |2x + 1| and |2x 1|
2 x 1 0 x = 1/2
2x 1 = 0 x = 1/2
let m [1/2, 1/2] m can be any value between [1/2, 1/2] then range [f(m), )
generally we choose value of m at which calculations are easy like we can take m = 0.
f 0 | 0 1| | 0 1| | 2.0 1| | 0 1|
=4
Range [4, )
Illustration 8
Find the range of f x x 1 7 x
Solution
Range can also be found by finding absolute maxima and absolute minima of the function.
1 1
f ' x
2 x 1 2 7 x
f (x) = 0
1 1
0
2 x 1 2 7 x
x 1 7x
x=4
Domain [1, 7]
f 1 6
f 4 4 1 7 4
2 3
f 7 6
Range 6,2 3

Illustration 9
Find the range of f(x) = sin4 x + cos4x
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Solution
As the function is of the form sin x cos x

2n 2n
Thus
1 1
Range 21 , 1 ,1
2 2
Range of Monotonic Function

(i) If f(x) is strictly increasing then range of f (x) = [f (a), f (b)] f(b)
f(a)
a b
(ii) If f(x) is strictly decreasing then range of f (x) = [f(b), f(a)] f(a)
f(b)
a b
Illustrations
Illustration 10
x2 2
Find the range of y
x2 5
Solution:
yx2 5 y x 2 2
2 5y
x
1 y
2 5y 5y 2
0 0
1 y y 1
2
y , 1
5
Illustration 11
Find the range of y = x 2 3x 2
Solution
By making perfect square or pure quadratic, we get
2
3 9
y x 2
2 4
2
3 1
y x
2 4
2
3
as x 0 x R
2
2
3 1 1
Thus x
2 4 4
1
hence range of f (x) ,
4
Illustration 12
Find the range of y sin 2 x 3sin x 5
Solution
Here sinx is bounded, thats why we can not proceed as above.

2
3 9
y sin x 5
2 4
2
3 11
y sin x
2 4
Since 1 sin x 1
1 3 5
sin x
2 2 2
2
1 3 25
sin x 2 4
4
2
1 11 3 11 25 11
sin x
4 4 2 4 4 4
2
3 11
3 sin x 9
2 4
Hence range of f (x) = [3, 9]
Illustration 13
Find the range of f (x) = 3sin x 2cos x 3
-47-
Solution
3sinx + 2 cos x + 3 32 22 sin x 3
f (x) = 13 sin x 3
1 sin x 1
13 13 sin x 13
3 13 13 sin x 3 3 13
Range 3 13 , 3 13

Illustration 14
Find range of f (x) = 3sin 2 x sin 2 x 3
Solution
f (x) = 3sin 2 x sin 2 x 3
1 cos 2 x
= 3 sin 2 x 3
2
3 9
= sin 2 x cos 2 x
2 2
32 9
= 12 2
sin 2 x
2 2
9 13 9 13
Range ,
2 2
Illustration 15
Find the range of f x

x
x 1
Solution
y
x
x 1
y x y x
as 0 x 1 ,
y
thus 0 1
1 y
y y
0 0 y [0, 1)
1 y y 1
y 2 y 1 1
1 0 0 y , 1,
1 y y 1 2

hence Range: 0,
2
Illustration 16
Find the range of f x sin 1 (ln x ) ln(sin 1 x ), where [x] is greatest integer function.
Solution
sin 1 ln [ x] is defined if only if
1 ln x 1
e 1 x e1
[x] = 1, 2
ln sin 1 x is defined if and only if
sin 1 x 0 and 1 [ x ] 1 [x] = 1
f (x) is defined if [x]=1 only, that is why range is

f(x) = sin 1 ln1 ln sin 1 1

= sin 1 0 ln
2

= ln
2

hence Range = ln
2
Illustration 17
ln x 3x 2 where {x} is fractional function.

2

Solution
as ln x is strictly increasing function it is sufficient to find range of x 3 x 2

2
2
3 9
x 2
3 x 2 = x 2
2 4
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2
3 1
= x
2 4
since 0 {x} < 1
3 3 5
x
2 2 2
2
9 3 25
x
4 2 4
2
3 1
2 x 6
2 4

ln 2 ln x 3x 2 ln 6
2

hence Range = [ln 2, ln 6)
Practice Exercise
Find the range of the following functions
x2
6. f (x) =
x 3x 2
2
7. f ( x) log x 6 x 10

8. y = 3 sin x + 4 cos x 7
3
e x e|x|
9. f ( x)
e x e|x|
x2 4 x
10. f ( x) C
2 x 2 3
Answers
6. ( 7. [0, ) 8. 7 25 12 3 , 7 25 12 3

9. [0, 1/2) 10. 1,2 3
2.4 Even and Odd Function
Even Function
1
Any function y = f (x) is said to be an even function
/2 /2
if f ( x) = f (x) or f (x) f ( x) = 0 3 3
2 2
To check whether any given function is an even
function graphically we check for symmetry of the 1
graph. If the graph is symmetrical about yaxis.

Then the function is an even function. The function
x2, cos x, sec x etc. are even function.
Odd Function
Any function y = f (x) is said to be an odd function
1
if f ( x) = f (x) or f (x) + f ( x) = 0

To check whether any given function is an odd o 2
function graphically, we check for symmetry of the

1
graph. If the graph is symmetrical about origin.
Then the function is an odd function. The function
x, sin x, cosec x etc. are odd functions.
Properties of Odd And Even Functions
(i) Each function can be expressed as the sum of an even and an odd function.
f x f x f x f x
f x = f1 (x) + f2(x) (say)
2 2
where f1 (x) is an even function, whereas f2(x) is an odd function.
(ii) If f(x) is odd then f(x) is even and if f(x) is even then f(x) is odd.
(iii) If f (x) is a combination of more than one function, then we can use the following table
f g fg or f/g fog fg
odd odd even odd odd
odd even odd even cant say
even even even even even
even odd odd even cant say
Illustrations
Illustration 18
Find which of the following function are even, odd or neither odd nor even.
(i)
f x log x 1 x 2
ax 1
(ii) f ( x) x
a 1
-51-
Solution
1 x2 x
(i)

f x log x 1 x 2
1 x2 x

1 x2 x2
log

1 x x
2

log x 1 x 2 f x
Thus f(x) is an odd function.
a x 1 1 a x
(ii) f x
a x 1 1 a x
ax 1
f x f x
ax 1
Thus f(x) is an odd function.
Practice Exercise
Classify the following function for being even or odd
11. x2 |x|
ax 1
12. x.
ax 1
13. sin5x + 2tan3x
sin 4 x cos 4 x
14.
x x 2 tan x
15. f ( x) sin log x x 2 1

Answers
11. Even 12. Even 13. Odd 14. neither even nor odd 15. Odd
2.5 Periodic Function

A function f (x) is called to be periodic with period T if all of its value repeats after a certain interval T
(T>0) for all values of x. Mathematically f x T f x x Domain of f(x). The value of T is taken
least among all possible values.
Illustrations
Illustration 19
Prove that f x sin x is periodic function and find its period.
Solution
If sinx is periodic, then
sin x T sin x x
sin x T sin x 0 x
T T
2sin cos x 0 x
2 2
T
cos x 0 x It is not possible.
2
T
or sin 0 x
2
T
n
2
T = 2n, n I
for least positive value of T.
T = 2
Hence sin x is periodic with period (2) .

Properties of Periodic Functions
Similarly period of each function like sin 2 x,sin 2 x,| sin x |, x and all other functions can be find
out using basic definition.
f (x) Period
(i) sin n x,cosn x,cosecn x,secn x if n is even, 2 if n is odd.
(ii) tan n x,cot n x for all values of n.
(iii) | sin x |n ,| cos x |n ,| tan x |n ,| cot x |n for all values of n.
(iv) {x} 1
(v) f(x) = c periodic function with no fundamental period.
-53-
T
1. If f (x) is a periodic function with period T then the period of f (ax + b) is .
|a|
1
2. If f (x) is a periodic function with T then , f x is also periodic function with period T.
f x
3. If f1(x) and f2(x) are periodic functions with period T1 and T2 respectively then the function
f(x) = f1(x) f2(x) is also an periodic function with period LCM (T1, T2)
NOTE:
LCM of Rational & Irrational nos. is not possible
Illustrations
Illustration 20
Find period of sin 3x + cos x
Solution
2
period LCM , 2
3
as LCM of irrational and rational not possible hence f(x) is non periodic
2
( is irrational and 2 is rational).
3
Illustration 21
Find period of sin 12{x}
Solution
sin 12{x} = sin12 x x
= sin 12 x 12x
= sin12x [x] is greatest integer function 12[x] is multiple of 2 and sin (2n ) = sin }
= sin 12x
2 1
Which has a period
12 6
NOTE:
If it is sin 11{x} then period would be 1.
Illustration 22
If f x f x 2 0 x R then find the period of f(x).
Solution
As f(x) + f (x + 2) = 0 ...(1)
Replacing x by then f x 2 f x 4 0 ...(2)
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
f x 4 f x x R
Hence f (x) has period T = 4.
Practice Exercise
Find the period of
16. cos 2x
17. cos x2
18. x cos x
19. cos (cos x) + cos (sin x)
2x x
20. sin cos
3 2
Answers
16. 1 17. Not Periodic 18. Not Periodic 19. /2 20. 12
One-one Mapping (Injective Mapping)

X Y
Mapping f : X Y is called to be one-one if
1 7
elements of X have different images in Y. 11
2
15
3 19
Each element in set X has different image in Y.
Many-one Mapping (Non injective Mapping)

f:X Y
f : X Y is many-one if more than one elements in
x1 y1
set X has same image in set Y (not one-one) y2
x2
x3 y3
x4 y4
Elements x1 and x3 have same image y1
-55-
How to Check Mapping to be one - one
1. If function is monotonic (either strictly increasing or decreasing than Mapping is one-one)
either f ( x) 0 x domain
or f ( x) 0 x domain
2. If any line parallel to x-axis cuts the curve at not more than one point then Mapping is one-one
otherwise Many-one.
Onto Mapping (Surjective Mapping)

f:X Y
If each element in codomain (set Y set) has its
x1 y1
preimage in set X then Mapping is Onto Mapping.
x2 y2
x3
x4 y3
Into Mapping (Non Surjective Mapping)

f:X Y
If there is atleast one element in codomain set
x1 y1
which does not have its preimage in the domain y2
x2
then Mapping is Into Mapping. x3 y3
x4 y4
How to Check Mapping to be Onto or Into

Find the range of the function if it is equal to co-domain then the function is onto otherwise into.
Illustrations
Illustration 23
x5
Show that the f R { 2 } R { 1 } given by f(x) = is bijective.
x2
Solution
To show that f(x) is bijective we should show that f(x) is one-one as well as onto.
To show one-one
1. x 2 1. x 5 3
f'(x) = 0x
x 2 2
x 2 2
hence f(x) is one-one
Now, to show that the function is an onto function
Range = codomain
x5
Thus y y(x 2) = x 5
x2
2y 5
(y 1) x = 2y 5 x
y 1
which is defined if y 1
hence Range R { 1 }
Codomain = R { 1 }
Range = Codomain, hence Mapping is one-one and onto.
Mapping one-one as well as onto (bijective).
Aliter
1 x 5 3
We know that y is 1 1 with range R ~ (0) 1
x x 2 x 2
1
is 1 1 with range R ~ (0)
x 2
3
is 1 1 with range R ~ (0)
x 2
3
1 is 1 1 with range R ~ (1)
x 2
f is 1 - 1 and onto
Practice Exercise
Check the functions for being one-one, many-one, onto or into
21. f : R R where y = [x]
3
22. f : ( , 1] (0, e5] where y = e 3 x 2
x
23. f : R R, where f (x) = x2 + x
24. f : R R, where f (x) = 2x + sin x
1
25. f: R (0, 1), where f ( x)
x 1
2
Answers
21. Neither 22. One-one into 23. Many-One into 24. One-One onto
25. Many-one into
2.6 Composite Functions

The composition of g with f denoted by gof is the
function defined by gof (x) = g [f(x)]. The domain of gof is
-57-
defined to consist of all x in the domain of f for which f f g

(x) is in the domain of g. fog exists if range of x f(x) g(f (x))
g domain of f.
gof
Composition can also be defined for three or more
function; for example, fogoh(x) is computed as fogoh g f
x f(x) g(f (x))
(x) = f[g(h(x)]
fog
Illustrations
Illustration 24
1 x , 0 x 2
Let f(x) = , find f o f (x)
3 x , 2 x 3
Solution
f (1 x), 0 x 2
f o f (x) = f (f (x))=
f (3 x), 2 x 3
f (1 x), 0 x 1

= f (1 x), 1 x 2
f (3 x), 2 x 3

1 (1 x), 0 x 1

= 3 (1 x), 1 x 2
1 (3 x), 2 x 3

2 x , 0 x 1

= 2 x, 1 x 2
4 x, 2 x 3

Illustration 25
x 3 1, x 0
f ( x) 2
x 1 x 0
( x 1)1 / 3 , x 1
g (x) =
( x 2) , x 1
1/ 2
Compute g o f (x)
Solution
g( x 3 1), x 0
g o f (x) = g (f (x))= 2
g( x 1), x 0
( x 3 1 1)1 / 3 , x 0
=
x, x0
x, x 0
=
x, x 0
= x for all x
Practice Exercise
26. If f(x) = 1 + x2 and f [g(x)] = 1 + x2 2x3 + x4, then g(x) =
27. f (x) = (a xn)1/n, then f (f (x)) =
1 | x |, x 1
28. f(x)= , where [.] is G.I.F. then f (f(2 . 3))
[ x] x 1
x
29. f ( x) then (f o f o f ) (x) =
1 x2
30. If f (x) = sin x + cos x, g(x) = x2 1, then g [f (x)] is invertible in the domain
Answers
x
26. {x2 x} 27. x 28. 3 29. 30. ,
1 3x 2 4 4
2.7 Inverse Mapping

f : X Y be a one one and onto function then there exist a unique function g : Y X such that f(x) = y
g (y) = x x X and y Y . Then g is called Inverse function of f (inverse mapping of f).
We do write g f 1 : Y X
f: X Y f: Y X
It may be clear from Mapping diagram
x1 y1 y1 x1
Domain of f = {x1, x2, x3} = Range of f 1 x2 y2 y2 x2
x3 y3 y3 x3
Range of f = {y1, y2, y3} = domain of f 1
-59-
To Find out Inverse Function
1. check that y = f(x) is bijective (one-one and onto)
2. find x in terms of y.
3. Replace x by f 1(x) and y by x (because x is always taken as independent variable)
Illustrations
Illustration 26
Find the inverse of function (assuming onto)
y = loga x
x 2 1 , (a > 1)
Solution
1 x
1

f'(x) =
e
log a x x 2
1 x2 1
1

loge a x2 1
> 0 x if a > 1
f(x) is one-one
also onto (given)
hence f(x) is bijective

y = loga x x 2 1
ay = x x 2 1 (i)

y = f(x) = log x x 2 1
f( x) = log x x 1 2
= log x
x2 1 = y
log x 1 x y
a
2
x2 1 x a y (ii)
From eq. (i) and (ii)
a y a y
x
2
Replace x by f 1(x) and y by x.
a x a x
f 1(x) =
2
Practice Exercise
Find the inverse of
31. f : R R, where f (x) = (x + 1)2 1, x 1
e x e x
32. y 2
e x e x
33. f : ( , 2] ( , 2] where f(x) = 4x x2
x2 x
34. f ( x)
x2 2 x
2x
35. f ( x) sin 1 2
1 x
Answers
x 1
1/ 2
1 2 x 11 cos x
31. 1 x 1 32. log e 33. 2 4 x 34. 35.
3 x 1 x sin x
*****
-61-
Miscellaneous Problems
Objective Type
Example 1
1 x
If f (x) = cos (log x), then f ( x) f ( y ) f f ( xy )
2 y
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
Solution
x x
f cos log = cos (log x log y)
y y
and, f (xy) = cos {log (xy)} = cos (log x + log y)
x
f f ( xy) = cos (log x log y) + cos (log x + log y)
y
= 2 cos (log x) cos (log y)
1 x
f f ( xy ) = cos (log x) cos (log y)
2 y
= f (x) . f (y)
1 x
f (x) (f (y) f f ( xy ) 0
2 y
Ans. (c)
Example 2
If g (x) is a polynomial function satisfying g(x) g(y) = g (x) + g (y) + g (xy) 2 for all x, y R and g (2) = 5, then g (5)
is
(a) 22 (b) 26 (c) 20 (d) 24
Solution
Putting x = 2 and y = 1 in the given relation, we obtain
g (2) g (1) = g (2) + g (1) + g (2) 2
5g (1) = 5 + g (1) + 5 2 g (1) = 2.
1
Putting y in the given relation, we get
x
1 1
g ( x) g g ( x) g g (1) 2
x x
1 1
g (x) g g ( x) g [ g (1) = 2]
x x
g (x) = xn + 1
g(2) = 2n + 1 5 = 2n + 1 n = 2.
g (x) = x2 + 1 g (5) = 25 + 1 = 26.
Ans. (b)
Example 3
If f (x) is defined on [0, 1] by the rule
x, if x Q
f ( x)
1 x, if x Q
Then, for all x [0, 1], f (f (x)) =
(a) x (b) x (c) 1 (d) 1
Solution
We have
x, if x Q
f ( x)
1 x, if x Q
f ( x), xQ
f ( f ( x))
f (1 x), x Q
x, x Q x Q f ( x) x
= x Q f (1 x) 1 (1 x)
1 (1 x), x Q
x, x Q
=
x, x Q
= x for all x [0, 1].
Ans. (a)
Example 4
1
If 3 f (x) f = log e x for x > 0 ; then f(e ) =
4 x
x
(a) x (b) x (c) 2x (d) 3x
Ans. (a)
Solution
We have
1
3 f (x) f = loge x
4
x
1
3f (x) f = 4 loge x (i)
x
1 1
3 f f ( x) 4 log e [Replacing x by 1/x]
x x
1
3 f f ( x) = 4 loge x (ii)
x
-63-
Solving (i) and (ii), we get
8f (x) = 8 loge x f (x) = loge x f (ex) = x.

Example 5
The domain of the function tan1 (2x + 1) is
(a) R {(2n + 1) /2} (b) R n (c) R+ (d) R

Solution
Since tan1 x exists, if x ( , ). Therefore tan1 (2x + 1) is defined, if
< 2x + 1 < < x < x ( , ) = R
So, domain of tan1 (2x + 1) is R.
Ans. (d)
Example 6
1
The domain of the function is
| x | x
(a) ( , ) (b) ( , 0) (c) (0, ) (d) ( , 0]

Solution
1
Let f ( x) .
| x | x
Clearly, f(x) is defined for
|x| x > 0 |x| > x x < 0
Hence, domain (f) = ( , 0).
Ans. (b)
Example 7
cos 1 x
The domain of the function is
[ x]
(a) [1, 1) {0} (b) [1, 1) (c) [1, 0) {1} (d) [1, 1]
Solution
cos 1 x
Let f ( x) , g ( x) = cos1 x and h(x) = [x].
[ x]
g ( x)
Then f ( x)
h( x)
domain (f) = Domain (g) Domain h {x| h (x) = 0}
Clearly, domain (g) = [1, 1], domain h = R, and {x | h(x) = 0} = {x | [x] = 0} = [0, 1).
Domain (f) = [1, 1] R [0, 1) = [1, 0) {1}
Ans. (c)
Example 8
The domain of the function
1 1 1
( x) 2sin x is
x x2
(a) R (b) R (c) R {0} (d) none of these
Solution
Let (x) = f (x) + g(x) + h(x), where
1 1 1
f ( x) g ( x) 2sin x and h( x) .
x' x2
Clearly, domain (f) = R {0}, domain (g) = [1, 1] and domain h = (2, ).
Domain () = R {0} [1, 1] (2, ) = (null set).
Hence, f (x) is not defined for any x R.
Ans. (d)
Example 9
The domain of the function f (x) = log 2 sin x
(a) (2n + 1) /2 (b) (4n + 1) /2 (c) (2n ) (d) R (2n + 1) /2
Solution
f (x) exists iff
log2 (sin x) 0 sin x 20
sin x = 1 x = (4n + 1) /2, n N.
Ans. (b)
Example 10
The function sin log x

x 2 1 is

(a) even (b) odd (c) periodic (d) none of these
Solution
Let g (x) = sin x . and f(x) = log x

x 2 1 Then, gof (x) = sin log x x 2 1

.
Since f(x) and g(x) both are odd functions, therefore gof (x) is an odd function.
Ans. (b)
Example 11
The function f (x) = sin4x + cos4 x is
(a) periodic with period (b) periodic with period /4
(c) periodic with period /2 (d) not periodic
Solution
We have
f (x) = sin4x + cos4 x
= {(sin2x)2 + (cos2x)]2 + 2 sin2x cos2x 2 sin2 x cos2 x
-65-
1
= (sin2x + cos2x)2 (2 sin x cos x)2
2
1 1 1 cos 4 x 3 1
= 1 (sin 2 2 x) 1 4 4 cos 4x.
2 2 2
2
Since, cos 4x is a periodic function with period = /2.
4
So, f (x) is periodic with period /2.
Ans. (c)
Example 12
x x x x x
The period of the function f (x) = sin x + tan sin 2 tan 3 ... sin n 1 tan n
2 2 2 2 2
(a) 2n (b) 2n1 (c) 2n+1 (d) none of these
Solution
We have,
x x x x x
f ( x) sin x tan sin 2 tan 3 ++ sin n1 tan n
2 2 2 2 2
= f1 (x) + f2 (x) ++ fn1 (x), where
x x x x x
f1 (x) = sin x + tan , f2(x) = sin 2 tan 3 ,..., f n 1 ( x) sin n 1 tan h ,,
2 2 2 2 2
x x
fn1(x) = sin n 1 tan n
2 2
x
Now, f1 (x) = sin x + tan period of f1 (x) = 2
2
x x
f2 = sin 2 + tan 3 period of f2 (x) = 23
2 2
x
fn1 (x) = sin n 1
tan period of fn1 (x) = 2n
2 2n
So, period of f (x) = LCM of (2, 23,., 2n ) = 2n.
Ans. (a)
*****
Subjective Type
Example 1
Find domain of following functions:
(i) f(x) = cos sin x
1 x2
(ii) f(x) = sin 1

2x
Solution
(i) f(x) = cos sin x is defined if
Y
cos (sin x) 0 (i)
As we know,
1 sin x 1 for all x
cos 0 X
O
{Here, = sin x lies in the 1st and 4th quadrant}
i.e., cos (sin x) 0 for all x
i.e., x R
Thus, domain f(x) R
1 x2
(ii) f(x) = sin 1 is defined for,

2x
1 x2 1 x2
1 1 or 1
2x 2x
| 1 + x2 | | 2x |, for all x
1 + x | 2x |, for all x. {as 1 + x2 > 0}
2
x2 2 | x | + 1 0 {as x2 = | x |2}
( | x | 1)2 0
But ( | x | 1)2 0.
Thus, ( | x | 1)2 = 0
|x|=1
x=1
Thus, domain for f(x) is { 1, 1}
Example 2
Given : y = 2 [ x ] + 3 and y = 3 [ x 2 ] + 5, then find value of [ x + y ]
Solution
2[x]+3=3[x2]+5
2[x]+3=3[x]6+5
[x]=4 4x<5
or x = 4 + f {f fraction}
y = 2 [ x ] + 3 = 11
Hence, [ x + y ] = [ 4 + f + 11 ] = [ 15 + f ] = 15
-67-
Example 3
Find domain and range of the function y = loge (3x2 4x + 5).
Solution
y is defined if 3x2 4x + 5 > 0
where D = 16 4 (3) (5) = 44 < 0
and coefficient of x2 = 3 > 0
Hence, (3x2 4x + 5) > 0 x R
Thus, domain R
Now, y = loge (3x2 4x + 5)
we have 3x2 4x + 5 = ey
or 3x2 4x + (5 ey) = 0
Since, x is real thus, discriminant 0.
i.e., ( 4)2 4(3) (5 ey) 0
12 ey 44
11
So, ey
3
11
Thus, y loge
3
11
Hence, range is log ,
3
Example 4
Find range of y = x 1 5 x .
Solution
Here domain, x 1 and x 5 i.e., x [1, 5] + +

Now, to check monotonicity, 1 3 5
min. max.
dy 1 1

dx 2 x 1 2 5 x
dy
when 0 , we get x = 3
dx
Thus, ymin at x = 1 or x = 5
ymin at x = 1 is 2; ymin at x = 5 is 2
Thus minimum value of y = 2
also ymax at x = 3 is 2 2
Hence, range = [ 2, 2 2 ]
Domain = [ 1, 5]
y 2 x 1 5 x 2 ( x 1) (5 x ) : y 0
y2 4
0 and = ( x 1) (5 x )
2
= x 2 6x 5
= (x 3)2 4
Has range [0, 2]
Range y2 = 4 is [0, 4]
Range y2 is [4, 8]
Range y is [2, 2 2 ]
Example 5
Find out whether the given function is even, odd or neither even nor odd
x| x| , x 1

where, f(x) = 1 x 1 x , 1 x 1

x2 , x 1
where | | and [ ] represents modulus and greatest integer function.
Solution
The given function can be written as;
x2 , x 1

f(x) = 2 x x , 1 x 1 {using definition of modulus and greatest integer function}

x2 , x 1
x2 , x 1

2 1 0 , 1 x 0
f(x) = x0
2 ,
2 0 1 , 0 x 1

x 2 , x 1
x2 , x 1

1 , 1 x 0

f(x) = 2 , x0
1 , 0 x 1

x2 , x 1
which is clearly even as f( x) = f(x). Thus, f(x) is even
Example 6
Find whether the given function is even or odd function, where
x sin x tan x
f(x) =
x 1
2
where, [ ] denotes greatest integer function.
-69-
Solution
x sin x tan x x sin x tan x
f(x) =
x 1 x 1
2 1 2
x sin x tan x
f(x) =
x
0.5
x sin x tan x
f( x) =
x
0.5
x sin x tan x
, x n
x
f( x) =
0.5

0 , x n
x sin x tan x
, x n
x
f( x) = 1 0.5

0 , x n

x sin x tan x
Hence, f( x) = and f ( x) = 0
x
0.5

f( x) = f(x)
Hence, f(x) is an odd function (if x n)
and f(x) is even function (if x = n)
Example 7
Find period of the function f(x) = cos 1 (cos x)
Solution
Here,f(x) = cos 1 (cos x);
f(x + T) = f(x)
cos 1 {cos (x + T)} = cos 1 {cos (x)}
T = 2, 4, 6, k
But T is least positive value.
Hence, T = 2 or period is 2.
Example 8
x 1, x 1 x 2 , 1 x 2
Let f(x) = and g(x) = , Find (fog).
2 x 1, 1 x 2 x 2, 2 x 3
Solution
g x 1, g x 1
y
f(g(x)) = 5
2 g x 1, 1 g x 2
2
+
4
x
Here, g(x) becomes the variable that means we should draw
the graph. 3
It is clear that g(x) 1; x 1,1
2 x2
and 1 < g(x) 2; x (1, 2] 1

x 1,
2
1 x 1 x
f(g(x)) = 2 1 0 1 2 3
2 x 1, 1 x 2
2

Example 9
Find the range of log3 {log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4)}.
Solution
Firstly, finding domain
+ +
log3{log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4)} exists if,
3 1
log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4) > 0
0
1
2
x + 4x + 4 < [using loga x < b x > ab, if 0 < a < 1]
2
x2 + 4x + 4 < 1
x2 + 4x + 3 < 0
(x + 1) (x + 3) < 0
3<x<1 (i)
2
and x + 4x + 4 > 0
(x + 2)2 > 0
which is always true except for x = 2 (ii)
Thus, from (i) and (ii), we have
x ( 3, 2) ( 2, 1)
Hence, domain ( 3, 2) ( 2, 1)
Now we find out the range,
Since, 0 < log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4) <
< log3 {log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4)} <
Thus, range (y) R
Example 10
The function f(x) is defined in [0, 1]. Find the domain of f(tan x).
Solution
Here f(x) is defined in [0, 1]
x [0, 1] i.e., the only values of x we can substitute, lies between [0, 1].
For f(tan x) to be defined, we must have
0 tan x 1 [as x is replaced by tan x]

i.e., n x n + [in general]
4
-71-

or 0x [in particular]
4

Thus, domain for f(tan x) n, n
4
Example 11
Let f : X Y be a function defined by

f(x) = a sin x
4
+ b cos x + c.

If f is both one-one and onto, find sets X and Y.
Solution

f(x) = a sin x
4
+ b cos (x) + c

f(x) = sin x cos cos x sin a + b cos x + c (i)
4 4
a a
f(x) = sin x b cos x + c
2 2
a a
Let = r cos , b = r sin
2 2
f(x) = r [cos sin x + sin cos x] + c
where r= a2 2ab b2
ab 2
and = tan 1 (ii)
a

For f to be one-one, we must have
/2 x + /2

Thus, domain ,
2 2
and range [c r, c + r]

or X= , and Y = [c r, c + r]
2 2
*****
Exercise - I
Objective Type Questions
Single Choice Questions
1 2 1
If f x x 2 , x 0 , then f(x) is equal to
x
1.
x
(a) x2 2 (b) x+2 (c) x2 + 2 (d) None of these
2. Let A be a set containing m distinct elements, then the total number of bijective functions from A to itself is
(a) mm (b) m2 (c) m! (d) 2m 1
3. If log0.2 (x 1) < log0.04 (x 1), then x belongs to
(a) (1, 2) (b) (1, ) (c) (2, ) (d)
4. Let f: R R be a function defined by f(x) = x3 + 6x2 + 9x + 7
(a) f is neither oneone nor onto (b) f is oneone but not onto
(c) f is onto but not oneone (d) f is both oneone and onto
1, x 0

5. Let g(x) = 1 + x [x] and f(x) = 0, x 0
1, x 0

The for all x, f[g(x)] is equal to
(a) x (b) 1 (c) f(x) (d) g(x)
x2 x 2
6. Range of the function f(x) = ; xR is
x2 x 1
11 7 7
(a) (1, ) (b) 1, 7 (c) 1, 3 (d) 1, 5

x2
7. The domain and range of the function y is equal to
x 8x 4
2
(a)
1 1
R 4 2 5 , , ,
4 20
(b)

1 1
4 20

R 4 2 5 , , ,
(c)
1 1
R 4 2 5 , , ,
2 10
(d) None of these
2
8. The largest interval in which the function f(x) = 3 sin x 2 assumes value is
16
3 3 3
(a) 0, (b) , (c) [3, 3] (d) None of these
2 2 2
-73-
x 1 1
9. The domain of definition of f x log 0.4 2
x 5 x 36
(a) ( , 0) ~ {6} (b) (0, ) ~ {1, 6} (c) (1, ) ~ {6} (d) [1, ) ~ {6}
x2
10. If f(x) = cos1 log 2 , then the domain of the function is

2
(a) [2, 1] [1, 2] (b) [1, 2] (2, 1] (c) [2, 1] (1, 2] (d) None of these
11. The domain of y = ex + sin1 (x/2 1) + log

x x is, where [.] denotes greatest integer function
(a) (0, 4) {1} (b) [0, 3] ~ {2} (c) [1, 2] (d) (0, 4) ~ {1, 2, 3}
4x
12. Let f(x) = , then find the value of is f(x) + f(1x)
4x 2
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 3/2
ax 1
13. If the real valued function f(x) =

, is an even function, then n equals
xn a x 1
(a) 2 (b) 2/3 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/3

(7 x )
14. The domain of the function P( x3) is a set containing k integers, where k =
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4
15. If [.] denotes the greatest integer function then the domain of the real valued function log[x + 1/2] | x2 x 2 |
is
1 3 3
(a) 2 , 2 2, (b) , (c) , 2 2, (d) None of these
2 2
More than one correct option

2x
1. Let f (x) = 1 x and g ( x) , then
x 1
2
(a) domain (f + g) = (1, ) (b) domain (f + g) = [0, )

(c) range of f range of g = [1] (d) range of f range of g [1, )
sin x
2. Let f (x) = . Then domain f contains
1 3 sin x
(a) (0, ) (b) ( 2, ) (c) (2, 3) (d) (4, 6)

3. Let R = {(x, y): x, y R, x2 + y2 25} R = {(x, y): x, y R, y x2} then
(a) domain R R = [3, 3] (b) Range R R = [0, 4]
(c) Range R R = [0, 5] (d) R R defines a function
log 2 ( x 3)
4. The domain of definition of f ( x) contains
x 2 3x 2
(a) R ~ {1, 2} (b) (2, ) ~ {1} (c) R ~ {1, 2, 3} (d) (3, ) ~ {1, 2}
5. The set of value of x for which |f (x)| + |g (x)| > |f (x) + g (x)| if f (x) = x 3 and g (x) = 4 x
(a) R (b) R ~ [3, 4] (c) [3, 4] (d) ( , 3)
6. If f (x) is a strictly decreasing function with range [a, b], its domain is
(a) [b, a] (b) [f1(a), f1 (b)] (c) [f1 (b), f1 (a)] (d) none of these
sin ([ x])
7. If f(x) = where [x] denotes the integral part of x, then
x2 x 1
(a) f is one-one (b) f is not one-one and non-constant
(c) f is a constant function (d) f is zero function
8. Let f (x) = sec1 [1 + cos2x], where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then
(a) the domain of f is R (b) the domain of f is [1, 2]
(c) the rage of f is [1, 2] (d) the range of f is [sec1 1, sec1 2]
9. Let f : R [0, /2) be a function defined by f(x) = tan1 (x2 + x + a). If f is onto then a equals
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/4
10. Let f (x) = (x12 x9 + x4 x + 1)1/2. The domain of the function is
(a) ( , 1) (b) (1, 1) (c) (1, ) (d) ( , )
*****
-75-
Exercise - II
Assertion & Reason, Comprehensive & Matching Type
Assertion & Reason Type

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is given which is followed by a corresponding statement
of reason (R). Mark the correct answer out of the following options/codes.
(a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not correct explanation of (A).
(c) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
1. A: If f (x) = x4 and g(x) = (ax 1)2, then f (x) has atmost two real solutions if (a > 0)
R: Curves f (x) = x4 and g(x) = (ax 1)2 cut in atmost two points
2. A: f : A B and g : B C are two functions then (gof)1 = f1og1
R: f: A B and g : B C are bijections then f1, g1 are also bijections.
3. A: Let A = {x| 1 x 1}, then f : A A is defined by f (x) = sin x, x A is onto but not one-one
R: If range set is equal to the co-domain set then the function is onto.
4. A: ex can not be expressed as the sum of even and odd function
R: ex is neither even nor odd.
1
5. A. Range of (1, ) where {.} represents fractional part function.
{x }
1
R. 0 1 1 x
x
Passage Based Questions

Passage I
min. { f (t ) : 2 , t x, 2 x 0}
If f(x) = x2 2|x| and g ( x)
max. { f (t ) : 0 t x, 0 x 3}, then
1. The graph of f(x) is
y
y
x
2 0 2 0
(a) (b) x
2 2
y
y
2 0 x
(c) x (d) 2
2 0 2
2. The graph of g(x) is
2 1
0 1 2 3
(a) (b) x
2 0 2
0 0
(c) x (d) 2 1 1 2
2 2
1
3. The function g(x) is continuous for

(a) x R {0} (b) x R {1, 0, 1} (c) x R {0, 2} (d) none of these
Passage II
If f : [0, 2] [0, 2] is a bijective function defined by f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c are non-zero real numbers then
1. f(2) is equal to
(a) 2 (b) where (0, 2)
(c) 0 (d) can not be determined
2. Which of the following is one of the root of f(x) = 0

1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a b c a b c
3. Which of the following is not a value of a

1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
4 2 2
-77-
Matching Type Questions

1. Column I Column II
1
(a) Range of sin x cos x (p) , 3 (3, )

1 2, 2
(b) Range of (q)
2 cos 3x
1
(c) Range of tan1 x cot1 x (r) 3 ,1

sin x cos 3x 3
(d) Range of (s) 2 ,2
sin 3x cos x
(a) (a-q), (b-r), (c-s), (d-p) (b) (a-r), (b-s), (c-q), (d-p)
(c) (a-s), (b-r), (c-p), (d-q) (d) (a-q), (b-r), (c-p), (d-s)
2. Match the following (Take f as R to R)
Column I Column II
(a) one-one into (p) sin x
(b) many-one into (q) x3 + x + 1
(c) many-one onto (r) x3 x + 1
2x 1
(d) one-one onto (s)
3x 4
(a) (a-p), (b-s), (c-r), (d-q) (b) (a-s), (b-p), (c-r), (d-q)
(c) (a-q), (b-r), (c-s), (d-p) (d) (a-r), (b-p), (c-q), (d-s)
*****
Exercise - III
Subjective Type
4x
1. Let f (x) = . Then the value of
4x 2
1 2 1996
f f ... f is given by.
1997 1997 1997
2. Find the domains of definitions of the functions defined by following rules:
1
f x cos 1 f x
2x 1 1
(i) (ii) 2 sin x
1 x x x2
x 3 x 2 2x 9
(iii) f x sin 1 log 10 4 x (iv) f ( x)
2 x 2 2x 9
x2 1 x
(v) f ( x) sin x cos x x 2 5 x 6 (vi) f ( x)
x2 1 x
4 x 2 x | 3
1 |
(vii) f ( x) sin log (viii) f ( x) cos log 10 (4 x)
1
1 x 2

3. Find the range of the functions defined by the following rules:
e x e | x|
(i) f ( x) (ii) f ( x) 4 x 2 x 1
e e
x | x|
(iii) f ( x) log 2 x4 6 x (iv) f ( x)

1
x 1
2
(v) f ( x) x 2 5 x 6 (vi) f (x) = x x2
1 1
(vii) f ( x) (viii) f ( x ) ln(sin x)
1 x
(ix) f (x) = 2 + 3 sin x 4 cos x (x) f ( x) 4 x 2 x 1
4. Draw the graph of the following. Here [ . ] is greatest integer function and { } denotes fractional part of
function.
-79-
(i) f(x) = { x}
(ii) y | x | 2 2 | x | 3 (iii) y e | x| 12
(iv) | y | = sin x (v) |x||y|=1
(vi) | y || log | x || (vii) y = min {|x|, |x 1| , |x + 1|,}
5. Find the period of the following functions:
x x 1
(i) f ( x) sin sin (ii) f ( x)
3 4 | sin x | | cos x |
(iii) f (x) = ex [x] + | sin x| + | sin 2 x | + ... + | sin n x | (iv) f (x) = eloge (sin x) + tan3 x cosec (3x 5)
6. Find whether the following functions are even or odd or none:
(i) f ( x) sin x cos x (ii) f ( x) x 2 x
(iii) f ( x) x sin 2 x x 3 (iv) f (x) = k, where k is constant.
1 x
(v) f x sin x cos x (vi) f ( x) ln
1 x
x x
(vii) f ( x) 1 (viii) f ( x) x 3 sin x x x
e 1
x 2
x(a x 1) (1 2 x ) 2
(ix) f ( x) (x) f ( x)
a x 1 2x
(xi) f(x) = f ( x)
1 2 x 2
( xii) f (x) = [(x 1)2]1/3 + [(x + 1)2]1/3
2x
7. If f ( x) 1 x 2 , 0 x 4 , and g ( x) 2 x , 1 x 3 . Then find fog (x), gof (x), fof (x) and gog (x).
8. Find the domain of the following functions:
1 x2
(i) f x sin 1 log 2 x cossin x sin 1
2x
17 15 x 2 x 2
(ii) f ( x)
x3
x 4 3x 2 x 7
(iii) f ( x) 1
x4 2x2 1
2x 1
(iv) f ( x) cos1
2 2x
(v) f (x) = log(2x 5) (x2 3x 10)
9. Find the range of the following functions.
(i) f (x) = log1/2 (2x x2) (ii) f (x) = ln (3x2 4x + 5)
x2
(iii) f ( x) (iv) f ( x) tan 1 (log 4 / 5 (5 x 2 8 x 4))
x 8x 4
2
10. Find, the value of a for which the equation | | x | 4 | = a has
(i) One Solution (iii) Three Solution (v) No solution
(ii) Two Solution (iv) Four Solution
*****
-81-
Exercise - IV
IIT-JEE Problems
A. Fill in the blanks
1. The domain of the function f (x) = sin1 (log2 x2/2) is given by ______ .
4 x2
2. If f (x) = sin ln , then the domain of f (x) is ______ and its range is ______ .
1 x

3. There are exactly two distinct linear function ______ and ______ which map [1, 1] onto [0, 2].
4. If f is an even function defined on the interval (5, 5), then four real values of x satisfying
x 1
f ( x) f are ______ and ______ .
x2
B. True / False
5. Let f (x) = |x + 1| + |2x + 1|. Then f(x) can be rewritten in the form
2x x
: x 1
f ( x)
2 x 2 : x 1
x

6. The domain of definition of the function
f (x) = log |4 x2| is R (2, 2)
x 2 4 x 30
7. The function f ( x) is not one-to-one .
x 2 8 x 18
8. If f1 (x) and f2 (x) are defined on domains D1 and D2 respectively then f1 (x) + f2(x) is defined on D1 D2.
9. The derivative of an even function is an odd function whereas the derivative of an odd function is an even
function.
C. Multiple Choice Questions with ONE correct answer

1
10. The domain of definition of the function y x 2 is
log10 1 x
(a) ( 3, 2) {2.5} (b) [0, 1] {0.5}
(c) [2, 1] {0} (d) None of these
11. Which of the following functions is periodic
(a) f (x) = x [x] (b) f (x) = sin 1/x, x 0, f(0) = 0
(c) f (x) = x cos x (d) None of these
12. If f (x) = 3x 5, then f1 (x)
1 x5
(a) is given by (b) is given by
3x 5 3
(c) does not exist because f is not one-one (d) does not exist because f is not onto

2
13. If g (f (x)) = |sin x| and f (g(x)) = sin x , then
(a) f (x) = sin2 x, g (x) = x (b) f (x) = sin x, g (x) = |x|

(c) f (x) = x2, g (x) = sin x (d) f and g cannot be determine
14. The domain of definition of the function y(x) given by the equation 2x + 2y = 2 is
(a) 0 < x 1 (b) 0 x 1 (c) < x 0 (d) < x < 1
log 2 ( x 3)
15. The domain of definition of f (x) = is
x2
(a) R ~ {1, 2} (b) (2, ) (c) R ~ {1, 2, 3} (d) (3, ) ~ {1, 2}
x
16. If f : [0, ) [0, ) and f ( x) then the function f is
1 x
(a) one-one and onto (b) one-one but not onto
(c) onto but not one-one (d) neither one-one nor onto
x2 x 2
17. Range of the function f ( x) : x R is
x2 x 1
(a) (1, ) (b) (1, 3/2) (c) (1, 7/3] (d) (1, 7/5]
18. Let f (x) = x 1 and g (x) = sin x + cosx, then f (g(x)) will be an invertible function if x lies in
2
(a) [0, 3/2] (b) [0, /2] (c) [ /4, /4] (d) [ /2, 0]
19. Suppose f (x) = (x + 1) for x 1. If g (x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the graph of
2
f (x) with respect to the line y = x, then g (x) equals

1
(a) x 1, x 0 (b) , x 1 (c) x 1, x 1 (d) x 1, x 0
( x 1)2
D. Multiple Choice Questions with ONE or MORE THAN ONE correct answer
20. Let g (x) be a function defined on [1, 1]. If the area of the equilateral triangle with two of its vertices at
(0, 0) and (x, g (x)) is 3 / 4 , then the function g (x) is
(a) g ( x) 1 x 2 (b) g ( x) 1 x 2
(c) g ( x) 1 x 2 (d) g ( x) 1 x 2
21 Let f (x) = sin x and y (x) = In |x|. If the range of the composition functions f o g and g o f are R1 and R2
respectively, then
(a) R1 = {u : 1 u < 1}, R2= = {v; < v < 0} (b) R1 = {u : < u < 0}, R2= = {v; 1 v 0}
(c) R1 = {u : 1 < u < 1}, R2= = {v; < v < 0} (d) R1 = {u : 1 < u 1}, R2= = {v; < v < 0}
22. Let f(x) = (x + 1)2 1, (x 1). Then the set S = {x : f(x) = f1 (x)} is
3 i 3 3 i 3
(a) 0, 1 , (b) {0, 1, 1}
2 2
(c) {0, 1} (d) empty
23. If the function f : [1, ) [1, ) is defined by f(x) = 2x (x 1), then f1 (x) is
x ( x 1)
(a)
1
2

(b)
1
2

1 1 4log 2 x
(c)
1
2

1 1 4log 2 x (d) not defined
24. Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions from E to F is
(a) 14 (b) 16 (c) 12 (d) 8
-83-
1
25. If f : [1, ) [2, ) is given by f(x) = x then f1 (x) equals
x
x x2 4 x x x2 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 x2 4
2 1 x2 2
26. Domain of the definition of the function
f ( x) sin 1 (2 x) / 6 is
(a) [1/4, 1/2] (b) [1/2, 1/9] (c) [1/2, 1/2] (d) [1/4, 1/4]
27. Let f and g be two functions defined from R to R as follows
0 if x is rational
f ( x)
x if x is irrational
and
0 if x is irrrational
g ( x)
x if x is rational
then the function f g is
(a) one-one but not onto (b) onto but not one-one
(c) both one-one and onto (d) neither one-one nor onto
28. Let X and Y be two nonempty sets. Let f : X Y be a function. For A X and B Y, define f (A) = {f (x) :
x A}, f1 (B) = {x X, f (x) B} then
(a) f (f1 (B)) = B (b) f (f 1 (B)) B (c) f 1 (f (A)) = A (d) f1 (f (A)) A
1, x 0

29. Let g (x) = 1 + x [x] and f (x) = 0, x 0 . The for all x, f {g (x)} is equal to
1, x 0

(a) x (b) 1 (c) f (x) (d) g (x)
*****
Answers
Exercise - I
Only One Option is correct
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5 (b)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (c)
More Than One Choice Correct

1. (b, c, d) 2. (a, b, c) 3. (a, b, c) 4. (b, d) 5. (b, d)
6. (c) 7. (c, d) 8. (a, d) 9. (d) 10. (d)
Exercise - II
Assertion and Reason
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)
Passage Based Questions

Passage I
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a)
Passage II
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d)
Matching Type Questions

1. (a) 2. (b)
Exercise - III
Subjective Type
1. 998
1
2. (i) x 1 (ii) (iii) 1x<4 (iv) R
3
(v) [2, 3 /4] (vi) (vii) (2,1)
(viii) [5, 1] [1, 3) (3, 4)
3. (i) (1, 0] (ii) [3/4, ) (iii) [1/2, 1] (iv) R ~ (1, 0]

1
(v) [0, ) (vi) 0, 2 (vii) (0, 1] (viii) (, ln /2]

(ix) [3, 7] (x) (1, )
4. (i) 24 (iii) /2 (iv) 1 (v) 2
5. (i) neither odd nor even (ii) even (iii) odd (iv) even
(v) neither odd nor even (vi) odd (vii) even (viii) odd
(ix) even (x) even (xi) even (xii) even
6. Even Function
-85-
x 1 , 0 x 1
1 x , 1 x 0
3 x , 1 x 2
7. fog x gof x ;
x 1 , 0 x2 x 1 , 2 x3
5 x , 3 x4
x , 1 x 0
x , 0 x 1
fof x ; gogx x , 0 x2
4 x , 3 x 4 4 x , 2 x 3

8. (i) {1} (ii) ( 3, 1] (iii) [ 2, 1) ( 1, 1) (1, 3] (iv) {1/2}
(v) (5, )

9. (i) [0, ) (ii) [ ln(11 / 3), ) (iii) (,1 / 4] [1 / 20, ) (iv) ,
4 2
10. (i) a { } (ii) a (4, ) {O} (iii) a=4 (iv) a (0, 4) (v) a R
Exercise - IV
IIT-JEE Level Problem
Section - A
1
1. [2, 1] [1, 2] 2. (2, 1] : [1, 1] 3. x + 1, x + 1 4. ( 3 5)
2
Section - B
5. True 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. True
Section C
10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d)
15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (a)
Section - D
20. (b, c) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a)
25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (b)
*****

02 Functions

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Sri Chaitanya: The Final Word in IIT-JEE Chapter-2 / Functions

Born 4 January 1643

Died 31 March 1727

Known for Infinitesimal calculus

Set of all the elements belonging to codomain set which y1

(ii) y 4 x2 Graphical Method

for any values of x [ 2, 2], we get two real values

of y, therefore the given relation is not a function. Y

We can see from the figure that all the Straight

two points. Thus y2 + x2 = 4 is not a function.

2.1 Classification of Functions

Inverse trigonometric function

(xvii) y=|x| R [0, )

2.2 Properties of Some Functions

(i) loga (m n) = loga m + loga n

(ii) loga (m/n) = loga m loga n

(vi) loga mk = k loga m

(ix) a logb c c logb a

(x) log a b log b c log a c

Greatest Integer Function

(iv) [ x] = [x] 1 if x Integer

(vii) [x] > I x I + 1

(viii) [x] I x < I + 1

(ix) [x] < I x < I

(ii) {x} is periodic function with period 1

(v) {x} = x I if I x < I + 1

Finding domain of a function

(i) f ( x) square root of a number is real if f ( x) 0

Then Domain of f(x) = D1 D 2 ............ D n

(vi) If g x log a f x Then the function g(x) is defined if f x 0 and a > 0, a 1

where n and r may be function of x.

(i) n, r W & n r, where W is set of whole numbers.

2 1 x 2 [base 2 > 1, sign of inequality remain same]

Find domain of f (x) = (3x 1)P(20 4x)

3. f (x) = log2 { log1/ 2 (x2 + 4x + 4)}

Range of Trigonometric Functions

f x r sin x cos sin cos x

(B) If f x sin 2 n 1 x cos 2 n 1 x , n N then Range [1, 1]

Range of Modulus Function

Find the range of f x x 1 7 x

Find the range of f(x) = sin4 x + cos4x

As the function is of the form sin x cos x

Range of Monotonic Function

Find the range of y = x 2 3x 2

By making perfect square or pure quadratic, we get

Find the range of y sin 2 x 3sin x 5

Here sinx is bounded, thats why we can not proceed as above.

Hence range of f (x) = [3, 9]

Find the range of f (x) = 3sin x 2cos x 3

3sinx + 2 cos x + 3 32 22 sin x 3

Find range of f (x) = 3sin 2 x sin 2 x 3

f (x) = 3sin 2 x sin 2 x 3

Find the range of f x

sin 1 x 0 and 1 [ x ] 1 [x] = 1

f (x) is defined if [x]=1 only, that is why range is

ln x 3x 2 where {x} is fractional function.

as ln x is strictly increasing function it is sufficient to find range of x 3 x 2

since 0 {x} < 1

graph. If the graph is symmetrical about yaxis.

function graphically, we check for symmetry of the

where f1 (x) is an even function, whereas f2(x) is an odd function.

odd odd even odd odd

odd even odd even cant say

even even even even even