You are on page 1of 12

16

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. ________ is an example of an episodic emission.


A. Agricultural runoff of pesticides
B. Emissions of sulphur dioxide from a coal burning electrical plant
C. An oil spill such as the Exxon Valdez
D. The effluent released from a sewage treatment plant
2. High levels of ________ are associated with high-quality water.
A. chlorine
B. biochemical oxygen demand
C. ozone
D. dissolved oxygen
3. ________ waterborne pollutants undergo a variety of biological, chemical, and physical processes that
change their characteristics after emission until they are assimilated by the water body into which they are
released.
A. Persistent
B. Degradable
C. Accumulative
D. Inorganic
4. Part 2 of the Canada Water Act was successful in reducing ________.
A. biochemical oxygen demand
B. phosphorus levels in the Great Lakes
C. non-point source emissions of agricultural pesticides
D. emissions of dioxins and furans from pulp and paper mills
5. Technology-based standards are frequently used in the context of regulating water pollution, but they will
be cost-effective only if all the regulated plants in each category ________.
A. have identical marginal damages
B. have exactly the same marginal abatement costs
C. manufacture the same end products
D. install the same pollution control equipment
6. Ontario's command-and-control program to deal with all types of water pollution is known by the
acronym ________.
A. MISA
B. BATEA
C. BPT
D. BAT
7. In Ontario, the phasing in of technology-based standards to cover agricultural practices, focusing
particularly on storage of waste and the use of manure on fields is a response to ________.
A. the discovery of Trichloroethylene in the water supply in Beckwith Township near Ottawa
B. a study commissioned by MISA
C. new federal drinking water guidelines issued by the CCME
D. E. coli contamination of the water supply in Walkerton
8. The federal government has the jurisdiction to ban or severely limit the release of toxic substances such
as dioxans and furans into any waterways under the authority of the Canada Water Act.
True False
9. The provinces and federal government through the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment
have established binding standards for Canadian drinking water.
True False
10. Because many companies control more than the MISA standards require, we can conclude this program
has been very successful in achieving high water quality in Ontario.
True False
11. Trading of emission reduction credits between point sources and nonpoint sources of phosphorus in
Ontario's South Nation River watershed has been successful at reducing phosphorus without the need for
upgrades to water treatment facilities.
True False
12. When point sources and nonpoint sources exist in close proximity and both contribute to the same water-
quality problems, in order for the equimarginal principle to be satisfied the marginal emission reduction
costs would need to be the same in for each source.
True False
13. Define the term "persistent water pollutant" and give an example of such a pollutant.

14. List the three roles the federal government plays in water-pollution regulation.

15. What can we conclude from the results of the Delaware Estuary Water Quality Control Study about
the use of technology-based standards (TBS) to achieve high versus low target levels of DO (dissolved
oxygen) in the waters of the estuary?

16. Why have few Canadian policies dealing with water-pollution problems stemming from nonpoint-source
emissions been implemented? How might different types of pollution-control policies be employed in the
case of nonpoint-source emissions?
17. ________ is an example of an episodic emission.
A. Agricultural runoff of pesticides
B. Emissions of sulphur dioxide from a coal burning electrical plant
C. An oil spill such as the Exxon Valdez
D. The effluent released from a sewage treatment plant
18. High levels of ________ are associated with high-quality water.
A. chlorine
B. biochemical oxygen demand
C. ozone
D. dissolved oxygen
19. ________ waterborne pollutants undergo a variety of biological, chemical, and physical processes that
change their characteristics after emission until they are assimilated by the water body into which they are
released.
A. Persistent
B. Degradable
C. Accumulative
D. Inorganic
20. Part 2 of the Canada Water Act was successful in reducing ________.
A. biochemical oxygen demand
B. phosphorus levels in the Great Lakes
C. non-point source emissions of agricultural pesticides
D. emissions of dioxins and furans from pulp and paper mills
21. Technology-based standards are frequently used in the context of regulating water pollution, but they will
be cost-effective only if all the regulated plants in each category ________.
A. have identical marginal damages
B. have exactly the same marginal abatement costs
C. manufacture the same end products
D. install the same pollution control equipment
22. Ontario's command-and-control program to deal with all types of water pollution is known by the
acronym ________.
A. MISA
B. BATEA
C. BPT
D. BAT
23. In Ontario, the phasing in of technology-based standards to cover agricultural practices, focusing
particularly on storage of waste and the use of manure on fields is a response to ________.
A. the discovery of Trichloroethylene in the water supply in Beckwith Township near Ottawa
B. a study commissioned by MISA
C. new federal drinking water guidelines issued by the CCME
D. E. coli contamination of the water supply in Walkerton
24. The federal government has the jurisdiction to ban or severely limit the release of toxic substances such
as dioxans and furans into any waterways under the authority of the Canada Water Act.
True False
25. The provinces and federal government through the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment
have established binding standards for Canadian drinking water.
True False
26. Because many companies control more than the MISA standards require, we can conclude this program
has been very successful in achieving high water quality in Ontario.
True False
27. Trading of emission reduction credits between point sources and nonpoint sources of phosphorus in
Ontario's South Nation River watershed has been successful at reducing phosphorus without the need for
upgrades to water treatment facilities.
True False
28. When point sources and nonpoint sources exist in close proximity and both contribute to the same water-
quality problems, in order for the equimarginal principle to be satisfied the marginal emission reduction
costs would need to be the same in for each source.
True False
29. Define the term "persistent water pollutant" and give an example of such a pollutant.

30. List the three roles the federal government plays in water-pollution regulation.

31. What can we conclude from the results of the Delaware Estuary Water Quality Control Study about
the use of technology-based standards (TBS) to achieve high versus low target levels of DO (dissolved
oxygen) in the waters of the estuary?

32. Why have few Canadian policies dealing with water-pollution problems stemming from nonpoint-source
emissions been implemented? How might different types of pollution-control policies be employed in the
case of nonpoint-source emissions?
16 Key
1. ________ is an example of an episodic emission.
A. Agricultural runoff of pesticides
B. Emissions of sulphur dioxide from a coal burning electrical plant
C. An oil spill such as the Exxon Valdez
D. The effluent released from a sewage treatment plant
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #1
Learning Objective: 16-01 Describe the characteristics of water pollutants and how that affects the type of policy instrument that can be used.
2. High levels of ________ are associated with high-quality water.
A. chlorine
B. biochemical oxygen demand
C. ozone
D. dissolved oxygen
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #2
Learning Objective: 16-01 Describe the characteristics of water pollutants and how that affects the type of policy instrument that can be used.
3. ________ waterborne pollutants undergo a variety of biological, chemical, and physical processes that
change their characteristics after emission until they are assimilated by the water body into which they
are released.
A. Persistent
B. Degradable
C. Accumulative
D. Inorganic
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #3
Learning Objective: 16-01 Describe the characteristics of water pollutants and how that affects the type of policy instrument that can be used.
4. Part 2 of the Canada Water Act was successful in reducing ________.
A. biochemical oxygen demand
B. phosphorus levels in the Great Lakes
C. non-point source emissions of agricultural pesticides
D. emissions of dioxins and furans from pulp and paper mills
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #4
Learning Objective: 16-02 Provide a brief sketch of federal water quality policy.
5. Technology-based standards are frequently used in the context of regulating water pollution, but they
will be cost-effective only if all the regulated plants in each category ________.
A. have identical marginal damages
B. have exactly the same marginal abatement costs
C. manufacture the same end products
D. install the same pollution control equipment
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Moderate
Field - Chapter 16 #5
Learning Objective: 16-03 Assess the effectiveness of technology-based standards using an example from Canada and the U.S.
6. Ontario's command-and-control program to deal with all types of water pollution is known by the
acronym ________.
A. MISA
B. BATEA
C. BPT
D. BAT
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #6
Learning Objective: 16-03 Assess the effectiveness of technology-based standards using an example from Canada and the U.S.
7. In Ontario, the phasing in of technology-based standards to cover agricultural practices, focusing
particularly on storage of waste and the use of manure on fields is a response to ________.
A. the discovery of Trichloroethylene in the water supply in Beckwith Township near Ottawa
B. a study commissioned by MISA
C. new federal drinking water guidelines issued by the CCME
D. E. coli contamination of the water supply in Walkerton
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #7
Learning Objective: 16-04 Explain the challenges in regulating nonpoint-source emissions.
8. The federal government has the jurisdiction to ban or severely limit the release of toxic substances
such as dioxans and furans into any waterways under the authority of the Canada Water Act.
FALSE

If the federal government has the power under the Fisheries Act to regulate toxic substances like
dioxans and furans that are harmful to fish populations.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation


Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #8
Learning Objective: 16-02 Provide a brief sketch of federal water quality policy.
9. The provinces and federal government through the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment
have established binding standards for Canadian drinking water.
FALSE

These are non-binding guidelines only.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation


Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #9
Learning Objective: 16-02 Provide a brief sketch of federal water quality policy.
10. Because many companies control more than the MISA standards require, we can conclude this
program has been very successful in achieving high water quality in Ontario.
FALSE

The MISA standards are over 20 years old and may be set too low to protect health and the
environment so over-control relative to MISA may be inadequate and concerns about water quality
have been raised by the Environmental Commissioner of Ontario.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation


Difficulty: Moderate
Field - Chapter 16 #10
Learning Objective: 16-03 Assess the effectiveness of technology-based standards using an example from Canada and the U.S.
11. Trading of emission reduction credits between point sources and nonpoint sources of phosphorus in
Ontario's South Nation River watershed has been successful at reducing phosphorus without the need
for upgrades to water treatment facilities.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #11
Learning Objective: 16-04 Explain the challenges in regulating nonpoint-source emissions.
12. When point sources and nonpoint sources exist in close proximity and both contribute to the same
water-quality problems, in order for the equimarginal principle to be satisfied the marginal emission
reduction costs would need to be the same in for each source.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #12
Learning Objective: 16-04 Explain the challenges in regulating nonpoint-source emissions.
13. Define the term "persistent water pollutant" and give an example of such a pollutant.

Persistent water pollutants are pollutants that remain in the water body for a long period of time,
either because they are not degradable or because the rate of degradation is very slow. Examples
of persistent pollutants include many chemicals found in industrial waste, wastes from mining
operations, agricultural chemicals, radioactive wastes and some viruses.

Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #13
Learning Objective: 16-01 Describe the characteristics of water pollutants and how that affects the type of policy instrument that can be used.
14. List the three roles the federal government plays in water-pollution regulation.

The federal government's key roles have been to: 1) introduce national standards for some
compounds; 2) address international and interjurisdictional water-pollution problems; and 3) establish
national guidelines for water quality.

Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #14
Learning Objective: 16-02 Provide a brief sketch of federal water quality policy.
15. What can we conclude from the results of the Delaware Estuary Water Quality Control Study about
the use of technology-based standards (TBS) to achieve high versus low target levels of DO (dissolved
oxygen) in the waters of the estuary?

The study conducted a cost comparison of a uniform treatment program with a single effluent fee,
zoned effluent fees and a cost-effective approach for two different target levels of DO. The single and
zoned effluent fees had roughly the same costs to achieve the lower target, but for the higher target
level, the single fee was much more costly than when firms are grouped into zones based on the MD
of the firms. This finding indicates that for targets involving small changes in water quality, a TBS
might provide a close approximation to a fully cost-effective and socially efficient policy. However,
for targets involving large changes in water quality, the TBS will be very cost-ineffective.

Difficulty: Hard
Field - Chapter 16 #15
Learning Objective: 16-03 Assess the effectiveness of technology-based standards using an example from Canada and the U.S.
16. Why have few Canadian policies dealing with water-pollution problems stemming from nonpoint-
source emissions been implemented? How might different types of pollution-control policies be
employed in the case of nonpoint-source emissions?

Major nonpoint sources of emissions include agricultural runoff, urban street runoff, and activities
related to land clearance and building construction. NPS pollutants are also very weather-related,
which makes the runoff patterns difficult to monitor. Emission standards would be difficult to employ
because emissions of NPS pollutants would be impossible to measure. The same could be said for
any policy, such as an emission tax, that required accurate measurement of emissions. It might be
possible, through engineering studies of various production processes, to get estimates of the amounts
of residuals escaping into the environment, but whether these would be accurate enough to serve as
a basis for emission standards or taxes is doubtful in most cases. Control could be exercised over the
input that leads to the non-point source emissions such as a limitation on pesticide use by farmers; and
this control could be carried out via command and control or incentive-based methods. But some non-
point sources such as flooding of urban storm sewers originate from so many sources that treatment
may be the only option.

Difficulty: Moderate
Field - Chapter 16 #16
Learning Objective: 16-04 Explain the challenges in regulating nonpoint-source emissions.
17. ________ is an example of an episodic emission.
A. Agricultural runoff of pesticides
B. Emissions of sulphur dioxide from a coal burning electrical plant
C. An oil spill such as the Exxon Valdez
D. The effluent released from a sewage treatment plant
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #1
Learning Objective: 16-01 Describe the characteristics of water pollutants and how that affects the type of policy instrument that can be used.
18. High levels of ________ are associated with high-quality water.
A. chlorine
B. biochemical oxygen demand
C. ozone
D. dissolved oxygen
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #2
Learning Objective: 16-01 Describe the characteristics of water pollutants and how that affects the type of policy instrument that can be used.
19. ________ waterborne pollutants undergo a variety of biological, chemical, and physical processes that
change their characteristics after emission until they are assimilated by the water body into which they
are released.
A. Persistent
B. Degradable
C. Accumulative
D. Inorganic
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #3
Learning Objective: 16-01 Describe the characteristics of water pollutants and how that affects the type of policy instrument that can be used.
20. Part 2 of the Canada Water Act was successful in reducing ________.
A. biochemical oxygen demand
B. phosphorus levels in the Great Lakes
C. non-point source emissions of agricultural pesticides
D. emissions of dioxins and furans from pulp and paper mills
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #4
Learning Objective: 16-02 Provide a brief sketch of federal water quality policy.
21. Technology-based standards are frequently used in the context of regulating water pollution, but they
will be cost-effective only if all the regulated plants in each category ________.
A. have identical marginal damages
B. have exactly the same marginal abatement costs
C. manufacture the same end products
D. install the same pollution control equipment
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Moderate
Field - Chapter 16 #5
Learning Objective: 16-03 Assess the effectiveness of technology-based standards using an example from Canada and the U.S.
22. Ontario's command-and-control program to deal with all types of water pollution is known by the
acronym ________.
A. MISA
B. BATEA
C. BPT
D. BAT
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #6
Learning Objective: 16-03 Assess the effectiveness of technology-based standards using an example from Canada and the U.S.
23. In Ontario, the phasing in of technology-based standards to cover agricultural practices, focusing
particularly on storage of waste and the use of manure on fields is a response to ________.
A. the discovery of Trichloroethylene in the water supply in Beckwith Township near Ottawa
B. a study commissioned by MISA
C. new federal drinking water guidelines issued by the CCME
D. E. coli contamination of the water supply in Walkerton
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #7
Learning Objective: 16-04 Explain the challenges in regulating nonpoint-source emissions.
24. The federal government has the jurisdiction to ban or severely limit the release of toxic substances
such as dioxans and furans into any waterways under the authority of the Canada Water Act.
FALSE

If the federal government has the power under the Fisheries Act to regulate toxic substances like
dioxans and furans that are harmful to fish populations.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation


Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #8
Learning Objective: 16-02 Provide a brief sketch of federal water quality policy.
25. The provinces and federal government through the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment
have established binding standards for Canadian drinking water.
FALSE

These are non-binding guidelines only.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation


Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #9
Learning Objective: 16-02 Provide a brief sketch of federal water quality policy.
26. Because many companies control more than the MISA standards require, we can conclude this
program has been very successful in achieving high water quality in Ontario.
FALSE

The MISA standards are over 20 years old and may be set too low to protect health and the
environment so over-control relative to MISA may be inadequate and concerns about water quality
have been raised by the Environmental Commissioner of Ontario.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation


Difficulty: Moderate
Field - Chapter 16 #10
Learning Objective: 16-03 Assess the effectiveness of technology-based standards using an example from Canada and the U.S.
27. Trading of emission reduction credits between point sources and nonpoint sources of phosphorus in
Ontario's South Nation River watershed has been successful at reducing phosphorus without the need
for upgrades to water treatment facilities.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #11
Learning Objective: 16-04 Explain the challenges in regulating nonpoint-source emissions.
28. When point sources and nonpoint sources exist in close proximity and both contribute to the same
water-quality problems, in order for the equimarginal principle to be satisfied the marginal emission
reduction costs would need to be the same in for each source.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #12
Learning Objective: 16-04 Explain the challenges in regulating nonpoint-source emissions.
29. Define the term "persistent water pollutant" and give an example of such a pollutant.

Persistent water pollutants are pollutants that remain in the water body for a long period of time,
either because they are not degradable or because the rate of degradation is very slow. Examples
of persistent pollutants include many chemicals found in industrial waste, wastes from mining
operations, agricultural chemicals, radioactive wastes and some viruses.

Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #13
Learning Objective: 16-01 Describe the characteristics of water pollutants and how that affects the type of policy instrument that can be used.
30. List the three roles the federal government plays in water-pollution regulation.

The federal government's key roles have been to: 1) introduce national standards for some
compounds; 2) address international and interjurisdictional water-pollution problems; and 3) establish
national guidelines for water quality.

Difficulty: Easy
Field - Chapter 16 #14
Learning Objective: 16-02 Provide a brief sketch of federal water quality policy.
31. What can we conclude from the results of the Delaware Estuary Water Quality Control Study about
the use of technology-based standards (TBS) to achieve high versus low target levels of DO (dissolved
oxygen) in the waters of the estuary?

The study conducted a cost comparison of a uniform treatment program with a single effluent fee,
zoned effluent fees and a cost-effective approach for two different target levels of DO. The single and
zoned effluent fees had roughly the same costs to achieve the lower target, but for the higher target
level, the single fee was much more costly than when firms are grouped into zones based on the MD
of the firms. This finding indicates that for targets involving small changes in water quality, a TBS
might provide a close approximation to a fully cost-effective and socially efficient policy. However,
for targets involving large changes in water quality, the TBS will be very cost-ineffective.

Difficulty: Hard
Field - Chapter 16 #15
Learning Objective: 16-03 Assess the effectiveness of technology-based standards using an example from Canada and the U.S.
32. Why have few Canadian policies dealing with water-pollution problems stemming from nonpoint-
source emissions been implemented? How might different types of pollution-control policies be
employed in the case of nonpoint-source emissions?

Major nonpoint sources of emissions include agricultural runoff, urban street runoff, and activities
related to land clearance and building construction. NPS pollutants are also very weather-related,
which makes the runoff patterns difficult to monitor. Emission standards would be difficult to employ
because emissions of NPS pollutants would be impossible to measure. The same could be said for
any policy, such as an emission tax, that required accurate measurement of emissions. It might be
possible, through engineering studies of various production processes, to get estimates of the amounts
of residuals escaping into the environment, but whether these would be accurate enough to serve as
a basis for emission standards or taxes is doubtful in most cases. Control could be exercised over the
input that leads to the non-point source emissions such as a limitation on pesticide use by farmers; and
this control could be carried out via command and control or incentive-based methods. But some non-
point sources such as flooding of urban storm sewers originate from so many sources that treatment
may be the only option.

Difficulty: Moderate
Field - Chapter 16 #16
Learning Objective: 16-04 Explain the challenges in regulating nonpoint-source emissions.
16 Summary
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 24
Difficulty: Easy 24
Difficulty: Hard 2
Difficulty: Moderate 6
Field - Chapter 16 32
Learning Objective: 16- 8
01 Describe the characteristics of water pollutants and how that affects the type of policy instrument that can be used.
Learning Objective: 16-02 Provide a brief sketch of federal water quality policy. 8
Learning Objective: 16-03 Assess the effectiveness of technology-based standards using an example from Canada and the U.S. 8
Learning Objective: 16-04 Explain the challenges in regulating nonpoint-source emissions. 8

You might also like