Final Examination summer 2016

Course Title: Environmental Management Course Code:

ENVT-301/401

Part A: Write a short note on any four of the following questions. (Each question carries 5
marks)

Q1. Write a note on the importance of water and impact of waste water on environment.
Q2. What is the primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of water?
Primary treatment: It is the removal of floating solid from waste water. Eg screening.
Secondary treatment : Water leaving primary clarifier still contains high energy molecules
creating BOD. Eg aeration, filtration.
Tertiary treatment: Depends on the nature of problem.
This treatment is designed depending on the nature of pollutant. For example if heavy metal
salts, like chromium, are present in water, they require special treatment for removal.
Chromium salts are sometimes used in dyeing to improve fastness properties. They pollute
effluent water from dyeing process.
Q3. Why standardization of water for human consumption is of prime importance?
Q4. How textile manufacturing contributes to the air, water and land pollution?
Q5. How human activity pollutes the atmosphere?
Cars Leaving lights on, plantations, dust, Noise pollution (sounds of factories
running),smoking, Not recycling.
Q6. What is greenhouse effect and how it is produced in atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide and some other gases in air produce greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect is
responsible for global warming.

Q7. What is the role of ozone layer in protecting the earth and how it is being damaged?
Ozone layer is found in stratosphere and it protects earth surface from UV radiations and high
energy that comes from sun. it is harmful for human being as it damages living tissue
CFCs can damage ozone that contains chlorine and fluorine. They are found in aerosols, air
conditioners, and refrigerator. Other compounds that destroy ozone include
fire retardants, pesticide, industrial solvents and burning of fossil fuels
(particularly coal).
Q8. What is acid rain and how it damages the ecosystem?
Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen in atmosphere form sulfuric and nitric acids.
These oxides in atmosphere are responsible for acid rain.
The consequences of acid rain are deforestation.

Q9. Write a note on the importance and ethics of energy conservation.

Energy consumption must be controlled to conserve it for economy and for future of human being
Waste may be reduced by:

optimizing the processes

By improving energy efficiency in existing processes

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 By introducing new energy efficient processes

Energy efficiency in building construction

Taking advantage of sunlight

Thermal insulation

Ventilation

Using alternate means of energy

Solar energy

Wind energy

Hydro energy

Geothermal energy

Q10. What are direct and indirect uses of solar energy, explain with examples?
Direct:
Heating buildings and water

Solar thermal power generation

Solar generated hydrogen

Indirect:
Solar energy is also useful indirectly.

Biomass is useful energy resource

Wind can be used to produce power

Hydropower is a renewable energy resource which exists due to solar energy

Q11. What health risks are associated with textile industry?

Q12. Write a note on environmental risk assessment.
Q13. How risk assessment helps us manage potential health threats?
Q14. What are workers rights and duties for environmental protection?
Workers rights and duties

Employees responsibilities

Governments duties

Governments duties:
National policy on OHS
National law, labor law and regulations

Role and obligation of competent authority

Education and training

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Operational measures:
Legislation

Enforcement

Labor inspection

Understand and comply with legislation and workplace health and safety requirements;
Follow safe work procedures;
Use safety equipment, machine guards, safety devices, and personal protective equipment;
Report unsafe acts and workplace hazards;
Report incidents (meaning accidents and dangerous occurrences), injuries, or illnesses immediately;
Work and act safely and helping others to work and act safely;
Co-operate with the occupational health committee and others on health and safety issues; and
Refrain from causing or participating in the harassment of another worker.

Q15. Write a note on health and safety hazards in textile industry.

Part B: Write short answers of any sixteen (16) of the following questions. (Each question carries 1.25
marks)

1. Why water is not found in pure form in nature?

Because it contains dissolved gases from atmosphere and dissolves minerals salt from land.

2. How water recycles on the earth?

Water recycles through evasporation and precipitation.

3. What are the parameters of water quality?

Physical, chemical, biological.

4. What are physical parameters of water quality?

Turbidity, color, odor, taste, temperature.

5. What are chemical parameters of water quality?

Dissolved solids, suspended solids, hardness, metals.

6. What are the biological parameters of water quality?

Microorganisms, coliforms, viruses, algae, bacteria, protozoa.

7. What are the main sources of water pollutants?

Domestic and industrial.

8. How domestic and industrial sewage differ from each other?

9. What are the zones of water pollution?

Lake, stream, ocean, ground water.

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10. How stream water pollution differ from lake water pollution?

Because stream water is not still and it flows and lake water is still so due to this the pollutants
are more in lake water and bacterial activity increases.

11. What BOD stands for?

Biochemical oxygen demand.

12. How BOD indicates the extent of biological contamination?

13. What COD stands for?

Chemical oxygen demand.

14. How COD indicates the extent of chemical contamination?

15. How desizing process of textile pollutes the water?

Alkali, organic matter, enzymes.

16. What are the main pollutants in bleaching water waste of textile?

Free chlorine, alkali, oxidation product.

17. What is the general composition of gases in atmosphere?

78.1% nitrogen, 21.0% oxygen, 0.9% orgon and 0.03% carbon dioxide. In addition to gases
atmosphere also contains 1-3% of water vapors.

18. What is the role of nitrogen in atmosphere?

19. Which of the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere has greatest impact
on biosphere?

20. How wind blows on earth?

Sun heats the earth surface. Heat is transferred to air, we get regions of hot and cold air which
turn into region of low and high pressure. Due to difference in pressure the wind blows.

21. What are the major sources of atmospheric pollution?

Natural sources of pollution, such as forest fire, volcanic activity, release of gases from earth.

Human activities, such as manufacturing, automobile etc.

22. What are primary and secondary air pollutants; give one example of each?

Primary air pollutants are those which enter atmosphere from source unchanged.

Secondary air pollutants are those which are produced from primary pollutants by chemical
reaction.

23. How indoor pollution differs from outdoor pollution?

Outdoor pollution is atmospheric pollution.

Indoor air pollution occurs in closed system like that in industry

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24. What are the main contaminants of air?

Gases

Aerosols

25. What are the aerosols?

Dust
Fumes
Smoke
Mist
Fog
Smog

26. What is greenhouse effect?

Carbon dioxide and some other gases in air produce green house effect.

27. What is global warming?

Greenhouse effect is responsible for global warming.

28. What is the danger of ozone layer depletion?

The depletion of ozone layer is responsible for the entry of UV rays in the troposhere.

UV rays in low concentration in atmosphere kills harmful bacteria and viruses but in high
concentration it is harmful for human being as it damages living tissue

29. What is acid rain?

Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen in atmosphere form sulfuric and nitric acids.These oxides in
atmosphere are responsible for acid rain. The consequences of acid rain are deforestation.

30. What are the major issues of global atmosphere?

Co2 emission, cfcs, other hazardous gases like so3, oxides of nitrogen.

31. Write down the classification of air pollutants from textile industry.

Particulate and fibrous pollutants

Gaseous pollutants

Thermal pollution

Chemicals

Noise pollution

Monocarbon etc

32. What health risks are associated with air pollution?

Air pollution directly effect respiratory system and skin.

Indirectly it may cause many other health complications and risks.

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 Irritation of skin and eyes.

Inflamation of respiratory tract and lungs.

May suppress immune system.

May cause mental illness and psychological problems.

33. Why sun is considered as a renewable energy resource?

Solar energy is a renewable source of energy which can be used directly or indirectly.

34. What is the difference between energy conservation and energy efficiency?

Energy conservation

Reducing consumption of energy.

Energy efficiency

Adopting new technology or methods which require less energy to perform the same work.

35. Why the domestic energy consumption in developed countries is much more than the less
developed countries?

The energy consumption increases with development of countries. People in industrialized

countries consume more energy than those in developing countries

36. Why overall energy consumption in developed countries is much more than the less
developed countries?

L 18.

37. What are the main energy resources required by textile industry?

Electrical energy

Natural gas

oil

38. How energy efficiency and energy conservation effect the product cost?

39. Write three energy resources used to obtain electrical energy.

Sun, water, wind

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40. What is environmental risk assessment?

risk assessment: The quantitative and qualitative characterization of risks so that they can
be compared, contrasted and managed.or process of identifying, assessing and reducing
risks.

41. What are the main steps of environmental risk assessment?

Problem formulation

Identify hazard

Release assessment

Exposure assessment

Risk categorization

Risk management

42. What is dose response assessment?

It describes relationship between magnitude of exposure to a chemical, physical or biological

agent and frequency of health effects.

43. What is risk characterization?

Information about dose response and exposure are combined to provide a detailed
description and extent of adverse health effects.

44. What is risk management?

Process of identifying, assessing and reducing risk.

45. What health risks are associated with textile ginning process?
Fine fibers spread in air, can cause respiratory organ disease.
46. What health risks are associated with textile fabric formation process?
Fabric changes fibers into carbonaceous material which goes into air may form colloidal
solution with air and cause respiratory diseases.
47. What health risks are associated with textile pre-treatment process?
Bleaching process will cause pollution of air with compounds of chlorine.
48. What health risks are associated with textile dyeing process?

By-products of dyes and auxiliaries which may vaporize go into atmosphere cause air
pollution.

49. What health risks are associated with textile finishing process?

Chemical finishing is done by polymers or other chemicals. They contains hazardous

components which release in air on heating. One chemical is formaldehyde which cause
serious pollution of air.

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50. Identify the following caution marks:

51. What OHS stands for?

Occupational Health and Safety

52. What ILO stands for?

International Labor Organization

53. What are major OHS instruments of ILO?

ILO promotes occupational health and safety by the following means:

a. International labor standards

b. Codes of practice

c. Provision of technical advice

d. Dissemination of information

54. What are governments duties about OHS?

National policy on OHS

a. National law, labor law and regulations

b. Role and obligation of competent authority

c. Education and training

55. How human activities affect the environment. Explain with the help of examples.

All human activities have more or less effect on environment. The simplest example is the
use of energy for heating which is achieved by burning fuel like natural gas. In industrial
manufacturing, depending on the type of industry, a variety of pollutants are added to
environment which changes its composition. The automobiles running on the roads are
continuously producing carbon dioxide and pumping into air. Hence all human use of
resources produce more or less waste which pollutes the environment various extents.

56. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources giving two examples of each.

All those resources which reproduce again and again are called renewable resources, for
example trees which grow again and again from seeds or in some other way are renewable
resource. On the other hand fossil fuel (petroleum and natural gas) once produced in the
history of earth is not producing again is a non-renewable resource.

57. Define pollution.

All those materials which change the composition of environment and are harmful for living or
non-living things constitute the pollution.

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58. Differentiate between people over population and consumption over population.

By people over population we mean the increased number of human being living in a
particular geographic region, while consumption over population is the unnecessary excessive
use of resources by relatively small number of people.

59. In which three sectors the pollution is divided, comment on any one of them.

The pollution on earth is divided in three distinct areas i.e. land (solid waste), water (liquid
waste) and air (gaseous waste).

60. What is the goal of environmental studies?

The goal of environmental studies is to achieve sustainable environmental so that the future of
the earth may be protected.

61. Define environmental management.

It is an attempt to control or minimize human impact on the environment in order to

conserve natural resources.

Resource Use Impact Management

62. What is sustainable development?

Any development with no or minimum impact on environment so that environment may

sustain is called sustainable development.

63. What is sustainable consumption?

Preventing luxurious use of resources and fulfilling need only so that the resources may last
longer. In case of non-renewable resources the resource will last longer and future
generations may use these resources and in case of renewable resources the resource may
replenish. If the renewable resource is used at a rate higher than they are replenished, the
resource will ultimately end up.

64. What is the difference between sustainable development and sustainable consumption?

See above questions

65. How is voluntary simplicity an example of sustainable consumption?

A simple life requires to fulfil only needs and resources are not wasted so that resources
sustain, hence, it is an example of sustainable consumption.

66. What is environmental ethics?

It is self-respect for environmental protection for the sake of contemporary world and future
generations. For example in our country there is a severe shortage of electric power and
many areas are facing heavy load shedding. In such a condition if we minimize our use of
electricity and prevent wastage so that it may be provided to more deprived ones is the ethical
use of electricity.

67. What is environmental justice?

It is the legal right of every citizen to adequate protection from environmental hazards. For
example the industrial areas usually have more polluted environment and we see that most

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 poor populations are established in vicinity of such areas. These people have the same legal
right of protection from environmental pollution as the people living in posh areas.

68. What is the consequence of greenhouse effect?

The consequence of greenhouse effect is global warming. The greenhouse effect is the rise
of temperature due to carbon dioxide inside the greenhouse. If the level of such gases in the
atmosphere rise excessively, the temperature of atmosphere rises like a greenhouse. The
consequence of greenhouse effect is the excessive melting of ice caps on the poles and rise
in sea level.

69. Differentiate between global and regional environmental issues.

Any environmental problem face commonly by the whole world is a global environmental
issue while an environmental problem limited to a geographic region is regional environmental
issue.

70. Briefly discuss any one global environmental issue.

Global warming (discussed above).

Depletion of ozone layer due to release of CFCs in atmosphere.

71. How human activities can cause climatic change?

The extensive use of automobiles in the word is causing rise in carbon dioxide level resulting
in global warming.

72. How climatic stability is related to use of energy?

The use of energy resources produces one or other type of waste. All gaseous waste is
added to the atmosphere which if creates imbalance results in change in atmospheric
conditions. For example increasing carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere due burning of
fuel by automobile is creating greenhouse effect resulting in global warming.

73. How biodiversity resources can be conserved?

Biodiversity resources can be conserved by protecting certain regions by analysing the

causes and managing the environment accordingly.

74. Which three factors are important for sustainable development?

Social, economic and environmental factors are important for sustainable development.

75. How land cover changes?

Land cover may change to various human activities like cutting of forest and changing it to
agriculture land, urbanization, mining for minerals etc. The land cover may also change due
natural phenomena like draught, floods and climatic changes.

76. How deforestation can affect the environment?

Forest is habitat for a variety of animals; deforestation destroys the ecosystem. It is a source
of wood to fulfil human needs. It cleans atmosphere by removing carbon dioxide from it and
adding oxygen to it. They prevent soil erosion and stop strong wind.

77. How human behaviour is effecting the replenishment of natural resources like forests?

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 If we consume natural resources at a higher rate than they are produced, the resources will
deplete. For example if we do not grow forests at a rate we are cutting them, this resource
will deplete.

78. Differentiate between conversation and preservation.

Conservation is the sensible and careful management of resources while preservation is

protecting and keeping in original or natural state.

79. What was the major cause of development of environmental management system?

The major cause of development of environmental management system was various disasters
that happened in history like the disaster of pesticide production plant of Union Carbide in
Bhopal, India and Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Russia.

80. Why legislation and financial penalties are important for environmental protection?

This is important so that all strictly follow the rules and protect the environment.

81. What is the concept of stakeholders and how it was helpful in the development of EMS?

The stakeholders are all those, whose interest is, in one way or the other, concerned with that
industry. They may be consumers, sellers, manufacturers, employees etc.

82. How market encouragement measures can improve the quality of environment?

By market encouragement measurements means that consumer should make green

purchasing decisions i.e. he should buy such products the manufacturing of which is more
environmental friendly.

83. Explain any disaster in history which greatly increases human awareness about sustainable
environment.

84. List any two issues of sustainability and explain how they affect sustainability.

For example population and global atmosphere (you may explain the effects of growing
population and the global warming)

85. Define ecology.

It is the study of interaction among the organisms and the organisms and their abiotic
environment.

86. Differentiate between population and community.

87. What are biotic and abiotic factors? Give examples of each.

88. Write down classification of biotic factor, giving examples of each.

89. How decomposers help clean the environment?

Decomposers consume dead materials and convert them into simpler materials like carbon
dioxide and other materials.

90. How ecosystem functions?

91. How material and energy flow through the ecosystem?

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92. Why energy in ecosystem cannot be recycled?

Energy ultimately changes into heat, which moves into atmosphere and cannot be recovered
again.

93. What is a food chain? Write down components of any simple food chain?

94. How the resources of earth are organized?

95. What are biochemical cycles?

Ecosystem works through the flow of material and energy. It is influenced by the climate,
conditions of land etc.

96. How oxygen recycles in nature?

Oxygen is consumed by animals and reproduced by plants during photosynthesis.

97. How water recycles in nature?

Water recycles through evaporation and precipitation.

98. Discuss any two problems of urban environment.

You may discuss supply of resources, waste removal, polluted atmosphere, transporation etc.

99. Write down the flow chart of product life cycle.

100. What do you understand by dematerialization and eco-efficiency?

By dematerialization we mean reducing waste by more and more recycling of material. When
waste is reduced the system becomes more eco-efficient.

101. How extraction of minerals from earth may cause environmental problems?

102. What is the economic importance of minerals?

The minerals are materials of commerce. For example, iron is the back bone of not only
construction industry but manufacturing industry too. All electrical industry depends on copper.
Air craft industry depends on aluminium. These only a few to mention.

103. How forests prevent soil erosion?

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104. What is soil pollution?

Soil contamination or soil pollution as part of land degradation is caused by the presence
of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It
is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste.

105. How industrial development may cause soil pollution?

Study from book

Chapter: 4, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18

Note:

The short questions highlighted are those proposed for mid-term examination; some of these
questions will appear in final examination also.

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