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A Compilation of the
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TAXATION LAW
Compiled and Arranged By:
Baratbate-Ladot, Delight
&
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FOREWORD
This work is a compilation of the ANSWERS TO BAR
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS by the UP LAW COMPLEX ,
Philippine Association of Law Schools from 2007-2010 and local
law students and lawyers forum sites from 2011-2013 and not an
original creation or formulation of the author.
The Authors.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Titles are based on Sillimans Compilation [Arranged by Topic])
General Principles
Power of Taxation: Equal Protection of the Law; Rational Basis Test (2010)....................11
Income Taxation
Corporate Income Tax: Sale of Real Property by a Real Estate Broker (2008).. 17
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Personal Income Tax: Passive Income (Interest Income); Situs of Taxation (2007)............23
Personal Income Tax: Passive Income (Rental Income); Situs of Taxation (2008)................23
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Sale of Shares of Stock Not Traded in the Local Stock Exchange (2008).................................36
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Sale of Shares of Stock Traded through the Local Stock Exchange (2008).............................37
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Business Taxes
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Customs: Exempted Transactions; Importation and Use within SBMA (2008) .................70
Customs: Forfeiture Proceeding, Nature (2008).............................................................. 71
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retroactive effect, which means that all their valid must not be against the law and it
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On May 15, 1984, ABCD filed with the Principle of Administrative Feasibility
Commissioner of Internal Revenue a formal (2009)
claim for refund, alleging that under the
RP-US Tax Treaty, the deduction withheld I(A) True or False. Explain your answer in
at source as tax on dividends earned was not more than two (2) sentences.
fixed at 25% of said income. Thus, ABCD
asserted that it overpaid the withholding A law that allows taxes to be paid either in
tax due on the cash dividends given to its cash or in kind is valid. (5%)
non-resident stockholders in the U.S. The
Commissioner denied the claim.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
On January 17, 1985, ABCD filed a petition True. There is no law which requires
with the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) payment of taxes in cash only. However,
reiterating its demand for refund. a law allowing payment of taxes in kind,
although valid, may pose problems of
Is the contention of ABCD Corporation valuation, hence, will violate the
correct? Why or why not? (3%) principle of administrative feasibility.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Set-off; Doctrine of Equitable
Yes. The provision of a treaty must take Recoupment (2009)
precedence over and above the
provisions of the local taxing statute I(C ) True or False. Explain your answer in
consonant with the principle of not more than two (2) sentences.
international comity. Tax treaties are
accepted limitations to the power of The doctrine of equitable recoupment allows
taxation. Thus, the CTA should apply the a taxpayer whose claim for refund has
treaty provision so that the claim for prescribed to offset tax liabilities with his
refund representing the difference claim of overpayment. (5%)
between the amount actually withheld
and paid to the BIR and the amount due
and payable under the treaty, should be
granted
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120 Phil. 684, 691 [1964]). Said sale was Income Taxation
merely a tax ploy, a sham and without
business purpose and economic
Basic: Closed and Completed
substance (CIR v. Todas Estate, G.R. No.
Transaction (2012)
147188, 14 September 2004).
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of carryover of the excess income tax succeeding years, considering that there is
payment, the same shall be considered as a no prescriptive period provided for in the
claim for tax refund and the small box income tax law with respect to carry over of
shown as refund in the return will be excess income tax payments? Explain your
filled up. Within the year, the corporation answer. (5%)
will file the formal request for refund for the
excess payment. SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
0 Will you recommend to the corporation Yes. The carry-over of excess income tax
such a course of action and justify that the payments is no longer limited to the
amended return is the latest official act of succeeding taxable year. Unutilized
the corporation as to how it may treat such excess income tax payments may now be
overpayment of tax or should you consider carried over to the succeeding taxable
the option granted to taxpayers as years until fully utilized. In addition, the
irrevocable, once previously exercised by it? option to carry-over excess income tax
Explain your answer. (5%) payments is now irrevocable. Hence,
unutilized excess income tax payments
SUGGESTED ANSWERS: may no longer be refunded (Belle Corp. v.
CIR, G.R. No. 181298, January 10,
Once the option to carry-over and apply 2011).
the excess quarterly income tax against
income tax against income tax due for Corporate Income Tax: Carry-Over
Option is Irrevocable (2013)
the taxable quarters of the succeeding
taxable years has been made such option (I)In its final adjustment return for the 2010
taxable year, ABC Corp. had excess tax
shall be considered IRREVOCABLE for credits arising from its over-withholding of
the taxable year period and no income payments. It opted to carry over the
excess tax credits to the following year.
application for tax refund or issuance of Subsequently, ABC Corp. changed its mind
tax credit certificate shall be allowed and applied for a refund of the excess tax
credits.
therefore (Section 76, NIRC).
Will the claim for refund prosper? (6%)
0 Should the petition for review filed with
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the CTA on the basis of the amended tax
return be denied by the BIR and the CTA, No. The claim for refund will not
prosper. While the law gives the taxpayer
could the corporation still carry over such
an option to whether carry-over or claim
excess payment of income tax in the as refund the excess tax credits shown
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on its final adjustment return, once the 0 Are the allocation and distribution of the
option to carry-over has been made,
saleable lots to Weber and Prime subject to
such option shall be considered
irrevocable for that taxable period and income tax and to expanded withholding
no application for cash refund or
tax? Explain briefly.
issuance of a tax credit certificate shall
be allowed. (Sec 76, NIRC; CIR v. PL
Management International Phils., Inc., SUGGESTED ANSWER:
April 4, 2011, 647 SCRA 72 (2011) G.R.
No. 160949). No. The allocation and distribution of
the saleable lots to Weber and Prime is a
Corporate Income Tax: Joint Venture
(2007) mere return of their capital contribution.
The income tax and the expanded
withholding tax is not due on a capital
IX. Weber Realty Company which owns a
transaction because no income is
three-hectare land in Antipolo entered into
realized from it. (BIR Ruling No. DA-192-
a Joint Venture Agreement (JVA) with
2001, October 17, 2011).
Prime Development Company for the
development of said parcel of land. Weber
0 Is the sale by Weber or Prime of their
Realty as owner of the land contributed the
respective shares in the saleable lots to
land to the Joint Venture and Prime
third parties subject to income tax and to
Development agreed to develop the same
expanded withholding tax? Explain briefly.
into a residential subdivision and construct
residential houses thereon. They agreed SUGGESTED ANSWER:
that they would divide the lots between
Yes. The sale by Weber and Prime of
them. (10%)
their respective shares to third parties is
5888 Does the JVA entered into by and a closed and completed transaction
between Weber and Prime create a separate resulting in the realization of income,
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SUGGESTED ANSWER:
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(2012)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
0 Foster Corporation (FC) is a Singapore-
No. FC is not liable to Philippine income
based foreign corporation engaged in
tax. The revenues from the design and
construction and installation projects. In
supply contracts having been all done in
2010, Global Oil petroleum products,
Singapore are income from without,
awarded an anti-pollution project to Foster
hence, not taxable to a foreign
Corporation, whereby FC shall design,
corporation in the Philippines (Section
supply machinery and equipment, provided
42, NIRC; CIR v. Marubeni Corporation,
that the installation part of the project may
G.R. No. 137377, December 18, 2001).
be sub-contracted to a local construction
Also, With respect to the installation of
company. Pursuant to the contract, the
the project which are services performed
design and supply contracts were done in
within, the same is sub-contracted to
Singapore by FC, while the installation
PCC, a domestic corporation. Since FC
works were sub-contracted by FC with
has no branch or permanent
Philippine Construction Corporation (PCC),
establishment in the Philippines,
a domestic corporation. The project with a
business profits earned by it pursuant to
total cost of P100 Million was completed in
our treaty with Singapore are exempt
2011 at the following cost components:
from income tax.
(design - P20 Million; machinery and
equipment - P50 Million; and installation -
[Note: if the examinee answered that the
P30 Million). Assume that the project was
offshore portion of the contract (design and
40% complete in 2010 and 100% complete
supply) is not taxable in the Philippines
in 2011, based on the certificates issued by
while the onshore portion (installation) is
the architects and engineers working on the
taxable invoking the source rules, it should
project. GOC paid FC as follows: P60
be given full credit. The question might be
Million in 2010 and P40 Million in 2011
too technical for students and expected new
and FC paid PCC in foreign currency
entrants to tax practice to discern.]
through a Philippine bank as follows: P10
Million in 2010 and P20 Million in 2011.
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XV. In 2007, spouses Renato and Judy 0 Is the bank correct in withholding the
Garcia opened peso and dollar deposits at 20% final tax on the entire interest income?
works in Manila. During the year, the bank No, The bank should withhold only 7.5%
paid interest income of P10,000 on the peso on the final interest income of the wife.
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(Xh) A non-resident alien who stays in the No. The trustee has to pay the income
Philippines for less than 180 days during tax in the trusts net income determined
the calendar year shall be entitled to
personal exemption not to exceed the annually is the income is required to be
amount allowed to citizens of the accumulated. Once a taxable trust is
Philippines by the country of which he is
subject or citizen. established, its net income is either
taxable to the trust, represented by the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
False. (Sec 25 (A)(1) in relation to Sec 35, trustee, or to the beneficiary depending
NIRC) on the provision for distribution of
income following the one-layer taxation
scheme (Sec 61 (A), NIRC).
Trust: Income from Trust (2009)
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SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
X. Noel Santos is a very bright computer
False. (Sec 34 (L), NIRC, as amended by
RA No. 9504) science graduate. He was hired by Hewlett
Packard. To entice him to accept the offer of
Deductions; Optional Standard
Deductions; Irrevocability of Election employment, he was offered the
(2009) arrangement that part of his compensation
would be an insurance policy with a face
(XVI) Ernesto, a Filipino citizen and a
practicing lawyer, filed his income tax value of P20 Million. The parents of Noel
return for 2007 claiming optional standard
are made the beneficiaries of the insurance
deductions. Realizing that he has enough
documents to substantiate his profession- policy. (10%)
connected expenses, he now plans to file an
amended income tax return for 2007, in
0 Can the company deduct from its gross
order to claim itemized deductions, since no
audit has been commenced by the BIR on income the amount of the premium?
the return he previously filed. Will Ernesto
Reason briefly.
be allowed to amend his return? Why or
why not? (4%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Yes. The premiums paid are ordinary and
No. Since Ernesto has elected to claim
necessary business expenses of the
optional standard deduction, said
company. They are allowed as a
election is irrevocable for the taxable
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Funeral P 300K
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
expenses
True. (Sec 32 (B)(7)(h), NIRC)
0 Is vanishing deduction
applicable to the Estate of Assunta
Asuncion? Explain (4%)
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donated to them? Explain. (4%) False. Congress can pass a law taxing
income of religious institutions from its
property or activities used for profit but
SUGGESTED ANSWER: not for their income from exercise of
No. The law classifies the donated religious activities. The imposition of a
tax on income of a religious institution
property as an exclusion from income from sale of religious articles is an
tax, and therefore exempt from income infringement of religious freedom which
is not allowed under the fundamental
tax (Sec. 32[B3] NIRC). law (American Bible Society v. City of
Manila, 101 Phil. 385 (1957)).
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the airline company and insurance
3 Is the Estate of the late Pablo
company is an amount received from the
Gonzales required to file income tax return
accident insurance company is an
for 2010? If so, how much income must it
amount received from the accident
declare for the year? How much personal
insurance covering the passengers of the
exemption is it entitled to? Explain your
airline company and is in the nature of
answer. (5%)
compensation for personal injuries and
for damages sustained on a account of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
such injuries, which is excluded from the
gross income of the recipient. (Section
No. It has acquired no tax personality
32(B)(4), NIRC).
because the estate is not under judicial
settlement. The income of the properties ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
is taxable to the heirs in their individual
capacity in accordance with their No. The P10M having been received for
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0 Will the proceeds of the insurance form Since the planned sale involves a real
property classified as a capital asset, the
part of the income of the parents of Noel material considerations to take into
and be subject to income tax? Reason account to compute the income tax are:
briefly.
0 The current fair market value
of the property to be sold. The
SUGGESTED ANSWER: current fair market value is
the higher between the zonal
No. The proceeds of life insurance value and the fair market
value per tax declaration.
policies paid to the heirs of beneficiaries 1 The gross selling price of the
upon the death of the insured are not property.
2 Determination of the tax base
included as part of the gross income of which is the higher between
the recipient. (Section 32 (B)(1), NIRC). the gross selling price and the
current fair market of the
There is no income realized because property.
nothing flows to Noels parents other
The income tax is computed as 6% of
than a mere return of capital, the capital
the tax base which is in the nature of a
being the life of the insured. final capital gains tax. (Sec 24 (D)(1),
NIRC).
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Exchange of Real Property by an paid based on the zonal value. The Revenue
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the capital gains tax and not the zonal ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
value as determined by the Commissioner
The difference in value is not subject to
of Internal Revenue? Reason briefly.
donors tax, because the sale is not for
SUGGESTED ANSWER: an insufficient consideration. A deemed
gift subject to tax arises only if a tax is
No. The RDO has no authority to use a
avoided as a result of selling a property
fair market value other than that
at a price lower than its fair market
prescribed in the Tax Code. The fair
value. In a sale subject to the 6% capital
market value prescribed for the
gains tax, the tax is always based on the
computation of any internal revenue tax
gross selling price or fair market value,
shall be, whichever is the higher of: (1)
whichever is higher, and therefore, the
The fair market value as determined by
seller cannot avoid any tax by selling his
the Commissioner (referred to as zonal
property below its fair market value.
value); or (2) the fair market value as
This means that the deemed gift
shown in the schedule of values of the
provision provided for under the Tax
provincial and city assessors (FMV per
Code will not apply to a sale of real
tax declaration). (Section 6(E), NIRC).
property subject to the 6% capital gains
The use of the fair market value
tax. (Section 100, NIRC).
appearing in a nearby banks valuation
list, therefore, is not allowed for
purposes of computing internal revenue Nature of Real Properties; Capital or
taxes. Ordinary Asset (2008)
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VI. Z is a Filipino immigrant living in the Yes, the purchase of the three
United States for more than 10 years. He is condominium units is subject to the
retired and he came back to the Philippines following taxes:
as a balikbayan. Every time he comes back
to the Philippines, he stays here for about a 0 Capital gains tax, if held as
from his former employer in the United (Section 24(D) and 27(D)(5),
While in the Philippines, with his pension income tax (Section 24-28,
a month each.(5%)
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Is Melissa liable to pay capital gains tax on P100,000 net capital gain (Sec.24[C]
the transaction? If so, how much and why? NIRC).
If not, why not? (4%)
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the income tax due on the transaction and the Local Stock Exchange (2008)
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No. R.A. 7717, now incorporated in Sec. P700,000. The basis of the property in
127 of the NIRC, provides that the sale the hands of the donee is the carry-over
of shares of stock traded in the local basis (Section 40 (B)(3), NIRC)
stock exchange is subject to a
percentage tax on the sales of shares, in 0 What is the nature of the old car
lieu of any kind of income tax. capital asset or ordinary asset? Explain
your answer. (3%)
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0 Are Jose and Clara subject to donors tax? XI. The Congregation of the Mary Immaculate
If so, how much is the taxable gift of each donated a land and a dormitory building
spouse and what rate shall be applied to located along Espaa St. in favor of the
the gift? Explain. (4%) Sisters of the Holy Cross, a group of nuns
operating a free clinic and high school
SUGGESTED ANSWER: teaching basic spiritual values. Is the
donation subject to donors tax? Reason briefly.
Yes, because the value of the gift (5%)
exceeds P10,000 (Sec. 101 [A1] NIRC).
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
However, they are each entitled to a
deduction of P100,000 for the net value No. Gifts in favor of an educational
of the gift (Sec.99[B] NIRC). Each spouse and/or charitable, religious, social
shall be liable for a taxable gift worth welfare corporation, or cultural
P890,000 each at the progressive rate of institution, accredited non-government
2-15%, since the donee is a relative. organization, trust or philanthropic
organization or research institution or
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organization are exempt from the implication of Xs renunciation? What about the
other co-heirs? (2.5%)
donors tax, provided, that, not more
than 30% of the gifts are used for SUGGESTED ANSWER:
administration purposes. The donation
If the renunciation is a general
being in the nature of a real property renunciation such that the share of the
complies with the utilization heir who waives his right to the
inheritance goes to the other co-heirs in
requirement. (Section 101 (A)(3). NIRC). accordance with their respective interest
in the inheritance, the law on accretion
Donors Tax: Reciprocity Rule (2009) applies and the property waived is
considered to pass through the other co-
heirs by inheritance; hence, it has no tax
(XV) Miguel, a citizen and resident of implication. Undoubtedly, when the
Mexico, donated US$1,000.00 worth of compulsory heir renounced his share in
stocks in Barack Motors Corporation, a the inheritance, he did not donate the
Mexican company, to his legitimate son, property which did not become his. Such
Miguelito, who is residing in the Philippines being the case, the renunciation is not
and about to be married to a Filipino subject to the donors tax. If it is not a
girlfriend. Mexico does not impose any general renunciation in favor of the
transfer tax of whatever nature on all other co-heirs, the heir renouncing his
gratuitous transfers of property. right is considered to have made a
donation and the renunciation is subject
0 Is Miguel entitled to the rule of to donors tax. In both cases, however,
reciprocity in order to be exempt the renunciation has no tax implication
from the Philippine donor's tax? to the other co-heirs (BIR Ruling No. DA
Why or why not? (3%) (DT-039) 396-09, dated July 23, 2009).
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But the renunciation of the wifes share it the Law and Jurisprudence, Third Revised
inheritance during the settlement of the
Edition).
estate is not a taxable gift considering that
the property is automatically transferred to
the other heirs by operation of law due to Estate Tax: Basis of Computation (2007)
her repudiation of her inheritance. (BIR
Ruling DA No. 333-07) XII. Remedios, a resident citizen, died on
November 10, 2006. She died leaving three
Estate Tax (2007)
condominium units in Quezon City valued
VII. Antonia Santos, 30 years old, gainfully at P5 Million each. Rodolfo was her only
employed, is the sister of Eduardo Santos. heir. He reported her death on December 5,
She died in an airplane crash. Edgardo is a 2006 and filed the estate tax return on
lawyer and he negotiated with the Airline March 30, 2007. Because he needed to sell
Company and insurance company and they one unit of the condominium to pay for the
were able to agree to a total settlement of estate tax, he asked the Commissioner of
P10 Million. This is what Antonia would Internal Revenue to give him one year to
have earned as somebody who was pay the estate tax due. The Commissioner
gainfully employed. Edgardo was her only approved the request for extension of time
heir.(10%) provided that the estate tax be computed
on the basis of the value of the property at
0 Is the P10 Million subject to estate tax?
the time of payment of the tax. (10%)
Reason briefly.
0 Does the condition that the basis of the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
estate tax will be the value at the time of
No. The estate tax is a tax on the the payment have legal basis? Reason
privilege enjoyed by an individual in briefly.
controlling the disposition of her
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
properties to take effect upon her death.
The P10M is not a property existing as of No. The valuation of properties
the time of decedents death; hence, it comprising the estate of a decedent is
cannot be said that she exercised control the fair market as of the time of death.
over its disposition. Since the privilege No other valuation date is allowed by
to transmit the property is not exercised law. (Section 88, NIRC).
by the decedent, the estate tax cannot
be imposed thereon. (Definition of Estate
Tax p. 184, Vitug, Compendium of Tax
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Estate Tax: Basis of Computation (2008) which was the value at the time of the
death of Jose Cernan (Sec. 88[A] NIRC).
0 If you disagree, what is the correct value
0 Jose Cernan, Filipino
to use for estate tax purposes? Explain (3%)
citizen, married to Maria Cernan, died in a
vehicular accident in NLEX on July 10,
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
2007. The spouses owned, among others, a
100-hectare agricultural land in Sta. Rosa,
For purposes of computing the estate
Laguna with current fair market value of
tax, the value should have been P20
P20 million, which was the subject matter
million because that was the value of the
of a Joint
property at the time of death (Sec. 88[A]
Venture Agreement about to be
NIRC).
implemented with Star Land Corporation
(SLC), a well-known real estate development Estate Tax: CIRs Power to Extend
company. He bought the said real property Payment (2007)
for P2 million fifty years ago. On January 5,
XII. Remedios, a resident citizen, died on
2008, the administrator of the estate and
November 10, 2006. She died leaving three
SLC jointly announced their big plans to
condominium units in Quezon City valued
start conversion and development of the
at P5 Million each. Rodolfo was her only
agricultural lands in Sta. Rosa, Laguna,
heir. He reported her death on December 5,
into first-class residential and commercial
2006 and filed the estate tax return on
centers. As a result, the prices of real
March 30, 2007. Because he needed to sell
properties in the locality have doubled.
one unit of the condominium to pay for the
The Administrator of the Estate of Jose
estate tax, he asked the Commissioner of
Cernan filed the estate tax return on
Internal Revenue to give him one year to
January 9, 2008, by including in the gross
pay the estate tax due. The Commissioner
estate the real property at P2 million. After
approved the request for extension of time
9 months, the BIR issued deficiency estate
provided that the estate tax be computed
tax assessment, by valuing the real
on the basis of the value of the property at
property at P40 million.
the time of payment of the tax. (10%)
43(A) Is the BIR correct in valuing the real
property at P40 million? Explain (3%) 0 Does the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue have the power to extend the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
payment of estate tax? If so, what are the Estate Tax: Composition of Gross Estate
(2008)
requirements to allow such extension?
(XV(a)) What are the properties and
SUGGESTED ANSWER: interests that should be included in the
computation of the gross estate of the
Yes. The Commissioner may allow an decedent? Explain. (2.5%)
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inherited property cannot give rise to a NIRC); funeral expenses not exceeding
vanishing deduction for want of
P200,000 and in no case, to exceed 5%
sufficient factual basis (Sec 86, NIRC).
of the gross estate (Sec. 86[A1a] NIRC);
and medical expenses not more than
Estate Tax: Deductions Allowed to Estate
P500,000 (Sec. 86[A6] NIRC), the result
of a Resident or Citizen (2008)
is a negative net estate. Therefore, there
VI. While driving his car to Baguio last is no estate tax liability.
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at the time of the purchase was P1-million. Estate Tax: Period for Filing and
Yuri paid all the corresponding taxes on the Payment (2010)
transaction. In 2001, Xavier died. In his
last will and testament, Xavier bequeathed (XV)(c)When is the due date for filing and
the painting, already worth P1.5-million, to payment of the applicable tax return and
his only son, Zandro. The will also granted tax? Are these dates extendible? If so,
Zandro the power to appoint his wife, under what conditions or requirements?
Wilma, as successor to the painting in the (2.5%)
event of Zandro's death. Zandro died in
2007, and Wilma succeeded to the
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
property.
The filing of the return and payment of
Should the painting be included in the the tax is within 6 months from date of
gross estate of Zandro in 2007 and thus, be death following the pay-as-you-file
subject to estate tax? Explain. (3%) concept. The period to file return is
extendible for a maximum of 30 days
SUGGESTED ANSWER: under meritorious cases as maybe
determined by the Commissioner. The
No. The transmission from the first heir, payment of the estate tax may also be
legatee or donee in favor of another extended when the Commissioner finds
beneficiary, in accordance with the that the payment of the tax on the due
desire of the predecessor is an exempt date would impose undue hardship on
transfer (Sec 87, NIRC). Zandro has no the estate or any of the heirs. The period
control over the disposition of the of extension to pay shall not exceed 5
property at the time of his death; hence, years if the estate is settled through the
the estate tax which imposed the courts, or shall not exceed 2 years if
privilege of transmitting properties upon settled extrajudicially. The
his death will not apply. Commissioner may require the executor,
or administrator, or the beneficiary to
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER: furnish a bond in an amount not more
than double the amount of estate tax
No. The property passes from Zandro to due (Sec 91, NIRC).
Wilma by virtue of the special power of
appointment granted by Xavier. The law
includes as part of the gross estate of Estate Tax: Vanishing Deductions (2009)
the decedent a property passing under
general (not special) power of
appointment. The grantee of the power XIII (C) In 1999, Xavier purchased from his
to appoint, Zandro, has no control over friend, Yuri, a painting for P500,000.00.
the disposition of the property because The fair market value (FMV) of the painting
it is the desire of the grantor of the at the time of the purchase was P1-million.
power that the property will go to a Yuri paid all the corresponding taxes on the
specific person. This being so, the transaction. In 2001, Xavier died. In his
painting should not be included in the last will and testament, Xavier bequeathed
gross estate of Zandro, hence, it is not the painting, already worth P1.5-million, to
subject to estate tax (Sec 85(D), NIRC). his only son, Zandro. The will also granted
Zandro the power to appoint his wife,
Wilma, as successor to the painting in the
event of Zandro's death. Zandro died in
2007, and Wilma succeeded to the
property.
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IV. JKL Corporation is a domestic customs duties and VAT? To whom must
corporation engaged in the importation and the duties and VAT be paid? Explain. (3%)
hand motor vehicles from Japan and Korea, release of the vehicle from Customs
Bay. It sold these motor vehicles in April vehicles are based on the value being
2008, to persons residing in the customs used by the Bureau for assessing
(XIV) Emiliano Paupahan is engaged in the No. Under RR No. 16-2005, liability for
business of leasing out several residential VAT arises only if the annual gross
apartment units he owns. The monthly
rental for each unit ranges from P8,000.00 receipts exceed P1.5 million. Secondly,
to P10,000.00. His gross rental income for under Sec. 106(A1a) NIRC, the lease
one year is P1,650,000.00. He consults you
on whether it is necessary for him to must be pursuant to the ordinary course
register as a VAT taxpayer. What legal of trade or business of the taxpayer. The
advice will you give him, and why? (4%)
lease of the ground floor to the bank is a
SUGGESTED ANSWER: casual transaction.
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(XIa) Construction by XYZ Construction Co. 0 (B) Melissa inherited from her father a
of concrete barriers for the Asian 300-square-meter lot. At the time of her
Development Bank in Ortigas Center to father's death on March 14, 1995, the
prevent car bombs from ramming the ADB property was valued at P720,000.00. On
gates along ADB Avenue in Mandaluyong February 28, 1996, to defray the cost of the
City. (3%) medical expenses of her sick son, she sold
the lot for P600,000.00, on cash basis. The
SUGGESTED ANSWER: prevailing market value of the property at
the time of the sale was P3,000.00 per
square meter.
The transaction is subject to VAT at the
rate of zero percent (0%). ADB is exempt
from direct and indirect taxes under a Is Melissa liable to pay Value Added Tax
special law, thereby making the sale of (VAT) on the sale of the property? If so, how
services to it by a VAT-registered much and why? If not, why not? (4%)
construction company, effectively zero-
rated (Sec 108 (B)(3), NIRC). SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(XIb) Call Center operated by a domestic No. The real property sold, being in the
enterprise in Makati that handles nature of a capital asset, is not subject
exclusively the reservations of a hotel chain to VAT. The sale is subject to VAT only if
which are all located in North America. The the real property sold is held primarily
services are paid for in US$ and duly for sale to customers or held for lease in
accounted for with the Bangko Sentral ng the ordinary course of trade or business.
Pilipinas. (3%) A real property classified as a capital
asset does not include a real property
held for sale or for lease, hence, its sale
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
is not subject to VAT (Sec 39 and 106,
NIRC).
The transaction is subject to VAT at the
rate of zero percent (0%). Zero-rated sale
of services includes services rendered to ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
a person engaged in business outside the
Philippines and the consideration is paid No. Melissa is not liable to pay the VAT
in acceptable foreign currency duly because she is not in the real estate
accounted for by the Bangko Sentral ng business. A sale of real property not in
Pilipinas (Sec 108 (B)(2), NIRC). the course of trade or business is not
subject to VAT (Sec 105 and 109,(1)(P),
NIRC).
(XIc) Sale of orchids by a flower shop which
raises its flowers in Tagaytay. (3%)
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When the financial position of the taxpayer acts charged did not exist (Castro v.
demonstrates a clear inability to pay the
Collector of Internal Revenue, L-12174,
tax, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
may validly compromise the tax liability. April 26, 1962).
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
BIR: Criminal Prosecution; Tax Evasion;
True. Financial incapacity is a ground
Bribery (2013)
allowed by law in order that the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue may
validly compromise a tax liability. (Sec (XII) You are the retained tax counsel of
204, NIRC) ABC Corp. Your client informed you that
they have been directly approached with a
proposal by a BIR insider (i.e., a middle
BIR: Criminal Prosecution; Duty to Pay rank BIR official) on the tax matter they
Tax despite Acquittal (2012) have referred to you for handling. The BIR
insider's proposal is to settle the matter by
X. Explain the following statements: significantly reducing the assessment, but
he will get 50% of the savings arising from
0 The acquittal of the taxpayer in a the reduced assessment.
criminal action under the Tax Code does
What tax, criminal and ethical
not necessarily result in exoneration of said considerations will you take into account in
taxpayer from his civil liability to pay taxes. giving your advice? Explain the relevance of
each of these considerations. (9%)
(3%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
I will advise my client not to accept the
settlement proposal but instead pay the
In taxation, the taxpayer becomes entire amount of tax that is legally due
to the government.
criminally liable because of a civil
liability. While he may be acquitted on On the tax aspect, I will tell my client
that a proposed assessment covering
the criminal case, his acquittal could not deficiency taxes which are legally due
operate to discharge him from the duty must be fully paid to exonerate the
taxpayer from further liabilities. The
to pay tax, since that duty is imposed by unwarranted reduction of the proposed
statute prior to and independent of any assessment into half and the payment
thereof will not close the case but can be
attempt on the taxpayer to evade re-opened anytime within ten years from
payment. The obligation to pay the tax is discovery so as to collect the correct
amount of taxes from ABC Corp.
not a mere consequence of the felonious
acts charged in the information, nor is a The act of deliberately paying an amount
of tax that is less than what is known by
mere civil liability derived from crime
my client to be legally due through a
that would be wiped out by the cause of action that is unlawful is
considered as tax evasion. I will advise
declaration that the criminal
my client that conniving with a BIR
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BIR: False Return v. Fraudulent Return proven during trial, the CTA shall not
(2009) only impose the criminal penalty but
must likewise order the payment of the
I(E) True or False. Explain your answer in
not more than two (2) sentences. civil liability (Section 205(b), NIRC). As a
matter of fact, it is well-recognized that
A false return and a fraudulent return are
one and the same. (5%) in the case of failure to file a return, a
proceeding in court for the collection of
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
the tax may be filed without the need of
False. There is a different between a an assessment, which recognizes that
false return and a fraudulent return. The
first merely implies a deviation from the the civil liability of a taxpayer maybe
truth or fact whether intentional or not, established without the need of an
whereas the second is intentional and
deceitful with the aim of evading the assessment (Section 222(a), NIRC).
correct tax due (Aznar v. Commissioner,
GR NO. L-20569, Aug 23, 1974, 58 SCRA BIR: Failure to File Return; Criminal
519 (1974)). Actions in RTC (2010)
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return under Section 255 of the National CTA: Jurisdiction of the CTA (2010)
Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) was filed by
the Department of Justice (DOJ) with the (Ic) In criminal cases where the Court of
Manila Regional Trial Court (RTC) against Tax Appeals (CTA) has exclusive original
XX, a Manila resident. jurisdiction, the right to file a separate civil
action for the recovery of taxes may be
reserved. (1%)
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Customs: Prescription Period to Assess and applied for a refund of the excess tax
(2013) credits.
(VI) On October 15, 2005, ABC Corp. Will the claim for refund prosper? (6%)
imported 1,000 kilos of steel ingots and
paid customs duties and VAT to the Bureau SUGGESTED ANSWER:
of Customs on the importation. On
February 17, 2009, the Bureau of Customs, No. The claim for refund will not
citing provisions of the Tariff and Customs prosper. While the law gives the taxpayer
Code on post-audit, investigated and an option to whether carry-over or claim
assessed ABC Corp. for deficiency customs as refund the excess tax credits shown
duties and VAT. on its final adjustment return, once the
option to carry-over has been made,
Is the Bureau of Customs correct? (7%) such option shall be considered
irrevocable for that taxable period and
SUGGESTED ANSWER: no application for cash refund or
issuance of a tax credit certificate shall
No. The Bureau of Customs (BOC) has be allowed. (Sec 76, NIRC; CIR v. PL
lost its right to assess deficiency Management International Phils., Inc.,
customs duties and VAT. The imported April 4, 2011, 647 SCRA 72 (2011) G.R.
steel ingots in 2005 have been entered No. 160949).
and the customs duties thereon had
been paid by thereby making the Taxpayer: Claim for Refund;
liquidation of the importation final and Substantiation Requirement (2009)
conclusive upon all parties after the
expiration of three (3) years from the (IV) International Technologies, Inc. (ITI)
date of final payment of duties and taxes filed a claim for refund for unutilized input
(Sec 1603, TCC, as amended by RA VAT with the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA). In
9135). the course of the trial, ITI engaged the
services of an independent Certified Public
[Note: Insofar as VAT on importation is Accountant (CPA) who examined the
concerned, the underpayment will be voluminous invoices and receipts of ITI. ITI
automatically cured when these are credited offered in evidence only the summary
against the output tax due upon sale by the prepared by the CPA, without the invoices
imported when the VAT return is filed. Be and the receipts, and then submitted the
that as it may, an assessment for deficiency case for decision.
VAT can only be made by the BIR (not by
BOC), VAT being an internal revenue tax, Can the CTA grant ITI's claim for refund
within three (3) years from the last day based only on the CPA's summary?
prescribed by law for filing of the VAT Explain. (4%)
return. (Sec 203, NIRC)].
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Taxpayer: Claim for Refund; Carry-Over
Option is Irrevocable (2013) No. The summary prepared by the CPA
does not prove anything unless the
(I)In its final adjustment return for the 2010 documents which were the basis of the
taxable year, ABC Corp. had excess tax summary are submitted to the CTA and
credits arising from its over-withholding of adduced in evidence. The invoices and
income payments. It opted to carry over the receipts must be presented because they
excess tax credits to the following year. are the only real and direct evidence
Subsequently, ABC Corp. changed its mind that would enable the Court to
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determine with particular certainty the authority to file a claim for refund and
basis of the refund (CIR v. Rio Tuba to bring an action for recovery of such
Nickel Mining Corp., 207 SCRA 549 claim (CIR v. Procter & Gamble, 204
(1992)). SCRA 377, (1991)).
Taxpayer: Claim for Refund; Withholding Taxpayer: Tax Credit; Off-Setting (2007)
Agent as a Proper Party (2009)
XIII. ABC Corporation won a tax refund
X(A) ABCD Corporation (ABCD) is a
domestic corporation with individual and case for P150 Million. Upon execution of the
corporate shareholders who are residents of judgment and when trying to get the Tax
the United States. For the 2 nd quarter of
1983, these U.S.-based individual and Credit Certificates (TCC) representing the
corporate stockholders received cash refund, the Bureau of Internal Revenue
dividends from the corporation. The
corresponding withholding tax on dividend (BIR) refused to issue the TCC on the basis
income --- 30% for individual and 35% for of the fact that the corporation is under
corporate non-resident stockholders --- was
deducted at source and remitted to the BIR. audit by the BIR and it has a potential tax
liability. Is there a valid justification for the
On May 15, 1984, ABCD filed with the
BIR to withhold the issuance of the TCC?
Commissioner of Internal Revenue a formal
claim for refund, alleging that under the Explain your answer briefly? (5%)
RP-US Tax Treaty, the deduction withheld
at source as tax on dividends earned was SUGGESTED ANSWER:
fixed at 25% of said income. Thus, ABCD
asserted that it overpaid the withholding
tax due on the cash dividends given to its The BIR has no valid justification to
non-resident stockholders in the U.S. The withhold the TCC. Offsetting the amount
Commissioner denied the claim.
of TCC against a potential tax liability is
On January 17, 1985, ABCD filed a petition not allowed, because both obligations are
with the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA)
reiterating its demand for refund. no yet fully-liquidated. While the amount
of the TCC has been determined; the
Does ABCD Corporation have the legal amount of deficiency tax is yet to be
personality to file the refund on behalf of its
non-resident stockholders? Why or why determined through the completion of
not? (3%) the audit. (Philex Mining Corporation v.
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VIII. In the examination conducted by the of the BIR in its Final Assessment Notice
revenue officials against the corporate and Demand Letter led the taxpayer to
taxpayer in 2010, the BIR issued a final conclude that only a final judicial ruling
assessment notice and demand letter which in his favor would be accepted by the
states: It is requested that the above BIR. The taxpayer cannot be blamed for
deficiency tax be paid immediately upon not filing a protest against the Formal
incident to delinquency. This is our final Notices since the language used and the
decision based on investigation. If you tenor of the demand letter indicate that
disagree you may appeal this time, decision it is the final decision of the respondent
within thirty (30) days from receipt hereof, on the matter. The CIR should indicate,
the Court of Tax Appeals, without filing its taxpayer concerned to determine when
protest against the assessment and without his or her right to appeal to the tax
a denial thereof by the BIR. If you were the court accrues. Although there was no
judge, would you deny the petition for direct reference for the taxpayer to bring
review filed by the taxpayer and consider the matter directly to the CTA, it cannot
the case as prematurely filed? Explain your be denied that the word appeal under
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Yes. The protest was filed out of time, Taxpayer: Protest against Final
hence the CTA does not acquire Assessment Notice (2010)
jurisdiction over the matter (CIR v. Atlas
Mining and Development Corp. (2000)). (IV) On March 10, 2010, Continental, Inc.
received a preliminary assessment notice
b. Assume that the CTA's decision (PAN) dated March 1, 2010 issued by the
dismissing the petition for review Commissioner of Internal Revenue (CIR) for
has become final. May the deficiency income tax for its taxable year
Commissioner legally enforce 2008. It failed to protest the PAN. The CIR
collection of the delinquent tax? thereupon issued a final assessment notice
Explain. (4%) (FAN) with letter of demand on April 30,
2010. The FAN was received by the
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SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Local & Real Property Taxes Yes. Under Sec. 165 of the Local
Government Code, the taxable period for
Local Taxation: Business Tax: Taxable the payment of business taxes is the
Period, Payment in Instalment (2008) calendar year.
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interest on any taxes not paid (Sec. 192, legislative franchises state that they will
Local Government Code). pay only 5% franchise tax in lieu of all
taxes.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The Province of Zamboanga del Norte
No, There is no ordinance authorizing
passed an ordinance in 1997 that imposes
the instalment payment of business
a local franchise tax on all
taxes without interest and surcharges
telecommunication companies operation
(See Sec. 192, Local Government Code).
within the province. The tax is 50% of 1% of
the gross annual receipts of the preceding
Local Taxation: Business Tax on
Contractors (2010) calendar year based on the incoming
receipts, or receipts realized, within its
(IIe) What is the basis for the computation
of business tax on contractors under the territorial jurisdiction.
Local Government Code? (2%)
Is the ordinance valid? Are PLDT, Smart
SUGGESTED ANSWER: and Globe liable to pay franchise taxes?
The business tax on contractors is a Reason briefly. (10%)
graduated annual fixed tax based on the
gross receipts for the preceding calendar SUGGESTED ANSWER:
year. However, when the gross receipts
amount to P2 million or more, the
business tax on contractors is imposed The ordinance is valid. The Local
as a percentage tax at the rate of 50% of Government Code explicitly authorizes
1% (Sec 143 (e), LGC).
provincial governments, notwithstanding
any law or other special law, to impose a
Local Taxation: Legality/
tax on business enjoying a franchise at
Constitutionality; Legislative Franchise
(2007) the rate of 50% of 1% based on the gross
annual receipts during the preceding
year within the province. (Section 137,
LGC).
0 The Local
PLDT is liable to the franchise tax levied
Government Code took effect on January 1,
by the province of Zamboanga del Norte.
1992.
The tax exemption privileges on
franchises granted before the passage of
PLDTs legislative franchise was granted
the Local Government Code are
sometime before 1992. Its franchise
effectively repealed by the latter law.
provides that PLDT will only pay 3%
franchise tax in lieu of all taxes.
(PLDT v. City of Davao, 363 SCRA 522 examination and lawyers are included
within that class of professionals.
[2001]).
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
Smart and Globe, however, are not liable
to the franchise tax imposed under the The ordinance is valid. The ordinance is
not discriminatory because it complies
provincial ordinance. The legislative with the rule of equality and uniformity
franchises of Smart and Globe were in taxation. Equality and uniformity in
local taxation means that all subjects or
granted in 1998, long after the Local objects of taxation belonging to the same
Government Code took effect. Congress class shall be taxed at the same rate
within the territorial jurisdiction of the
is deemed to have been aware of the taxing authority or local government
provisions of the earlier law, when it unit and not necessarily in comparison
with other units although belonging to
granted the exemption. Accordingly, the the same political subdivision. In fine,
uniformity is required only within the
latest will of the legislature to grant tax
geographical limits of the taxing
exemption must be respected. authority. It is not for the Court to judge
what particular cities or municipalities
should be empowered to impose
Local Taxation; Constitutionality; occupation tax. In case at bar, the
Professional or Occupation Taxes (2009) imposition of the occupation tax to
persons exercising various professionals
(VIII) The City of Manila enacted Ordinance in the city is well within the authority of
No. 55-66 which imposes a municipal the City of Manila (Punsalan et. al. v.
occupation tax on persons practicing City of Manila, 95 Phil. 46 (1954)).
various professions in the city. Among
those subjected to the occupation tax were
lawyers. Atty. Mariano Batas, who has a Local Taxation; Legality/
law office in Manila, pays the ordinance- Constitutionality; Regulatory Measures
imposed occupation tax under protest. He (2009)
goes to court to assail the validity of the
ordinance for being discriminatory. Decide (VI) The Sanggunian Bayan of the
with reasons. (3%) Municipality of Sampaloc, Quezon, passed
an ordinance imposing a storage fee of ten
SUGGESTED ANSWER: centavos (P0.10) for every 100 kilos of copra
deposited in any bodega within the
The ordinance is valid. The tax imposed Municipality's jurisdiction. The
by the ordinance is in the nature of a Metropolitan Manufacturing Corporation
professional tax which is authorized by (MMC), with principal office in Makati, is
law to be imposed by cities (Sec 151 in engaged in the manufacture of soap, edible
relation o Sec 139, LGC). The ordinance oil, margarine, and other coconut oil-based
is not discriminatory because the City products. It has a warehouse in Sampaloc,
Council has the power to select the Quezon, used as storage space for the copra
subjects of taxation and impose the purchased in Sampaloc and nearby towns
same tax on those belonging to the same before the same is shipped to Makati. MMC
class. The authority given by law to goes to court to challenge the validity of the
cities is to impose a professional tax ordinance, demanding the refund of the
only on persons engaged in the practice storage fees it paid under protest.
of their profession requiring government
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them the authority to create their own Was the assessment proper? (5%)
sources of revenue. The local
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
government units do not exercise the
power to tax as an inherent power or by Yes, the assessment is proper. The land,
a valid delegation of the power by the although owned by the municipality, is
not exempt from real property tax
Congress, but pursuant to a direct because the beneficial use has been
authority conferred by the Constitution. granted to a taxable person. (Sec 234 (a),
LGC)
(Mactan Cebu International Airport
Authority v. Marcos, 261 SCRA 667 Real Property Tax; Exemption; Religious
Activities (2010)
[1996]; NPC v. City of Cabanatuan, 401
SCRA 259 [2003]). (XIV) A inherited a two-storey building in
Makati from his father, a real estate broker
The local government units exercise the in the 60s. A group of Tibetan monks
approached A and offered to lease the
power to tax by levying taxes, fees and building in order to use it as a venue for
charges consistent with the basic policy their Buddhist rituals and ceremonies. A
accepted the rental of P1 million for the
of local autonomy, and to assess and whole year.
collect all these taxes, fees and charges
The following year, the City Assessor issued
which will exclusively accrue to them. an assessment against A for non-payment
The local government units are of real property taxes.
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Baguio v. Busuego, L-29772, Sept 18, into electricity. This belies the claim
1980). that RPC, a government-owned and
controlled corporation engaged in the
Real Property Taxation: Liable for supply, generation and transmission of
Payment; Taxpayer (2009) electric power, is the actual, direct and
exclusive user of the barge, hence, does
not fall within the purview of the
(IX) Republic Power Corporation (RPC) is a
exempting provision of Sec 234(c) of RA
government-owned and controlled
7160. Likewise, the argument that RPC
corporation engaged in the supply,
should be liable to the real property
generation and transmission of electric
taxes consonant with the contract is
power. In 2005, in order to provide
devoid of merit. The liability for the
electricity to Southern Tagalog provinces,
payment of the real estate taxes is
RPC entered into an agreement with Jethro
determined by law and not by the
Energy Corporation (JEC), for the lease of
agreement of the parties (FELS Energy
JEC's power barges which shall be berthed
Inc. v. The Province of Batangas, 516
at the port of Batangas City. The contract
SCRA 186 (2007)).
provides that JEC shall own the power
barges and the fixtures, fittings, machinery,
and equipment therein, all of which JEC
shall supply at its own cost, and that JEC
shall operate, manage and maintain the Real Property Taxation: Liable for
power barges for the purpose of converting Payment; Period (2012)
the fuel of RPC into electricity. The contract
also stipulates that all real estate taxes and 0 Mr. Jose Castillo is a resident Filipino
assessments, rates and other charges, in citizen. He purchased a parcel of land in
respect of the power barges, shall be for the Makati City in 1970 at a consideration of
account of RPC. P1 Million. In 2011, the land, which
remained undeveloped and idle had a fair
In 2007, JEC received an assessment of market value of P20 Million. Mr. Antonio
real property taxes on the power barges Ayala, another Filipino citizen, is very much
from the Assessor of Batangas City. JEC interested in the property and he offered to
sought reconsideration of the assessment buy the same for P20 Million. The Assessor
on the ground that the power barges are of Makati City re-assessed in 2011 the
exempt from real estate taxes under Section property at P10 Million.
234 [c] of R.A. 7160 as they are actually,
directly and exclusively used by RPC, a 0 When is Mr. Castillo liable for real
government-owned and controlled property tax on the land beginning 2011 or
corporation. Furthermore, even assuming beginning 2012? Explain your answer. (2%)
that the power barges are subject to real
property tax, RPC should be held liable
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
therefor, in accordance with the terms of
the lease agreement. Is the contention of
JEC correct? Explain your answer. (4%)
Mr. Castillo shall be liable to the real
property tax based on the re-assessment
SUGGESTED ANSWER: beginning 2012. All re-assessments made
after the first day of any year shall take
No, the contention of JEC is not correct. effect on the first day of January of the
The owner of the power barges is JEC succeeding year (Section 221,LGC).
which is required to operate, manage
and maintain the power barges for the [Note: The question is misleading. Mr.
purpose of converting the fuel of RPC Castillo is liable to the real property tax on
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the property when he became the owner and unappeallable. Since no decision on
thereof although his liability increases upon the protest was made, the taxpayer
re-assessment of the property.] should have appealed to the RTC within
30 days from the lapse of the period to
decide the protest (Sec 195, LGC).
Remedies in Local Taxes
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parked inside the garage of Jessie's he waives in writing his privilege under
residence? Why or why not? (4%) Republic Act No. 1405 (Bank Secrecy
Law) or under other general or special
SUGGESTED ANSWER: laws, and such waiver shall constitute
the authority of the Commissioner to
No. The luxury car being in a dwelling inquire into the bank deposits of the
house, cannot be seized by officers of taxpayer (Section 6, NIRC).
the Bureau of Customs exercising police
authority without a search warrant 0 In 2011 the Commissioner of the US
issued by a judge of a competent court Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requested in
(Sec 2209, TCC; Pacis v. Pamaran, 56 writing the Commissioner of Internal
SCRA 16 (1974)). Revenue to get the information from a bank
in the Philippines, regarding the deposits of
a US Citizen residing in the Philippines,
who is under examination by the officials of
Other Related Matters the US IRS, pursuant to the US- Philippine
Tax Treaty and other existing laws. Should
the BIR Commissioner agree to obtain such
information from the bank and provide the
same to the IRS? Explain your answer. (5%)
BIR: Bank Deposits Secrecy Violation
(2012) SUGGESTED ANSWER:
VII. (A) May the bank deposits peso and Yes. The Commissioner should agree to
foreign currency of an individual taxpayer the request pursuant to the principle of
be disclosed by a commercial bank to the international comity. The Commissioner
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, in of Internal Revenue has the authority to
connection with a tax investigation being inquire into bank deposit accounts and
conducted by revenue officials, without related information held by financial
violating the relevant bank secrecy laws? institutions of a specific taxpayer
Explain your answer. (5%) subject of a request for the supply of tax
information from a foreign tax authority
SUGGESTED ANSWER: pursuant to an international convention
or agreement to which the Philippines is
No. As a general rule, bank deposits of an a signatory or party of (Section 3, RA
individual taxpayer may not be disclosed 10021).
by a commercial bank to the
Commissioner. As exceptions, the 0 Is the bank secrecy law in the
Commissioner is authorized to inquire Philippines violated when the BIR issues a
into the bank deposits of: (1) a decedent Warrant of Garnishment directed against a
to determine his gross estate; and (2) domestic bank requiring it not to allow any
any taxpayer who has filed an withdrawal from any existing bank deposit
application for compromise of his tax of the delinquent taxpayer mentioned in the
liability by reason of financial incapacity Warrant and to freeze the same until the
to pay his tax liability. tax delinquency of said taxpayer is settled
with the BIR? Explain your answer. (5%)
In case a taxpayer files an application to
compromise the payment of his tax SUGGESTED ANSWER:
liabilities on his claim that his financial
position demonstrates a clear inability No. Garnishment is an administrative
to pay the tax assessed, his application remedy allowed by law to enforce a tax
shall not be considered unless and until liability. Bank accounts shall be
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have the storage facilities for glass convenience of the employer and
panels. was necessary for its business.
SUGGESTED ANSWER: 0 There was a taxable fringe
(B)Characteristics of Taxes benefit since the stay at the house
was for free.
IX. Prior to the VAT law, sales of cars were 1 There was a taxable fringe
subject to a sales tax but the tax applied benefit because the house was very
only to the original or the first sale; the luxurious.
second and subsequent sales were not 2 There was no taxable fringe
subject to tax. benefit because the company
Deltoid Motors, Inc. (Deltoid) hit on the idea president was only required to stay
of setting up a wholly-owned subsidiary, there and did not demand free
Gonmad Motors, Inc. (Gonmad), and of housing.
selling its assembled cars to Gonmad at a SUGGESTED ANSWER:
low price so it would pay a lower tax on the (A)Section 33, NIRC; RR No. 3-98
first sale. Gonmad would then sell the cars
to the public at a higher price without XI. Taxpayer A was required by the BIR to
paying any sales tax on this subsequent sign and submit a waiver of the statute of
sale. limitations on the assessment period, to
Characterize the arrangement. (1%) give the BIR more time to complete its
A. The plan is a legitimate exercise investigation. The BIR accepted the waiver
of tax planning and merely takes but failed to indicate the date of its
advantage of a loophole in the law. acceptance.
B. The plan is legal because the What is the legal status of the waiver? (1%)
government collects taxes anyway. 0 The waiver is valid because the
C. The plan is improper; the veil date of acceptance is immaterial and
of corporate fiction can be pierced unimportant.
so that the second sale will be 1 The waiver is invalid; the
considered the taxable sale. taxpayer cannot be required to
D. The government must waive the statute of limitations.
respect 2 The waiver is invalid; the date
Gonmad's separate juridical of acceptance is crucial in
personality and Deltoid's taxable counting the start of the period of
sale to it. suspension of the prescriptive
SUGGESTED ANSWER: period.
(C)Koppel Philippines Inc. v. Yatco, 77 3 The waiver is valid, having been
Phil 496 accepted by the BIR.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
X. PRT Corp. purchased a residential house (C)Commissioner v. Kudos Metal Corp.,
and lot with a swimming pool in an upscale G.R. No. 178087, May 5, 2010
subdivision and required the company
president to stay there without paying rent; XII. Taxpayer Andy received on January 3,
it reasoned out that the company president 2010 a preliminary assessment notice (PAN)
must maintain a certain image and be able from the BIR, stating that he had fifteen
to entertain guests at the house to promote 0 days from its receipt to comment or to
the company's business. The company file a protest. Eight (8) days later (or on
president declared that because they are January11, 2010), before he could
childless, he and his wife could very well comment or file a protest, Andy received the
live in a smaller house. final assessment notice (FAN).
Was there a taxable fringe benefit? (1%) Decide on the validity of the FAN. (1%)
0 The FAN is invalid; Andy was
not given the chance to respond
0
There was no taxable fringe
benefit since it was for the
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to the PAN, in violation of his due Rule on the CIR's action. (1%)
process rights. 0 The CIR is wrong; a donation
0 The FAN is invalid for being must be express.
premature. 1 The CIR is wrong; financial
1 The FAN is valid since it was capacity is not a requirement for a
issued before the right to assess valid sale.
prescribed. 2 The CIR is correct; the amount
2 The FAN is valid. There is no involved is huge and ultimately ends
legal requirement that the FAN up with the children.
should await the protest to the PAN 3 The CIR is correct; there was
because protest to the PAN is not animus donandi since the
mandatory. children had no financial capacity
SUGGESTED ANSWER: to be co-purchasers.
(A)Section 228, NIRC; RR No. 12-99 SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(D)Spouse Evono v. Department of
XIII. MSI Corp. imports orange and lemon Finance, et. al., CTA EB Case No. 705,
concentrates as raw materials for the fruit June 4, 2012
drinks it sells locally. The Bureau of
Customs (BOC) imposed a 1% duty rate on XV. Pheleco is a power generation and
the concentrates. Subsequently, the BOC distribution company operating mainly
changed its position and held that the from the City of Taguig. It owns electric
concentrates should be taxed at 7% duty poles which it also rents out to other
rate. MSI disagreed with the ruling and companies that use poles such as telephone
questioned it in the CTA which upheld and cable companies. Taguig passed an
MSI's position. The Commissioner of ordinance imposing a fee equivalent to 1%
Customs appealed to the CTA en bane of the annual rental for these poles. Pheleco
without filing a motion for reconsideration. questioned 'the legality of the ordinance on
Resolve the appeal. (1%) the ground that it imposes an income tax
(A) The appeal should be which local government units (LGUs) are
dismissed because a motion for prohibited from imposing.
reconsideration is mandatory. Rule on the validity of the ordinance. (1%)
0 The appeal should be dismissed
for having been filed out of time.
1 The appeal should be given due 0
course since a motion for The ordinance is void; the fee is
reconsideration is a useless based on rental income and is
exercise. therefore a tax on income.
2 The appeal should be upheld to
be fair to the government which
needs taxes. 1
SUGGESTED ANSWER: The ordinance is valid as a
(A)RA 9282; Rule 8, Revised Rules of the legitimate exercise of police
CTA power to regulate electric poles.
XIV. The spouses Jun and Elvira Sandoval
purchased a piece of land for P5,000,000 2
and included their two (2) minor children as The ordinance is void; 1% of annual
co-purchasers in the Deed of Absolute Sale. rental is excessive and oppressive.
The Commissioner of Internal Revenue
(CIR) ruled that there was an implied
donation and assessed donors' taxes 3
against the spouses. The ordinance is valid; an LGU may
impose a tax on income.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(B)Section 129, RA 7160
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(A) She had a taxable income of 0 Mr. Z did not commit smuggling
P100,000 since income is income because the shipment has not left
from whatever source. the customs area.
0 She had no taxable income SUGGESTED ANSWER:
because it was a donation. (A)Section 3601, TCCP; Rieta v. People
1 She had taxable income since of the Philippines, 436 SCRA 273
she made a profit.
2 She had no taxable income XIX. Mr. A was preparing his income tax
since moral damages are return and had some doubt on whether a
compensatory. commission he earned should be declared
SUGGESTED ANSWER: for the current year or for the succeeding
(D)Section 32 (B)(4), NIRC year. He sought the opinion of his lawyer
who advised him to report the commission
XVII. Mr. Mayuga donated his residential in the succeeding year. He heeded his
house and lot to his son and duly paid the lawyer's advice and reported the
donor's tax. In the Deed of Donation, Mr. commission in the succeeding year. The
Mayuga expressly reserved for himself the lawyer's advice turned out to be wrong; in
usufruct over the property for as long as he Mr. A's petition against the BIR
lived. assessment, the court ruled against Mr. A.
Describe the donated property from the Is Mr. A guilty of fraud? (1%)
taxation perspective. (1%) 0 Mr. A is not guilty of fraud as
0 The property will form part of he simply followed the advice of
Mr. Mayuga's gross estate when his lawyer.
he dies. 1 Mr. A is guilty of fraud; he
1 The property will not fom1 part deliberately did not report the
of Mr. Mayuga's gross estate when commission in the current year
he dies because he paid the donor's when he should have done so.
tax. 2 Mr. A's lawyer should pay the tax
2 The property will form part of for giving the wrong advice.
Mr. Mayuga's gross estate because 3 Mr. A is guilty for failing to
he died soon after the donation. consult his accountant.
3 The property will not form part of SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Mr. Mayuga's gross estate because it (A)CIR v. CA, G.R. No. 119322, June 4,
is no longer his. 1996
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(A)Section 85(B), NIRC 0 The BIR, through the Commissioner,
instituted a system requiring taxpayers to
XVIII. Mr. Z made an importation which he submit to the BIR a summary list of their
declared at the Bureau of Customs (BOC) sales and purchases during the year,
as "Used Truck Replacement Parts". Upon indicating the name of the seller or the
investigation, the container vans contained buyer and the amount. Based on these
15 units of Porsche and Ferrari cars. lists, the BIR discovered that in 2004 ABC
Characterize Mr. Z's action. (1%) Corp. purchased from XYZ Corp. goods
0 Mr. Z committed smuggling. worthP5,000,000. XYZ Corp. did not
1 Mr. Z did not commit smuggling declare these for income tax purposes as its
because he submitted his shipment reported gross sales for 2004was only
to BOC examination. Pl,000,000.
2 Mr. Z only made a Which of the following defenses may XYZ
misdeclaration, but did not commit Corp. interpose in an assessment against it
smuggling. by the BIR? (1%)
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(passive income), while the gross receipts
tax is on the interest Income received by
0The
BIR has no authority to obtain third
party information to assess
taxpayers.
1The
third party information is
inadmissible as hearsay evidence.
2The
system of requiring taxpayers to
submit third party information is
illegal for violating the
right to privacy.
(D) None of the above.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
(D)Sections 5 and 6, NIRC
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BPI, G.R. No. 147375 dated June 26, 0 The assessed taxes must be enforced by
2006) the government.
1 The underlying basis of taxation is
0 Which of the following statements is government necessity, for without
NOT correct? taxation, a government can neither exist
nor endure;
0 In case of doubt, statutes levying taxes 2 Taxation is an arbitrary method of
are construed strictly against the exaction by those who are in the seat of
government; power;
1 The construction of a statute made by 3 The power of taxation is an inherent
his predecessors is not binding upon the power of the sovereign to impose burdens
successor, if thereafter he becomes satisfied upon subjects and objects within its
that a different construction should be jurisdiction for the purpose of raising
given; revenues.
2 The reversal of a ruling shall not SUGGESTED ANSWER:
generally be given retroactive application, if 0 Taxes are the lifeblood of the
said reversal will be prejudicial to the government, for without taxes, the
taxpayer; government can neither exist nor
3 A memorandum circular promulgated endure. A principal attribute of
by the CIR that imposes penalty for sovereignty, the exercise of taxing power
violations of certain rules needed not be derives its source from the very
published in a newspaper of general existence of the state whose social
circulation or official gazette because it contract with its citizens obliges it to
has the force and effect of law. promote public interest and common
SUGGESTED ANSWER: good. The theory behind the exercise of
0 A revenue memorandum circular the power to tax emanates from
shall not begin to be operative until after necessity; without taxes, government
due notice thereof may be fairly cannot fulfil its mandate of promoting
presumed (Commissioner of Internal the general welfare and well-being of the
Revenue vs. Philippine Airlines, G.R. No. people. (National Power Corporation vs.
180066 dated July 8, 2009). City of Cabanatuan, G.R. No. 149110
April 9, 2003).
0 All taxable incomes, regardless of the 0 For income tax purposes, the source of
nature of income, are added together to the service income is important for the
arrive at gross income, and all allowable taxpayer, who is a:
taxable income;
1 All incomes subject to final 0 Filipino citizen residing in Makati City;
withholding taxes are liable to income 1 Non-resident Filipino citizen working
tax under the schedular tax system, and residing in London, United Kingdom;
while all ordinary income as well as 2 Japanese citizen who is married to a
income not subject to final withholding Filipina citizen and residing in their family
taxes are liable to income tax under the, home located in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City;
global tax system; 3 Domestic corporation.
2 All taxable incomes are subject to final SUGGESTED ANSWER:
withholding taxes under the schedular tax 0 Section 23 in relation to Section 42,
system; NIRC
3 All taxable incomes from sources within [NOTE: C is also a correct answer
and without the Philippines are liable to considering that resident aliens are also
income tax. taxable only on income derived from
SUGGESTED ANSWER: within the Philippines]
0 General Principles of Taxation
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of the choices which might not be the amount thereof could be determined
noticed by the examinee.] with reasonable accuracy;
0 A person who uses the completed
0 The interest expense of a domestic method, whereby the construction project
corporation on a bank loan in connection has been completed during the year the
with the purchase of a production contract was signed.
equipment: SUGGESTED ANSWER:
0 The accrual of income and expense is
0 Is not deductible from gross income of permitted when the all-events test has
the borrower corporation; been met. This test requires: (1) fixing of
1 Is deductible from the gross income a right to income or liability to pay; and
of the borrower-corporation during the 0 the availability of the reasonable
year or it may be capitalized as part of accurate determination of such income
cost of the equipment; or liability.
2 Is deductible only for a period of five
years from date of purchase; The all-events test requires the right to
3 Is deductible only if the taxpayer uses income or liability be fixed, and the
the cash method of accounting. amount of such income or liability be
SUGGESTED ANSWER: determined with reasonable accuracy.
0 Section 34(B)(3), NIRC However, the test does not demand that
the amount of income or liability be
(17) The all events test refers to: known absolutely, only that a taxpayer
has at his disposal the information
0 A person who uses the cash method necessary to compute the amount with
where all sales have been fully paid by the reasonable accuracy. The all-events test
buyers thereof; is satisfied where computation remains
1 A person who uses the instalment sales uncertain, if its basis is unchangeable;
method, where the full amount of the test is satisfied where a computation
consideration is paid in full by the buyer may be unknown, but is not as much
thereof within the year of sale; unknowable, within the taxable year. The
2 A person who uses the accrual amount of liability does not have to be
method, whereby an expense is determined exactly; it must be
deductible for the taxable year in which determined with reasonable accuracy.
all the events had occurred which (Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs.
determined the fact of the liability and
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All the items below are excluded from gross ABS Corporation is a PEZA-registered
income, except: export enterprise which manufactures
cameras and sells all its finished products
Gain from sale of long-term bonds, abroad. Which statement is NOT correct?
debentures and indebtedness;
Value of property received by a person as ABS Corporation is subject to the 5%
donation or inheritance; final tax on gross income earned, in lieu
Retirement benefits received from the GSIS, of all national and local taxes;
SSS, or accredited retirement plan; ABS Corporation is exempt from the 30%
Separation pay received by a retiring corporate income tax on net income,
employee under a voluntary retirement provided it pays value added tax.
program of the corporate employer. ABS Corporation is subject to the 30%
SUGGESTED ANSWER: corporate income tax on net income;
Section 32(B)(6) ABS Corporation is exempt from all
national and local taxes, except real
Which statement is correct? A non-stock, property tax.
non-profit charitable association that sells SUGGESTED ANSWER:
its idle agricultural property is: Sections 23 & 24, RA 7916
Not required to file an income tax return, In May 2010, Mr. and Mrs. Melencio
nor pay income tax one the transaction to Antonio donated a house and lot with a fair
the BIR, provided the sales proceeds are market value of P10 million to their son,
invested in another real estate during the Roberto, who is to be married during the
year; same year to Josefina Angeles. Which
Required to pay the 6% capital gains tax statement below is INCORRECT?
on the gross selling price or fair market
value, whichever is higher; There are four (4) donations made - two
Mandated to pay the 30% regular corporate (2) donations are made by Mr. Melencio
income tax on the gain from sale; Antonio to Roberto and Josefina, and two
Required to withhold the applicable (2) donations are made by Mrs. Antonio;
expanded withholding tax rate on the The four (4) donations are made by the
transaction and remit the same to the BIR. Spouses Antonio to members of the family,
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While he was traveling with friends, Mr. 5%/10% capital gains tax on the capital
Jose Francisco, resident Filipino citizen, gain from sale of P40 per share (P50 selling
died on January 20, 2011 in a California price less P10 cost);
Hospital, USA, leaving personal and real 5/%10% capital gains tax on the capital
properties with market values as follows: gain of P50 per share, arrived at by
House and Lot in Quezon City- P10 million; deducting the cost (P10 per share) from the
Cash in bank in California - US$10,000.00; book value (P60 per share);
Citibank in New York - US$5,000.00; Cash 5%/10% capital gains tax on the capital
in BPI Makati - P4 million; Car in Quezon gain from sale of P40 per share (P50
City - P1 million; Shares of stocks of Apple selling price less P10 cost) plus donors
Corporation, US corporation listed in NY tax on the excess of the fair market
Stock Exchange - US $5,000.00. Funeral value of the shares over the
expenses paid - P2 million. Assume consideration;
conversion rate of US$1=Php50. His gross Graduated income tax rates of 5% to 32%
estate for the Philippine estate tax purposes on the net taxable income from the sale of
shall be: the shares.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
13 Million; Section 24(C) in relation to Section 100,
14 Million; NIRC; RR No. 6-2008
15 Million;
16 Million On January 10, 2011, Maria Reyes, single-
mother, donated cash in the amount
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of P50,000.00 to her daughter Cristina, and Sale of residential house and lot by an
on December 20, 2011, she donated official of a domestic corporation to another
another P50,000.00 to Cristina. Which official in the same corporation for a
statement is correct? consideration of P2.5 million in 2011 is:
Maria Reyes is subject to donors tax in Exempt from VAT because the gross sales
2011 because gross gift is P100,000.00; do not exceed P2.5 million;
Maria Reyes is exempt from donors tax Exempt from VAT because the property
in 2011 because gross gift is sold is a capital asset, regardless of the
P100,000.00; gross selling price;
Maria Reyes is exempt from donors tax in Exempt from VAT because the seller is not
2011 only to the extent of P50,000.00; a person engaged in real estate business;
Maria Reyes is exempt from donors tax in Taxable at 12% VAT output tax on the
2011 because the donee is minor. gross selling price of P2.5 million.
SUGGESTED ANSWER: Which statement above is INCORRECT?
Section 99(A), NIRC SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Section 106, NIRC
Jose Ramos, single, died of a heart attack
on October 10, 2011. leaving a residential An importer of flowers from abroad in 2011:
house and lot with a market value of P1.8
million and cash of P100,000.00. Funeral Is liable for VAT, if it registers as a VAT
expenses paid amounted to P250,000.00. person;
Is exempt from VAT, because the goods are
His estate will be exempt from estate tax treated as agricultural products;
because the net estate is zero; Is exempt from VAT, provided that his total
His estate will be subject to estate tax importation of flowers does not exceed P1.5
because net estate is P1,650,000.00; Million;
His estate will be subject to estate tax Is liable for VAT, despite the fact that it
because net estate is P1,700,000.00; did not register as a VAT person and its
His estate will be subject to estate tax total annual sales of flowers do not
because net estate is P800,000.00. exceed P1.5 Million.
SUGGESTED ANSWER: SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Section 85 & 86, NIRC Section 107, NIRC
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Under the VAT system, there is no Gross receipts of a CPA during the year
cascading because the tax itself is not again amounted to P1 Million; the CPA
being taxed. However, in determining the registered as a VAT person in January
tax base on sale of taxable goods under the 2011, before practicing his profession;
VAT system: Sales of a book store during the year
amounted to P10 Million; it did not register
The professional tax paid by the as a VAT person with the BIR.
professional is included in gross receipts; SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The other percentage tax (e.g., gross Section 108, NIRC
receipts tax) paid by the taxpayer is
included in gross selling price; A lessor of real property is exempt from
The excise tax paid by the taxpayer value added tax in one of the transactions
before withdrawal of the goods from the below. Which one is it?
place of production or from customs
custody is included in the gross selling Lessor leases commercial stalls located in
price; the Greenhills Commercial Center to VAT-
The documentary stamp tax paid by the registered sellers of cell phones; lessors
taxpayer is included in the gross selling gross rental during the year amounted to P12
price or gross receipts. Million;
Lessor leases residential apartment units
SUGGESTED ANSWER: to individual tenants for P10,000.00 per
(C) Section 106, NIRC; RR No. 16-2005 month per unit; his gross rental income
during the year amounted to P2 Million;
Except for one transaction, the rest are Lessor leases commercial stalls at
exempt from value added tax. Which one is P10,000.00 per stall per month and
VAT taxable? residential units at P15,000.00 per unit per
month;
Sales of chicken by a restaurant owner who Lessor leases two (2) residential houses and
did not register as a VAT person and whose lots at P50,000.00 per month per unit, but
gross annual sales is P1.2 Million; he registered as a VAT person.
Sales of copra by a copra dealer to a SUGGESTED ANSWER:
coconut oil manufacturer who did not Section 109 (Q), NIRC
register as a VAT person and whose gross
annual sales is P5 Million;
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IBP Bank extended loans to debtors during [Note: This is not absolutely true because a
the year, with real properties of the debtors restaurant may sell the vegetables in their
being used as collateral to secure the loans. original state which will be exempt from
When the debtors failed to pay the unpaid VAT under Section 109(A), irrespective of
principal and interests after several who is the seller.]
demand letters, the bank foreclosed the
same and entered into contracts of lease Which importation in 2011 is subject to
with tenants. The bank is subject to the tax VAT?
as follows:
Importation of fuels by a person engaged in
12% VAT on the rental income, but exempt international shipping worth P20 Million;
from the 7% gross receipts tax; Importation of raw, unprocessed,
7% gross receipts tax on the rental refrigerated Kobe beef from Japan by a beef
income, but exempt from VAT; dealer for sale to hotels in Makati City with
Liable to both the 12% VAT and 7% gross a fair market value of P1.2 Million;
receipts tax; Importation of wines by a wine dealer
Exempt from both the 12% VAT and 7% with a fair market value of P2 Million for
gross receipts tax. sale to hotels in Makati City;
SUGGESTED ANSWER: Importation of books worth P5 Million and
Section 121, NIRC school supplies worth P1.2 Million.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Which transaction below is subject to VAT? Sections 107 & 109, NIRC
[Note: d) may also be a correct choice
Sale of vegetables by a farmer in Baguio because only importation of books is
City to a vegetable dealer; exempt from VAT. The importation of
Sale of vegetables by a vegetable dealer in school supplies is not exempt.]
Baguio City to another vegetable dealer in
Quezon City; Input tax is available to a VAT - registered
Sale of vegetables by the QC vegetable buyer, provided that:
dealer to a restaurant in Manila;
Sale of vegetables by the restaurant The seller is a VAT - registered person;
operator to its customers. The seller issues a VAT invoice or official
SUGGESTED ANSWER: receipt, which separately indicates the
Section 109, NIRC VAT component;
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The goods or service is subject to or exempt A hotel operator that is a VAT - registered
from VAT, but the sale is covered by a VAT person and who leases luxury vehicles to its
invoice or receipt issued by VAT-registered hotel customers is:
person;
The name and TIN of the buyer is not stated Subject to the 3% common carriers tax and
or shown in the VAT invoice or receipt. 12% VAT;
SUGGESTED ANSWER: Subject to the 3% common carriers tax
Section 113(B), NIRC only;
Subject to the 12% VAT only;
Claim for tax creditor refund of excess Exempt from both the 3% common carriers
input tax is available only to: tax and 12% VAT.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
A VAT - registered person whose sales are Section 108, NIRC
made to embassies of foreign governments
and United Nations agencies located in the Which statement is correct? A bar review
Philippines without the BIR approval of the center owned and operated by lawyers is:
application for zero-rating;
Any person who has excess input tax Exempt from VAT, regardless of its gross
arising from local purchases of taxable receipts during the year because it is an
goods and services; educational center;
A VAT - registered person whose sales are Exempt from VAT, provided that its
made to clients in the Philippines; annual gross receipts do not exceed P1.5
A VAT - registered person whose sales Million in 2011;
are made to customers outside the Subject to VAT, regardless of its gross
Philippines and who issued VAT invoices receipts during the year;
or receipts with the words ZERO RATED Subject to VAT, if it is duly accredited by
SALES imprinted on the sales invoices TESDA.
or receipts. SUGGESTED ANSWER:
SUGGESTED ANSWER: Section 109 (V), NIRC
Kepco Phils. Corp. v. CIR, G.R. No.
179961, January 31, 2011 For 2012, input tax is not available as a
credit against the output tax of the buyer of
taxable goods or services during the
quarter, if:
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When the taxpayer offers to compromise 2007 with the QC Post Office. Which
the assessed tax based on financial statement is correct?
incapacity to pay and he authorizes the
Commissioner in writing to look into his The assessment notice is void because it
bank records; was mailed beyond the prescriptive period;
When the taxpayer did not file his income The assessment notice is void because it
tax return for the year. was not received by the taxpayer within the
SUGGESTED ANSWER: three-year period from the date of filing of
Section 6(F), NIRC the tax return;
The assessment notice is void if the
The Commissioner of Internal Revenue taxpayer can show that the same was
issued a BIR ruling to the effect that the received only after one(1) month from date
transaction is liable to income tax and of mailing;
value added tax. Upon receipt of the ruling, The assessment notice is valid even if
a taxpayer does not agree thereto. What is the taxpayer received, the same after the
his proper remedy? three-year period from the date of filing
of the tax return.
File a petition for review with the Court of SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Tax Appeals within thirty(30) days from Section 203, NIRC; BPI v. CIR, G.R. No.
receipt thereof; 139736, October 17, 2005
File a motion for reconsideration with the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue; A Preliminary Assessment Notice (PAN) is
File an appeal to the Secretary of NOT required to be issued by the BIR before
Finance within thirty(30) days from issuing a Final Assessment Notice (FAN) in
receipt thereof; one of the following cases:
File an appeal to the Secretary of Justice
within thirty(30) days from receipt thereof. When a taxpayer does not pay the 2010
SUGGESTED ANSWER: deficiency income tax liability on or before
Section 4, NIRC July 15 of the year;
When the finding for any deficiency tax
On April 15, 2011, the Commissioner of is the result mathematical error in the
Internal Revenue mailed by registered mail computation of the tax as appearing on
the final assessment notice and the the face of the return;
demand letter covering the calendar year
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When a discrepancy has been determined protest was submitted by it on June 30,
between the value added tax paid and the 2011. If no denial of the protest was
amount due for the year; received by the taxpayer, when is the last
When the amount of discrepancy shown in day for the filing of its appeal to the CTA?
the Letter Notice is not paid within thirty
(30) days from date of receipt. November 30, 2011;
SUGGESTED ANSWER: December 30, 2011;
Section 228, NIRC January 30, 2012;
February 28, 2012.
When a protest against the deficiency SUGGESTED ANSWER:
income tax assessment was denied by the Section 228, NIRC
BIR Regional Director of Quezon City, the
appeal to the Court of Tax Appeals must be Using the same facts in the immediately
filed by a taxpayer: preceding number, but assuming that the
final decision on the disputed assessment
If the amount of basic tax assessed is was received by the taxpayer on July 30,
P100,000.00 or more; 2011, when is the last day for filing of the
If the amount of basic tax assessed is appeal to the CTA.
P300,000.00 or more;
If the amount of basic tax assessed is August 30, 2011;
P500,000.00 or more; September 30, 2011;
If the amount of basic tax assessed is P1 December 30, 2011;
Million or more. January 30, 2012.
SUGGESTED ANSWER: SUGGESTED ANSWER:
All the choices are correct. All the Section 228, NIRC (nearest answer but
decisions on disputed assessments are not a correct answer)
appealable to the CTA (in Division) [Note: The period to appeal is within 30
irrespective of the amount (Section 3, days from receipt of the final decision by
RA 9282). the Commissioner. The decision was
received on July 30, 2011 so the last day
The taxpayer received an assessment notice to perfect an appeal with the CTA is
on April 15, 2011 and filed its request for August 29, 2011. It is thus clear that the
reinvestigation against the assessment on question did not provide for the
April 30, 2011. Additional documentary CORRECT answer. Hence, it should be
evidence in support of its treated as a bonus question.]
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The taxpayer previously filed a Motion for Which statement is correct? The collection
Reconsideration with the BIR official; of a deficiency tax assessment by distraint
The taxpayer previously filed a request for and levy:
reconsideration with the BIR official;
The taxpayer previously filed a request May be repeated, if necessary, until the
for reinvestigation with the BIR official; full amount due, including all expenses,
The taxpayer previously filed an extension is collected;
to file a protest with the BIR official. Must be done successively, first by distraint
SUGGESTED ANSWER: and then by levy;
Section 228, NIRC; RCBC v. CIR Automatically covers the bank deposits of a
delinquent taxpayer;
The prescriptive period for the collection of May be done only once during the taxable
the deficiency tax assessment will be tolled: year.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
If the taxpayer files a request for Section 217, NIRC
reconsideration with the Asst.
Commissioner;
The prescriptive period to file a criminal
If the taxpayer files a request for
action is:
reinvestigation that is approved by the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue;
Ten (10) years from the date of discovery of
If the taxpayer changes his address in the
the commission of fraud or non-filing of tax
Philippines that is communicated to the
return;
BIR official;
Five (5) years from the date of issuance of
If a warrant of levy is served upon the
the final assessment notice;
taxpayers real property in Manila
Three (3) years from the filing of the annual
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
tax return;
(B) Section 223, NIRC; BPI v.
Five (5) years from the commission of
Commissioner, G.R. No. 139736, October
the violation of the law, and if the same
17, 2005
be not known at the time, from the
discovery thereof and the institution of
judicial proceedings for its investigation
and punishment.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Section 281, NIRC
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such amount or utilize the same against its Section 2227, Revised Administrative
income tax liability in the future; Code of 1917
X Corporation may file instead a claim of
tax credit, in lieu of refund. Which of the following statements is NOT a
SUGGESTED ANSWER: test of a valid ordinance?
Section 76, NIRC
The carryover of excess income tax It must not contravene the Constitution or
payments is no longer limited to the any statute;
succeeding taxable year. Unutilized It must not be unfair or oppressive;
excess income tax payments may now be It must not be partial or discriminatory;
carried over to the succeeding taxable It may prohibit or regulate trade.
years until fully utilized. In addition, the SUGGESTED ANSWER:
option to carryover excess income tax To be valid, an ordinance must not
payments is now irrevocable. Hence, prohibit but may regulate trade.
unutilized excess income tax payments (Magtajas v. Pryce Properties
may no longer be refunded. (Belle Corp. Corporation, Inc., G.R. No. 111097, July
v. CIR, G.R. No. 181298, January 10, 20, 1994)
2011)
Taxing power of local government units
(61) Which statement is correct? shall NOT extend to the following taxes,
except one:
Legislative acts passed by the municipal Income tax on banks and other financial
council in the exercise of its lawmaking institutions;
authority are denominated as resolutions Taxes of any kind on the national
and ordinances; government, its agencies and
Legislative acts passed by the municipal instrumentalities, and local government
council in the exercise of its lawmaking units;
authority are denominated as resolutions; Taxes on agricultural and aquatic products
Legislative acts passed by the municipal when sold by the marginal farmers or
council in the exercise of its lawmaking fishermen;
authority are denominated as Excise taxes on articles enumerated under
ordinances; the National Internal Revenue Code.
Both ordinances and resolutions are SUGGESTED ANSWER:
solemn and formal acts. Section 186, RA 7160
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
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The prescriptive periods to assess taxes in The Manila International Airport Authority
the National Internal Revenue Code and the (MIAA) is exempt from real property tax.
Local Government Code are the same; Which statement below is NOT correct?
Local taxes shall be assessed within five
(5) years from the date they became due; MIAA is not a government-owned or
Action for the collection of local taxes may controlled corporation because it is not
be instituted after the expiration of the organized as a stock or non-stock
period to assess and to collect the tax; corporation;
Local taxes may be assessed within ten MIAA is a government instrumentality
(10) years from discovery of the vested with corporate powers and
underpayment of tax which does not performing essential public services;
constitute fraud. MIAA is not a taxable entity because the
SUGGESTED ANSWER: real property is owned by the Republic of
(B) Section 194, RA 7160 the Philippines and the beneficial use of
such property has not been granted to a
The appraisal, assessment, levy and private entity;
collection of real property tax shall be MIAA is a government-owned or
guided by the following principles. Which controlled corporation because it is
statement does NOT belong here? required to meet the test of economic
viability.
Real property shall be appraised at its SUGGESTED ANSWER:
current and fair market value; MIAA vs. City of Pasay, G.R. No. 163072,
Real property shall be classified for April 2, 2009
assessment purposes on the basis of its
actual use; For purposes of real property taxes, the tax
Real property shall be assessed on the rates are applied on:
basis of a uniform classification within each
local political subdivision; Zonal values;
The appraisal and assessment of real Fair market value;
property shall be based on audited Assessed values;
financial statements of the owner. Reproduction values,
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When the customs duties are paid, even if The home consumption value;
the goods remain within the customs The total value;
premises; The total landed cost;
When the goods are released or The transaction value.
withdrawn from the customs house upon SUGGESTED ANSWER:
payment of the customs duties or with Section 201, Tariff and Customs Code,
legal permit to withdraw; as amended by RA 8181 dated March 28,
When the goods enter Philippine territory 1996.
and remain within the customs house
within thirty (30) days from date of entry; The imported articles shall in any case be
When there is part payment of duties on subject to the regular physical examination
the imported goods located in the customs when:
area.
SUGGESTED ANSWER: The importer disagrees with the findings as
Section 1202, Tariff and Customs Code contained in the government surveyors report
The number, weight and nature of
A protest against an assessment issued by packages indicated in the customs entry
the Collector of Customs for unpaid declaration and supporting documents
customs duties on imported goods shall be differ from that in the manifest;
filed with: The container is not leaking or damaged;
The shipment is covered by alert/hold orders
The Commissioner of Customs; issued pursuant to an existing order.
The Regional Trial Court; SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The Court of Tax Appeals; Sec. 1401, Tariff and Customs Code, as
The Collector of Customs. amended by RA 7650.
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Section 2308, Tariff and Customs Code Which cases are appealable to the
CTA?
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involving liability for customs duties, the taxes collected from her in case
seizure, detention or release of property the court nullifies the tax measure.
affected.
That tax money is being extracted
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
and spent in violation of the
Section 7, RA 9282.
constitutionally guaranteed
right to freedom of
communication.
2011 Taxation Law Exam
That she is filing the case in behalf
MCQ (November 13, 2011)
of a substantial number of
taxpayers.
A municipality may levy an annual ad
valorem tax on real property such as land,
That text messages are an important
building, machinery, and other
part of the lives of the people she
improvement only if
represents.
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income has been received, either papers of the shipment yet since the Food
actually or constructively. and Drug Administration (FDA) needed to
test the suitability of the wine for human
transaction that is the source of the consumption. Is the Bureau of Customs at
income is consummated. fault for refusing to release the shipment
just as yet?
Keyrand, Inc., a Philippine corporation, sold
through the local stock exchange 10,000 Yes, because the importation was
PLDT shares that it bought 2 years ago. already terminated as a result of the
Keyrand sold the shares for P2 million and payment of the taxes due.
realized a net gain of P200,000.00. How
shall it pay tax on the transaction? Yes, the Bureau of Customs is
estopped from holding the release of
It shall declare a P2 million gross the shipment after receiving the
income in its income tax return, payment.
deducting its cost of acquisition as
an expense. No, if the amount paid as duties and
value-added taxes due on the
It shall report the P200,000.00 in its importation was insufficient.
corporate income tax return
adjusted by the holding period. No, because the Bureau of
Customs has not yet issued the
It shall pay 5% tax on the first legal permit for withdrawal
P100,000.00 of the P200,000.00 pending the FDA's findings.
and 10% tax on the remaining
P100,000.00. Which theory in taxation states that
without taxes, a government would be
It shall pay a tax of one-half of paralyzed for lack of power to activate and
1% of the P2 million gross sales. operate it, resulting in its destruction?
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The spouses Helena and Federico wanted to and letter of demand covering the taxable
donate a parcel of land to their son Dondon year 2007 but the postmark on the
who is getting married in December, 2011. envelope shows April 10, 2011. Her return
The parcel of land has a zonal valuation of is not a false and fraudulent return. Can
P420,000.00. What is the most efficient Mia raise the defense of prescription?
mode of donating the property?
No. The 3 year prescriptive period
The spouses should first donate in started to run on April 15, 2008,
2011 a portion of the property hence, it has not yet expired on
valued at P20,000.00 then spread April 10, 2011.
the P400,000.00 equally for 2012,
2013, 2014 and 2015. Yes. The 3 year prescriptive period
started to run on April 15, 2008,
Spread the donation over a period of hence, it had already expired by
5 years by the spouses donating May 20, 2011.
P100,000.00 each year from 2011 to
2015. No. The prescriptive period started
to run on March 30, 2008, hence,
(C) The spouses should each the 3 year period expired on April
donate a P110,000.00 portion of 10, 2011.
the value of the property in 2011
then each should donate Yes. Since the 3-year prescriptive
P100,000.00 each in 2012. Then, in taxing the same subject twice during the
2013, Helena should donate the same taxing period. In this sense, double
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P5 billion.
Gains from the sale to an Ilocos
Norte power plant of generators
P100 billion.
bought from the United States.
P85 billion.
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loss of P6 million for selling another parcel computed on the basis of gross
of land in its inventory. These were the only revenues and not net income.
6% of P12 million.
Yes. Aplets is doing business in the
gain.
In 2009, Spratz, Inc.s net profit before tax was
Anktryd's gain of P5 million shall be P35 million while its operating expenses
subject to the holding period. was P31 million. In 2010, its net profit
before tax was P40 million and its operating
Anktryd's P6 million loss could not expenses was P38 million. It did not declare
be deducted from its P5 million gain. dividends for 2009 and 2010. And it has no
proposed capital expenditures for 2011 and
Aplets Corporation is registered under the the immediate future. May Spratz be
laws of the Virgin Islands. It has extensive subject to the improperly accumulated tax
operations in Southeast Asia. In the on its retained profits for 2009 and 2010?
Philippines, Its products are imported and
sold at a mark-up by its exclusive Yes, since the accumulated
distributor, Kim's Trading, Inc. The BIR amounts are reasonable for
compiled a record of all the imports of Kim operations in relation to what it
from Aplets and imposed a tax on Aplets usually needed annually.
net income derived from its exports to Kim.
Is the BIR correct?
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insurance company.
exempt from income taxation.
assessment.
In 2010, Juliet Ulbod earned P500,000.00
as income from her beauty parlor and
levy.
received P250,000.00 as Christmas gift
(D) P600,000.00.
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Exempted from donors taxation are gifts made gross income was derived solely
from Philippine sources.
for the use of the barangay.
An example of a tax where the concept of
in consideration of marriage. progressivity finds application is the
recently.
it should change its accounting
the gains derived from the sale in period two years prior to changing
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What is the rule on the taxability of income which are subject to value-added tax. Since
that a government educational institution he is using the calendar year as his taxable
derives from its school operations? Such year, his taxable quarters end on the last
income is day of March, June, September, and
December. When should Ka Pedring file the
subject to 10% tax on its net taxable VAT quarterly return for his gross sales or
income as if it is a proprietary receipts for the period of June 1 to
educational institution. September 30?
Capital of the surviving spouse vodka was P250 per bottle from January to
September 2011. Does the retroactive
Ka Pedring Matibag, a sole proprietor, buys application of the revocation violate
and sells "kumot at kulambo" both of
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Yes, since the presumption is that All the four children, the tax to be
the BIR ascertained the facts before divided equally among them.
it made its ruling.
The person designated by the will as
No, because he acted in bad faith the one liable.
when he claimed a lower net retail
price than what he actually used. On July 31, 2011, Esperanza received a
preliminary assessment notice from the BIR
No, since he could avail of remedies demanding that she pays P180,000.00
available for disputing the deficiency income taxes on her 2009 income.
assessment. How many days from July 31, 2011 should
Esperanza respond to the notice?
Yes, since he had already acquired a
vested right in the favorable BIR 180 days.
ruling.
30 days.
Don Fortunato, a widower, died in May,
2011. In his will, he left his estate of P100 60 days.
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from Philippine sources for the past was issued prior to the assessment
7 years. notice.
Gains derived from the sale of his Proof that the assessment is
alien.
The BIR did not include a formal
Income is considered realized for tax letter of demand to pay the alleged
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On March 30, 2005 Miguel Foods, Inc. Partnership exclusively for the
received a notice of assessment and a letter design of government
of demand on its April 15, 2002 final infrastructure projects considered
adjustment return from the BIR. Miguel as practice of civil engineering.
Foods then filed a request for
reinvestigation together with the requisite Joint-stock company formed for the
No. The taxpayer did not apply for a matter to the CTA. What remedy, if any,
No. Without the taxpayers prior It may file a motion to admit appeal
authority, the BIR action violated if it could prove that its failure to
the Bank Deposit Secrecy Law. appeal was due to the negligence of
counsel.
Which among the following taxpayers is
required to use only the calendar year for It may no longer appeal since there
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It may wait for the final decision In March 2009, Tonette, who is fond of
of the BIR on his protest and jewelries, bought a diamond ring for
appeal it to the CTA within 30 P750,000.00, a bracelet for P250,000.00, a
days from receipt of such necklace for P500,000.00, and a brooch for
decision. P500,000.00. Tonette derives income from
the exercise of her profession as a licensed
None. Its right to appeal to the CTA CPA. In October 2009, Tonette sold her
has prescribed. diamond ring, bracelet, and necklace for
only P1.25 million incurring a loss of
Gerardo died on July 31, 2011. His estate
P250,000.00. She used the P1.25 million to
tax return should be filed within
buy a solo diamond ring in November 2009
which she sold for P1.5 million in
six months from filing of the notice
September 2010. Tonette had no other
of death.
transaction in jewelry in 2010. Which
sixty days from the appointment of among the following describes the tax
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Anion, Inc. received a notice of assessment gratuitously allows its use for
and a letter from the BIR demanding the educational purposes by a school
payment of P3 million pesos in deficiency established for profit.
income taxes for the taxable year 2008. The
financial statements of the company show sells the property to a
Anion must show it has faithfully and three to Helena, with Dondon directed
paid taxes before 2009. to provide full financial support for them as
well. The court awarded the 6th child to
Anion must promise to pay its Dondon's father with Dondon also providing
deficiency when financially able. full financial support. Assuming that only
Dondon is gainfully employed while Helena
Anion must waive its right to the is not, for how many children could Dondon
secrecy of its bank deposits. claim additional exemptions when he files
his income tax return?
Anion must immediately deposit the
P500,000.00 with the BIR. Six children.
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if the candidate supported wins the time. To do otherwise would violate the
election because of possible canon of a sound tax system referred to as
corruption.
theoretical justice.
since they do not help earn the
income from which they are to be fiscal adequacy.
deducted.
administrative feasibility.
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if the compromise amount does not Within 30 days from receipt of the
exceed 10% of the basic tax. Commissioners denial of his
application for refund.
only when there is an approval of
the National Evaluation Board. Within 30 days from receipt of
the denial which must not exceed
Zygomite Minerals, Inc., a corporation 2 years from payment of income
registered and holding office in Australia, tax.
not operating in the Philippines, may be
subject to Philippine income taxation on Within 2 years from payment of the
income taxes sought to be refunded.
gains it derived from sale in
Australia of an ore crusher it bought Within 30 days from receipt of the
from the Philippines with the denial or within two years from
proceeds converted to pesos. payment.
interests derived from its dollar 100% of the actual project cost
deposits in a Philippine bank under without giving any portion to the
the Expanded Foreign Currency barangay.
Deposit System.
100% of the actual project cost,
As a general rule, within what period must keeping 60% for the province and
a taxpayer elevate to the Court of Tax giving 40% to the barangay.
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60% of the actual cost, dividing the No, so long as the donated money
same between the province and the goes directly to the winners and not
barangay. through the association.
Celia donated P110,000.00 to her friend Yes, since the national sports
Victoria who was getting married. Celia association for billiards does not
gave no other gift during the calendar year. sanction the event.
What is the donor's tax implication on
Celias donation? No, because it is donated as
prize for an international
The P100,000.00 portion of the competition under the billiards
donation is exempt since given in association.
consideration of marriage.
Yes, but only that part that exceeds
A P10,000.00 portion of the the first P100,000.00 of total Levox
donation is exempt being a donation donations for the calendar year.
in consideration of marriage.
A violation of the tariff and customs laws is
Celia shall pay a 30% donor's tax the failure to
on the P110,000.00 donation.
pay the customs duties and taxes
The P100,000.00 portion of the and to comply with the rules on
donation is exempt under the rate customs procedures.
schedule for donor's tax.
pay the customs duties and taxes
Levox Corporation wanted to donate P5 or to comply with the rules on
million as prize money for the world customs procedures.
professional billiard championship to be
held in the Philippines. Since the Billiard pay the customs duties and taxes.
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What is the effect on the tax liability of a No, since the donation is actually,
taxpayer who does not protest an directly, and exclusively used for
assessment for deficiency taxes? educational purposes.
The taxpayer may appeal his liability Yes, because the donation is to be
to the CTA since the assessment is a wholly used for administration
final decision of the Commissioner purposes.
on the matter.
Yes, since he did not obtain the
The BIR could already enforce the requisite NGO certification before he
collection of the taxpayer's liability if made the donation.
it could secure authority from the
CTA. No, because the donation does not
exceed 10% of his taxable income
The taxpayer's liability becomes for 2010.
fixed and subject to collection as
the assessment becomes final and What is the tax base for the imposition by
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tax return was filed beyond the No action shall be taken by the BIR on the
reglementary period. taxpayers disputed issues until the taxpayer
has paid the deficiency taxes
taxpayer changed his address
without notifying the BIR. when the assessment was issued
against a false and fraudulent
deductions claimed exceed by return.
30% the actual deductions.
if there was a failure to pay the
The proceeds received under a life deficiency tax within 60 days from
insurance endowment contract is NOT BIR demand.
considered part of gross income
if the Regional Trial Court issues a
if it is so stated in the life insurance writ of preliminary injunction to
endowment policy. enjoin the BIR.
ordinary loss.
Yes, because exemptions are strictly
construed against the importer who
net deductible loss.
is the taxpayer.
NOLCO.
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No, the exemption has been who demanded payment of deficiency real
withdrawn to level the playing field property taxes from 1990 to 2011. Has the
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Yes. More than 10 years had lapsed a resident alien engaged in trade or
for the period 1990 up to 2000, business in the Philippines.
hence the right to collect the
deficiency taxes has prescribed. Lualhati Educational Foundation, Inc., a
stock educational institution organized for
Yes. More than 5 years had lapsed profit, decided to lease for commercial use a
for the collection of the deficiency 1,500 sq. m. portion of its school. The
taxes for the period 1990 up to school actually, directly, and exclusively
2005. used the rents for the maintenance of its
school buildings, including payment of
Pierre de Savigny, a Frenchman, arrived in janitorial services. Is the leased portion
the Philippines on January 1, 2010 and subject to real property tax?
continued to live and engage in business in
the Philippines. He went on a tour of Yes, since Lualhati is a stock and
Southeast Asia from August 1 to November for profit educational institution.
5, 2010. He returned to the Philippines on
November 6, 2010 and stayed until April No, since the school actually,
15, 2011 when he returned to France. He directly, and exclusively used the
earned during his stay in the Philippines a rents for educational purposes.
a resident alien not engaged in trade illegal assessment by the provincial or city
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Enact a new ordinance amending Money collected from taxation shall not be
the erroneous or illegal assessment paid to any religious dignitary EXCEPT
to correct the error. when
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because the user is organized for On April 15, 2010, it filed its Annual
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References:
UP LAW Review
lawphil.net
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