Electrical Factors - Demand, Diversity, Utilization & Load Explained

Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | Electrical Notes & Articles https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-loa...
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SharingAbstracts,NotesonvariousElectricalEngineeringTopics.
OCTOBER31,2011 78COMMENTS(HTTPS://ELECTRICALNOTES.WORDPRESS.COM/2011/10/31/DEMANDFACTOR
DIVERSITYFACTORUTILIZATIONFACTORLOADFACTOR/#COMMENTS)
TheworddemanditselfsaysthemeaningofDemandFactor.Theratioofthemaximumcoincidentdemandofasystem,orpart
ofasystem,tothetotalconnectedloadofthesystem.
Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load
Forexample,anoversizedmotor20Kwdrivesaconstant15KwloadwheneveritisON.Themotordemandfactoristhen15/20
=0.75=75%.
DemandFactorisexpressasapercentage(%)orinaratio(lessthan1).
Demand factor is always < =1.
DemandFactorisalwayschangewiththetimetotimeorhourstohoursofuseanditwillnotconstant.
Theconnectedloadisalwaysknownsoitwillbeeasytocalculatethemaximumdemandifthedemandfactorforacertainsupply
isknownatdierenttimeintervalsandseasons.
Thelowerthedemandfactor,thelesssystemcapacityrequiredtoservetheconnectedload.
Calculation:
(1)AResidenceConsumerhas10NosLampof400WbutatthesametimeItispossiblethatonly9NosofBulbsareusedatthe
sametime.HereTotalConnectedloadis1040=400W.Consumermaximumdemandis940=360W.DemandFactoofthisLoad
=360/400=0.9or90%.
(2)OneConsumerhave10lightsat60KweachinKitchen,theloadis60Kwx10=600KW.ThiswillbetrueonlyifAlllightsare
TurnsONthesametime(Demandfactor=100%or1)
ForthisConsumeritisobservedthatonlyhalfofthelightsbeingturnedONatatimesowecansaythatthedemandfactoris0.5
(50%).Theestimatedload=600KwX0.5=300Kw.
Use of demand factors:
FeederconductorsshouldhavesucientAmpereCapacitytocarrytheload. TheAmpereCapacitydoesnotalwaysbeequalto
thetotalofallloadsonconnectedbranchcircuits.
Thisfactormustbeappliedtoeachindividualload,withparticularattentiontoelectricmotors,whichareveryrarelyoperatedat
fullload.
AsperNationalElectricalCode(NEC)demandfactormaybeappliedtothetotalload.Thedemandfactorpermitsafeeder
ampearcitytobelessthan100percentofallthebranchcircuitloadsconnectedtoit.
DemandfactorcanbeappliedtocalculatethesizeofthesubmainwhichisfeedingaSubpanelorafixedloadlikeamotoretc.If
thepanelhavetotalloadof250kVA,consideringaDemandfactorof0.8,wecansizethefeedercablefor250x0.8=200kVA.
Demandfactorsforbuildingstypicallyrangebetween50and80%oftheconnectedload.
Inanindustrialinstallationthisfactormaybeestimatedonanaverageat0.75formotors.
Forincandescentlightingloads,thefactoralwaysequals1.
Demand Factor For Industrial

Load
TextBookofDesignofElect.InstallationJain
ElectricalLoad DemandFactor
1NoofMotor 1
Upto10NosofMotor 0.75
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Demand Factor
TextBookofDesignofElect.InstallationJain
Utility DemandFactor
Oce,School 0.4
Hospital 0.5
AirPort,Bank,Shops, 0.6
Restaurant,Factory, 0.7
WorkShop,Factory(24Hr 0.8
Shift)
ArcFurnace 0.9
Compressor 0.5
Handtools 0.4
InductanceFurnace 0.8
Demand Factor
SaudiElectricityCompanyDistributionStandard
Residential 0.6
Commercial 0.7
Flats 0.7
Hotel 0.75
Mall 0.7
Restaurant 0.7
Oce 0.7
School 0.8
CommonAreainbuilding 0.8
PublicFacility 0.75
StreetLight 0.9
IndoorParking 0.8
OutdoorParking 0.9
Park/Garden 0.8
Hospital 0.8
Workshops 0.6
WareHouse 0.7
Farms 0.9
FuelStation 0.7
Factories 0.9
2 of 15 19/09/2017 11:52
Demand Factor
TextBookofPrincipalofPowerSystemV.K.Mehta
ResidenceLoad(<0.25KW) 1
ResidenceLoad(<0.5KW) 0.6
ResidenceLoad(>0.1KW) 0.5
Restaurant 0.7
Theatre 0.6
Hotel 0.5
School 0.55
SmallIndustry 0.6
Store 0.7
MotorLoad(upto10HP) 0.75
MotorLoad(10HPto20HP) 0.65
MotorLoad(20HPto100HP) 0.55
MotorLoad(Above100HP) 0.50
DiversityFactorisratioofthesumoftheindividualmaximumdemandsofthevarioussubcircuitofasystemtothemaximum
demandofthewholesystem.
Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Maximum Demands / Maximum Demand of

the System.
DiversityFactor=Installedload/Runningload.
The diversity factor is always >= 1.
DiversityFactorisalways>1becausesumofindividualmax.Demands>Max.Demand.
Inotherterms,DiversityFactor(0to100%)isafractionofTotalLoadthatisparticularitemcontributedtopeakdemand.70%
diversitymeansthatthedeviceoperatesatitsnominalormaximumloadlevel70%ofthetimethatitisconnectedandturned
ON.
Itisexpressedasapercentage(%)oraratiomorethan1.
Ifweusediversityvaluein%thanitshouldbemultiplywithLoadandifweuseinnumericalvalue(>1)thanitshouldbe
dividedwithLoad.
DiversityoccursinanoperatingsystembecauseallloadsconnectedtotheSystemarenotoperatingsimultaneouslyorarenot
simultaneouslyoperatingattheirmaximumrating.Thediversityfactorshowsthatthewholeelectricalloaddoesnotequalthe
sumofitspartsduetothistimeInterdependence(i.e.diverseness).
Ingeneraltermswecansaythatdiversityfactorreferstothepercentoftimeavailablethatamachine.70%diversitymeansthat
thedeviceoperatesatitsnominalormaximumloadlevel70%ofthetimethatitisconnectedandturnedON.
ConsidertwoFeederswiththesamemaximumdemandbutthatoccuratdierentintervalsoftime.Whensuppliedbythesame
feeder,thedemandonsuchislessthesumofthetwodemands.Inelectricaldesign,thisconditionisknownasdiversity.
Diversityfactorisanextendedversionofdemandfactor.Itdealswithmaximumdemandofdierentunitsatatime/Maximum
demandoftheentiresystem.
Greaterthediversityfactor,lesseristhecostofgenerationofpower.
Manydesignersprefertouseunityasthediversityfactorincalculationsforplanningconservatismbecauseofplantloadgrowth
uncertainties.Localexperiencecanjustifyusingadiversityfactorlargerthanunity,andsmallerserviceentranceconductorsand
transformerrequirementschosenaccordingly.
Thediversityfactorforallotherinstallationswillbedierent,andwouldbebaseduponalocalevaluationoftheloadstobe
appliedatdierentmomentsintime.Assumingittobe1.0may,onsomeoccasions,resultinasupplyfeederandequipment
ratingthatisratherlargerthanthelocalinstallationwarrants,andanoverinvestmentincableandequipmenttohandletherated
loadcurrent.Itisbettertoevaluatethepatternofusageoftheloadsandcalculateanacceptablediversityfactorforeach
particularcase.
Calculation:
OneMainFeederhavetwoSubfeeder(SubFeederAandSubFeederB),SubFeederAhavedemandatatimeis35KWandSub
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FeederBhavedemandsatatimeis42KW,butthemaximumdemandofMainFeederis70KW.
TotalindividualMaximumDemand=35+42=77KW.
MaximumDemandofwholeSystem=70KW
SoDiversityfactorofTheSystem=77/70=1.1
Diversityfactorcanshootupabove1.
Use of diversity factor:
TheDiversityFactorisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.beingsuppliedfromadistributionorsubdistributionboard).
Diversityfactoriscommonlyusedforacompleteacoordinationstudyforasystem.Thisdiversityfactorisusedtoestimatethe
loadofaparticularnodeinthesystem.
DiversityfactorcanbeusedtoestimatethetotalloadrequiredforafacilityortosizetheTransformer
Diversityfactorshavebeendevelopedformainfeederssupplyinganumberoffeeders,andtypically1.2to1.3forResidence
Consumerand1.1to1.2forCommercialLoad.1.50to2.00forpowerandlightingloads.
Note:Reciprocaloftheaboveratio(willbemorethan1)alsoisusedinsomeothercountries.
Diversityfactorismostlyusedfordistributionfeedersizeandtransformeraswellastodeterminethemaximumpeakloadand
diversityfactorisalwaysbasedonknowingtheprocess.Youhavetounderstandwhatwillbeonoroatagiventimefor
dierentbuildingsandthiswillsizethefeeder.Notefortypicalbuildingsdiversityfactorisalwaysone.Youhavetoestimateor
haveadatarecordstocreate24hoursloadgraphandyoucandeterminethemaximumdemandloadfornodethenyoucan
easilydeterminethefeederandtransformersize.
Thediversityfactorofafeederwouldbethesumofthemaximumdemandsoftheindividualconsumersdividedbythe
maximumdemandofthefeeder.Inthesamemanner,itispossibletocomputethediversityfactoronasubstation,atransmission
lineorawholeutilitysystem.
Theresidentialloadhasthehighestdiversityfactor.Industrialloadshavelowdiversityfactorsusuallyof1.4,streetlight
practicallyunityandotherloadsvarybetweentheselimits.
Diversity Factor in distribution Network
(StandardHandbookforElectricalEngineersbyFinkandBeaty)
ElementsofSystem Residential Commercial GeneralPower LargeIndustrial
Betweenindividual 2.00 1.46 1.45

users
1.30 1.30 1.35 1.05
Betweentransformers
1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05

Betweenfeeders
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10

Betweensubstations
Fromusersto 2.00 1.46 1.44

transformers
2.60 1.90 1.95 1.15
Fromuserstofeeder
Fromusersto 3.00 2.18 2.24 1.32

substation
Fromusersto 3.29 2.40 2.46 1.45
generatingstation
Diversity Factor for Distribution

Switchboards
Numberofcircuits DiversityFactorin%(ks)
Assembliesentirelytested2and3 90%
4and5 80%
6to9 70%
10andmore 60%
Assembliespartiallytestedineverycase 100%
choose
Diversity Factor as per IEC 60439
CircuitsFunction DiversityFactorin%(ks)
Lighting 90%
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Heatingandairconditioning 80%
Socketoutlets 70%
Liftsandcateringhoist
Forthemostpowerfulmotor 100%
Forthesecondmostpowerfulmotor 75%
Forallmotors 80%
Diversity Factor for Apartment

block
Apartment DiversityFactorin%(ks)
2To4 1
5To19 0.78
10To14 0.63
15To19 0.53
20To24 0.49
25To29 0.46
30To34 0.44
35To39 0.42
40To40 0.41
50ToAbove 0.40
Diversity Factor
TextBookofPrincipalofPowerSystemV.K.Mehta
Area ResidenceLtg CommercialLtg Ind.Ltg
BetweenConsumer 3 1.5 1.5
Between 1.3 1.3 1.3

Transformer
BetweenFeeder 1.2 1.2 1.2
BetweenS.S 1.1 1.1 1.1
TheratiooftheActualLoadofequipmenttoFullloadofequipment.
Load Factor=Actual Load / Full Load
ItistheratioofactualkilowattHoursusedinagivenperiod,dividedbythetotalpossiblekilowatthoursthatcouldhavebeen
usedinthesameperiodatthepeakKWlevel.
LoadFactor=(energy(kWhpermonth))/(peakdemand(kW)xhours/month)
InothertermsLoadfactorisdefinedastheratioofAverageloadtomaximumdemandduringagivenperiod.
LoadFactor=AverageLoad/MaximumDemandduringgivenTimePeriod
The Load factor is always <=1.
LoadFactorisalwayslessthan1becausemaximumdemandisalwaysmorethanaveragedemand.
LoadFactorcanbecalculatedforasingleday,foramonthorforayear.
Loadfactorinothertermsofeciency.
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Itisusedfordeterminingtheoverallcostperunitgenerated.
HighertheloadfactorisGOODanditwillmoreOutputofPlan,lesserthecostperunitwhichmeansanelectricitygeneratorcan
sellmoreelectricityatahighersparkspread,FixedcostsarespreadovermorekWhofoutput.Apowerplantmaybehighly
ecientatHighloadfactors.
LowloadfactorisaBED.Alowloadfactorwilluseelectricityinecientlyrelativetowhatwecouldbeifwewerecontrolling
ourpeakdemand.Apowerplantmaybelessecientatlowloadfactors.
Foralmostconstantloads,theloadfactorisclosetounity.
ForVaryingLoadFactorisclosedZero.
LoadFactorisameasureoftheeectiveutilizationoftheloadanddistributionequipment,i.e.higherloadfactormeansbetter
utilizationofthetransformer,lineorcable.
Ahighloadfactormeanspowerusageisrelativelyconstant.Lowloadfactorshowsthatoccasionallyahighdemandisset.To
servicethatpeak,capacityissittingidleforlongperiods,therebyimposinghighercostsonthesystem.Electricalratesare
designedsothatcustomerswithhighloadfactorarechargedlessoverallperkWh.
Sometimesutilitycompanieswillencourageindustrialcustomerstoimprovetheirloadfactors.
Loadfactoristermthatdoesnotappearonyourutilitybill,butdoesaectelectricitycosts.Loadfactorindicateshow
ecientlythecustomerisusingpeakdemand.
Calculation:
Motorof20hpdrivesaconstant15hploadwheneveritison.
Themotorloadfactoristhen15/20=75%.
Demand Factor & Load Factor
IntroductiontoPowerRequirementforBuildingJ.PaulGuyer,
Utility DemandFactor(%) LoadFactor(%)
Communicationsbuildings 6065 7075
Telephoneexchangebuilding 5570 2025
Airpassengerterminalbuilding 6580 2832
Aircraftfireandrescuestation 2535 1317
Aircraftlineoperationsbuilding 6580 2428
Academicinstructionbuilding 4060 2226
Appliedinstructionbuilding 3565 2428
ChemistryandToxicology 7080 2228

Laboratory
MaterialsLaboratory 3035 2732
PhysicsLaboratory 7080 2228
Electricalandelectronicslaboratory 2030 37
Coldstoragewarehouse 7075 2025
Generalwarehouse 7580 2328
Controlledhumiditywarehouse 6065 3338
Hazardous/flammablestorehouse 7580 2025
Disposal,salvage,scrapbuilding 3540 2520
Hospital 3842 4550
Laboratory 3237 2025
K6schools 7580 1015
712schools 6570 1217
Churches 6570 525
PostOce 7580 2025
Retailstore 6570 2532
Bank 7580 2025
Supermarket 5560 2530
Restaurant 4575 1525
Autorepairshop 4060 1520
6 of 15 19/09/2017 11:52
Hobbyshop,art/crafts 3040 2530
Bowlingalley 7075 1015
Gymnasium 7075 2045
Skatingrink 7075 1015
Indoorswimmingpool 5560 2550
Theatres 4555 813
Library 7580 3035
Golfclubhouse 7580 1520
Museum 7580 3035
Thereciprocalofdiversityfactoriscoincidencefactor
Thecoincidencefactoristheratioofthemaximumdemandofasystem,orpartunderconsideration,tothesumoftheindividual
maximumdemandsofthesubdivisions
Coincidence factor = Maximum demand / Sum of individual maximum demands
Expressedasapercentage(%)oraratiolessthan1.
The Confidence Factor is always <=1.
UsuallyConfidenceFactorwilldecreaseasthenumberofconnectedcustomersincreases.
Thefactorksisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.distributionorsubdistributionboard).
Thedeterminationofthesefactorsistheresponsibilityofthedesigner,sinceitrequiresadetailedknowledgeoftheinstallation
andtheconditionsinwhichtheindividualcircuitsaretobeexploited.Forthisreason,itisnotpossibletogiveprecisevaluesfor
generalapplication.
Themaximumdemandofaninstallationisthemaximumrateofconsumptionexpressedinamperes,kWorkVA.Itisgenerally
takenastheaveragerateofconsumptionoveraperiodoftime.Examplethe15minutemaximumkWdemandfortheweekwas
150kW.Maximumdemanddoesnotincludemotorstartingcurrentsorothertransienteects.Faultcurrentsandoverload
currentsarealsoexcluded.MaximumdemandinKWisrelevantonlyformetering/taripurposes.
Maximumdemand(oftenreferredtoasMD)isthelargestcurrentnormallycarriedbycircuits,switchesandprotectivedevices.It
doesnotincludethelevelsofcurrentflowingunderoverloadorshortcircuitconditions.
MaximumDemandisagreatestofalldemandsthatoccurduringaspecifictime
Themajordisadvantageofallocatingloadusingthediversityfactorsisthatmostutilitieswillnothaveatableofdiversityfactors
andsometimeitisnotviabletodetermineaccurateDiversityFactor.InthissituationMaximumDemandisveryhelpfulto
calculatesizeofFeederorTC.
ThekVAratingofalldistributiontransformersisalwaysknownforafeeder.Themeteredreadingscanbetakentoeach
transformerbaseduponthetransformerrating.Anallocationfactor(AF)canbecalculate.
AllocationFactor=MeteredDemand(KVA)/TotalKVA.
EquipmentDemand=AFxTotalKVAofEquipments
Calculation:
ActualLoadingorSizeofTC1andTC2.
(https://electricalnotes.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/11.jpg)
TotalLoadonTC1=10+11+12+08=41KW.
MaximumDiversityDemandofTC1=41/1.1=37.3KW.
TotalLoadonTC2=4+3+12+02=21KW.
MaximumDiversityDemandofTC2=21/1.2=17.5KW.
TotalLoad=37.3+17.5=54.8KW.
AllocatingFactor(AF)=M.D/TotalLoad
AllocatingFactor(AF)=0.27.
ActualLoadonTC1=0.2737.3=1.20KW.
ActualLoadonTC2=0.2717.5=4.8KW.
AssessmentofmaximumdemandisveryeasyforResistiveLoad,Forexample,themaximumdemandofa240Vsinglephase8
7 of 15 19/09/2017 11:52
kWshowerheatercanbecalculatedbydividingthepower(8kW)bythevoltage(240V)togiveacurrentof33.3A.This
calculationassumesapowerfactorofunity,whichisareasonableassumptionforsuchapurelyresistiveload.
LightingcircuitsposeaspecialproblemwhendeterminingMD.Dischargelampsareparticularlydiculttoassess,andcurrent
cannotbecalculatedsimplybydividinglamppowerbysupplyvoltage.ThereasonsforthisareControlgearlossesresultin
additionalcurrent,thepowerfactorisusuallylessthanunitysocurrentisgreater,andChokesandothercontrolgearusually
distortthewaveformofthecurrentsothatitcontainsharmonicswhichareadditionaltothefundamentalsupplycurrent.
Solongasthepowerfactorofadischargelightingcircuitisnotlessthan0.85,thecurrentdemandforthecircuitcanbecalculated
from:
current(A)=(lamppower x1.8)/supplyvoltage(V)
Forexample,thesteadystatecurrentdemandofa240Vcircuitsupplyingten65Wfluorescentlampswouldbe:I=10X65X1.8A/
240=4.88A
Switchesforcircuitsfeedingdischargelampsmustberatedattwicethecurrenttheyarerequiredtocarry,unlesstheyhavebeen
speciallyconstructedtowithstandtheseverearcingresultingfromtheswitchingofsuchinductiveandcapacitiveloads.
ThereisgenerallyconfusionbetweenDemandfactorandDiversityfactor.Demandfactorsshouldbeideallyappliedto
individualloadsanddiversityfactortoagroupofloads.
Whenyoutalkaboutdiversity,therearenaturallymorethanoneormanyloadsinvolved.
Demandfactorcanbeappliedtocalculatethesizeofthesubmain,whichisfeedingaSubpanelorafixedloadlikeamotoretc,
individualLoad.
DemandfactorsaremoreconservativeandareusedbyNECforserviceandfeedersizing.
IftheSubpanelhavetotalloadis250kVA,consideringaDemandfactorof0.8,wecansizethefeedercablefor250x0.8=200
kVA.
TheDiversityFactorisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.beingsuppliedfromadistributionorsubdistributionboard),sizethe
Transformer.
Demandfactorsanddiversityfactorsareusedindesign.Forexample,thesumoftheconnectedloadssuppliedbyafeederis
multipliedbythedemandfactortodeterminetheloadforwhichthefeedermustbesized.Thisloadistermedthemaximum
demandofthefeeder.Thesumofthemaximumdemandloadsforanumberofsubfeedersdividedbythediversityfactorforthe
subfeederswillgivethemaximumdemandloadtobesuppliedbythefeederfromwhichthesubfeedersarederived.
Theestimatedelectricaldemandforallfeedersserveddirectlyfromtheserviceentranceiscalculatedbymultiplyingthetotal
connectedloadsbytheirdemandfactorsandthenaddingallofthesetogether.Thissumisdividedbythediversityfactor
(frequentlyassumedtobeunity)tocalculatetheserviceentrancedemandwhichisusedtodetermineampacityrequirements
fortheserviceentranceconductors.
WhenusedDiversityandDemandFactorinanelectricaldesignitshouldbeappliedasfollows,thesumoftheconnectedloads
suppliedbyafeedercircuitcanbemultipliedbythedemandfactortodeterminetheloadusedtosizethecomponentsofthe
system.
Thesumofthemaximumdemandloadsfortwoormorefeedersisdividedbythediversityfactorforthefeederstoderivethe
maximumdemandload.
Example1:CalculateSizeofTransformerhavingfollowingdetails:
FeederBreaker1DemandLoad=FeederBreaker1xDemandFactor.
FeederBreaker1DemandLoad=20000.7=1400KVA
TotalFeederBreakerDemand=1400+900+500=2800KVA
TransformerDemandLoad=TotalFeederBreakerDemand/DiversityFactor.
TransformerDemandLoad=2800/1.1=2545KVA
IfweCalculatedTotalLoadonTransformerwithoutanyDemand&Diversity=2000+1500+1000=4500KVA.
ButafterCalculatingDemand&DiversityFactorTotalLoadonTransformer=2545KVA
Example2:CalculateSizeofMainFeederofMainTransformerhavingfollowingDetails:
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SumofMaximumDemandofCustomeronTC1=10KWx0.65=6.5KW
SumofMaximumDemandofCustomeronTC2=20KWx0.75=15KW
SumofMaximumDemandofCustomeronTC3=30KWx0.65=19.5KW
AsDiversityofConsumerConnectedonTC1is1.5so,
MaximumDemandonTC1=6.5KW/1.5=4KW.
MaximumDemandonTC2=15KW/1.1=14KW
MaximumDemandonTC3=19.5KW/1.5=13KW.
IndividualMaximumDemandonMainTransformer=04+14+13=31KW.
MaximumDemandonMainFeeder=04+14+13/1.3=24KW
Loadfactoranddiversityfactorplayanimportantpartinthecostofthesupplyofelectricalenergy.Higherthevaluesofload
factoranddiversityfactors,lowerwillbetheoverallcostperunitgenerated.
Thecapitalcostofthepowerstationdependsuponthecapacityofthepowerstation.Lowerthemaximumdemandofthepower
station,theloweristhecapacityrequiredandthereforeloweristhecapitalcostoftheplant.Withagivennumberofconsumers
thehigherthediversityfactoroftheirloads,thesmallerwillbethecapacityoftheplantrequiredandconsequentlythefixed
chargesduetocapitalinvestmentwillbemuchreduced.
Similarlyhigherloadfactormeansmoreaverageloadormorenumberofunitsgeneratedforagivenmaximumdemandand
thereforeoverallcostperunitofelectricalenergygeneratedisreducedduetodistributionofstandingchargeswhichare
proportionaltomaximumdemandandindependentofnumberofunitsgenerated.
Thusthesuppliersshouldalwaystrytoimprovetheloadfactoraswellasdiversityfactorbyinducingtheconsumerstousethe
electricalenergyduringopeakhoursandtheymaybechargedatlowerratesforsuchschemes.
FILEDUNDERUNCATEGORIZED
AboutJignesh.Parmar
JigneshParmarhascompletedM.Tech(PowerSystemControl),B.E(Electrical)fromGujaratUniversity.Hehasmorethan14years
experienceinPowerTransmissionPowerDistributionElectricalenergytheftdetectionElectricalMaintenanceElectrical
Projects(PlanningDesigningcoordinationExecution).HeisPresentlyassociatewithoneoftheleadingbusinessgroupasaDeputy
ManageratAhmedabad,India.HeisFreelancerProgrammerofAdvanceExcelanddesignusefulExcelSheetsofElectrical
EngineeringasperIS,NEC,IEC,IEEEcodes.HeistechnicalAuthorforElectricalMirrorandElectricalIndiaMagazines.Heis
TechnicalBloggerandFamiliarwithEnglish,Hindi,Gujarati,Frenchlanguages.HewantstoSharehisexperience&knowledgeand
helptechnicalenthusiaststofindsuitablesolutionsandupdatingthemselvesonvariousEngineeringTopics.
78 Responses to Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor
Manish says:
October31,2011at4:14pm
Thankyouverymuchforsuchagoodanddetailedarticle.
Yourblogpostsarealwaysquitegood!
Reply
Dieter says:
November9,2011at10:55am
AsajuniorE&IEngineer,Iherewiththankyouforyourkindnessofsharingyourknowledge.
Ilookforewardtomoreofyourwork.
Reply
S.SAMBATH says:
November29,2011at1:36pm
9 of 15 19/09/2017 11:52
Sir,
TheinformationsareveryusefullikemeasElectricityBoardEngineer.ThankuandIexpectmore.
s.sambath
Reply
zaheerkhattak says:
May30,2012at7:15am
dearsir,thanksalotbothofuiamelectricalengineerandimworkinginconsultancyfirminpakistan
imostlydesignhighriseocialandresidentialbuilding.iwanttoshareandgainsomeimportantknowledgeabout
designingforAllofuandeveryonehowhelpme.
thanks
Zaheerkhattak
shazconsultantPeshawarPakistan
availableonFacebook
chemie says:
mefrommalaysiauaregreatsir..thanksalot
Reply
Md.Samiuddin says:
December7,2011at8:58am
DearMr.JigneshParmar,
Thedetailsprovidedbyareveryuseful.Excellent!
Ineedasmallhelp.IamanIndian,nativeofAndhraPradesh.Iamamechanicalengineer,handlinganewprojectinJeddah,
SaudiArabia.
Thedetailsinthepowersummaryreportare:
ConnectedPowerUsage=1290KWH
Aftermultiplyingbypowerfactorsandmaximumutilizationfactorsindividuallytoeachequipmentthesumis=535KWH.
Example:Craneconnectedpower=95kwh;powerfactor=0.6;Max.Utlzn.Factor=0.75gives95kwhX0.6X0.75=42.75kwh
Now,IfIwantbuythegenerators(OR)toaskforelectricitydept.whatpowershouldIask?Willitbe1290KWHor535KWH?
PleaseclarifyandexplainmetoimprovemyawaenessinthisperticulartopicbecausealwaysIcomeacrosswithsuchincidents.
Pleasereplytometomyemail:(or)
Thanksforyoursupportinadvance.
BestRegard
Md.Samiuddin
Plantmanager
MIMCo.,
Jeddah
KSA
Reply
MansourA, says:
January15,2012at7:08pm
ThankuverymuchMr.Parmar,Ireallygetuseandunderstandthesefactorswhichwereconfusedtome.Ihavesetthissitein
favouritieslookingforewardtoreadyourgoodactivities.
Reply
francisazumah says:
February18,2012at2:49pm
amverygreatfulfortheexplanatorynotes,isaywelldonebutneedsmoreofthat.thankyou
Reply
Rahman says:
February27,2012at11:49am
veryusefullinkthankyou
Reply
opeyemi says:
March17,2012at6:32am
Greatanswer,itreallymeetmydemand
Reply
ranx says:
March23,2012at6:57pm
Thankforyourkindness,yourexplanationveryusefulandveryunderstadbletous.
Reply
ranx says:
Thanksforthesharingofyourknowledgethissveryusefultomydesign
Reply
anam says:
April25,2012at1:03pm
canihavethedefinitionofgrowthfactor?
Reply
goldwincs says:
June18,2012at2:42pm
greatpost!canyouexplainaboutpeakdiversityfactor?
Reply
ahmednazmi says:
July19,2012at9:05am
whatthedierencebetweendiversityfactoranddiversityfactor(ks)andwhereiwilluse:diversityfactor,diversityfactor(ks)
anddemandfactor
Reply
daniel says:
10 of 15 19/09/2017 11:52
August8,2012at5:45pm
great,pleasedomorepostanddetailedexplanation
Reply
mynameisokekhianstanley. says:
Thankyouforyourknowledge.Thiswillbeofhelpinmyfieldwork.
Reply
kwame says:
Thanksverymuch,Iamreallyenlightenedalot.
Reply
JoseAntonioMartins says:
September28,2012at6:06pm
DearMr.JigneshParmar,
Thedetailsprovidedaboutthisissueareveryuseful.
Wouldyoumindinformingmeabouttheoriginofthetable:DiversityFactorforanapartmentblock?
Pleaseanswermebyemail.
Thanksforyoursupportinadvance.
Reply
JoseAntonioMartins says:
December19,2012at8:21pm
IhavealreadyfoundthereferredtableintheFrenchStandardNFC14100(2008):Lowvoltagemainsinstallations.
Pleaseconsiderthecorrections:
whereis40To40shouldbe40to49
whereis50ToAbove,ks=0.40shouldbe50toAbove,ks=0.38.
Reply
dhananjayPrasad says:
October12,2012at2:18am
Thankyousir
Reply
salmanp says:
thankusir
Reply
tiger says:
Verygoodarticle,butthesecalculationderivedfromwhichCodeorstandard???speciallytable(DemandFactor&LoadFactor
accordingtoTypeofIndustries),becausethesevaluesisvariedanddependonthepracticewise
Reply
Jignesh.Parmar says:
Yes.Agreewithyou.ThisisjustreferenceValue.ThisValuevaryaccordingtoitsusersProfile.
Wecannotpredicttheactualvaluebutthistablevaluehelpfulustocalculatemorerealisticassumption.
IgotthisTablefromoneBookorManual.IfitismorevaluableforYouthanIwilldefiantlyconveyitsReferenceSource.
Reply
tigerman says:
Manythanksforyourreply,andihopetosendtomethisreferenceorbookitwillbeakindfromyou
Samer says:
January2,2013at9:10am
Canyoupleaseprovidemewiththereferencesource?Itisveryimportanttome.
Thankyouforthegreatarticle.
Regards.
RonChatterji says:
IamfromUS.MynameisRon.Iwanttotalkwithyouonsomething.Pleasetellmewhatphone#Icancallandtime.Iwillcall
youaftergettingyour3
Reply
IamavailableonEmail.
MyEmailIdisjiguparmar@yahoo.com
Reply
Mohammed says:
DearJignesh,ineedthereferencesofyourdiversity,demandandcoincidencefactrostables.aretheyasperany
international/nationalcodes.Yourkindreplywillbnehelfulinstudyingaproject.
M.A.Bari
Shakil says:
July6,2013at2:49am
Jignesh.Parmar,Ineedyourhelp.IamfmBangladesh.Iamalsoaelectricalengineer.Isawthatyouhavemostexperiencein
powersector.In15thjuly,aBangladeshipowergenerationcompanycallainterview.Iamalsoacandidateforthat
interview.Sirpleasegivesomematerialsandtellmehowcanigotthatjob.Iliketoinformyouthat,Ihavenoexperienceto
workanypowerplant.Iamafresherelectricalengineer
RonChatterji says:
Ineedyourphone#andthetime/date
11 of 15 19/09/2017 11:52
Reply
minhaz says:
exellent
Reply
saad says:
thanksdear
Reply
MarkJasonAcopioObordo says:
thanks!!nowiknow.:)
Reply
colinchallinger says:
HiIhaveanappartmentblockwith12flatstocostandtheyareallelectrilyheatedtoalpotdivesityequals22.4Kva
refto(ks)willthisfactorstillapplytotheincomingmain?
Reply
PercyMakhuvha says:
ThankyouverymuchknowIamhappy
Reply
AllanSanjose says:
Yourfirststatementregardingdemandfactorisalwayslessthanone.
ifyourdemandfactoris100%thatisequaltoone.
Philippines
Reply
PleasecarefullyReadDefinitionFirst!!!
DemandFactor=Maximumdemandofasystem/Totalconnectedloadonthesystem.
YourmaxdemandnevergoesbeyondconnectedloadsoD.Fisalwayslessthan1.
Hopethisclarificationmayclearyourdough.
Reply
Rahul says:
Dearsir,
Icameacrossanotherformulalike
Maximumnormalrunningplantload=100%sumofallcontinuouslyoperatingloads+30%sumofallintermittentloads.
Where100%and30%areconsideredasthediversityfactorsofcontinuousandintermittentloadsrespectively
Sirdoyouknowwhichindustryisthisformulacommonlyused.canyouexplainthisformula..
Ihopeyouwillreplytomyquestion
Reply
KhwajaSalim says:
April3,2013at9:36am
ThankYouMr.JigneshParmar.Itisveryusefulindesigningofelectricalinstalltion.
Reply
John says:
May11,2013at2:52pm
DearSir,Iwouldliketolearnaboutthereferenceforthisinfo.Thankyouverymuchforyourkindhelp.
Reply
avtarsingh says:
May27,2013at10:44am
Dearsir,oneconfusionisthatifmyconectedloadis450kwandconsumptionis307kwhthenwhattheratingofincomming
transformerpleasetellmebrief.
Reply
Bala says:
September22,2013at5:56am
ThankYouMr.JigneshParmar.
Reply
pritchitroda says:
October3,2013at6:04pm
veryusefullthingsuhavegiven,thanks,
Reply
saad says:
thankyouverymuch.
Reply
atest says:
thisisatest
Reply
aki says:
thankuuu
12 of 15 19/09/2017 11:52
Reply
haseebullha says:
niceandsimpleinformationthanksforyoureort
Reply
irdanraybodiongan says:
January17,2014at8:44am
whatisthedemandfactorandloadfactorfordraftingroom?
Reply
AlbertoGasmen says:
Basically,thesedatafortheDEMANDandDIVERSITYfactorsareexcellentinfoforafastestimationofPOWERSUPPLY,CABLE
/WIRESIZES,manythanks
Reply
souvik says:
thanksforthearticle..ithelpedme.thanks
Reply
SPSarathy says:
Youreortislaudable.Westandtogainwithyoursharinginasimpleway.
Reply
ashokchaudhary says:
thanksforusefulAndapplicablekno
wlge
Reply
HarishKumarJohri says:
ThankyouMr.Jignesh!NiceexplanationsoftheseElectricityfactorsinoneArticle.
HarishKumarJohri,L&TFaridabad.
Reply
Rafiq says:
September21,2014at5:55pm
Thanksforthisnote,hopefullycaniknowwhatisyourreferenceforthisImgladtoknowthanksinadvance
Reply
Godfrey says:
Amappreciationforthisprovisionoftheinfomatiomaboutdiversityfactorbcauseitsalwaysdiculttofindreliablenotesfor
thistopic.
Reply
DaramolaDele says:
yourarticleisalwaysedifyingmystudies.MayGodBlessyoumoreandmore
Reply
DaramolaDele says:
howcangetthispaper
Reply
MahmoudElghazaly says:
thankyouverymuchforsuchvaluableinformations
Reply
Rajesh says:
Verysimpleexplanationandreallyvaluable.
Thisisanantibioticformyknowledge
Reply
zak says:
dearJignesh
ihaveasmallquestionregardingthetransformers.
ineedtoknowaccordingtoNECwhatisthepercentagetobeloadedforthecapacityofatransformer.
Asapracticewealwaysconsider80%oftotalkvaofatransformer.
ex.ifwehave1600kvat/rthenwecanuse1600*80%=1280kva.
wecanuseonly1280kvainsteadof1600kva.supooseyourtotalloadis1400kvathenyouhavetogotohighersizethatis2000
kva.
Reply
usman says:
April2,2015at7:12am
niceeortformakingitunderstandabletonontechnicalalso..
Reply
RAJNISHKUMAR says:
April22,2015at9:30am
Sir,thanksforprovidingusefulinformationasithelpsinpreparationofamie
Reply
monacodelpasao says:
June16,2015at5:38am
greatnotesbutalotofspellingmistakes
Reply
13 of 15 19/09/2017 11:52
avnishkumar says:
July6,2015at9:41am
iamplantengineer(electrcial).disconceptalwayswerusing,soundestandtheLF,DFetc..
Reply
thongraty says:
August4,2015at8:46am
Dearsir,
Actuallysir,CouldyoupleasemoredetailformeaboutwhatistheKuandWhatistheKscosistillconfusewithwhatyou
showedabove.
Bestregard,
Reply
8463838172 says:
siriamelectricalengg.studentiwanttowriteresearchpaperonruralelectricitysocouldyouhelpme
Reply
sourabhvishwakarma says:
thankyouforthisinformationbutihaveanQuestion:ifihave2000kwconnectedloadthanhowmuchkvatransformerwe
shoulduseeitherhigherfrom2000kworbelow.accordingtoyourcalculationitgiveverylowcapacitycapacityoftransformer.
pleasereply.
Reply
kimdongmin says:
Thankyouforsharingyourknowledge!!
Reply
Nandakumar.R says:
DearMr.Jignesh.Parmar
Thankyouforyourideaandimplementationofsharingyourexperience&knowledgeandhelptechnicalenthusiaststolearn
more.
GREATTHINKING;GREATJOB!
Reply
says:
+32.thanksverygoodsite,thankforhelp
Reply
ChandrakantGhan says:
ChandrakantGhan:
DearMr.Parmar,AveryusefularticleandclearsmanydoubtsaboutthefactorsinElectricalisntalltion.
Thanksforsucharticle.
Regards
Reply
sunny says:
May12,2016at5:52am
whatisthecapacityoftransformerfor33000sqfeetareaplssuggested
Reply
AboderinSulaiman says:
June1,2016at3:33pm
DearMrParmar
WearecurrentlyworkingonaprojectforLagosStateMinistryofHousingatotalof53blocks.Eachblockisafourfloors
comprisesof8Nos1bedroomflat(2nosperfloor)onawingand8Nos2bedroomflat(2Nosperfloor)ontheotherwing.The
totalloadforeachblockis478.4KWandforallthe53blocks,thetotalloadwas25,355.2KWi.e25.355MW.
SelectingTransformersfortheEstate:
Adiversityfactorof0.8(1.25)wasapplyforeachblockandaloadfactorof0.3wasusedfortheentireestate,enblock
ThetotalutilityfactorappliedfortheentireEstateis0.8multiplyby0.3=0.24
TotalestimatedloadforselectionofTransformeris25.355MWX0.24=6.085MW
Applyingpowerfactorof0.8,estimatedloadinKVA=7,606KVA
NumberofTransformerrequired(AssumedeachselectedTransformerisof(500KVA)=7,606/500No=15.2say16Noof500KVA
willberequiredfortheEstate.
IneedyouradviceandIwanttoknowifthereisaRegulationthatconfirmtheaboveapplicationfactorforfinalload(Estimated)
asdoneabove.
IwanttoknowifIamontherighttrackconsideringyourdefinitionofdiversityfactor,loadfactoretc.
Baseontheabovecalculationwhatisthesizeofthemaininjectionsubstationthatwillsupplytheentireestate.Thankyou.
ThankyouasIexpecttohearfromyousoonest.
Reply
DeepakM.R. says:
July28,2016at6:38am
ThanksalotSir.Theseinformationwereveryuseful.
Reply
venkat says:
14 of 15 19/09/2017 11:52
IliketoreadyouranswersiwouldliketoSizeofGeneratorformynewPlant.PladvicehowtoarrivecorrectsizeofDGset.
similarly,ifiwanttodosamefromrunningplant,plspecifythesamealso..thanks..venkat
Reply
gideonmbato says:
Isdiversityfactorsameasutilisationfactor
Reply
Chaddy says:
Thankyoualotsir
Reply
15 of 15 19/09/2017 11:52

Electrical Factors - Demand, Diversity, Utilization & Load Explained

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Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | Electrical Notes & Articles https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-loa...

Electrical Notes & Articles

Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load

Demand factor is always < =1.

Use of demand factors:

Demand Factor For Industrial

Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Maximum Demands / Maximum Demand of

The diversity factor is always >= 1.

Use of diversity factor:

Diversity Factor in distribution Network

ElementsofSystem Residential Commercial GeneralPower LargeIndustrial

Betweenindividual 2.00 1.46 1.45

1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05

1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10

Fromusersto 2.00 1.46 1.44

Fromusersto 3.00 2.18 2.24 1.32

Diversity Factor for Distribution

Diversity Factor as per IEC 60439

Diversity Factor for Apartment

Area ResidenceLtg CommercialLtg Ind.Ltg

BetweenConsumer 3 1.5 1.5

Between 1.3 1.3 1.3

BetweenFeeder 1.2 1.2 1.2

BetweenS.S 1.1 1.1 1.1

Load Factor=Actual Load / Full Load

The Load factor is always <=1.

Demand Factor & Load Factor

Utility DemandFactor(%) LoadFactor(%)

Communicationsbuildings 6065 7075

Telephoneexchangebuilding 5570 2025

Airpassengerterminalbuilding 6580 2832

Aircraftfireandrescuestation 2535 1317

Aircraftlineoperationsbuilding 6580 2428

Academicinstructionbuilding 4060 2226

Appliedinstructionbuilding 3565 2428

ChemistryandToxicology 7080 2228

MaterialsLaboratory 3035 2732

PhysicsLaboratory 7080 2228

Coldstoragewarehouse 7075 2025

Generalwarehouse 7580 2328

Controlledhumiditywarehouse 6065 3338

Hazardous/flammablestorehouse 7580 2025

Disposal,salvage,scrapbuilding 3540 2520

Hospital 3842 4550

Laboratory 3237 2025

K6schools 7580 1015

712schools 6570 1217

Churches 6570 525

PostOce 7580 2025

Retailstore 6570 2532

Bank 7580 2025

Supermarket 5560 2530

Restaurant 4575 1525

Autorepairshop 4060 1520

Hobbyshop,art/crafts 3040 2530

Bowlingalley 7075 1015

Gymnasium 7075 2045

Skatingrink 7075 1015

Indoorswimmingpool 5560 2550

Theatres 4555 813

Library 7580 3035

Golfclubhouse 7580 1520