Muslim Brotherhood

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Society of the Muslim Brothers
????? ??????? ????????
Muslim Brotherhood Logo.png
Leader Mohamed Badie
Spokesperson Gehad el-Haddad
Founded 1928
Ismailia, Egypt
Headquarters Cairo, Egypt
Ideology Sunni Islamism[1]
Social conservatism[2]
Religious fundamentalism[3]
Anti-communism[4][5]
Political position Right-wing to Far-right[6][7]
House of the People (Afghanistan)
39 / 249
Council of Representatives of Bahrain
2 / 40
People's Representative Council (Indonesia)
40 / 560
Council of Representatives of Iraq
4 / 325
Parliament of Lebanon
1 / 128
National Assembly (Mauritania)
16 / 146
Palestinian Legislative Council
74 / 132
National Assembly of Sudan
323 / 354
Assembly of the Representatives of the People (Tunisia)
69 / 217
House of Representatives (Yemen)
46 / 301
Party flag
Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood (2).png
Website
www.ikhwanonline.com (Arabic)
www.ikhwanweb.com (English)
The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Arabic: ????? ??????? ????????? Jamaat al-
Ikhwan al-Muslimin), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (??????? ???????? al-
Ikhwan al-Muslimun), is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in
Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928.[8][9][10][11]
The organization gained supporters throughout the Arab world and influenced other
Islamist groups such as Hamas[12] with its "model of political activism combined
with Islamic charity work",[13] and in 2012 sponsored the elected political party
in Egypt after the January Revolution in 2011. However, it faced periodic
government crackdowns for alleged terrorist activities, and as of 2015 is
considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain,[14][15] Egypt,
[16] Russia,[17] Syria,[18] Saudi Arabia[19] and the United Arab Emirates.[20]

The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the Quran and the Sunnah as the "sole
reference point for ... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual,
community ... and state".[21]

For many years the movement was financed by Saudi Arabia, with which it shared some
enemies[who?] and some points[which?] of doctrine.[22][23]
As a Pan-Islamic, religious, and social movement, it preached Islam, taught the
illiterate, and set up hospitals and business enterprises. The group spread to
other Muslim countries but has its largest, or one of its largest, organizations in
Egypt despite a succession of government crackdowns in 1948,[24][25] 1954,[26]
1965, and 2013 after plots, or alleged plots, of assassination and overthrow were
uncovered.[27][28][29]

The Arab Spring brought it legalization and substantial political power at first,
but as of 2013 it has suffered severe reversals.[30] The Egyptian Muslim
Brotherhood was legalized in 2011 and won several elections,[31] including the 2012
presidential election when its candidate Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first
democratically elected president,[32] though one year later, following massive
demonstrations and unrest, he was overthrown by the military and placed under house
arrest.[33]

The Brotherhood itself claims to be a peaceful, democratic organization,[34][35]

and that its leader "condemns violence and violent acts".[36]

Contents [hide]
1 Beliefs
1.1 Mottos
2 Strategy and organization
3 In Egypt
3.1 Founding
3.2 PostWorld War II
3.3 Mubarak-era
3.4 2011 revolution and after
3.5 Controversy
3.6 General leaders
4 In the Middle East
4.1 Bahrain
4.2 Iran
4.3 Turkey
4.4 Iraq
4.5 Israel
4.6 Palestine
4.7 Jordan
4.8 Qatar
4.9 Kuwait
4.10 Saudi Arabia
4.11 Lebanon
4.12 Syria
4.13 United Arab Emirates
4.14 Yemen
5 Elsewhere in Africa
5.1 Algeria
5.2 Libya
5.3 Mauritania
5.4 Morocco
5.5 Somalia
5.6 Sudan
5.7 Tunisia
6 Other states
6.1 Indonesia
6.2 Russia
6.3 United Kingdom
6.4 United States
7 Criticism
7.1 Motives
7.2 Status of non-Muslims
7.3 Response to criticisms
8 Foreign relations
8.1 Designation as a terrorist organization
8.1.1 Outside the Middle East
8.2 Relationship to diplomatic crises in Qatar
9 See also
10 Footnotes
11 References
12 External links
Beliefs[edit]
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v t e
The Brotherhood's English-language website describes its principles as including
firstly the introduction of the Islamic Sharia as "the basis for controlling the
affairs of state and society" and secondly, working to unify "Islamic countries and
states, mainly among the Arab states, and liberate them from foreign imperialism".
[37]

According to a spokesman on its English-language website, the Muslim Brotherhood

believes in reform, democracy, freedom of assembly, press, etc.

We believe that the political reform is the true and natural gateway for all other
kinds of reform. We have announced our acceptance of democracy that acknowledges
political pluralism, the peaceful rotation of power and the fact that the nation is
the source of all powers. As we see it, political reform includes the termination
of the state of emergency, restoring public freedoms, including the right to
establish political parties, whatever their tendencies may be, and the freedom of
the press, freedom of criticism and thought, freedom of peaceful demonstrations,
freedom of assembly, etc. It also includes the dismantling of all exceptional
courts and the annulment of all exceptional laws, establishing the independence of
the judiciary, enabling the judiciary to fully and truly supervise general
elections so as to ensure that they authentically express people's will, removing
all obstacles that restrict the functioning of civil society organizations, etc.
[38]
Its founder, Hassan Al-Banna, was influenced by Islamic modernist reformers
Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida (who attacked the taqlid of the official `ulama, and
he insisted that only the Quran and the best-attested hadiths should be sources of
the Sharia),[39] with the group structure and approach being influenced by Sufism.
[40][41] Al-Banna avoided controversies over doctrine. It downplayed doctrinal
differences between schools (although takfiring Bahais and Ahmadi Muslims)
emphasizing the political importance of worldwide unity of the Muslim Nation
(umma).[42]

As Islamic Modernist beliefs were co-opted by secularist rulers and official

`ulama, the Brotherhood has become traditionalist and conservative, "being the only
available outlet for those whose religious and cultural sensibilities had been
outraged by the impact of Westernization".[43] Al-Banna believed the Quran and
Sunnah constitute a perfect way of life and social and political organization that
God has set out for man. Islamic governments must be based on this system and
eventually unified in a Caliphate. The Muslim Brotherhood's goal, as stated by its
founder al-Banna was to drive out British colonial and other Western influences,
reclaim Islam's manifest destinyan empire, stretching from Spain to Indonesia.[44]
The Brotherhood preaches that Islam will bring social justice, the eradication of
poverty, corruption and sinful behavior, and political freedom (to the extent
allowed by the laws of Islam). Blended with methods of modern social sciences, some
key thinkers of Brotherhood have also contemplated the Islamic perspective on
bureaucratic effectiveness, mapping out solutions to problems of formalism and
irresponsiveness to public concerns in public administration, which pertains to the
pro-democratic tenets of Muslim Brotherhood.[45] Such variations of thoughts have
also purportedly negated the realities of contemporary Muslim countries as their
authors have proclaimed.[46]

On the issue of women and gender the Muslim Brotherhood interprets Islam
conservatively. Its founder called for "a campaign against ostentation in dress and
loose behavior", "segregation of male and female students", a separate curriculum
for girls, and "the prohibition of dancing and other such pastimes ... "[47]

There have been breakaway groups from the movement, including the Al-Gama'a al-
Islamiyya and Al Takfir Wal Hijra.[48] Prominent figures of the Brotherhood include
Sayyid Qutb, a highly influential and anti-Semitic thinker of Islamic supremacism,
and the author of Milestones.[49] Osama bin Laden criticized the Brotherhood, and
accused it of betraying jihad and the ideals of Qutb.[50][51]

Mottos[edit]
The Brotherhood's "most frequently used slogan" (according to the BBC) is "Islam is
the Solution" (??????? ?? ????).[52] According to academic Khalil Yusuf, its motto
"was traditionally" "Believers are but Brothers."[53]

Strategy and organization[edit]

The Muslim Brotherhood position on political participation varied according to the
"domestic situation" of each branch, rather than ideology. For many years its
stance was "collaborationist" in Kuwait and Jordan; for "pacific opposition" in
Egypt; "armed opposition" in Libya and Syria.[54] A 1982 document, later known as
The Muslim Brotherhood Project outlined "a global vision of a worldwide strategy
for Islamic policy [or 'political Islam']" for the Brotherhood was found in
Switzerland and translated into English by Scott Burgess in 2005.[55] (A book on
the document was published under the name La conquete de l'Occident: Le projet
secret des Islamistes (The conquest of the West: The Islamists' Secret Project) by
Sylvain Besson.[55]

The Muslim Brotherhood is a movement, not a political party, but its members have
created political parties in several countries, such as the Islamic Action Front in
Jordan and Hamas in Gaza and the West Bank and the now disbanded Freedom and
Justice Party in Egypt. These parties are staffed by Brotherhood members but they
are kept independent from the Muslim Brotherhood to some degree, unlike Hizb ut-
Tahrir which is highly centralized.[56] The Brotherhood has been described as a
"combination of neo-Sufic tariqa" (with al-Banna as the original murshid i.e.,
guide of the tariqa) "and a political party".[39] The Egyptian Brotherhood has a
pyramidal structure with "families" (or usra, which consists of four to five people
and is headed by a naqib, or "captain)[57][58] at the bottom, "clans" above them,
"groups" above clans and "battalions" or "phalanxes" above groups.[39][59]
Potential Brethren start out as Muhib or "lovers", and if approved move up to
become a muayyad, or "supporter", then to muntasib or "affiliated", (who are
nonvoting members). If a muntasib "satisfies his monitors", he is promoted to
muntazim, or "organizer", before advancing to the final level -- ach 'amal, or
"working brother".[57] With this slow careful advancement, the loyalty of potential
members can be "closely probed" and obedience to orders assured.[57]

At the top of the hierarchy is the Guidance Office (Maktab al-Irshad), and
immediately below it is the Shura Council. Orders are passed down through a chain
of command:[60]

The Shura Council has the duties of planning, charting general policies and
programs that achieve the goal of the Group.[60] It is composed of roughly 100
Muslim Brothers. Important decisions, such as whether to participate in elections,
are debated and voted on within the Shura Council and then executed by the Guidance
Office.[57] Its resolutions are binding to the Group and only the General
Organizational Conference can modify or annul them and the Shura Office has also
the right to modify or annul resolutions of the Executive Office. It follows the
implementation of the Group's policies and programs. It directs the Executive
Office and it forms dedicated branch committees to assist in that.[60]
Executive Office or Guidance Office (Maktab al-Irshad), which is composed of
approximately 15 longtime Muslim Brothers and headed by the supreme guide or
General Masul (murshid) Each member of the Guidance Office oversees a different
portfolio, such as university recruitment, education, or politics. Guidance Office
members are elected by the Shura Council.[57] Divisions of the Guidance/Executive
Office include:
Executive leadership
Organizational office
Secretariat general
Educational office
Political office
Sisters office
The Muslim Brotherhood aimed to build a transnational organization. In the 1940s,
the Egyptian Brotherhood organized a "section for Liaison with the Islamic World"
endowed with nine committees.[61] Groups were founded in Lebanon (1936), in Syria
(1937), and Transjordan (1946). It also recruited members among the foreign
students who lived in Cairo where its headquarters became a center and a meeting
place for representatives from the whole Muslim world.[62]

In each country with an MB there is a Branch committee with a Masul (leader)

appointed by the General Executive leadership with essentially the same Branch-
divisions as the Executive office. "Properly speaking" Brotherhood branches exist
only in Arab countries of the Middle East where they are "in theory" subordinate to
the Egyptian General Guide. Beyond that the Brotherhood sponsors national
organizations in countries like Tunisia (Nahda), Morocco (Justice and Charity
party), Algeria (Movement of Society for Peace).[63] Outside the Arab world it also
has influence, with a former President of Afghanistan Burhanuddin Rabbani having
adopted MB ideas during his studies at Al-Azhar University, and many similarities
between mujahideen groups in Afghanistan and Arab MBs.[63] Angkatan Belia Islam
Malaysia in Malaysia is close to the Brotherhood.[63] According to scholar Olivier
Roy, as of 1994 "an international agency" of the Brotherhood "assures the
cooperation of the ensemble" of its national organizations. The agency's
"composition is not well known, but the Egyptians maintain a dominant position".
[63]

In Egypt[edit]
Main article: Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
Founding[edit]
Main article: Ittihad Party
Hassan al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of Ismailia in March
1928 along with six workers of the Suez Canal Company, as a Pan-Islamic, religious,
political, and social movement.[64] The Suez Canal Company helped Banna build the
mosque in Ismailia that would serve as the Brotherhood's headquarters, according to
Richard Mitchell's The Society of Muslim Brothers.[65] According to al-Banna,
contemporary Islam had lost its social dominance, because most Muslims had been
corrupted by Western influences. Sharia law based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah were
seen as laws passed down by God that should be applied to all parts of life,
including the organization of the government and the handling of everyday problems.
[66]

Al-Banna was populist in his message of protecting workers against the tyranny of
foreign and monopolist companies. It founded social institutions such as hospitals,
pharmacies, schools, etc. Al-Banna held highly conservative views on issues such as
women's rights, opposing equal rights for women, but supporting the establishment
of justice towards women.[47] The Brotherhood grew rapidly going from 800 members
in 1936, to 200,000 by 1938 and over 2 million by 1948.[67]

As its influence grew, it opposed British rule in Egypt starting in 1936,[68] but
it was banned after being accused of violent killings[69] including the
assassination of a Prime Minister by a young Brotherhood member.[70][71][72]

PostWorld War II[edit]

Muslim Brotherhood fighters in the 1948 ArabIsraeli War

In November 1948, following several bombings and assassination attempts by the
Brotherhood, the Egyptian government arrested 32 leaders of the Brotherhood's
"secret apparatus" and banned the Brotherhood.[73] At this time the Brotherhood was
estimated to have 2000 branches and 500,000 members or sympathizers.[74] In
succeeding months Egypt's prime minister was assassinated by a Brotherhood member,
and following that Al-Banna himself was assassinated in what is thought to be a
cycle of retaliation.

In 1952, members of the Muslim Brotherhood were accused of taking part in the Cairo
Fire that destroyed some 750 buildings in downtown Cairo mainly night clubs,
theatres, hotels, and restaurants frequented by British and other foreigners.[75]

In 1952 Egypt's monarchy was overthrown by a group of nationalist military officers

(Free Officers Movement) who had formed a cell within the Brotherhood during the
first war against Israel in 1948.[76] However, after the revolution Gamal Abdel
Nasser, the leader of the 'free officers' cell, after deposing the first President
of Egypt, Muhammad Neguib, in a coup, quickly moved against the Brotherhood,
blaming them for an attempt on his life. The Brotherhood was again banned and this
time thousands of its members were imprisoned, many being tortured and held for
years in prisons and concentration camps. In the 1950s and 1960s many Brotherhood
members sought sanctuary in Saudi Arabia.[77] From the 1950s, Al-Banna's son-in-law
Said Ramadan emerged as a major leader of the Brotherhood and the movement's
unofficial "foreign minister". Ramadan built a major center for the Brotherhood
centered on a mosque in Munich, which became "a refuge for the beleaguered group
during its decades in the wilderness".[78]
In the 1970s after the death of Nasser and under the new President (Anwar Sadat),
the Egyptian Brotherhood was invited back to Egypt and began a new phase of
participation in Egyptian politics.[79] Imprisoned Brethren were released and the
organization was tolerated to varying degrees with periodic arrests and crackdowns
until the 2011 Revolution.[citation needed]

Mubarak-era[edit]
During the Mubarak era, observers both defended and criticized the Brotherhood. It
was the largest opposition group in Egypt, calling for "Islamic reform", and a
democratic system in Egypt. It had built a vast network of support through Islamic
charities working among poor Egyptians.[80] According to ex-Knesset member and
author Uri Avnery the Brotherhood was religious but pragmatic, "deeply embedded in
Egyptian history, more Arab and more Egyptian than fundamentalist". It formed "an
old established party which has earned much respect with its steadfastness in the
face of recurrent persecution, torture, mass arrests and occasional executions. Its
leaders are untainted by the prevalent corruption, and admired for their commitment
to social work".[81] It also developed a significant movement online.[82][83]

In the 2005 parliamentary elections, the Brotherhood became "in effect, the first
opposition party of Egypt's modern era". Despite electoral irregularities,
including the arrest of hundreds of Brotherhood members, and having to run its
candidates as independents (the party being technically illegal), the Brotherhood
won 88 seats (20% of the total) compared to 14 seats for the legal opposition.[84]

During its term in parliament the Brotherhood "posed a democratic political

challenge to the regime, not a theological one", according to one The New York
Times journalist,[84] while another report praised it for attempting to transform
"the Egyptian parliament into a real legislative body", that represented citizens
and kept the government "accountable".[84][85]

But fears remained about its commitment to democracy, equal rights, and freedom of
expression and beliefor lack thereof.[86] In December 2006, a campus demonstration
by Brotherhood students in uniforms, demonstrating martial arts drills, betrayed to
some such as Jameel Theyabi "the group's intent to plan for the creation of militia
structures, and a return by the group to the era of 'secret cells'".[87] Another
report highlighted the Muslim Brotherhood's efforts in Parliament to combat what
one member called the 'current US-led war against Islamic culture and identity',
forcing the Minister of Culture (Farouk Hosny) to ban the publication of three
novels on the ground they promoted blasphemy and unacceptable sexual practices.[88]
In October 2007, the Muslim Brotherhood issued a detailed political platform. Among
other things, it called for a board of Muslim clerics to oversee the government,
and limiting the office of the presidency to Muslim men. In the "Issues and
Problems" chapter of the platform, it declared that a woman was not suited to be
president because the post's religious and military duties "conflict with her
nature, social and other humanitarian roles". While proclaiming "equality between
men and women in terms of their human dignity", the document warned against
"burdening women with duties against their nature or role in the family".[89]

Internally, some leaders in the Brotherhood disagreed on whether to adhere to

Egypt's 32-year peace treaty with Israel. A deputy leader declared the Brotherhood
would seek dissolution of the treaty,[90] while a Brotherhood spokesman stated the
Brotherhood would respect the treaty as long as "Israel shows real progress on
improving the lot of the Palestinians".[91]

2011 revolution and after[edit]

Further information: Egyptian Revolution of 2011, Freedom and Justice Party
(Egypt), and 2013 Egyptian coup d'tat
Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and fall of Hosni Mubarak, the
Brotherhood was legalized[27] and was at first very successful, dominating the 2011
parliamentary election and winning the 2012 presidential election, before the
overthrow of President Mohamed Morsi a year later, leading to a crackdown on the
Brotherhood again.

On 30 April 2011, the Brotherhood launched a new party called the Freedom and
Justice Party, which won 235 of the 498 seats in the 2011 Egyptian parliamentary
elections, far more than any other party.[92][93] The party rejected the "candidacy
of women or Copts for Egypt's presidency", but not for cabinet positions.[94]

Then-U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry meeting with then-Egyptian President

Mohamed Morsi, May 2013
The Muslim Brotherhood's candidate for Egypt's 2012 presidential election was
Mohamed Morsi, who defeated Ahmed Shafiqthe last prime minister under Mubarak's
rulewith 51.73% of the vote.[95] Some high level supporters[96][97] and former
Brotherhood officials[98] have reiterated hostility toward Zionism,[99] although
during his campaign Morsi himself promised to stand for peaceful relations with
Israel.[100]

Within a short period, serious public opposition developed to President Morsi. In

late November 2012, he 'temporarily' granted himself the power to legislate without
judicial oversight or review of his acts, on the grounds that he needed to
"protect" the nation from the Mubarak-era power structure.[101][102] He also put a
draft constitution to a referendum that opponents complained was "an Islamist
coup".[103] These issues[104]and concerns over the prosecutions of journalists,
the unleashing of pro-Brotherhood gangs on nonviolent demonstrators, the
continuation of military trials, new laws that permitted detention without judicial
review for up to 30 days,[105] and the seeming impunity given to Islamist radical
attacks on Christians and other minorities[106]brought hundreds of thousands of
protesters to the streets starting in November 2012.[107][108]

By April 2013, Egypt had "become increasingly divided" between President Mohamed
Morsi and "Islamist allies" and an opposition of "moderate Muslims, Christians and
liberals". Opponents accused "Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood of seeking to
monopolize power, while Morsi's allies say the opposition is trying to destabilize
the country to derail the elected leadership".[109][dead link] Adding to the unrest
were severe fuel shortages and electricity outages, which raised suspicions among
some Egyptians that the end of gas and electricity shortages since the ouster of
President Mohamed Morsi was evidence of a conspiracy to undermine him, although
other Egyptians say it was evidence of Morsi's mismanagement of the economy.[110]

On 3 July 2013, Mohamed Morsi was removed from office and put into house arrest by
the military,[111] that happened shortly after a popular uprising of tens of
millions of Egyptians began.[112][113][114][115][116] demanding the resignation of
Morsi. There were also limited counter-protests in support of Morsi;[117] those
were originally intended to celebrate the one-year anniversary of Morsi's
inauguration, and started days before the uprising. On 14 August, the interim
government declared a month-long state of emergency, and soldiers assisted riot
police in the violent action against protestors, largely in support of Morsi,
during the August 2013 Rabaa massacre. Violence escalated rapidly following armed
protesters attacking police, according to the National Council for Human Rights'
report;[118] this led to the deaths of over 600 people and injury of some 4,000,
[119][120] with the incident resulting in the most casualties in Egypt's modern
history.[121] In retaliation, Brotherhood supporters looted and burned police
stations and dozens of churches in response to the violence, though a Muslim
Brotherhood spokesperson condemned the attacks on Christians and blamed military
leaders for plotting the attacks.[122] The crackdown that followed has been called
the worst for the Brotherhood's organization "in eight decades".[123] By 19 August,
Al Jazeera reported that "most" of the Brotherhood's leaders were in custody.[124]
[125] On that day Supreme Leader Mohammed Badie was arrested,[126] crossing a "red
line", as even Hosni Mubarak had never arrested him.[127] On 23 September, a court
ordered the group outlawed and its assets seized.[128] Prime Minister, Hazem Al
Beblawi on 21 December 2013, declared the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist
organisation after a car bomb ripped through a police building and killed at least
14 people in the city of Mansoura, which the government blamed on the Muslim
Brotherhood, despite no evidence and an unaffiliated Sinai-based terror group
claiming responsibility for the attack.[129]

A group of pro-Brotherhood protesters holding the Rabia sign and making the
associated gesture during a pro-Brotherhood protest held in October 2013.
On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 members of the Muslim Brotherhood
to death[130] following an attack on a police station, an act described by Amnesty
International as "the largest single batch of simultaneous death sentences we've
seen in recent years [] anywhere in the world".[131] By May 2014, approximately
16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by what The Economist calls an
"independent count"),[132] mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have allegedly
been arrested by police since the 2013 uprising.[133] On 2 February 2015, an
Egyptian court sentenced another 183 members of the Muslim Brotherhood to death.
[134]

An editorial in The New York Times claimed that "leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood,
which became the leading political movement in the wake of Egypts 2011 popular
uprising, are languishing in prison, unfairly branded as terrorists. ... Egypts
crushing authoritarianism could well persuade a significant number of its citizens
that violence is the only tool they have for fighting back".[135]

Mohamed Morsi was sentenced to death on 16 May 2015, along with 120 others.[136]

Foreigners were threatened with violence by a Turkey-based free-to-air satellite

television channel owned by exiled Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood members.[137]
Violence was endorsed by a Turkey-based office of the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt.
[citation needed]

The Muslim Brotherhood claimed that Muslims did not carry out the Botroseya Church
bombing and claimed it was a false flag by the Egyptian government and Copts, in a
statement released in Arabic on the FJP's website,[138] but their claim was
challenged by 100 Women participant Nervana Mahmoud[139][140] and Hoover
Institution and Hudson Institute fellow Samuel Tadros.[141] The Muslim Brotherhood
released an Arabic-language statement claiming the attack was carried out by the
Egyptian government security forces of President Sisi.[citation needed] The Anti-
Coup Alliance said that "full responsibility for the crime" was on the "coup
authority".[citation needed] The Muslim Brotherhood released an English-language
commentary on the bombing and said it condemned the terrorist attack.[142]

Qatar-based Muslim Brotherhood members are suspected to have helped a Muslim

Brotherhood agent carry out the bombing according to the Egyptian government.[143]
[144][145] The Qatar-based supporter was named as Mohab Mostafa El-Sayed Qassem.
[146][147][148] The terrorist was named as Mahmoud Shafiq Mohamed Mostaf.[149]

The Arabic-language website of the Muslim Brotherhood commemorated the anniversary

of the death of their leader Hassan al-Banna and repeated his words calling for the
teachings of Islam to spread all over the world and to raise the "flag of Jihad",
taking their land, "regaining their glory", "including diaspora Muslims" and
demanding an Islamic State and a Muslim government, a Muslim people, a Muslim
house, and Muslim individuals.[150] The Brotherhood cited some of Hassan al-Banna's
sayings calling for brotherhood between Muslims.[citation needed]
The death of Omar Abdel Rahman, a convicted terrorist, received condolences from
the Muslim Brotherhood.[citation needed] Mekameleen TV, a Turkey-based free-to-air
satellite television channel run by exiled Brotherhood supporters, mourned his
death and claimed it was "martyrdom". Mekameleen supports the Brotherhood[citation
needed] Condolences were sent upon Omar Abdel Rahman's death by the website of the
Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party in Egypt.[151]

Controversy[edit]
How much of the blame for the fall from power in Egypt of the Brotherhood and its
allied Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) can be placed on the Brotherhood, and how
much of it can be placed on its enemies in the Egyptian bureaucracy, media and
security establishment is disputed. The Mubarak governments state media portrayed
the Brotherhood as secretive and illegal,[152] and numerous TV channels such as
OnTv spent much on air time vilifying the organization.[153] But the Brotherhood
took a number of controversial steps and also acquiesced to or supported crackdowns
by the military during Morsis presidency.[154] Before the revolution, the Muslim
Brotherhoods supporters appeared at a protest at Al-Azhar University wearing
military-style fatigues, after which the Mubarak government accused the
organization of starting an underground militia.[155] When it came to power, the
Muslim Brotherhood indeed tried to establish armed groups of supporters and it
sought official permission for its members to be armed.[156]

General leaders[edit]

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Mohammed Badie, the current leader

Founder and first General Leader (G.L.): (19281949) Hassan al Banna
2nd G.L.: (19491972) Hassan al-Hudaybi
3rd G.L.: (19721986) Umar al-Tilmisani
4th G.L.: (19861996) Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr
5th G.L.: (19962002) Mustafa Mashhur
6th G.L.: (20022004) Ma'mun al-Hudaybi
7th G.L.: (20042010) Mohammed Mahdi Akef
8th G.L.: (16 January 2010) Mohammed Badie
In the Middle East[edit]
Bahrain[edit]
Further information: Al Eslah Society and Al-Menbar Islamic Society
In Bahrain, the Muslim Brotherhood ideology is speculated to be represented by the
Al Eslah Society and its political wing, the Al-Menbar Islamic Society.[citation
needed] Following parliamentary elections in 2002, Al Menbar became the largest
joint party with eight seats in the forty-seat Chamber of Deputies. Prominent
members of Al Menbar include Dr. Salah Abdulrahman, Dr. Salah Al Jowder, and
outspoken MP Mohammed Khalid. The party has generally backed government-sponsored
legislation on economic issues, but has sought a clampdown on pop concerts, sorcery
and soothsayers.[citation needed] Additionally, it has strongly opposed the
government's accession to the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights .[157]

Iran[edit]
See also: Iranian Call and Reform Organization
Although Iran is a predominately Shi'ite Muslim country and the Muslim Brotherhood
has never attempted to create a branch for Shi'ites,[63] Olga Davidson and Mohammad
Mahallati claim the Brotherhood has had influence among Shia in Iran.[158] Navab
Safavi, who founded Fada'iyan-e Islam, (also Fedayeen of Islam, or Fadayan-e
Islam), an Iranian Islamic organization active in Iran in the 1940s and 1950s, was,
according to Abbas Milani, "very much enamored of the Muslim Brotherhood".[159]

Iranian Call and Reform Organization, a Sunni Islamist group active in Iran, has
been described as an organization "that belongs to the Muslim Brotherhood"[160] or
"Iranian Muslim Brotherhood",[161] while it has officially stated that it is not
affiliated with the latter.[162]

Turkey[edit]

Erdogan performing the Rabaa gesture (which is used by Muslim Brotherhood

supporters)
The Turkish AKP, the ruling party of Turkey publicly supported the Muslim
Brotherhood during and a few months after the overthrow of the Muslim Brotherhood-
affiliated Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi in July 2013.[163][164] Turkish Prime
Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan claimed in an interview that this was because "Turkey
would stand by whoever was elected as a result of legitimate elections".[165]
According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, each year after
Morsi's overthrow has seen the AKP "significantly detach itself from the Muslim
Brotherhood in Egypt".[166]

Iraq[edit]
Further information: Iraqi Islamic Party, Hamas of Iraq, and Kurdistan Islamic
Union
The Iraqi Islamic Party was formed in 1960 as the Iraqi branch of the Brotherhood,
[167] but was banned from 1961 during the nationalist rule of Abd al-Karim Qasim.
As government repression hardened under the Baath Party from February 1963, the
group was forced to continue underground. After the fall of the Saddam Hussein
government in 2003, the Islamic Party has reemerged as one of the main advocates of
the country's Sunni community. The Islamic Party has been sharply critical of the
U.S.-led occupation of Iraq, but still participates in the political process
nevertheless.[168] Its leader is Iraqi Vice-President Tariq Al-Hashimi.

Anti-infidel jihad was encouraged by Imams of the Muslim Brotherhood simultaneously

while the US Army was having dialogues with them in Mosul. They pose as modern
while encouraging violence at the same time. The role of political representatives
of Sunnis was seized on by the Muslim Brotherhood in Mosul since 2003.[citation
needed]

The Muslim Brotherhood was an active participation in the "Faith Campaign".[169] An

ideology akin to the Brotherhood's was propagated in the faith campaign.[citation
needed]

Khaled al-Obaidi said that he received a death threat and was declared a non-Muslim
by the Muslim Brotherhood.[170]

A pro-Turkish demonstration was held in London by Muslim Brotherhood sympathizing

Iraqis.[citation needed]

Also, in the north of Iraq there are several Islamic movements inspired by or part
of the Muslim Brotherhood network. The Kurdistan Islamic Union (KIU), a small
political party holding 10 seats in the Kurdish parliament, was believed to be
supportive of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 90's.[171] The group leaders and
members have been continuously arrested by Kurdish authorities.

Israel[edit]
Further information: Islamic Movement in Israel
'Abd al-Rahman al-Banna, the brother of the Muslim Brotherhood founder Hasan al-
Banna, went to Mandatory Palestine and established the Muslim Brotherhood there in
1935. Al-Hajj Amin al-Husseini, eventually appointed by the British as Grand Mufti
of Jerusalem in hopes of accommodating him, was the leader of the group in
Palestine.[172] Another important leader associated with the Muslim Brotherhood in
Palestine was 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam, an inspiration to Islamists because he had
been the first to lead an armed resistance in the name of Palestine against the
British in 1935.[173] In 1945, the group established a branch in Jerusalem, and by
1947 twenty-five more branches had sprung up, in towns such as Jaffa, Lod, Haifa,
Nablus, and Tulkarm, which total membership between 12,000 and 20,000.[citation
needed]

Brotherhood members fought alongside the Arab armies during the 1948 ArabIsraeli
war, and, after Israel's creation, the ensuing Palestinian refugee crisis
encouraged more Palestinian Muslims to join the group. After the war, in the West
Bank, the group's activity was mainly social and religious, not political, so it
had relatively good relations with Jordan during the Jordanian annexation of the
West Bank. In contrast, the group frequently clashed with the Egyptian government
that controlled the Gaza Strip until 1967.[174]

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Brotherhood's goal was "the upbringing of an Islamic
generation" through the restructuring of society and religious education, rather
than opposition to Israel, and so it lost popularity to insurgent movements and the
presence of Hizb ut-Tahrir.[175] Eventually, however, the Brotherhood was
strengthened by several factors:

The creation of al-Mujamma' al-Islami, the Islamic Center in 1973 by Shaykh Ahmad
Yasin had a centralizing effect that encapsulated all religious organizations.
The Muslim Brotherhood Society in Jordan and Palestine was created from a merger of
the branches in the West Bank and Gaza and Jordan.
Palestinian disillusion with the Palestinian militant groups caused them to become
more open to alternatives.
The Islamic Revolution in Iran offered inspiration to Palestinians. The Brotherhood
was able to increase its efforts in Palestine and avoid being dismantled like
militant groups because it did not focus on the occupation. While militant groups
were being dismantled, the Brotherhood filled the void.[176]
Palestine[edit]
Further information: Hamas
Between 1967 and 1987, the year Hamas was founded, the number of mosques in Gaza
tripled from 200 to 600, and the Muslim Brotherhood named the period between 1975
and 1987 a phase of "social institution building."[177] During that time, the
Brotherhood established associations, used zakat (alms giving) for aid to poor
Palestinians, promoted schools, provided students with loans, used waqf (religious
endowments) to lease property and employ people, and established mosques. Likewise,
antagonistic and sometimes violent opposition to Fatah, the Palestine Liberation
Organization and other secular nationalist groups increased dramatically in the
streets and on university campuses.[178]

In 1987, following the First Intifada, the Islamic Resistance Movement, or

Hamas[176][179] was established from Brotherhood-affiliated charities and social
institutions that had gained a strong foothold among the local population. During
the First Intifada (198793), Hamas militarized and transformed into one of the
strongest Palestinian militant groups.

The Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip in 2007 was the first time since the Sudanese
coup of 1989 that brought Omar al-Bashir to power, that a Muslim Brotherhood group
ruled a significant geographic territory.[180] However, the 2013 overthrow of the
Mohammad Morsi government in Egypt significantly weakened Hamas's position, leading
to a blockade of Gaza and economic crisis.[181]

Jordan[edit]
Further information: Islamic Action Front
The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan originates from the merging of two separate groups
which represent the two components of the Jordanian public: the Transjordanian and
the West Bank Palestinian.[182] On 9 November 1945 the Association of the Muslim
Brotherhood (Jamiyat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin) was officially registered and Abu Qura
became its first General Supervisor.[182] Abu Qura originally brought the
Brotherhood to Jordan from Egypt after extensive study and spread of the teachings
of Imam Hasan al-Banna.[182] While most political parties and movements were banned
for a long time in Jordan such as Hizb ut-Tahrir, the Brotherhood was exempted and
allowed to operate by the Jordanian monarchy. In 1948, Egypt, Syria, and
Transjordan offered volunteers to help Palestine in its war against Israel. Due
to the defeat and weakening of Palestine, the Transjordanian and Palestinian
Brotherhood merged.[182] The newly merged Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan was
primarily concerned with providing social services and charitable work as well as
with politics and its role in the parliament. It was seen as compatible with the
political system and supported democracy without the forced implementation of
Sharia law which was part of its doctrine.[183] However, internal pressures from
younger members of the Brotherhood who called for more militant actions as well as
his failing health, Abu Qura resigned as the leader of the Jordanian Muslim
Brotherhood. On 26 December 1953, Muhammad Abd al-Rahman Khalifa, was elected by
the movements administrative committee as the new leader of the Transjordanian
Brotherhood and he retained this position until 1994. Khalifa was different than
his predecessor and older members of the organization because he was not educated
in Cairo, he was educated in Syria and Palestine. He established close ties with
Palestinian Islamists during his educational life which led him to be jailed for
several months in Jordan for criticizing Arab armies in the war.[182] Khalifa also
reorganized the Brotherhood and applied to the government to designate the
Brotherhood as a comprehensive and general Islamic Committee, instead of the
previous basis of operation under the Societies and Clubs Law. This allowed the
Brotherhood to spread throughout the country each with slight socioeconomic and
political differences although the majority of the members were of the upper middle
class. The radicalization of the Brotherhood began to take place after the peace
process between Egypt and Israel, the Islamic Revolution of Iran, as well as their
open criticism towards the Jordan-US relationship in the 1970s. Support for the
Syrian branch of the Brotherhood also aided the radicalization of the group through
open support and training for the rebel forces in Syria. The ideology began to
transform into a more militant one which without it would not have the support of
the Islamic radicals.[184]

The Jordanian Brotherhood has formed its own political party, the Islamic Action
Front. In 1989 they become the largest group in parliament, with 23 out of 80
seats, and 9 other Islamist allies.[185] A Brother was elected president of the
National Assembly and the cabinet formed in January 1991 included several MBs.[186]
Its radicalization which calls for more militant support for Hamas in Palestine has
come into direct conflict with its involvement in the parliament and overall
political process. The Brotherhood claimed its acceptance of democracy and the
democratic process but only within their own groups. There is a high degree of
dissent amongst Brotherhood leaders who do not share the same values therefore
undermining its acceptance and commitment to democracy.[citation needed]

In 2011, against the backdrop of the Arab Spring, the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood
"mobilized popular protests on a larger, more regular, and more oppositional basis
than ever before".[187] and had uniquely positioned themselves as "the only
traditional political actor to have remained prominent during [the] new phase of
post-Arab Spring activism"[187] which led King Abdullah II and then-Prime Minister
Marouf al-Bakhit to invite the Muslim Brotherhood to join Bakhit's cabinet, an
offer they refused.[188] The Muslim Brotherhood also boycotted the 2011 Jordanian
municipal elections and led the 2011-12 Jordanian protests demanding a
constitutional monarchy and electoral reforms, which resulted in the firing of
Prime Minister Bakhit and the calling of early general elections in 2013.[187]
As of late 2013, the movement in Jordan was described as being in "disarray".[189]
The instability and conflict with the monarchy has led the relationship between the
two to crumble. In 2015, some 400 members of the Muslim Brotherhood defected from
the original group including top leaders and founding members, to establish another
Islamic group, with an allegedly moderate stance. The defectors said that they
didn't like how things were run in the group and due to the group's relations with
Hamas, Qatar and Turkey, which put suspicion on the group questioning if they are
under the influence and working for the benefit of these states and organizations
on the expense of the Jordanian state.[190]

In 13 April 2016, Jordanian police raided and shut the Muslim Brotherhood
headquarters in Amman. This comes despite the fact that the Jordanian branch cut
ties with the mother Egyptian group in January 2016, a designated terrorist
organization, a move that is considered to be exclusively cosmetic by experts.
Jordanian authorities state that the reason of closure is because that the
Brotherhood is unlicensed and is using the name of the defectors' licensed group.
This comes after the Jordanian senate passed a new legislation for the regulation
of political parties in 2014, the Muslim Brotherhood did not adhere by the
regulations of the new law and so they did not renew their membership.[191]

Qatar[edit]
"The government of Qatar continued to back the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt,
denouncing what Sheikh Tamim described as a 'military coup' that had taken place in
Egypt in July 2013."[192] The ambassadors crisis also seriously threatened the
GCCs activities, adversely affected its functioning and could arguably even have
led to its dissolution.[192]

Kuwait[edit]
Further information: Hadas
Egyptian Brethren came to Kuwait in the 1950s as refugees from Arab nationalism and
integrated into the education ministry and other parts of the state. The
Brotherhood's charity arm in Kuwait is called Al Eslah (Social Reform Society)[193]
and its political arm is called the Islamic Constitutional Movement (ICM) or
"Hadas".[194][195] Members of ICM have been elected to parliament and served in the
government and are "widely believed to hold sway with the Ministry of Awqaf"
(Islamic endowment) and Islamic Affairs, but have never reached a majority or even
a plurality "a fact that has required them to be pragmatic about working with
other political groups".[193] During the Invasion of Kuwait, the Kuwait MB (along
with other MB in the Gulf States) supported the American-Saudi coalition forces
against Iraq and "quit the brotherhood's international agency in protest" over its
pro-Sadam stand.[196] However following the Arab Spring and the crackdown on the
Egyptian Brotherhood, the Saudi government has put pressure on other states that
have Muslim Brotherhood adherents, asking them to decree that the group is a
terrorist organization, and the local Kuwaiti and other Gulf state Brotherhoods
have not been spared pressure from their local governments.[193]

Saudi Arabia[edit]
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia helped the Brotherhood financially for "over half a
century",[22][23] but the two became estranged during the Gulf War, and enemies
after the election of Mohamed Morsi. Inside the kingdom, before the crushing of the
Egyptian MB, the brotherhood was called a group whose "many quiet supporters" made
it "one of the few potential threats" to the royal family's control.[197]

The Brotherhood first had an impact inside Saudi Arabia in 1954 when thousands of
Egyptian Brethren sought to escape president Gamal Abdel Nasser's clampdown, while
(the largely illiterate) Saudi Arabia was looking for teacherswho were also
conservative pious Arab Muslimsfor its newly created public school system.[198]
The Muslim Brotherhood's brand of Islam and Islamic politics differs from the
strict Salafi creed, Wahhabiyya, officially held by the state of Saudi Arabia, and
MB members "obeyed orders of the ruling family and ulama to not attempt to
proselytize or otherwise get involved in religious doctrinal matters within the
Kingdom. Nonetheless, the group "methodically ... took control of Saudi Arabia's
intellectual life" by publishing books and participating in discussion circles and
salons held by princes.[199] Although the organization had no "formal
organizational presence" in the Kingdom,[200] (no political groups or parties are
allowed to operate openly)[23] MB members became "entrenched both in Saudi society
and in the Saudi state, taking a leading role in key governmental ministries".[201]
In particular, many established themselves in Saudi educational system. One expert
on Saudi affairs (Stephane Lacroix) has stated: "The education system is so
controlled by the Muslim Brotherhood, it will take 20 years to changeif at all.
Islamists see education as their base" in Saudi Arabia.[202]

Relations between the Saudi ruling family and the Brotherhood became strained with
Saudi opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and the willingness of Saudi
government to allow US troops to be based in the Kingdom to fight Iraq.[201] The
Brotherhood supported the Sahwah ("Awakening") movement that pushed for political
change in the Kingdom.[203] In 2002, the then Saudi Interior Minister Prince Nayef
denounced the Brotherhood, saying it was guilty of "betrayal of pledges and
ingratitude" and was "the source of all problems in the Islamic world".[22] The
ruling family was also alarmed by the Arab Spring and the example set by the Muslim
Brotherhood in Egypt, with president Mohamed Morsi bringing an Islamist government
to power by means of popular revolution and elections.[204] Sahwa figures published
petitions for reform addressed to the royal government (in violation of Wahhabi
quietist doctrine). After the overthrow of the Morsi government in Egypt, all the
major Sahwa figures signed petitions and statements denouncing the removal of Morsi
and the Saudi government support for it.[201]

In March 2014, in a "significant departure from its past official stance" the Saudi
government declared the Brotherhood a "terrorist organization", followed with a
royal decree announced that, from now on,

belonging to intellectual or religious trends or groups that are extremist or

categorized as terrorist at the local, regional or international level, as well
supporting them, or showing sympathy for their ideas and methods in whichever way,
or expressing support for them through whichever means, or offering them financial
or moral support, or inciting others to do any of this or promoting any such
actions in word or writing

will be punished by a prison sentence of no less than three years and no more than
twenty years.[201]

Lebanon[edit]
Further information: Islamic Group (Lebanon)
[icon]
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The Islamic Group was founded in 1964.

Syria[edit]
Main article: Muslim Brotherhood of Syria
The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the 1930s (according to
lexicorient.com) or in 1945, a year before independence from France, (according to
journalist Robin Wright). In the first decade or so of independence it was part of
the legal opposition, and in the 1961 parliamentary elections it won ten seats
(5.8% of the house). But after the 1963 coup that brought the secular Ba'ath Party
to power it was banned.[205] It played a major role in the mainly Sunni-based
movement that opposed the secularist, pan-Arabist Ba'ath Party. This conflict
developed into an armed struggle that continued until culminating in the Hama
uprising of 1982, when the rebellion was crushed by the military.[206]

Membership in the Syrian Brotherhood became a capital offense in Syria in 1980

(under Emergency Law 49, which was revoked in 2011), but the headquarters of the
Muslim Brotherhood-linked Palestinian group, Hamas, was located in the Syria's
capital Damascus, where it was given Syrian government support. This has been cited
as an example of the lack of international centralization or even coordination of
the Muslim Brotherhood.[207]

The Brotherhood is said to have "resurrected itself" and become the "dominant
group" in the opposition by 2012 during the Syrian Civil War according to the
Washington Post newspaper.[208] But by 2013 another source described it as having
"virtually no influence on the conflict".[209] Syrian President Bashar al-Assad
welcomed the fall of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and remarked that "Arab
identity is back on the right track after the fall from power of Egypt's Muslim
Brotherhood, which had used religion for its own political gain".[210]

United Arab Emirates[edit]

Further information: Al Islah (United Arab Emirates)
Since 2014, the Muslim Brotherhood has been considered as terrorist in the UAE.[20]
[211] "The UAE considers the Muslim Brotherhood issue to be related to its own
internal security, especially after the State Security Court in Abu Dhabi handed
down tough penalties to members of "a Muslim Brotherhood cell" for attempting to
overthrow the state." [192]

The Al Islah was founded in 1974. They belong to the Muslim Brotherhood.[212]

Yemen[edit]
Further information: Al-Islah (Yemen)
The Muslim Brothers fought with North Yemen in the NDF rebellion as Islamic Front.
The Muslim Brotherhood is the political arm of the Yemeni Congregation for Reform,
commonly known as Al-Islah. Former President Ali Abdullah Saleh made substantial
efforts to entrench the accusations of being in league with Al Qaeda.[213]

The Treasury Department of the US used the label "Bin Laden loyalist" for Abdul
Majeed al-Zindani, the Yemeni Muslim Brotherhood's leader.[214]

Elsewhere in Africa[edit]
Algeria[edit]
Further information: Movement of Society for Peace

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The Muslim Brotherhood reached Algeria during the later years of the French
colonial presence in the country (18301962).[citation needed] Sheikh Ahmad Sahnoun
led the organization in Algeria between 1953 and 1954 during the French
colonialism.[citation needed] Brotherhood members and sympathizers took part in the
uprising against France in 19541962, but the movement was marginalized during the
largely secular FLN one-party rule which was installed at independence in 1962. It
remained unofficially active, sometimes protesting the government and calling for
increased Islamization and Arabization of the country's politics.[citation needed]

When a multi-party system was introduced in Algeria in the early 1990s, the Muslim
Brotherhood formed the Movement of Society for Peace (MSP, previously known as
Hamas), led by Mahfoud Nahnah until his death in 2003 (he was succeeded by present
party leader Boudjerra Soltani). The Muslim Brotherhood in Algeria did not join the
Front islamique du salut (FIS), which emerged as the leading Islamist group,
winning the 1991 elections and which was banned in 1992 following a military coup
d'tat, although some Brotherhood sympathizers did. The Brotherhood subsequently
also refused to join the violent post-coup uprising by FIS sympathizers and the
Armed Islamic Groups (GIA) against the Algerian state and military which followed,
and urged a peaceful resolution to the conflict and a return to democracy. It has
thus remained a legal political organization and enjoyed parliamentary and
government representation. In 1995, Sheikh Nahnah ran for President of Algeria
finishing second with 25.38% of the popular vote. During the 2000s (decade), the
partyled by Nahnah's successor Boudjerra Soltanihas been a member of a three-
party coalition backing President Abdelaziz Bouteflika.

Libya[edit]
Further information: Justice and Construction Party, Party of Reform and
Development, and Homeland Party (Libya)
A group of the Muslim Brotherhood came to the Libyan kingdom in the 1950s as
refugees escaping crackdown by the Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser, but it was
not able to operate openly until after the First Libyan Civil War. They were viewed
negatively by King Idris of Libya who had become increasingly wary of their
activities. Muammar Gaddafi forbade all forms of Islamism in Libya and was an
archenemy to the Muslim Brotherhood for long time. The group held its first public
press conference on 17 November 2011, and on 24 December the Brotherhood announced
that it would form the Justice and Construction Party (JCP) and contest the General
National Congress elections the following year.[215][216] The Libyan Muslim
Brotherhood has little history of interactions with the masses.[217]

Despite predictions based on fellow post-Arab Spring nations Tunisia and Egypt that
the Brotherhood's party would easily win the elections, it instead came a distant
second to the National Forces Alliance, receiving just 10% of the vote and 17 out
of 80 party-list seats.[218] Their candidate for Prime Minister, Awad al-Baraasi
was also defeated in the first round of voting in September, although he was later
made a Deputy Prime Minister under Ali Zeidan.[219][220] A JCP Congressman, Saleh
Essaleh is also the vice speaker of the General National Congress.[221]

The Party of Reform and Development is led by Khaled al-Werchefani, a former member
of the Muslim Brotherhood.[222]

Sallabi, the Head of Homeland Party, has close ties to Yusuf al-Qaradawi, the
spiritual leader of the international Muslim Brotherhood.[citation needed]

The Muslim Brotherhood in Libya has come under widespread criticism, particularly
for their alleged ties with extremist organizations operating in Libya.[223] In
fact, the text of the U.S. Congress Muslim Brotherhood Terrorist Designation Act of
2015 directly accuses the militias of the Libyan Muslim Brotherhood of joining
forces with United States designated terrorist organizations, particularly Ansar
al-Sharia who the United States blames for the attack on its compound in Benghazi.
[224][225] There have been similar reports that those tasked with guarding the
Benghazi consulate on the night of the assault were connected to the Muslim
Brotherhood.[226]

The Libyan Muslim Brotherhood has lost much of its popular support since 2012 as
the group was blamed for divisions in the country. Secular Libyan politicians have
continued to voice concerns of the Brotherhoods ties to extremist groups. In
October 2017, spokesman of the Libyan National Army (LNA) colonel Ahmed Al Masmary
claimed that branches of the Muslim Brotherhood affiliated to al-Qaeda had joined
forces with ISIS in Libya.[227] In the 2014 parliamentary elections, the Muslim
Brotherhood won only 25 of the 200 available seats.[228]

Mauritania[edit]
Further information: National Rally for Reform and Development
Changes to the demographic and political makeup of Mauritania in the 1970s heavily
contributed to the growth of Islamism within Mauritanian society. Periods of severe
drought resulted in urbanization, as large numbers of Mauritanians moved from the
countryside to the cities, particularly Nouakchott, to escape the drought. This
sharp increase in urbanization resulted in new civil associations being formed, and
Mauritania's first Islamist organisation, known as Jemaa Islamiyya (Islamic
Association) was formed by Mauritanians sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood.[229]

There was increased activism relating to the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1980s,
partially driven by members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.[229]

In 2007 the National Rally for Reform and Development, better known as Tewassoul,
was legalized as a political party. The party is associated with the Mauritanian
branch of the Muslim Brotherhood.[229]

Morocco[edit]
Further information: Justice and Development Party (Morocco)
The Justice and Development Party was the largest vote-getter in Morocco's 2011
election, and as of May 2015, held the office of Prime Minister.[30] It is
historically affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood,[citation needed] however,
despite this, the party has reportedly "ostentatiously" praised the King of
Morocco, while "loudly insisting that it is in no sense whatsoever a Muslim
Brotherhood party"[30]a development one source (Hussein Ibish), calls evidence of
how "regionally discredited the movement has become".[citation needed]

Somalia[edit]
Somalia's wing of the Muslim Brotherhood is known by the name Harakat Al-Islah or
"Reform Movement".[citation needed] Muslim Brotherhood ideology reached Somalia in
the early 1960s, but Al-Islah movement was formed in 1978 and slowly grew in the
1980s.[citation needed] Al-Islah has been described as "a generally nonviolent and
modernizing Islamic movement that emphasizes the reformation and revival of Islam
to meet the challenges of the modern world", whose "goal is the establishment of an
Islamic state" and which "operates primarily in Mogadishu".[230] The organization
structured itself loosely and was not openly visible on the political scene of
Somali society.[citation needed]

Sudan[edit]
Further information: National Islamic Front and National Congress (Sudan)
See also: War in Darfur, Second Sudanese Civil War, and Human rights in Sudan
Until the election of Hamas in Gaza, Sudan was the one country where the
Brotherhood was most successful in gaining power, its members making up a large
part of the government officialdom following the 1989 coup d'tat by General Omar
al-Bashir.[citation needed] However, the Sudanese government dominated by the
Muslim Brotherhood affiliated National Islamic Front (NIF) has come under
considerable criticism for its human rights policies, links to terrorist groups,
and war in southern Sudan and Darfur.[citation needed]

In 1945, a delegation from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt visited Sudan and held
various meetings inside the country advocating and explaining their ideology.[231]
[need quotation to verify] Sudan has a long and deep history with the Muslim
Brotherhood compared to many other countries. By April 1949, the first branch of
the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood organization emerged.[231][need quotation to
verify] However, simultaneously, many Sudanese students studying in Egypt were
introduced to the ideology of the Brotherhood. The Muslim student groups also began
organizing in the universities during the 1940s, and the Brotherhood's main support
base has remained to be college educated.[231][need quotation to verify] In order
to unite them, in 1954, a conference was held, attended by various representatives
from different groups that appeared to have the same ideology. The conference voted
to establish a Unified Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood Organization based on the
teachings of Imam Hassan Al-banna.[231][need quotation to verify]
An offshoot of the Sudanese branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamic Charter
Front grew during the 1960, with Islamic scholar Hasan al-Turabi becoming its
Secretary general in 1964.[232][need quotation to verify] The Islamic Charter Front
(ICM) was renamed several times most recently being called the National Islamic
Front (NIF). The Muslim Brotherhood/NIF's main objective in Sudan was to Islamize
the society "from above" and to institutionalize the Islamic law throughout the
country where they succeeded. To that end the party infiltrated the top echelons of
the government where the education of party cadre, frequently acquired in the West,
made them "indispensable". This approach was described by Turabi himself as the
`jurisprudence of necessity`.[233][need quotation to verify]

Meeting resistance from non-Islamists, from already established Muslim

organisations, and from non-Muslims in the south, the Sudanese NIF government under
Turabi and the NIF organized a coup to overthrow a democratically elected
government in 1989, organized the Popular Defense Force which committed
"widespread, deliberate and systematic atrocities against hundreds of thousands of
southern civilians" in the 1990s.[234] The NIF government also employed "widespread
arbitrary and extrajudicial arrest, torture, and execution of labor union
officials, military officers, journalists, political figures and civil society
leaders".[234][need quotation to verify]

The views of at least some elements of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood were
highlighted in an 3 August 2007 Al-Jazeera television interview of Sudanese Muslim
Brotherhood leader Sheikh Sadeq Abdallah bin Al-Majed. As translated by the
Israeli-based MEMRI, Bin Al-Majed told his interviewer that "the West, and the
Americans in particular ... are behind all the tragedies that are taking place in
Darfur", as they "realized that it Darfur is full of treasures"; that "Islam does
not permit a non-Muslim to rule over Muslims"; and that he had issued a fatwa
prohibiting the vaccination of children, on the grounds that the vaccinations were
"a conspiracy of the Jews and Freemasons".[235]

Tunisia[edit]
Further information: Ennahda Movement

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Like their counterparts elsewhere in the Islamic world in general, the Egyptian
Muslim Brotherhood has influenced the Tunisian Islamists.[citation needed] One of
the notable organization that was influenced and inspired by the Brotherhood is
Ennahda (The Revival or Renaissance Party), which is Tunisia's major Islamist
political grouping. An Islamist[who?] founded the organization in 1981.[citation
needed] While studying in Damascus and Paris, Rashid Ghannouchi embraced the
ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, which he disseminated on his return to Tunisia.
[citation needed]

Other states[edit]
Indonesia[edit]
Further information: Prosperous Justice Party
Several parties and organizations in Indonesia are linked or at least inspired by
the Muslim Brotherhood, although none has a formal relationship with the Muslim
Brotherhood. One of the Muslim Brotherhood linked Parties is PKS (Prosperous
Justice Party)[citation needed] with 6.79% of votes based on the Indonesian
legislative election, 2014, down from 7.88% in the Indonesian legislative election,
2009. The PKS relationship with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was confirmed by
Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a prominent Muslim Brotherhood leader.[236][need quotation to
verify] PKS was a member of President SBYs government coalition with 3 ministers in
the cabinet.
Russia[edit]
The Muslim Brotherhood is banned in Russia as a terrorist organisation.[237]

As affirmed on 14 February 2003 by the decision of the Supreme Court of Russia, the
Muslim Brotherhood coordinated the creation of an Islamic organisation called The
Supreme Military Majlis ul-Shura of the United Forces of Caucasian Mujahedeen
(Russian: ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????), led
by Ibn Al-Khattab and Basaev; an organisation that committed multiple terror-attack
acts in Russia and was allegedly financed by drug trafficking, counterfeiting of
coins and racketeering.[237]

United Kingdom[edit]
In 1996, the first representative of the Muslim Brotherhood in the UK, Kamal el-
Helbawy, an Egyptian, was able to say that "there are not many members here, but
many Muslims in the UK intellectually support the aims of the Muslim Brotherhood".
[citation needed]

In September 1999, the Muslim Brotherhood opened a "global information centre" in

London.[citation needed]

In April 2014, David Cameron, who was the UK prime minister at the time, launched
an investigation into the Muslim Brotherhood's activities in the UK and its alleged
extremist activities.[238] Egypt welcomed the decision.[citation needed] After
Cameron's decision, the Muslim Brotherhood reportedly moved its headquarters from
London to Austria attempting to avoid the investigation.[citation needed]

United States[edit]
According to The Washington Post, U.S. Muslim Brotherhood supporters "make up the
U.S. Islamic community's most organized force" by running hundreds of mosques and
business ventures, promoting civic activities, and setting up American Islamic
organizations to defend and promote Islam.[239] In 1963, the U.S. chapter of Muslim
Brotherhood was started by activists involved with the Muslim Students Association
(MSA).[22] U.S. supporters of the Brotherhood also started other organizations
including: Council on AmericanIslamic Relations North American Islamic Trust in
1971, the Islamic Society of North America in 1981, the American Muslim Council in
1990, the Muslim American Society in 1992 and the International Institute of
Islamic Thought in the 1980s.[22] In addition, according to An Explanatory
Memorandum on the General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America, the
"Understanding of the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood in North America", and a
relatively benign goal of the Muslim Brotherhood in North America is identified as
the following:

Establishing an effective and a stable Islamic movement led by the Muslim

Brotherhood which adopts Muslims' causes domestically and globally, and which works
to expand the observant Muslim base, aims at unifying and directing Muslims'
efforts, presents Islam as a civilization alternative, and supports the global
Islamic state wherever it is.[240][241]

A somewhat less benign-sounding goal from the same document, one that gives some
observers pause and is less often referred to, occurs on page 7 of 18 (in the
translation referred to):

The process of settlement is a Civilization-Jihadist Process with all the word

means. The Ikhwan [Muslim Brotherhood] must understand that their work in America
is a kind of grand jihad in eliminating and destroying the Western civilization
from within and sabotaging its miserable house by their hands and the hands of
the believers so that it is eliminated and God's religion [Islam] is made
victorious over all other religions. [242][243]
During the Holy Land Foundation trial in 2007, several documents were introduced
with the intent to incriminate the Brotherhood were unsuccessful in convincing the
courts that the Brotherhood was involved in subversive activities. In one, dated
1984 called "Ikhwan in America" (Brotherhood in America), the author alleges that
the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood in the US include going to camps to do
weapons training (referred to as special work by the Muslim Brotherhood),[244] as
well as engaging in counter-espionage against US government agencies such as the
FBI and CIA (referred to as Securing the Group).[245] Another (dated 1991) outlined
a strategy for the Muslim Brotherhood in the United States that involved
eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within.[246][247][248]

Penned in May of 1991 by a man named Mohamed Akram Adlouni, the 'Explanatory
Memorandum on the General Strategic Goal for the Group in North America' was
discovered during an FBI raid of a Virginia home in 2004. The document was admitted
as an exhibit to the court during the 2007 Holy Land Foundation trial, in which
that group was charged with laundering money. After the trial, the document became
public. But, according to a 2009 opinion by the presiding judge, the memo was not
considered 'supporting evidence' for that alleged money laundering scheme, nor any
other conspiracy.[249]

Despite the apparent impotence of the documents, they continued to be widely

publicized in American conservative circles.[246][250]

U.S. Congress attempts to pass legislation criminalizing the group, put forward by
the 114th Congress, were defeated. The Bill, called the Muslim Brotherhood
Terrorist Designation Act of 2015, was introduced to the Senate Committee on
Foreign Relations by Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX). In it the bill states that the
Department of State should designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist
organization. If passed, the bill would have required the State Department to
report to Congress within 60 days whether or not the group fits the criteria, and
if it did not, to state which specific criteria it had not met.[251] Senator Cruz
announced the legislation along with Representative Mario Daz-Balart (R-FL) in
November 2015. However, it did not pass.[citation needed]

This bill came after a handful of foreign countries made similar moves in recent
years including Egypt, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and others, and after, according to
Cruz, recent evidence emerged suggesting that the group supports terrorism. The
senator further alleged that the groups stated goal is to wage violent jihad
against its enemies, which includes the United States, and the fact that the Obama
administration has listed numerous group members on its terror list. Cruz further
stated that the bill would "reject the fantasy that [the] parent institution [of
the Muslim Brotherhood] is a political entity that is somehow separate from these
violent activities".[252]

The bill identifies three Muslim Brotherhood entities in the U.S. including the
Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR), a non-profit group denounced by the
UAE for its MB ties. This group is regarded by the Egyptian government as a
Brotherhood lobby in the United States.[citation needed] The other two entities are
the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) and the North American Islamic Trust
(NAIT).[253]

Conservatives in the Congress believe that the group is a breeding ground for
radical Islam. Previous attempts were made in the previous year by Representative
Michele Bachmann (R-MN), but it failed largely due to her allegation that Huma
Abedin, Hillary Clinton' aide, had links to the organization, a statement which was
dismissed by establishment Democrats and Republicans.[252]

In February 2016, the House Judiciary Committee approved the legislation in a 17 to

10 vote, which if enacted could increase grounds for enforcing criminal penalties
and give permission to the Secretary of Treasury to block financial transactions
and freeze assets of anyone who has showed material support for the group.[254]
Scholars against this classification claim that the group simply promotes Islamism,
or the belief that society should be governed according to Islamic values and
Sharia law.[255]

Past U.S. presidential administrations have examined whether to designate the

Muslim Brotherhood as a Foreign Terrorist Organization and have decided not to do
so.[256] During the George W. Bush administration, the U.S. government investigated
the Brotherhood and associated Islamist groups, but "after years of investigations,
... the U.S. and other governments, including Switzerland's, closed investigations
of the Brotherhood leaders and financial group for lack of evidence, and removed
most of the leaders from sanctions lists."[257] The Obama administration was also
pressured to designate the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization, but did not do
so.[258][259]

Criticism[edit]
The Brotherhood was criticised by Ayman al-Zawahiri in 2007 for its refusal to
advocate the violent overthrow of the Mubarak government. Issam al-Aryan, a top
Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood figure, denounced the al-Qaeda leader: "Zawahiri's
policy and preaching bore dangerous fruit and had a negative impact on Islam and
Islamic movements across the world".[260]

Dubai police chief, Dhahi Khalfan, accused Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood of an alleged
plot to overthrow the UAE government. He referred to the Muslim Brotherhood as
"dictators" who want "Islamist rule in all the Gulf States".[261]

The Sudanese Muzammil Faqiri attacked and slammed the Muslim Brotherhood for
murdering people and said that Takfir wal-Hijra, ISIS, Sururism and Al-Qaeda were
products of the Muslim Brotherhood.[262]

Dr. Abd Al-Hamid Al-Ansari denounced the Islamist and leftist excuse used by people
with hidden motives, who say that Muslim Brotherhood people being tortured is a
reason for radical religious extremism.[263]

The label of "colonialist movement" was used against the Muslim Brotherhood, which
was accused of anti-Nubian discrimination and racism by Osama Farouq, a Nubian
leader in Egypt.[264]

The Muslim Brotherhood has been denounced by Bassem Youssef.[265]

Motives[edit]

This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can
help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is
available. (August 2017)
Numerous officials and reporters question the sincerity of the Muslim Brotherhood's
pronouncements. These critics include, but are not limited to:

Juan Zarate, former U.S. White House counterterrorism chief (quoted in the
conservative publication, FrontPage Magazine): "The Muslim Brotherhood is a group
that worries us not because it deals with philosophical or ideological ideas but
because it defends the use of violence against civilians".[266][267]
Miles Axe Copeland, Jr., a prominent U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
operative who was one of the founding members of the Office of Strategic Services
(OSS) under William Donovan, divulged the confessions of numerous members of the
Muslim Brotherhood. These confessions resulted from the harsh interrogations done
against them by Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, for their alleged
involvement in the assassination attempt made against Nasser (an assassination
attempt that many believe was staged by Nasser himself).[268] They revealed that
the Muslim Brotherhood was merely a "guild" that fulfilled the goals of western
interests: "Nor was that all. Sound beatings of the Moslem Brotherhood organizers
who had been arrested revealed that the organization had been thoroughly
penetrated, at the top, by the British, American, French and Soviet intelligence
services, any one of which could either make active use of it or blow it up,
whichever best suited its purposes. Important lesson: fanaticism is no insurance
against corruption; indeed, the two are highly compatible".[269]
Former U.S. Middle East peace envoy Dennis Ross, who told Asharq Alawsat newspaper
that the Muslim Brotherhood is a global, not a local organization, governed by a
Shura (Consultative) Council, which rejects cessation of violence in Israel, and
supports violence to achieve its political objectives elsewhere too.[270]
The Interior Minister of Saudi Arabia, Prince Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud has
alleged that the Muslim Brotherhood organization was the cause of most problems in
the Arab world. 'The Brotherhood has done great damage to Saudi Arabia', he said.
Prince Naif accused the foremost Islamist group in the Arab world of harming the
interests of Muslims. 'All our problems come from the Muslim Brotherhood. We have
given too much support to this group..." "The Muslim Brotherhood has destroyed the
Arab world', he said. 'Whenever they got into difficulty or found their freedom
restricted in their own countries, Brotherhood activists found refuge in the
Kingdom which protected their lives... But they later turned against the
Kingdom...' The Muslim Brotherhood has links to groups across the Arab world,
including Jordan's main parliamentary opposition, the 'Islamic Action Front', and
the 'Palestinian resistance movement, Hamas'". The Interior Minister's outburst
against the Brotherhood came amid mounting criticism in the United States of Saudi
Arabia's longstanding support for Islamist groups around the world..."[271]
Sarah Mousa of Al Jazeera reported on the Muslim Brotherhood's highly improbable
claim that opposition leader and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mohammad ElBaradei (who
has had a "rocky" relationship with the US) was "an American agent", and observed
that the since-defunct Muslim Brotherhood-controlled Shura Council's support of the
slander demonstrated a lack of commitment to democracy.[272]
Scholar Carrie Rosefsky Wickham finds official Brotherhood documents ambiguous on
the issue of democracy: "This raises the question of whether the Brotherhood is
supporting a transition to democracy as an end in itself or as a first step toward
the ultimate establishment of a political system based not on the preferences of
the Egyptian people but the will of God as they understand it".[273]
Status of non-Muslims[edit]
In 1997, Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide Mustafa Mashhur told journalist Khalid
Daoud[274] that he thought Egypt's Coptic Christians and Orthodox Jews should pay
the long-abandoned jizya poll tax, levied on non-Muslims in exchange for protection
from the state, rationalized by the fact that non-Muslims are exempt from military
service while it is compulsory for Muslims. He went on to say, "we do not mind
having Christian members in the People's Assembly... [T]he top officials,
especially in the army, should be Muslims since we are a Muslim country... This is
necessary because when a Christian country attacks the Muslim country and the army
has Christian elements, they can facilitate our defeat by the enemy".[275]
According to The Guardian newspaper, the proposal caused an "uproar" among Egypt's
16 million Coptic Christians and "the movement later backtracked".[276]
Response to criticisms[edit]
According to authors writing in the Council on Foreign Relations magazine Foreign
Affairs: "At various times in its history, the group has used or supported violence
and has been repeatedly banned in Egypt for attempting to overthrow Cairo's secular
government. Since the 1970s, however, the Egyptian Brotherhood has disavowed
violence and sought to participate in Egyptian politics".[277] Jeremy Bowen, the
Middle East editor for the BBC, called it "conservative and non-violent".[278] The
Brotherhood "has condemned" terrorism and the 9/11 attacks.[279][280]

The Brotherhood itself denounces the "catchy and effective terms and phrases" like
"fundamentalist" and "political Islam" which it claims are used by "Western Media"
to pigeonhole the group, and points to its "15 Principles" for an Egyptian National
Charter, including "freedom of personal conviction ... opinion ... forming
political parties ... public gatherings ... free and fair elections ..."[37]

Similarly, some analysts maintain that whatever the source of modern Jihadi
terrorism and the actions and words of some rogue members, the Brotherhood now has
little in common with radical Islamists and modern jihadists who often condemn the
Brotherhood as too moderate. They also deny the existence of any centralized and
secretive global Muslim Brotherhood leadership.[281] Some claim that the origins of
modern Muslim terrorism are found in Wahhabi ideology, not that of the Muslim
Brotherhood.[282][283]

According to anthropologist Scott Atran, the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood

even in Egypt has been overstated by Western commentators. He estimates that it can
count on only 100,000 militants (out of some 600,000 dues paying members) in a
population of more than 80 million, and that such support as it does have among
Egyptiansan often cited figure is 20 percent to 30 percentis less a matter of
true attachment than an accident of circumstance: secular opposition groups that
might have countered it were suppressed for many decades, but in driving the
Egyptian Revolution of 2011, a more youthful constellation of secular movements has
emerged to threaten the Muslim Brotherhood's dominance of the political opposition.
[284] This has not yet been the case, however, as evidenced by the Brotherhood's
strong showing in national elections. Polls also indicate that a majority of
Egyptians and other Arab nations endorse laws based on "Sharia".[285][286]

Foreign relations[edit]
On 29 June 2011, as the Brotherhood's political power became more apparent and
solidified following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, the United States announced
that it would reopen formal diplomatic channels with the group, with whom it had
suspended communication as a result of suspected terrorist activity. The next day,
the Brotherhood's leadership announced that they welcomed the diplomatic overture.
[287]

In September 2014, Brotherhood leaders were expelled from Qatar. The New York Times
reported: "Although the Brotherhoods views are not nearly as conservative as the
puritanical, authoritarian version of Islamic law enforced in Saudi Arabia, the
Saudis and other gulf monarchies fear the group because of its broad organization,
its mainstream appeal and its calls for elections".[288]

Designation as a terrorist organization[edit]

Countries and organizations below have officially listed the Muslim Brotherhood as
a terrorist organization.

Country Date References

Russia 12 February 2003 [17]
Syria 21 October 2013 [18]
Egypt 25 December 2013 [289][290]
Saudi Arabia 7 March 2014 [291]
Bahrain 21 March 2014 [292][293]
United Arab Emirates 15 November 2014 [20]
Outside the Middle East[edit]
In February 2003, the Supreme Court of Russia banned the Muslim Brotherhood,
labelling it as a terrorist organization, and accusing the group of supporting
Islamist rebels who want to create an Islamic state in the North Caucasus.[294]
[295]

In January 2017, during his confirmation hearing, the current US Secretary of

State, Rex Tillerson, referred to the Muslim Brotherhood, along with Al-Qaeda, as
an agent of radical Islama characterization that Human Rights Watch member Sarah
Leah Whitson criticized on social media, disseminating a statement from the HRW
Washington director saying that the conflation of the group with violent extremists
was inaccurate.[296] The following month, The New York Times reported that the
administration of US President Donald Trump was considering an order designating
the Muslim Brotherhood as a foreign terrorist organization.[297][298]

The Muslim Brotherhood was criticized by Secretary Tillerson.[299] The terrorist

designation for the Muslim Brotherhood is opposed by Human Rights Watch and The New
York Times, both liberal-leaning institutions.[300] The potential terrorist
designation was criticized, in particular, by Human Rights Watch member Laura
Pitter.[298] The New York Times set forth its opposition in an editorial that
claimed that the Muslim Brotherhood is a collection of movements, and argued that
the organization as a whole does not merit the terrorist designation: "While the
Brotherhood calls for a society governed by Islamic law, it renounced violence
decades ago, has supported elections and has become a political and social
organization".[301] The designation of the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist
organization is opposed by the Brennan Center for Justice, Amnesty International,
Human Rights Watch, Council of American-Islamic Relations and American Civil
Liberties Union.[302]

Human Rights Watch and its director Kenneth Roth oppose proposals to designate the
Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization.[303]

Gehad El-Haddad, a Muslim Brotherhood member, denied that terrorism was practiced
by the Muslim Brotherhood in an editorial published by The New York Times.[304]

In a report by the Carnegie Middle East Center, Nathan Brown and Michele Dunne
argued that "designating the Muslim Brotherhood a foreign terrorist organization
may actually backfire," writing: "The sweeping measure to declare the Brotherhood a
foreign terrorist organization now being contemplated not only does not accord with
the facts, but is also more likely to undermine than achieve its ostensible purpose
and could result in collateral damage affecting other U.S. policy goals. The
greatest damage might be in the realm of public diplomacy, as using a broad brush
to paint all Muslim Brotherhood organizations as terrorists would be understood by
many Muslims around the world as a declaration of war against non-violent political
Islamistsand indeed against Islam itself."[305]

The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt avoids directly implicating itself materially in

terrorism while it supports terrorism with words and encourages it, according to
WINEP fellow Eric Trager, who advocated pushing them into a corner instead of
designating them due to issues with materially connecting them to terrorism other
than with their words.[306]

The editorial boards of The New York Times and the Washington Post oppose
designation of the group as a terrorist organization.[301][307]

Civil rights lawyer and adjunct professor of law Arjun Singh Sethi wrote that the
push to designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization was based on
anti-Islam conspiracy theories, noting that "Two previous U.S. administrations
concluded that it does not engage in terrorism, as did a recent report by the
British government."[308]

Ishaan Tharoor of the Washington Post condemned the movement to designate the
Brotherhood as a terrorist group.[309]

A Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) intelligence report from January 2017 warned
that designation of the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization "may fuel
extremism" and harm relations with U.S. allies. The report noted that the
Brotherhood had "rejected violence as a matter of official policy and opposed al-
Qa'ida and ISIS" and that while "a minority of MB [Muslim Brotherhood] members have
engaged in violence, most often in response to harsh regime repression, perceived
foreign occupation, or civil conflicts," designation of the organization as a
terrorist group would prompt concern from U.S. allies in the Middle East "that such
a step could destabilize their internal politics, feed extremist narratives, and
anger Muslims worldwide." The CIA analysis stated: "MB groups enjoy widespread
support across the Near East-North Africa region and many Arabs and Muslims
worldwide would view an MB designation as an affront to their core religious and
societal values. Moreover, a US designation would probably weaken MB leaders'
arguments against violence and provide ISIS and al-Qa'ida additional grist for
propaganda to win followers and support, particularly for attacks against US
interests."[310]

An article against designating the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization

was written by Shadi Hamid.[311]

Relationship to diplomatic crises in Qatar[edit]

See also: Foreign relations of Qatar
Qatar's relationship with Muslim Brotherhood has been a persistent point of
contention between Qatar and other Arab states, including Saudi Arabia, the United
Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, and Egypt, which view the Brotherhood as a serious
threat to social stability in those countries.[312]

Following the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi in July 2013, Qatar allowed some
Brotherhood members who fled Egypt to live in the country. The Qatar-based Al
Jazeera "housed them in a five-star Doha hotel and granted them regular airtime for
promoting their cause"; the station also broadcast protests against the post-
Brotherhood authorities in Egypt by the Brotherhood, "and in some cases allegedly
paid Muslim Brothers for the footage."[312] Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Bahrain said
that Qatar had violated the Gulf Cooperation Council rule against interference in
the internal affairs of other members, and in March 2014 all three countries
withdrew their ambassadors from Qatar. After two months the diplomatic tensions,
the issue with resolved, with Brotherhood leaders departing from Doha later in
2014.[312]

However, "from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the UAEs standpoint, Qatar never lived
up to the 2014 agreement and continued to serve as the nexus of the Brotherhood's
regional networks."[312] This led to the 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis, which is
viewed as being precipitated in large part by a conflict over the Muslim
Brotherhood. Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt made 13 demands of the
government of Qatar, six of which reflect the group's opposition to Qatar's
relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood and demand that the country cut ties to
the Brotherhood.[312]

See also[edit]
Middle East portal
Islam portal
icon Politics portal
flag Egypt portal
Politics of Egypt
Islamism
List of designated terrorist organizations
Al-Ahbash
Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
Sayyid Qutb
Hassan al-Banna
Yusuf al-Qaradawi
Misr 25
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of the revolution. The independent and opposition press described it as an
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Agony". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 24 September 2013. ... 3.5 or 33
million Egyptians (the counts vary according to whom you choose to believe) who had
taken to the streets on June 30 as part of the Tamarod movement. This protest was a
symbolic vote of "no confidence" in President Morsi, urging him to step down, to
call early elections, and to hand power to the chief justice in the interim.
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?? ???????????? ????????". ????? ?????? ????????.
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"?? ???? ??????? ??????.. ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????". ????? ??? ????.
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(Interview). Interview with Ali, Rebaz. Hudson Institute. In Iran, there is a big
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Brotherhood. They are not registered as a political group because political
activities are not allowed in Iran. Obviously, the regime in Iran is a sectarian
regime and will always try to limit the activities of local Sunnis. Islah and Dawa
are not happy with the regimes sectarian policies, but I think there is very
little they can do if they want to stay away from serious trouble. Because of their
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Brotherhood project?". The National. Retrieved 8 October 2013. Hamas in Gaza is
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Egyptian government that it was not a hostile force, especially with regard to
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girls. The largely illiterate nation had few qualified teachers, so the government
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substantive skills who also were devout Muslims. A hallmark of King Faisal's reign
was an effort to create an Islamic alliance in the Middle East to counter the Arab
nationalism of Egypt's president, Gamel Abdel Nasser. When Nasser, a nationalist
strongman and sworn enemy of Saudi Arabia, turned on his country's conservative
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Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
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original (PDF) on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
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Initiative Team. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
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Project. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
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Congress.gov. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Hattem, Julian (4 November 2015). "Cruz bill would designate
Muslim Brotherhood as terrorist group". TheHill. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
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Report". counterjihadreport.com. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
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as Foreign Terrorist Organization". CNS News. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 9
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Brotherhood as a Terrorist Group?". U.S. News and World Report. Retrieved 9
December 2016.
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group?, Public Radio International, The World (January 29, 2017).
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Brotherhood as terrorist group, Reuters (January 29, 2017).
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declare Muslim Brotherhood terrorist group". Fox News. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
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Brotherhood, New York Times (February 7, 2017).
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May/June 2012. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 28 April
2012.
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Implementing Muslim Brotherhood Methodology". MEMRI TV. 12 July 2016.
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External Elements". MEMRI TV. 6 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Egyptian Nubian Leader Hints at Armed Operations against Muslim
Brotherhood". MEMRI TV. 11 January 2013.
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Brotherhood". MEMRI. 23 February 2017.
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the Muslim Brotherhood", FrontPage Magazine, citing Sylvain Besson, La Conquete De
L'Occident: Le Projet Secret Des Islamistes, as quoted in Guitta, Olivier, (20
February 2006), "The Cartoon Jihad," Archived 18 October 2009 at the Stanford Web
Archive. The Weekly Standard. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
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FrontPage Magazine. p. 39. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 28
November 2012. citing Sylvain Besson, La Conquete De L'Occident: Le Projet Secret
Des Islamistes
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Politics", New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970
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Asharq Alawsat.
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website, introducing it with the following: "On 29 November, 'Ain-Al-Yaqeen, a
weekly news magazine published online by the Saudi royal family, released an
English translation of an interview with Saudi Minister of Interior Prince Nayef
Ibn Abd Al-Aziz; the interview originally appeared in the Kuwaiti newspaper Al
Siyasa. The following are excerpts from the translation[1] as it appeared in the
Saudi weekly."
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March 2014.
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in Egypt". Middle East Law and Governance. 3 (1-2): 204233.
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Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience by Caryle Murphy,
pp. 241, 330.
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Experience, by Caryle Murphy, Simon and Schuster, 2002, pp. 241, 330.
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uncovered". The Guardian.
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Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009.
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15 February 2009.
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2012.
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March 2009.
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York Times.
Jump up ^ Want Shariah, End of Israel Treaty, Pew Poll Shows date: 26 April 2011
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Arab Spring, Says Survey. Huffington Post, 25 June 2012
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June 2011.
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13 September 2014.
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as terrorist group". Reuters. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
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Cabinet officially labels Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group". CNN. Retrieved 26
December 2013.
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terrorist group". Al Arabiya News. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
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Foreign Minister says". Bahrain News Agency. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
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Brotherhood". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
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October 2013
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Ahram. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
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organization'". Middle East Observer. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
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for Muslim Brotherhood". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz, Felicia; Solomon, Jay (8 February 2017). "U.S. Weighs
Terror Label on Iran Revolutionary Guard, Muslim Brotherhood". The Wall Street
Journal. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
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Islamophobic Holy Grail". Foreign Policy.
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Brotherhood a terror group is about going after American Muslims". Mic. Retrieved
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^ Jump up to: a b The Editorial Board (9 February 2017). "All of Islam Isn't the
Enemy". New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
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Designation Will Lead To 'Witch-Hunt,' Rights Groups Say". The Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Roth, Kenneth (8 February 2017). "US: Don't Target Muslim Brotherhood".
Human Rights Watch. Washington, DC.
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Brotherhood, Not a Terrorist". The New York Times. Tora, Egypt.
Jump up ^ Brown, Nathan; Dunne, Michele (25 January 2017). "Black Label". Carnegie
Middle East Center.
Jump up ^ Trager, Eric (9 February 2017). "The U.S. Should Be Wary About
Overplaying Its Hand". The Cipher Brief.
Jump up ^ Editorial Board (9 February 2017). "A terrorism label that would hurt
more than help". The Washington Post.
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terrorist group would hurt all American Muslims". The Washington Post.
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as a terror group is a bad idea". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Hounshell, Blake; Toosi, Nahal (8 February 2017). "CIA Memo: Designating
Muslim Brotherhood Could 'Fuel Extremism'". Politico Magazine.
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of Terrorism". The Atlantic.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Eric Trager, The Muslim Brotherhood Is the Root of the
Qatar Crisis, The Atlantic (July 2, 2017).
References[edit]
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moderation in war-torn Somalia" Hiiraan Online Mogadishu, Somalia
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Chinese, and Western. INUPRESS, Geneva. ISBN 2-88155-004-5
Baer, Robert (2002). See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's
War on Terrorism. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-1-4000-4684-3.
Cohen, Amnon (1982). Political Parties in the West Bank under the Jordanian Regime,
19491967. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1321-6.
Cohen, Nick (9 July 2006) "The Foreign Office ought to be serving Britain, not
radical Islam" The Observer London
Dreyfuss, Robert (2006). Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash
Fundamentalist Islam. Owl Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7652-3.
Mallmann, Klaus-Michael and Martin Cppers (2006) Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das
'Dritte Reich', die Araber und Palstina Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,
Darmstadt. ISBN 978-3-534-19729-3
Mayer, Thomas (1982) "The Military Force of Islam: The Society of the Muslim
Brethren and the Palestine Question, 19451948" In Kedourie, Elie and Haim, Sylvia
G. (1982) Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel Frank Cass, London, pp.
100117, ISBN 0-7146-3169-8
Mura, Andrea (2015). The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic
Political Thought. London: Routledge.
Zahid, Mohammed (2012) The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt's Succession Crisis: The
Politics of Liberalisation and Reform in the Middle East I. B. Tauris ISBN
1780762178
Leikrn, Robert S. and Steven Brooke (2007) The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood, Foreign
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"The Nazi Roots of Palestinian Nationalism and Islamic Jihad," by David Meir-Levi
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muslim Brotherhood.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Muslim Brotherhood
Ikhwan Web official website
https://twitter.com/ikhwantawasol
https://twitter.com/IkhwanwebAr
https://www.facebook.com/IkhwanwebAr/
https://twitter.com/Ikhwanweb
"Revolution in Cairo: Interview with Shadi Hamid". Frontline. PBS. February 2011.
"Egyptian democracy and the Muslim Brotherhood" European Union Institute for
Security Studies
Counter Extremism Project profile
Muslim Brotherhood Special Report
Muslim Brotherhood Review: Written statement by David Cameron
Trager, Eric (SeptemberOctober 2011). "The Unbreakable Muslim Brotherhood: Grim
Prospects for a Liberal Egypt". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
Retrieved 3 August 2016.
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Categories: Muslim Brotherhood2013 Egyptian coup d'tat20th-century Islam21st-
century IslamEgyptian revolution of 2011Islamist groupsMiddle Eastern collaborators
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