CHAPTER

01
Class XII
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

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ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL
02 AND CAPACITANCE
Class XII
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07 GRAVITATION
Class XI

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08
RELATION BETWEEN m AND iC

RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

DISPERSION OF LIGHT
The phenomenon of splitting of white The angle of incidence in the optically
light into its constituent colours on denser medium for which the angle of
passing through a prism. refraction is 90. It is denoted by ic.

Class XII Deviation

of red light(dR)
t
P ible ligh Deviation of
R violet light (dV)
w If i < ic, then refraction takes place.
Vis
A O
Y w If i = ic, then grazing emergence takes
(i r1) (e r 2)
REFRACTION THROUGH PRISM N1 d N2
G
place.
THIN SPHERICAL LENS i r r e Angular B
I
Relation between m and dm F 1q 2G spread V
Screen
w If i > ic, then total internal reflection
E
Thin lens formula : N
H takes place.
f where, Q R
REFRACTION BY SPHERICAL SURFACE dm = angle of minimum
Magnification: deviation
Relation between object distance (u), image A = angle of prism
REFLECTION BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
distance (v) and refractive index (m)
REFLECTION FROM (Holds for or d = (m 1)A (Prism of small angle) The phenomenon in which a ray of light
any curved Mirror formula,
PLANE SURFACE Angular dispersion = dV dR = (mV mR)A f travelling from an optically denser into
spherical
surface)
an optically rarer medium at an angle of
w The image formed by a plane Magnification, m = incidence greater than the critical angle
mirror is laterally inverted. Lens makers formula Dispersive power,
for the two media is totally reflected
w The image formed by a plane 1 mdenser - mrarer 1 1 back into the same medium.
= If the image is upright or erect with respect to the
mirror is virtual, erect w.r.t. f mrarer R - R Mean deviation,
object and of the same size as the 1 2 object then m is positive. And m is negative if the TIR conditions
object. for the lens placed in air image is inverted with respect to the object. w Light must travel from denser to rarer.
w If keeping the incident ray fixed, w Angle of incidence is greater than
the plane mirror is rotated critical angle.
f
through an angle q, the reflected
ray turns through double the REFRACTION OF LIGHT
angle i.e., 2q in that direction.
w Deviation suffered by a light ray
REFLECTION OF LIGHT RAY OPTICS Laws of refraction :
APPLICATIONS OF TIR
Laws of reflection:
incident at an angle i is given by
d = (180 2i) w The angle of incidence i equals the angle of & w The incident ray, the normal to the interface
at the point of incidence and the refracted
w Fiber optics communication
w Medical endoscopy
reflection r. OPTICAL ray all lie in the same plane. w Periscope (Using prism)
i = r Sparkling of diamond
POWER OF LENSES w Incident ray, the normal and the reflected INSTRUMENTS w Snells law:
w
w Mirage
ray lie in the same plane. w Totally reflecting glass prisms
Power of lens : (1m2 = refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. 1)
f
w The SI unit of power of lens is SIMPLE MICROSCOPE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE REFRACTIVE INDEX
dioptre (D).
Magnifying power Magnifying power, m = mo me
w For a convex lens, P is positive. ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE
For final image is formed at D (least distance), For final image formed at D (least distance)
w For a concave lens, P is negative. Magnifying power
Angle subtended by the image at D b w For final image is formed at D (least distance), b vo D L D
w When focal length (f) of lens is in =a = m= = 1 + f = f 1 + f
m= Real and apparent depth
100 Angle subtended by the object f Angle subtended by the image at D a uo e 0 e
cm, then P = dioptre. at infinity m=
f (in cm) D Angle subtended by the object
For final image formed at infinity, m = For final image formed at infinity
f at infinity
b f f m=
=a f f
COMBINATION OF LENSES f
Newtonian reflecting telescope
w Power: P = P1 + P2 dP1P2 w In normal adjustment, image formed at infinity
TERRESTRIAL TELESCOPE
(d = small separation between the lense) m = fo / fe REFLECTING TELESCOPE
w For d = 0 (lenses in contact) f f Eyepiece lens
For final image is formed at D, m Magnifying power
w Power: P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... f Objective mirror
A terrestrial telescope When the final image is formed at D,
f f f
COMMON DEFECTS OF EYES CORRECTING LENSES
w Myopia (short-sightedness) Concave lens
For final image is formed at infinity, m
f
Light from
object at
Upright image
m = o 1+ e
fe D ( ( Telescope
tube
Light

w Hypermetropia (long-sightedness) Convex lens infinity Inverted image When the final image is formed at infinity Diagonal mirror
Distance between objective and eyepiece
w Presbyopia Bifocal lens f
d = fo + 4f + fe Objective lens Erecting lenses Eyepiece m=
w Astigmatism Cylindrical lens f f

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09 WAVE OPTICS
Class XII

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