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Propagation Waveform
Transmitter
Medium Generator
Signal Processor
Target
Cross
Section Pulse Doppler
Antenna Receiver A/D
Compression Processing
Main Computer
Console /
Tracking & Display
Detection Parameter
Estimation
Recording
Introduction
Introduction to Radar Equation
Surveillance Form of Radar Equation
Radar Losses
Example
Summary
Radar Range Equation
361564_P_5Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Radar Range Equation (continued)
361564_P_6Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Definition of Radar Cross Section (RCS or )
R
Incident Energy
Radar
Antenna Target
Reflected Energy
361564_P_7Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Radar Range Equation (continued)
Radar
Antenna Target
Reflected Energy
The received power = the power density at the radar times the
area of the receiving antenna
Power of reflected Pt Gt Ae Pr = power received
signal from target and Pr =
received by radar 4 R2 4 R2 Ae = effective area of
receiving antenna
361564_P_8Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Sources of Noise Received by Radar
361564_P_9Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Radar Range Equation (continued)
Ts = Ta + Tr + Lr Te
Introduction
Introduction to Radar Equation
Surveillance Form of Radar Equation
Radar Losses
Example
Summary
361564_P_12Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Track Radar Range Equation
Pt G2 2
S / N=
(4 )3 R4 k Ts Bn L
Track Example
361564_P_13Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Track & Search Radar Range Equations
Pt G2 2 Pav Ae ts
S / N= S / N=
(4 )3 R4 k Ts Bn L 4 R4 k Ts L
Search Example
361564_P_14Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Search Radar Range Equation
Pav Ae ts
S / N=
4 R4 k Ts L
Re-write as:
Pav Ae = 4 R4 (S/N)
kTs L ts Time required
Target size
361564_P_15Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Scaling of Radar Equation
S = Pav Ae ts
Pav = 4 R k Ts L (S/N)
4
N 4 R4 k T L Ae ts
s
100 K
R = 3000 km
R = 300 km R = 1000 km
ASR- 9
10 K Airport Surveillance Radar
ARSR- 4
Average Power (W)
WSR-88D/NEXRAD
R = 100 km
1K
ASR- 9
TDWR
Search 1 sr
100 In 10 sec for
1 sq m Target
R = 30 km S/N = 15 dB
Loss = 10 dB
10 T = 500 deg
Courtesy of Northrop Grumman.
ASDE- 3 Used with permission.
R = 10 km
1
0.1 1 10 100
(Equivalent) Antenna Diameter (m)
361564_P_17Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Search Radar Performance
100 K ASDE- 3
R = 3000 km Airport Surface Detection
R = 300 km R = 1000 km Equipment
10 K
ARSR- 4
Average Power (W)
WSR-88D/NEXRAD
R = 100 km
1K
ASR- 9
TDWR
Search 1 sr
100 In 10 sec for
1 sq m Target
R = 30 km S/N = 15 dB
Loss = 10 dB
10 T = 500 deg
Courtesy Lincoln Laboratory
ASDE- 3
R = 10 km
1
0.1 1 10 100
(Equivalent) Antenna Diameter (m)
361564_P_18Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Search Radar Performance
ARSR- 4
100 K Air Route Surveillance Radar
R = 3000 km
R = 300 km R = 1000 km
10 K
ARSR- 4
Average Power (W)
WSR-88D/NEXRAD
R = 100 km
1K
ASR- 9
TDWR
Search 1 sr ARSR- 4 Antenna
100 In 10 sec for
1 sq m Target (without Radome)
R = 30 km S/N = 15 dB
Loss = 10 dB
10 T = 500 deg
ASDE- 3
R = 10 km
1
0.1 1 10 100
(Equivalent) Antenna Diameter (m) Courtesy of Northrop Grumman.
Used with permission.
361564_P_19Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Search Radar Performance
100 K
R = 3000 km WSR-88D / NEXRAD
R = 300 km R = 1000 km
10 K
ARSR- 4
Average Power (W)
WSR-88D/NEXRAD
R = 100 km
1K
ASR- 9
TDWR
Search 1 sr
100 In 10 sec for
1 sq m Target
R = 30 km S/N = 15 dB
Loss = 10 dB
10 T = 500 deg
ASDE- 3
Courtesy of NOAA.
R = 10 km
1
0.1 1 10 100
(Equivalent) Antenna Diameter (m)
361564_P_20Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Search Radar Performance
100 K TDWR
R = 3000 km Terminal Doppler Weather Radar
R = 300 km R = 1000 km
10 K
ARSR- 4
Average Power (W)
WSR-88D/NEXRAD
R = 100 km
1K
ASR- 9
TDWR
Search 1 sr
100 In 10 sec for
1 sq m Target
R = 30 km S/N = 15 dB
Loss = 10 dB
10 T = 500 deg
ASDE- 3
R = 10 km
1 Courtesy of Raytheon.
0.1 1 10 100
Used with permission.
(Equivalent) Antenna Diameter (m)
361564_P_21Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Outline
Introduction
Introduction to Radar Equqtion
Surveillance Form of Radar Equation
Radar Losses
Example
Summary
361564_P_22Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Loss Terms for Radar Equation
361564_P_23Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Examples of Losses in Radar Equation
Integration Loss
Non coherent integration of pulses not as efficient as
coherent integration
Margin (Field Degradation) Loss
Characteristics of radar deteriorates over time.(3 dB not
unreasonable
Water in transmission lines
Deterioration in receiver noise figure
Weak or poorly tuned transmitter tubes
361564_P_25Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Outline
Introduction
Introduction to Radar Equqtion
Surveillance Form of Radar Equation
Radar Losses
Example
Summary
361564_P_26Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Example - Airport Surveillance Radar
Range 60 nmi
= c / f = .103 m
Aircraft cross section 1 m2
Peak Power 1.4 Megawatts
G = 4 A / 2 = 15670 m2
Duty Cycle 0.000525
= 42 dB, (actually 33 dB
Pulsewidth .6 microseconds
with beam shaping losses)
Bandwidth 1.67 MHz
Frequency 2800 MHz
Number of pulses per beamwidth
Antenna Rotation Rare 12.8 RPM
= 21
Pulse Repetition Rate 1200 Hz
Antenna Size 4.9 m wide by
Assume Losses = 8dB
2.7 m high
Azimuth Beamwidth 1.35 o
System Noise Temp. 950 o K
361564_P_27Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Example - Airport Surveillance Radar
P t G 2 2
S / N=
(4 )3 R4 k Ts Bn L
(1984 ) (1.11 X 105 m)4 (1.38 x 10 -23 w / Hz o K) (950 o K ) (6.3) (1.67 x 106 Hz)
S / N = 1.3 dB per pulse (21 pulses integrated) => S / N per dwell = 14.5 dB
+ 13.2 dB
361564_P_28Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Example - Airport Surveillance Radar
dB Method
(+) (-)
Peak Power 1.4 MW 61.5
( Gain ) 2 33 db 66
(Wavelength ) 2 .1 m 20
Cross section 1 m2 0
(4 )3 1984 33
( Range )4 111 km 201.8
k 1.38 x 10 -23 w / Hz o K 228.6
System temp 950 29.8
Losses 8 dB 8
Bandwidth 1.67 MHz 62.2
+ 356.1 - 354.8
+ 1.3 dB
S / N = 1.3 dB per pulse (21 pulses integrated) => S / N per dwell = 14.5 dB
( + 13.2 dB)
361564_P_29Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Outline
Introduction
Introduction to Radar Equqtion
Surveillance Form of Radar Equation
Radar Losses
Example
Summary
361564_P_30Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Cautions in Using the Radar Equation (1)
361564_P_31Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Cautions in Using the Radar Equation (2)
The Sanity Check
4 R4 (S/N)
Take a Candidate Radar Equation 2
PA =
Check it Dimensionally
kTs L
2 tt
- P is energy/time
- kTs is energy
- A and are distance squared
- and R are distance
- tt is time
- S/N, L and 4 are dimensionless
361564_P_32Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
Radar Equation and Detection Process
Radar Parameters
Target Fluctuation Statistics
Transmitter Power
Swerling Model 1, 2, 3, or 4
Antanna Gain
Other
Frequency
Pulse Width
Waveform
Probability
Target Characteristics
Of
Cross Section vs Signal to Noise Detecting Target
Angle and Frequency Ratio (S/N)
Radar Detection
Equation Process
Probability
Range Of
Radar to Target Detecting Noise
Scaling of the radar equation lets you get a feeling for how the
radar design might change to accommodate changing requirements
Do a sanity check
361564_P_34Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02
References
361564_P_35Y.ppt
ODonnell 06-13-02