REGULAR TRAINING PROGRAM

Heat Engines

Name and surname:

Enrique Santiago Quispe Mamani

Name of the homework: renewable energy in Peru.

Date of execution of the task: 11/13/2017

TEACHER: Wilfredo Murillo

the 5th CYCLE

Plant machinery maintenance

2017 - II
 INDEX

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1. WIND POWER ................................................................................................................................ 4
1.1 What is eolic energy? ................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 wind turbines ............................................................................................................................4
1.3 Present and future of this energy ............................................................................................. 5
1.4 drawbacks ................................................................................................................................ 5
2. MARCONA wind farm .................................................................................................................... 7

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................. 8

4. THREE PROJECTS IN PROGRESS ..................................................................................................... 9

5. TERMAS PLOTS ............................................................................................................................. 10

6. REFERENCE eleven
 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN PERU

INTRODUCION

This report presents and analyzes the renewable energy technologies and the most important for electricity
generation in Peru practices. For it describes and analyzes the domestic energy market, barriers that have
limited the growth of investment in hydroelectric and other renewable energies, the legal and regulatory
framework for electricity, the results of its application as well as information on projects most relevant
renewable technologies and experience of its implementation.

Peruvian society is currently facing huge environmental challenges. There is a real need to react to climate
change and environmental pollution. For this reason in Peru it has been done several specialized programs in
environmental issues in recent years.

Peru is an ideal base for renewable energy projects, due to its abundance of resources and green energy
sources place: like the sun, water, geothermal, wind and biomass. Explore and develop this potential also help
the country meet its growing energy demand. Moreover, Peru has a unique and diverse natural wealth needed
to combat climate change and preserve biodiversity worldwide

German energy policy for the coming years is based on a multiparty consensus based on a strong process of
energy transition. Germany will try to adapt fully to renewable energy sources, dramatically reduce levels of
greenhouse gases and improve energy efficiency by 2050. This consensus includes determining totally
eliminate the share of nuclear energy in the country so progressive until 2022. in order to successfully
complete this task, Germany needs the support of its international partners, especially in Latin America, based
on an intensive exchange of ideas and improved learning at all levels.

Peru has around 30 million inhabitants (INEI, 2011) population, has abundant natural resources and has a high
energy potential. It is maintaining macroeconomic stability for several years and its economy is constantly
growing. GDP during the period 2000-2005 has grown at an average annual rate of 4.1%, and during 2006-
2010 the rate was 7.2% with peaks of 7.7% in 2006, 8.9% in 2007, 9.8% in 2008 and 8.9% in 2010 (MINTRA,
2011); to achieve this rate of growth is vital to have a turn with an adequate supply of energy, particularly
electricity.
 1. Wind power
It is the energy produced by the wind. Scientists estimate that up to 10% of global electricity could be obtained
from wind power generators in the middle of the century. But as has its advantages carries certain important
drawbacks for the environment.
1.1 What is eolic energy?
The wind comes from the Latin term aeolicus, belonging or relating to Aeolus and Aeolus God of the winds
in Greek mythology- and, therefore, belonging or relating to the wind. It is the energy produced by the wind.
This type of energy has been used since ancient times to move boats powered by sail or operate machinery
mills to move their blades. One of the Contras who had this energy was its discontinuity; as the wind
changes direction and intensity unpredictably, so we had to use the oars lulls or when blowing in the desired
direction.
Today, wind farms, accumulators are used to produce electricity when the wind is not blowing. Wind energy
is an indirect form of solar energy, since the differences in temperature and pressure induced in the
atmosphere by absorbing solar radiation which set in motion the winds. An estimated 2% of the solar energy
received by the Earth becomes kinetic energy of the wind. In short, wind power is a kind of green energy.
1.2 wind turbines
The most favorable areas for the implementation of large wind turbines are the coastal regions and large
steppes, where winds blow regularly-that constates required an average speed above 30 km / h- wind.
horizontal and vertical: two broad categories of wind turbines, which
differ by the arrangement of its axis are distinguished. In the
horizontal axis, the axes are parallel to the ground and the vertical
axis are axes perpendicular to the ground. The former are the most
widespread, require continuous orientation of its axis, which must
be maintained parallel to the wind direction; only in this position the
blades or blades are facing the wind permanently. Small wind
turbines with horizontal axis (power range from 0.5 to 50 kW)
usually equipped with large number of blades (as mill the Balearic -
of aspas- six or twelve aspas- Greek mill). This type of wind turbine
has the advantage of working with light winds.
Large wind turbines with horizontal axis are fitted with propellers
three or two blades. Helix These mills have benefited from the
technical progress of aviation to perform very large blades, in order
to supply high powers. Only work well when winds of medium or
high speed, in which case offer excellent performance. Their main
problem is the mechanical fatigue of structural elements, which
caused breakage of blades
various experimental wind turbines. Picture 1 Helix
1.3 Present and future of this energy
Today it is used mainly to move wind turbines. These are mills through a generator produce electricity,
are usually grouped into wind farms wind turbine -concentrations necessary for energy production
resulting profitably.
Such generators are popularized rapidly because of the advantages provided by wind power, which are: a type
of renewable energy, unlike fossil fuel burning. It is considered clean energy and which does not require
combustion to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), and does not produce polluting waste. However, the amount of
energy produced by this means is even a fraction of that consumed by developed countries.
Scientists estimate that up to 10% of global electricity could be obtained from wind power generators in the
middle of the century. The wind turbine generators have several components. The mechanism converts the
wind energy into rotational shaft, a gearbox increases speed and a generator shaft transforms the energy into
electrical energy. In some horizontal axis machines speed of the blades can be adjusted and regulated during
normal operation and closed in case of excessive wind. Others use an aerodynamic brake with strong winds
automatically reduces the energy produced. Modern machines are activated when the wind reaches a speed
of about 19 km / h, achieve peak performance with winds of between 40 and 48 km / h and stop working when
winds reach 100 km / h. The ideal locations for installing turbine generators are those where the annual
average wind speed is at least 21 km / h.
Besides wind power, it does not pollute the environment with gases or aggravates the greenhouse effect, it is
a valuable alternative to non-renewable fuels such as oil. Generators of wind turbines for energy production
on a large scale and have a satisfactory performance medium sized (15 to 30 meters in diameter, with a power
between 100 and 400 kW).
The price of electrical energy produced by that medium is competitive with many other forms of power
generation. Denmark currently gets more than 2% of its electricity from wind turbines, also used to increase
the supply of electricity to island communities and remote locations. In Britain, characteristic country for being
one of the windiest of the world, wind turbines projects, especially in Wales and northwest England, generate
a small portion of electricity from renewable energy sources. In Spain was inaugurated in 1986 a wind farm
powerful in Tenerife, Canary Islands (later other facilities were made in La Muela -Zaragoza-
The Ampurdn -Gerona-, Estaca de Bares -The Corua- and -Cdiz- rate). Wind energy represents 6% of
primary energy production in the countries of the European Union.
1.4 drawbacks
However, the use of wind turbines generates some problems, such as destruction of the landscape, since they
reach heights of about a hundred meters and make the landscape is artificial. They are very visible at a great
distance that are installed in high, mountainous areas, for what is necessary to build tracks and perform
clearings, destroying natural vegetation and causing erosion problems.
Also in the vicinity of wind farms due to noise generated by noise pollution it occurs. Just you are experienced
the feasibility of building wind farms at sea, not far from the coast but located so that no excessively impinge
on the landscape. At the moment, the most appropriate locations for installation coincide with the routes of
migratory birds, or areas where
birds take advantage slope winds, which makes wind turbines conflict with birds and bats, so the mortality of
these animals is considerable.
Wind turbines can not be installed profitably in any area because they require a type of constant wind but not
too strong. They are installed in areas of medium or high ecological value because it is inaccessible areas and
therefore maintain natural values.
As has been observed, wind energy is entering a phase of questions for different reasons does not replace
non-renewable energy sources, moreover, needs support from thermal power plants. Studies prior to the
installation of wind farms are quite deficient environmental impact and partial. There are wind farms in Spain
in protected as SPAs (Special Protection Area for Birds) and LIC spaces (Site of Community Importance) in the
Natura 2000 network, which is a contradiction. The landscape impact is also notable and prevents the
development of alternative sustainable tourism (hiking, rural tourism, etc.).
Finally, those who promote this type of energy only seek their own economic benefit, while maintaining some
activities that respect the environment as nuclear power plants and open pit mining.

Image 2 History of Wind Energy

 2. MARCONA wind farm

Image 3 Wind Farm Marcona

The greatest potential wind in Peru is along the coast, where there is frequently areas recorded higher wind
speeds than 5 m / s, ie, the minimum speed to consider economically feasible electric generation from this
resource (Velsquez, 2007). This is due to the strong influence of the Pacific anticyclone and the Cordillera de
los Andes, generating winds from the southwest across the coastal region. According to the exploitable wind
map of Peru wind power it is estimated at more than 22,000 MW, excluding areas at sea. The areas of greatest
potential are located from Ica to Tacna in the south; and from Ancash to Tumbes in the north. More specifically
highlighted (CENERGIA, 2004): Yasila, Paita and Talara (Piura); Chiclayo (Lambayeque); Malabrigo and Trujillo
(La Libertad); Pacasmayo and Chimbote (Ancash); San Juan de Marcona, Laguna Grande and Paracas (Ica);
Punta Attic (Arequipa); and The Ayro and Punta de Coles (Moquegua).

The first measurements of wind potential for energy purposes were made by Electroper, Corpac (for air
navigation) and SENAMHI. The latter is the official body responsible for evaluating the records of winds at the
national level and currently has a database of wind at the national level, which allows you to study wind energy
in some parts of the country through its Directorate General Research and Environmental Affairs. Then an
account of the major works (CENERGIA, 2004, CER UNI, 2005b) presents oriented to evaluate the wind
potential at national level:

Preliminary wind atlas of Latin America and the Caribbean: Peru and Bolivia (IV vol.) prepared by OLADE in
1983. It was based on measurements taken at 48 stations distributed throughout the country.

Map of areas with better potential for exploitation of under- ground water lines by using windpumps: prepared
by the AFATER / INAF in the 80s.
wind map (included in the National Assessment Study Wind powered pumps): ITINTEC prepared by the World
Bank in 1987.
preliminary wind atlas: prepared by Electroper in the 90s
Map of wind energy potential available (included in the Atlas Mining and Energy in Peru) published by the
MEM since 1995. It is based on values wind speed of 32 measuring stations.
preliminary wind map (included in the internal document Report of Wind Potential of Peru) prepared by the
DEP in 1998
preliminary wind map of Peru: prepared by ADINELSA in 2007. It is based on records Electroper 153 points
and Italy's cooperation ICU during the period 1985-1986; and data SENAMHI and Corpac period 1985-1993.
Wind Map of Peru: prepared for the MEM through Metosim Truewind SL Consortium and Latin Bridge
Bussiness SA
More specifically, various institutions have conducted evaluations of winds in several places, highlighting
(CENERGIA, 2004, Green Energy, 2005):
weather Piura Department study conducted by ITINTEC in 1980
Characato study winds (Arequipa), by ITINTEC in 1981.
Study winds Puno department, conducted by German consultancy ITC at the request of GTZ-
CORPUNO Convention between 1982 and 1983.
Study winds and Lurin Villa in Lima, by ITINTEC in 1984.
Study Apurimac and Junin winds, by ITINTEC in 1984
Wind measurement Yasila (Piura) by Electroper 1994.
Wind measurement in San Juan de Marcona (Ica) by Electroper in 1994, Adinelsa between 1998 and
2005, and ABB-Germany between 2001 and 2002 (average wind speed 9 m / s were recorded)
Wind measurement in San Juan de Marcona (Ica) by Electroper in 1994, Adinelsa between 1998 and
2005, and ABB-Germany between 2001 and 2002 (average wind speed 9 m / s were recorded)
Wind measurement in Pacasmayo (La Libertad), by KLT Consult-Germany between 2002 and 2003
(average wind speeds of 6.9 m / s were recorded).
Wind measurement Paita (Piura), by KLT Consult-made between 2002 and 2003 Germany (average
wind speeds of 7.8 m / s were recorded).
Measurement of the wind potential of dogs (Piura), conducted by the Ecuadorian company ProViento
SA (average wind speeds of 7.4 m / s were recorded).

According to the wind maps of Peru calculated at 50, 80 and 100 ms respectively, areas with the greatest
potential for wind generation large capacity is on the coast, specifically in the regions of Piura, Lambayeque
and Ica which recorded higher wind speeds anual average.
Wind power can complement hydraulics, it is precisely the period of low water the best time of the winds on
the Peruvian coast thereof having an energy vocation for its stability and power. As part of the first auction of
alternative renewable energies, one of the winning projects was the Marcona Project, then a brief description.

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The project consists of two wind farms, Marcona wind farm 32MW Windfarm and Tres Hermanas, 90MW,
located next to each other, in the province of Nazca, Ica, Peru. Cobra owns two wind farms. Both wind farms
will sell 100% of its energy system
National Electrical National Interconnected System under two contracts for the supply of electricity, 20, with
the Government of Peru. The total project cost is estimated at US $ 335 million. The Supervisory Agency for
Investment in Energy and Mining (Osinergmin) reported the start of commercial operations of the wind farm
Marcona in Ica department, "first Peruvian plant that will generate electricity through wind", with an installed
capacity 32.1 MW. The park consists of eleven wind turbines Siemens eight SWT-3.2-108 model (3.2 MW direct
drive) and three SWT-2.3-108 model (2.3 MW, with gearbox), all machines a rotor diameter of 108 meters and
installed on towers eighty meters.
The owner is the Spanish multinational group Cobra, the main industrial sub-holding company of the Spanish
ACS Group also. Power sale is made at 100% to the national grid under a PPA, a contract for the supply of
electricity, 20, with the Government of Peru. Private enterprise is moving 61.1 million dollars, which was
received in August 2013 a loan of $ 55 million from the Andean Development Corporation (CAF).

4. THREE PROJECTS IN PROGRESS

As reported by the Osinergmin, there are up three other wind projects, which together will add 232 MW,
awarded through auctions. It is expected that by the end of August this year will enter commercial operation
of wind farms and Cupisnique Talara, equivalent to 110 MW. The fourth wind farm plans to operate in late
2015.

Image 4 Projects
 5. TERMAS PLOTS

Picture 5 Termas Solares

The sun contributes annually to the Earth's atmosphere, a value corresponding to ten thousand times the
world energy consumption in that period. This indicates that, besides being responsible for the sustenance of
life on earth, solar radiation is an inexhaustible source of energy, having a huge potential for use by collectors
and converters in various forms of energy (thermal, electric, etc.), for heating of fluids and environments and
to generate mechanical or electrical power. It can also be converted directly into electrical energy by means
of the effects on certain materials, including highlights the thermoelectric and photovoltaic.

Water heating by solar energy is a system that allows saving money, since throughout his lifetime, fuel to
function is zero. In addition, solar thermal baths are quite efficient in sunny places like Peru. The private
company is moving the market so that the necessary conditions exist to popularize these systems

Arequipa is the case where a growing demand for solar thermal, which extends across the country and
supply still not enough exists today. Especially national technology that can compete healthily with foreign
technology.

A thermal or solar heater is an apparatus utilizing the heat of the sun (solar energy) for heating a substance,
such as water or oil. Its most common use is to heat water for use in homes, hosting centers or health
services (showers, laundry, kitchens, etc.) both domestic environments as solar thermal baths 17 hotels and
other industries. In many climates like that of Peru, a solar thermal bath can reduce energy consumption
used to heat water. Such reduction or savings can be up to 50% -75% or even 100% when completely
replacing Thermal power using propane or butane, eliminating the consumption of liquefied petroleum gas
or electricity. Its use is more widespread in the country due to ignorance or the initial cost of installation.

Mr. Pedro Snchez of Energy program and environment IICA AEA says: "If every household Solar therm
transforms 3 KWh daily solar energy, thermal baths transform 5,000 15 MWh,
It corresponds to a 3 MW plant ". Its use can serve for the kitchen and bathroom, in homes and lodgings for
sanitary facilities, such as hospitals, medical clinics, laundries, aviculturas in the industry itself, etc. The
operating range is between 20 and 100 degrees Celsius. Capacities vary between 50 and 2000 liters. the
investment is recovered in three years, with the useful life of 15 years. This means that a solar therm cost,
including annual maintenance, the sum of US $ 5100, compared to a cost of US $ 18 057.60, an electric
therm. Saving is huge.

As mentioned, the baths or heaters have a high efficiency of capturing solar energy. Depending on the
technology and implemented materials, can reach efficiencies of 98%. Do not confuse the thermal solar
panel with photovoltaic panel, which is not used for heating substances, but to generate electricity from
light.

Currently, solar energy is widely used in the modern world, for heating water by technological advances and
the high cost of using fossil energy, meeting the needs of residences, hotels, industries and others to which
are used called solar collectors, which come to be devices designed to collect energy radiated by the sun
and convert it to thermal energy. Several types of these collectors as flat plate, preferably used for
residences, vacuum tubes used for both as residences and other industrially able to produce higher
temperatures such as concentration collectors.

In Arequipa the use of more than 40,000 solar thermal has become one of the main sources of water
heating in homes. There are several solar thermal market, which are used for domestic and industrial,
manufactured by local companies in artisanal and industrially. The climate in the city of Arequipa is dry and
with little cloud cover. They are 300 days of sunshine per year, with 11 hours of sunlight, being the period
between 11 and 14 hours which has the highest rate of radiation. Daily global irradiation borders 2 to 1000
W / m for most of the year. Its average temperature is 21
C. During the day the air is dry and warm. In the evenings, especially in the months or May, June and July
the temperature drops to about 8 C.

The solar collector used at Arequipa, is the plane solar collector, which is basically constituted by a
hermetically sealed, with thermal insulation on the sides and bottom, of a transparent flat glass at the top,
rectangular box and between the cover and the thermal insulation are the absorber plate, by which the
working fluid circulates.

Families who choose the use of solar thermal achieve significant savings on the monthly account by the
public electricity service. Depending on consumption is not low savings of 30 to 40% savings compared to the
same consumption in a family of the capital, Lima. In places like metropolitan Lima, there is not the same
solar radiation Arequipa, but still the use of solar thermal 8 out of 12 months of the year would be feasible.
6. REFERENCES
[1] B. Perales, the universe of renewable energies, Spain: Marcombo, 2012.
[2] J. Gonzales, renewable energy, Barcelona: Reverte, 2009
[3] J. Vega and S. Ramirez, renewable energy sources and non-renewable, Mexico: Alfaomega, 2014