12-Nov-17

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

Chapter 8
Internal Incompressible
Viscous Flow

MAIN TOPICS
Laminar Vs Turbulent Flow
Entrance Region
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
Between Infinite Parallel Plates
Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe
Turbulent Velocity Profiles in
Fully Developed Pipe Flow
Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow
Calculation of Head Loss
Solution of Pipe Flow Problems
Flow Measurement

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INTRODUCTION: LAMINAR VS TURBULENT

Flows completely bounded by solid
surfaces are called internal ows;
such as those through pipes,
ducts, nozzles, diffusers, sudden
contractions and expansions,
valves, and ttings.
The pipe ow regime (laminar or
turbulent) is determined by the
Reynolds number.
One can demonstrate, by the
classic Reynolds experiment, the
qualitative difference between
laminar and turbulent ows.

LAMINAR VS TURBULENT FLOWS

A laminar ow is one in which the uid ows
in laminae, or layers, with no macroscopic
mixing of adjacent uid layers.
Under normal conditions, transition to turbulence
occurs at Re2300 (<2100 Laminar) for ow in
pipes.
Turbulence occurs when the viscous forces in the
uid are unable to damp out random uctuations
in the uid motion (generated, for example, by
roughness of a pipe wall), and the ow becomes
chaotic.

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ENTRANCE REGION
When the prole shape no longer changes with increasing distance x,
the ow is called fully developed.
The distance downstream from the entrance to the location at which
fully developed ow begins is called the entrance length.

ENTRANCE REGION
The entrance length for laminar pipe ow
(Re=2300) may be expressed as:
L 0.06 Re D =138 D
or nearly 140 pipe diameters.
If the ow is turbulent, enhanced mixing among
uid layers causes more rapid growth of the
boundary layer. The entrance length can then be
expressed as:
L 4.4 Re1/6 D
or nearly 25 to 40 pipe diameters from the
entrance.

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FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW

IN A PIPE

Let us consider fully developed laminar ow in a

pipe.
Since the ow is axisymmetric, the control
volume will be a differential annulus, as shown
in Fig. 8.7.
The control volume length is dx and its thickness
is dr.
For fully developed ow, the velocity prole is the
same at all locations along the ow; hence there
is no change in momentum.
FSx=0

CV

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-dFI

dFL
-dFR

dFO
dFL

The sum of the x components of force, dFL, dFR,

dFI, and dFO, acting on the control volume must
be zero. This leads to the condition that,

The only way the equation can be valid for all x

and r is for both sides to in fact be constant:

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In a constant diameter pipe, the pressure drops

uniformly along the pipe length (except for the
entrance region).

and

We need to evaluate constants c1 and c2. However,

we have only the one boundary condition that
u=0 at r=R.
From physical considerations, we conclude that
c1=0, and hence,

The constant, c2, is evaluated by using the

available boundary condition at the pipe wall: at
r=R, u=0. Consequently,

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or

Since we have the velocity prole, we can obtain

a number of additional features of the ow.

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Fully Developed Laminar Flow

Between Infinite Parallel
Plates

x
y

y
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The plates are considered infinite in the Z direction,

no variation of any fluid property in Z direction
The flow is also assumed to be steady and incompressible.
The boundary conditions are

no-slip condition

dFL + dFR + dFT + dFB

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FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW

BETWEEN INFINITE PARALLEL PLATES

Both Plates Stationary

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FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW

BETWEEN INFINITE PARALLEL PLATES
Both Plates Stationary
Shear Stress Distribution

Volume Flow Rate

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FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW

BETWEEN INFINITE PARALLEL PLATES
Both Plates Stationary
Flow Rate as a Function of Pressure Drop

Average and Maximum Velocities

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FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW

BETWEEN INFINITE PARALLEL PLATES
Both Plates Stationary
Transformation of Coordinates

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FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW

BETWEEN INFINITE PARALLEL PLATES

Thank You

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