DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS

EMULSIONES INVERSAS

Tratamiento de Agua de Formacin

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

Tratamiento de Agua
de Formacin

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

Manejo de Crudo y Agua de Formacin

En Patios de Tanques y Terminales de Embarque

Inyeccin de qumica deshidratante

Calentamiento
ADECUACION Recibo de produccin y almacenamiento
DE CRUDOS
Y AGUAS Deshidratacin de crudo
Clarificacin de Aguas de Formacin
Elaboracin de mezclas en terminales

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

Clarificacin de Aguas de Formacin

FLUJOGRAMA

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS
INICIO

Drenaje de agua
en tanques

Inyeccin qumica
clarificante

Separacin en
separadores API
Separacin en
Tanques
desnatadores

Separacin Inducida

Filtracin

Almacenamiento

Crudo
en agua en NO
especificacin

si
Bombeo

FIN

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

ETAPAS DEL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

SEPARACION PRIMARIA:
Remocin del contenido de crudo en agua, slidos
suspendidos y temperatura.
9 SEPARACION QUMICA:
Inyeccin qumica clarificante.

9 SEPARACION MECNICA:
Separadores API, separadores de placas paralelas
y separadores de placas corrugadas.

Tanques desnatadores

Sistemas de flotacin por gas o aire disuelto.

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

ETAPAS DEL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

SEPARACION SECUNDARIA:
Tratamiento biolgico.
9 SEPARACIN MECNICA:
Lagunas de oxidacin.

SEPARACION TERCIARIA:
Remocin del contenido slidos suspendidos y disueltos
y gases cidos.
9FILTRACIN:
9 DESAEREACIN:
Separacin mecnica.
Separacin Qumica.
COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO.

Inyeccin de
qumica clarificante UNIDADES
API FOSA
. . .. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . DE CARGA
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agua . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .
.
.. .
. .. . . .. . . . . .
drenada FOSA
PRIMARIA
.
FOSA
Hacia entrada de RECOLECCION UNIDADES
produccin DE CRUDO DESNATADORAS

UNIDADES DE
FLOTACION

UNIDADES DE
FILTRACION
Inyeccin de
FOSA
DE BOMBEO qumica clarificante
Agua tratada . .
.
. . SISTEMA DE
DESAEREACIN

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS
SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN
TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO
SEPARADORES API
Unidades mecnicas destinadas para la separacin del Crudo
separado por la accin de qumica clarificante, mediante la
aplicacin de un tiempo suficiente de reposo, el cual permite la
decantacin del crudo (hacia la superficie) y la sedimentacin de los
slidos suspendidos en el fondo del mismo.

Salida
de
agua

Agua
cruda
Crudo
recuperado

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO

SEPARADORES API

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO

Los criterios para seleccin de los separadores API son los

siguientes:
9 Caudal de agua de alimentacin
9 Concentracin y tamao de las gotas de crudo
9 Temperatura del agua
9 Gravedad especfica de agua y del crudo
9 Viscosidad del agua y del crudo
9 Concentracin y densidad de los slidos en el agua
9 Slidos flotables.
9 Slidos sedimentables.
COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO
SEPARADOR API

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SEPARADORES DE PLACAS PARALELAS

A E
D

C
B
F F

A: CANAL DE ENTRADA D: CAPA DE CRUDO

B: TANQUE DE ARENA E: CANAL DE SALIDA
C: PAQUETE DE PLACAS F: DRENAJE LODOS

Los separadores de placas paralelas permiten una mayor

coalescencia de las gotas de crudo e Incrementan la
remocin de slidos pesados. Presentan menor tamao que los
separadores API y por ende menor costo de fabricacin.

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO
SEPARADORES DE PLACAS

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO
SEPARADORES DE PLACAS CORRUGADAS
Estudios realizados a escala de piloto, sobre eficiencia de
placas corrugadas y utilizando agua con un contenido de crudo
de 350 ppm, dieron como principales resultados, lo siguiente:

9La eficiencia de remocin de crudo decrece con el incremento del

caudal.
9La mayor eficiencia de separacin se obtiene con una inclinacin
de las placas en un 45%.
9A menor gravedad especfica del crudo, mayor ser la eficiencia de la
remocin.
9 La remocin es directamente proporcional a la temperatura
9 A mayor concentracin de crudo en el agua, se obtiene mayor
eficiencia en la remocin.
COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO

SEPARADORES DE PLACAS CORRUGADAS

PLACAS CORRUGADAS

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO
TANQUES DESNATADORES
Tanques de separacin mecnica destinados para lograr
la separacin de la nata de crudo no separado en el
separador API.

LAMINA SUPERIOR DE RANURA DE ENTRADA

SEPARACION DE AGUA AL TANQUE

Entrada Crudo
De recuperado
agua

Salida
De
LAMINA INFERIOR DE SEPARACION
agua

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO

SISTEMAS DE FLOTACION
Unidades mecnicas
destinadas para inducir
mediante la inyeccin de
aire o gas, la flotacin de
las partculas de
crudo de poco tamao, a
fin de logras llevarlas a
la superficie y aglomerarlas
para su recoleccin.

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO

SISTEMAS DE FLOTACIN POR GAS INDUCIDO

Unidades mecnicas destinadas para
inducir mediante la inyeccin de aire o
gas, la flotacin de las partculas de
crudo de poco tamao, a fin de
logras llevarlas a la
superficie y aglomerarlas para su
recoleccin.

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO PRIMARIO
Diferentes Tipos de Tratamientos
y Los Resultados Obtenidos Con Su Aplicacin
P rin c ip io s d e
S e p a ra c i n p o r G ra v e d a d S is te m a d e a e ro flo ta c i n
o p e ra c i n

S e p a ra d o r T anque U n id a d de f lo ta c i n por gas

T ip o S e p a ra d o r A P I
d e p la c a s d e s n a ta d o r in d u c u d o

C o n te n id o d e
c ru d o e n (5 0 - 100) (5 0 - 100) (5 0 - 200) (1 0 - 50)
e flu e n te

E fe c to d e lo s
s o lid o s en la
e fic ie n c ia d e N o a fe c ta N o a fe c ta
su re m o c i n
d e l c ru d o

R e q u e rim ie n t
N o a p lic a (0 ,0 5 -0 ,1 )m 3 s t /m 3 a g u a
o s d e G as
S e n s ib ilid a d a
tu rb u le n c ia e n C o n d ic io n e s d e f lu jo c o n s ta n te s C o n d ic io n e s d e f lu jo c o n s ta n te s
o p e ra c i n

A d itiv o s N o re q u ie re

Tomado del manual:Deshidratacin de crudo y Tratamento de aguas efluentes,Autor Ender Aez, PDVSA, 1998.

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO TERCIARIO.
Inyeccin de
qumica clarificante UNIDADES
API FOSA
. . .. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . DE CARGA
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agua . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .
.
.. .
. .. . . .. . . . . .
drenada FOSA
PRIMARIA
.

FOSA
Hacia entrada de RECOLECCION UNIDADES
produccin DE CRUDO DESNATADORAS

UNIDADES DE
FLOTACION

UNIDADES DE
FILTRACION
Inyeccin de
FOSA
DE BOMBEO qumica clarificante
Agua tratada . .
.
. . SISTEMA DE
DESAEREACIN

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO TERCIARIO.
SISTEMAS DE FILTRACIN (LECHOS DE GRAVA):

VISTA EXTERNA DE FILTROS

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO TERCIARIO.

SISTEMAS DE FILTRACIN (LECHOS DE GRAVA):

ENTRADA

ENTRADA
DISTRIBUIDOR

ANTRACITA

ARENA

SISTEMA GRANATE
COLECTOR
CONCRETO

SALIDA

VISTA LECHO FILTRANTE

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SISTEMA GENERAL PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

TRATAMIENTO TERCIARIO.
SISTEMAS DE DESAEREACIN:
ENTRADA
AGUA

VACIO

SALIDA
AGUA

VISTA INTERNA DESAEREADOR:

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SELECCIN DE LOS PRODUCTOS

CLARIFICANTES
PRUEBAS DE BOTELLAS:

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SELECCIN DE LOS PRODUCTOS

CLARIFICANTES
PRUEBAS DE BOTELLAS:
La solucin a tratar se decanta, de tal manera de separar
el petrleo libre del agua emulsionada.

Se vierten 100 ml del agua emulsionada en botellas

aforadas de 120 ml.

Con una micropipeta se adicionan las soluciones de los

diferentes polmeros a la misma concentracin y
de igual modo se repite el procedimiento para las
diferentes dosis a evaluar.

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SELECCIN DE LOS PRODUCTOS

CLARIFICANTES
PRUEBAS DE BOTELLAS:
Se agitan suavemente todas las botellas al mismo tiempo
durante 30 segundos.

Se simula la temperatura y el reposo segn las condiciones

reales del sistema.

Se realizan los anlisis correspondientes del contenido de

crudo en agua.

Se corroboran los resultados finales con Pruebas de

jarras.

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

SELECCIN DE LOS PRODUCTOS

Pruebas de Jarra: Consiste en simular la clarificacin
con un equipo que contiene 4 o 6 jarras (beaker) de
500 o 1000 ml con sus respectivos agitadores
mecnicos.

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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EMULSIONES INVERSAS

Pruebas de Jarra

Mezcla Rpida
0,5 a 3 minutos y entre 80 a 150 rpm.
Mezcla Lenta
3 a 10 minutos y entre 30 a 60 rpm.
Sedimentacin
5-30 minutos y entre 0 a 20 rpm.
COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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EMULSIONES INVERSAS

Proceso de Clarificacin
Diagrama Causa - Efecto

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

DIAGRAMA CAUSA EFECTO

PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

Deficiencia tratamiento
Inefic. producto
clarificante
Baja dosis de
tratamiento Inef.
Productos
Bajo rend. Inef. producto quimico
Prod. floculante
quimicos Reemulsin Obstruccion Bombas
por exceso Dosif. sediment Tqs
Tratam.
Hurtos
Lote fuera de especif, Fallas
Baja calidad Sist.
Falta mant.
Prod. quimicos boquillas inyeccion
Decantacion quimico Fallas
en tanque dosificador aun elect. o gas Alto
aprobado C/Calidad combustible % crudo
en agua

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

NOTAS:
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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

DIAGRAMA CAUSA EFECTO

PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

Infraest. inadec.

Coaguladores, Sistemas de
Floculadores induccion
Falta
Limp. Arrastre
Separadores API equipos interfase de
tanque Hacia
sist. De clarif.
Recoleccin
inad. De
Iny. Quim. por goteo los
Saturacin con
sistemas
Baja crudo de
coalescencia equipos de sep.
Deficiencia en el
Inad. ubic. Alto
ptos inyecc. trat. deshidratante
% crudo
en agua

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

NOTAS:
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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

DIAGRAMA CAUSA EFECTO

PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

Recurso Humano
Falla Comunic.
sobre cambios
sistema
No encend. iny. refuerzo
posterior eventual.

Inad. control/ajustes
dosis de tratamiento

Falta de
Adiestramiento

Alto
% crudo
en agua

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

NOTAS:
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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

DIAGRAMA CAUSA EFECTO

PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

Alto
% crudo
Dismin. de
Bajo Capac. reposo Ineficiencia iny. en agua
tiempo Aire-gas
Reposo
en equipos
separacion Baja
Increm. recoleccion
Varios
produccion en equipos de
tanques
drenando Induccion por
Mantenim. por gas-aire
simultaneamente
Increm. equipos de
Volumen separacion Excesiva
Mant. sistemas
agua formacin
de recoleccin
a tratar de espuma

Inadec. Proc. Decantacin

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

DIAGRAMA CAUSA EFECTO

PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN

Alto
% crudo
Inadec. toma de (condiciones de simulacin en agua
muestra (niveles) no actualizadas), Variacin
Inad. parmetros operac. Y
aforo propiedades del crudo
en tqs
Aplicacin Propi.
Temperatura agua
metodo
agua
tramitancia Uso Tiempo
Elaboracin solvente Dosis de reposo
Curvas de
simulacin Inadec.
calibracin
Contol Cal.
Falla a productos
determ. qumicos
Determ.
crudo en nica de Inad. realizacin
agua conc. De pruebas de jarra
Calibracin Inad. rompe-
activos
de equipos emulsin

Inef. Mtodos

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

DIAGRAMA CAUSA EFECTO

PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN
Alto
% crudo
en agua
Uso de clarificantes con activos
Ricos en polimeros

Agentes Incorp.
emulsionantes aguas Lavado
Acidificacion Solidos fosa a prod. pozos
de pozos provenientes
del crudo Alto
separado aporte
Incorp. sedimentos
Otros Recuperacion
crudos fosas

Estabilidad de emulsiones

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

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 DESHIDRATACION DE CRUDOS
EMULSIONES INVERSAS

DIAGRAMA CAUSA EFECTO

PROCESO DE CLARIFICACIN
Deficiencia tratamiento Infraest. inadec. Recurso Humano
Falla Comunic.
Inefic. producto Coaguladores,
Baja dosis de Iny. Quim. por goteo Sistemas de
Falta sobre cambios
clarificante Inef. Floculadores
tratamiento induccion sistema
Productos Limp. No encend. iny. refuerzo
Bajo rend.
quimico Baja Separadores API equipos posterior eventual.
Prod. Inef. producto
Reemulsin floculante coalescencia Recoleccion
Arrastre
quimicos Obstruccion Bombas
Inad. ubic.
interfase de Inad. control/ajustes
por exceso ptos inyecc. inad.
Dosif. sediment Tqs tanque Hacia dosis de tratamiento
Tratam.
Lote fuera de especif, Hurtos de los
Fallas sist. De clarif. Falta de
sistemas Saturacion con
Baja calidad Sist. Adiestramiento
Falta mant. crudo de
Prod. quimicos boquillas
Fallas inyeccion Deficiencia en el
equipos de sep. Alto
Decantacion quimico elect. trat. deshidratante
en tanque dosificador aun
Inadec. toma de Uso de clarificantes con activos % crudo
Inad. muestra (niveles) Ricos en polimeros
aprobado C/Calidad
Dismin. de
Agentes en agua
Bajo aforo emulsionantes
Capac. reposo Solidos
tiempo en tqs Aplicacin Acidificacion provenientes
Reposo metodo de pozos
Elaboracion del crudo
en equipos Calibracion tramitancia Uso (condiciones de simulacin
Curvas de separado
separacion de equipos calibracion solvente no actualizadas), Variacin
parmetros operac. Y
Varios
Increm. Falla Temperatura propiedades delPropi.
crudo
produccion determ.
tanques agua agua Incorp. Lavado
drenando crudo en Inad. rompe- Tiempo
aguas pozos
emulsion Dosis de reposo
simultaneamente Mantenim. Ineficiencia iny. agua Baja simulacin fosa a prod. Alto
equipos de Aire-gas Inadec. aporte
Increm. separacion recoleccion
en equipos de Contol Cal. sedimentos
Volumen Determ. Inad. R
agua Induccion por a productos Incorp.
Excesiva nica de ealizacin qumicos Otros
a tratar Mant. sistemas por gas-aire conc. De pruebas Recuperacion
formacion crudos
de espuma de recoleccion activos de jarra fosas
Inadec. Proc. Decantacion Inef. Metodos Estabilidad de emulsiones

COPYRIGHT@ RESET C.A 2006

NOTAS:
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