1. Summarize the content of Chapter 5 of ACI 364.

1R-07 (Guide for evaluation of concrete

structures before rehabilitation) in regard to sampling of concrete cores and steel
reinforcement.

Steel reinforcementSamples of steel reinforcement can be tested to determine its physical or chemical
properties. The characteristics, selection, and preparation of samples are discussed in ASTM A 370.
Some general considerations related to nonprestressed reinforcement are:

1. Specimens should be removed at locations of minimum stress in the reinforcement. Not more than
one specimen should be removed from the same cross section of a structural component or element.

2. Specimen locations should be separated by at least the development length of the reinforcement to
avoid excessive weakening of the component.

3. For structural elements having a span of less than 25 ft (7.5 m) or a loaded area of less than 625 ft 2
(60 m2), at least one specimen should be taken from the main longitudinal reinforcement (not stirrups
or ties) (ACI 437R).

4. For longer spans or larger areas, more specimens should be taken at different locations to determine
whether or not the same strength of steel was used throughout the structure.

5. Information from grade marks and mill marks from reinforcing bars should be collected when possible
and used as appropriate in guiding sample collection.

6. Newer nonprestressed reinforcing steel needs less sampling to gain reasonable confidence in in-place
mechanical properties. For older structures, where smooth, square, or iron-based reinforcement was
used, additional sampling may be needed.

7. The minimum gauge length for testing mechanical properties should be in accordance with ASTM A
370. Shorter samples may still be useful. Coupons for testing may be obtained from samples even 4 in.
(100 mm) in length, which will provide some information on physical properties.

Sampling of prestressed reinforcement for laboratory testing should be takenvery serious. When the
anchorages of unbonded tendons are accessible, the visual examination and lift-off tests can be
conducted to measure the prestress force. Sampling of bonded tendons and wires is generally not
recommended unless the presence of corrosion, cracking, or loss of prestress is identified. Bonded
prestressed reinforcement generally locks up in bond. Experienced personnel needed for testing. For
example, slippage of the center wire in a seven-wire strand can influence measured properties. Also,
special end chucks may be required to prevent slippage in the jaws. The strand should not be allowed to
rotate during testing.

Testing of samples for mechanical properties is addressed in ASTM A 370; minimum gauge length for the
sample is 24 in. (610 mm), so at least 35 in. (889 mm) sample lengths should be recovered.
Core samplingThe procedures for properly removing concrete samples by core drilling are given in
ASTM C 42/C 42M. The number, size, and location of core samples should be carefully selected to permit
all necessary laboratory tests. Even though more than one test, such as nondestructive pulse velocity
testing followed by compressive strength test, is feasible on one core, it is recommended that separate
core samples be used for different tests so that there will be no influence from previous tests. Where
cores are taken to determine a strength property, at least three cores should be removed at each
location in the structure. The strength value should be taken as the average of the three cores. A single
core should not be used to evaluate or diagnose a particular strength problem (ACI 318). Refer to ACI
214.4R for variations in core test strengths.

For determining compressive strength or static or dynamic modulus of elasticity, the diameter of the
core should be in accordance with the applicable ASTM standard.

2. Read Chapter 10 and Design-Example 15-3 of ACI 440.2R-08 (Guide for design and
construction of externally bonded FRP systems) and summarize the basic assumptions
that are made when strengthening a reinforced-concrete beam with externally-bonded
FRP systems. (Hint: Paragraph 10.2)
The following assumptions are made in calculating the flexural resistance of a section strengthened with
an externally applied FRP system:

Design calculations are based on the dimensions, internal reinforcing steel arrangement, and
materialproperties of the existing member being strengthened;

The strains in the steel reinforcement and concrete aredirectly proportional to the distance from the
neutralaxis. That is, a plane section before loading remainsplane after loading;

There is no relative slip between external FRP reinforcementand the concrete;

The shear deformation within the adhesive layer isneglected because the adhesive layer is very thin
withslight variations in its thickness;

The maximum usable compressive strain in theconcrete is 0.003;

The tensile strength of concrete is neglected; and

The FRP reinforcement has a linear elastic stress-strainrelationship to failure.

While some of these assumptions are necessary for thesake of computational ease, the assumptions do
not accuratelyreflect the true fundamental behavior of FRP flexuralreinforcement. For example, there
will be shear deformationin the adhesive layer causing relative slip between the FRPand the substrate.
The inaccuracy of the assumptions willnot, however, significantly affect the computed flexuralstrength
of an FRP-strengthened member. An additionalstrength reduction factor (0.85 typically) will
conservatively compensate for any such discrepancies.

3. Read Chapter 4 of ACI 546R-04 (Concrete repair guide) and summarize at least three of
the typical selection problems to consider when performing a repair program.
Misplaced reinforcing steel
Misplaced reinforcing steel is a major contributing factor to corrosion. This commonly occurs at reveals
on walls or columns, in slabs with variable thickness at the edge bars along exposed slabs, and at hooked
bars perpendicular to exposed concrete slab edges, if placed too close to the surface. The repair
program should provide for the lack of cover on the reinforcement. This can be accomplished with
buildouts, where appropriate. Barrier coatings on the reinforcing steel or concrete surface to provide
added protection against corrosion. Cathodic protection, chloride extraction, and corrosion-inhibitor
additives in repair materials can also be useful to prevent or delay future corrosion.

Water penetration
Water may penetrate into concrete by hydrostatic pressure, moisture vapor pressure, capillary action,
wind-driven rain, or any combination of these. Cracks, concrete density, porous concrete, lack of
entrained air, structural defects, or improperly designed or functioning joints all contribute to the
movement of moisture. Water penetration into concrete contributes to corrosion of reinforcement,
freezing-and-thawing damage, leakage into the interior of the structure or occupied levels beneath
decks, and possible structural damage. A properly designed protection system should address any or all
of these issues.

Chloride/chemical attack
Penetration of chemical or salt solutions through concrete contribute to the corrosion of the embedded
steel. In addition, chemical attack, including acids, alkalis, and sulfates, may have a detrimental effect on
the concrete itself. Barrier protection systems are commonly used to minimize the intrusion of
chemicals into concrete.