Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GL 2008 Page 41
Section 4
Main Shafting
C. Shaft Dimensioning
B. Materials
1. General
1. Approved materials
The following requirements apply to propulsion shafts
Propeller, intermediate and thrust shafts together with such as intermediate and propeller shafts of traditional
flange and clamp couplings are to be made of forged straight forged design and which are driven by rotat-
steel; where appropriate, couplings may be made of ing machines such as diesel engines, turbines or elec-
cast steel. Rolled round steel may be used for plain, tric motors.
flangeless shafts.
For shafts that are integral to equipment, such as for
In general, the tensile strength of steels used for shaft- gear boxes (see Section 5), podded drives, electrical
ing (shafts, flange couplings, bolts/fitted bolts) shall motors and/or generators, thrusters, turbines and
2 2
be between 400 N/mm and 800 N/mm . For dynami- which in general incorporate particular design fea-
cally loaded parts of the shafting, designed in accor- tures, additional criteria in relation to acceptable di-
dance to the formulas as given under C. and D., and mensions have to be taken into account. For the
explicitly for the shafts themselves as well as for con- shafts in such equipment, the following requirements
necting / fitted bolts for flanged connections in general may only be applied for shafts subject mainly to
torsion
Chapter 2 Section 4 C Main Shafting I - Part 1
Page 42 GL 2008
sections between radial and eccentric axial For intermediate and thrust shafts, the radius at forged
holes require a special strength consideration. flanges is to be at least 8 % of the calculated minimum
diameter for a full shaft at the relevant location. For
= 1,15 for intermediate shafts designed as the aft propeller shaft flange, the radius is to be at least
multi-splined shafts where d is the outside di- 12,5 % of the calculated minimum diameter for a full
ameter of the splined shaft. Outside the shaft at the relevant location.
splined section, the shafts can be reduced to a
diameter calculated with k = 1,0.
2. Shaft tapers and nut threads
= 1,20 for intermediate shafts with longitudinal
slots within the following limitations: Keyways are in general not to be used in installations
with a barred speed range.
slot length up to 0,8 d Keyways in the shaft taper for the propeller are to be
designed in a way that the forward end of the groove
inner diameter up to 0,8 d
makes a gradual transition to the full shaft section. In
slot width e up to 0,1 d addition, the forward end of the keyway shall be spoon-
shaped. The edges of the keyway at the surface of the
end rounding at least 0,5 e shaft taper for the propeller are not to be sharp. The
forward end of the rounded keyway has to lie well within
1 slot or 2 slots at 180 or 3 slots at 120
the seating of the propeller boss. Threaded holes for
Slots beyond these limitations require a spe- securing screws for propeller keys shall be located only
cial strength consideration. in the aft half of the keyway (see Fig. 4.1).
= 1,22 for propeller shafts with flange mounted 3. Propeller shaft protection
or keyless taper fitted propellers, applicable
to the shaft part between the forward edge of 3.1 Sealing
the aftermost shaft bearing and the forward
face of the propeller hub or shaft flange, but At the stern tube ends propeller shafts with oil or
not less than 2,5 d. grease lubrication are to be fitted with seals of proven
efficiency and approved by GL, see also the require-
In case of keyless taper fitting, the method of ments applicable to the external sealing of the stern
connection has to be approved by GL. tube in context with the propeller shaft survey pre-
= 1,26 for propeller shafts in the area specified scribed in the GL Rules Part 0 Classification and
for k = 1,22, if the propeller is keyed to the Surveys, Section 3.
tapered propeller shaft. The securing at stern tube, shaft line or propeller (e.g.
= 1,40 for propeller shafts in the area specified chrome steel liner) shall guarantee a permanent tight-
for k = 1,22, if the shaft inside the stern tube ness.
is lubricated with grease. GL reserve the right to demand corresponding verifi-
cations.
= 1,15 for propeller shafts between forward end
of aftmost bearing and forward end of fore For protection of the sealing a rope guard shall be
stern tube seal. The portion of the propeller provided.
shaft located forward of the stern tube seal
can gradually be reduced to the size of the in- The propeller boss seating is to be effectively pro-
termediate shaft. tected against the ingress of seawater. This seal can be
dispensed with if the propeller shaft is made of corro-
sion-resistant material.
In the case of Class Notation IW, the seal is to be
D. Design fitted with a device by means of which the bearing
clearance can be measured when the vessel is afloat.
1. General
3.2 Shaft liners
Changes in diameter are to be effected by tapering or
ample radiusing. Radii are to be at least equal to the 3.2.1 Propeller shafts which are not made of corro- sion-
change in diameter. resistant material and which run in seawater are
Chapter 2 Section 4 D Main Shafting I - Part 1
Page 44 GL 2008
X
r6 ~ 0,5 b
d
Section E - E
A B C D
E E
r1 < r2 < r3 < r4
b
r r r r
Standard values of r5
d 5 5 5 4
r 5 1 r 2r 3r r
up to 150 3 5
up to 250 4
up to 450 5 Sections: A-A B-B C - CD - D A B C D
from 450 6
a
(a~b)
Detail X
Fig. 4.1 Design of keyway in propeller shaft
to be protected against ingress of seawater by sea- Where propellers are attached to a forged flange on the
water-resistant metal liners or other liners approved by propeller shaft, the flange has to have a thickness of at
GL and by proven seals at the propeller. least 25 % of the calculated minimum diameter of a
solid shaft at the relevant location.
3.2.2 Metal liners in accordance with 3.2.1, which run in
seawater, are to be made in a single piece. With the These flanges are not to be thinner than the Rule di-
expressed consent of GL the liner may consist of two or
ameter of the fitted bolts, if these are based on the
more parts, provided that the abutting edges of the parts same tensile strength as that of the shaft material.
are additionally sealed and protected after fitting by a In the formulae (4), (5), (6) and (7), the following
method approved by GL to guarantee water-tightness. symbols are used:
Such a possibility are special coat-ings. Such joints will
2
be subject to special tests to prove their effectiveness. A = effective area of shrink-fit seating [mm ]
cA = coefficient for shrink-fitted joints [] , depend-
3.2.3 Minimum wall thickness of shaft liners ing on the kind of driving unit
The minimum wall thickness s [mm] of metal shaft = 1,0 for geared diesel engine and turbine drives
liners in accordance with 3.2.1 is to be determined as
follows: = 1,2 for direct coupled diesel engine drives
C = conicity of shaft ends []
s = 0,03 d + 7,5 (3)
= difference in cone diameters / length of cone
d = shaft diameter under the liner [mm] d = shaft diameter in area of clamp-type coupling
In the case of continuous liners, the wall thickness [mm]
between the bearings may be reduced to 0,75 s. d = diameter of fitted bolts [mm]
s
d = inner throat diameter for necked-down bolts [mm]
4. Coupling connections k
D = diameter of pitch circle of bolts [mm]
4.1 The thickness of coupling flanges on the f = coefficient for shrink-fitted joints []
intermediate and thrust shafts and on the forward end of
the propeller shaft is to be equal to at least 20 % of the Q = peripheral force at the mean joint diameter of a
calculated minimum diameter of a solid shaft at the shrink fit [N]
relevant location.
n = shaft speed [min-1]
I - Part 1 Section 4 D Main Shafting Chapter 2
GL 2008 Page 45
6
10 P
w
[ mm] Drawings showing all shaft bearings, like stern tube
dk = 12 n d z Rm bearings, intermediate bearings and thrust bearings,
shall be submitted for approval separately, if the de-
sign details are not visible on the shafting arrangement
drawings. The permissible bearing loads are to be
(5) indicated. The lowest permissible shaft speed also has to be
considered.
For the calculation of the safety margin of the connec-
4.5 The shaft of necked-down bolts shall not be less tion against slippage, the maximum clearance will be
than 0,9 times the thread root diameter. If, besides the
torque, the bolted connection has to transmit con-
siderable additional forces, the bolts shall be rein-
forced accordingly.
Guide values for the maximum permissible distance A reduction of the bearing length may be approved if
between bearings lmax [mm] can be determined using the bearing is shown by means of bench tests to have
formula (8): sufficient load-bearing capacity.
Amax = K1 d (8) 5.2.4 Where the propeller shaft runs in grease lu-
bricated grey cast iron bushes the lengths of the after
d = diameter of shaft between bearings [mm] and forward stern tube bearings are to be approxi-
K = 450 for oil-lubricated white metal bearings mately 2,5 da and 1,0 da respectively.
1 The peripheral speed of propeller shafts is to not ex-
= 280 for grey cast iron, grease-lubricated stern ceed:
tube bearings 2,5 to a maximum of 3 m/s for grey cast iron
= 280 350 for water-lubricated rubber bear-
bearings with grease lubrication
ings in stern tubes and shaft brackets (upper 6 m/s for rubber bearings
values for special designs only).
Where the shaft speed exceeds 350 min-1 it is recom- 3 to a maximum of 4 m/s for lignum vitae bear-
mended that the maximum bearing spacing is deter- ings with water lubrication
mined in accordance with formula (9) in order to 5.2.5 If roller bearings are provided, the require-
avoid excessive loads due to bending vibrations. In
limiting cases a bending vibration analysis for the ments of 5.3.2 have to be considered
shafting system is recommended. 5.3 Intermediate bearings
duced to 1,5 da where the contact load, which is cal- 5.4.2 Lubricating oil or grease is to be introduced
culated from the static load and allowing for the into the stern tube in such a way as to ensure a reliable
weight of the propeller is less than 0,8 MPa in the case supply of oil or grease to the forward and after stern
of shafts supported on white metal bearings and less tube bearing.
than 0,6 MPa in the case of bearings made of synthetic With grease lubrication, the forward and after bearings
materials.
are each to be provided with a grease connection.
5.2.3 Where the propeller shaft inside the stern Wherever possible, a grease gun driven by the shaft is
tube runs in bearings made of lignum vitae, rubber or to be used to secure a continuous supply of grease.
plastic approved for use in water-lubricated stern tube Where the shaft runs in oil inside the stern tube, a
bearings, the length of the after stern tube bearing header tank is to be fitted at a sufficient height above
shall be approximately 4 da and that of the forward the ship's load line. It shall be possible to check the
stern tube bearing approximately 1,5 da. filling of the tank at any time.
I - Part 1 Section 4 D Main Shafting Chapter 2
GL 2008 Page 47
The temperature of the after stern tube bearing (in gen- 5.7 Cast resin mounting
eral near the lower aft edge of the bearing) is to be indi-
cated. Alternatively, with propeller shafts less than 400 The mounting of stern tubes and stern tube bearings
mm in diameter the stern tube oil temperature may be made of cast resin and also the seating of intermediate
indicated. In this case the temperature sensor is to be shaft bearings on cast resin parts is to be carried out by
located in the vicinity of the after stern tube bearing. GL-approved companies in the presence of a GL Sur-
veyor.
5.4.3 In the case of ships with automated machin-ery, Only GL-approved cast resins may be used for seat-
Chapter 4 Automation has to be complied with. ings.
5.5 Stern tube connections The installation instructions issued by the manufac-
turer of the cast resin have to be observed.
Oil-lubricated stern tubes are to be fitted with filling, tes-
ting and drainage connections as well as with a vent pipe. For further details see VI Additional Rules and
Guidelines, Part 4 Diesel Engines, Chapter 3
Where the propeller shaft runs in seawater, a flushing line Guidelines for the Seating of Propulsion Plants and
is to be fitted in front of the forward stern tube bearing Auxiliary Machinery and Part 9 Materials and Weld-
instead of the filling connection. If required, this flushing ing, Chapter 5 Guidelines for the Approval of Reac-
line shall also act as forced water lubrication. tion Plastics and Composite Materials for the Seating
and Repair of Components.
5.6 Condition monitoring of propeller shaft at
stern tube 5.8 Shaft alignment
5.6.1 Where the propeller shaft runs within the stern It has to be verified by alignment calculation that the
tube in oil the possibility exists to prolong the requirements for shaft-, gearbox- and engine bearings
intervals between shaft withdrawals. For this purpose are fulfilled in all relevant working conditions of the
the following design measures have to be provided: propulsion plant. At this all essential static, dynamic
and thermal effects have to be taken into account.
a device for measurement of the temperature of
the aft stern tube bearing (and regular documen- The calculation reports to be submitted are to include
tation of measured values), compare 5.4.2 the complete scope of used input data and have to
disclose the resulting shaft deflection, bending stress
a possibility to determine the oil consumption and bearing loads and have to document the compli-
within the stern tube (and regular documentation) ance with the specific requirements of the component
manufacturer.
an arrangement to measure the wear down of the
aft bearing For the execution of the alignment on board an in-
struction has to be created which lists the permissible
a system to take representative oil samples at the
gap and sag values for open flange connections re-
rear end of the stern tube under running condi-tions
for analysis of oil quality (aging effects and spectively the "Jack-up" loads for measuring the bear-
ing loads.
content of H2O, iron, copper, tin, silicon, bearing
metal, etc.) and suitable receptacles to send sam- Before the installation of the propeller shaft the cor-
ples to accredited laboratories. (The samples shall rect alignment of the stern tube bearings is to be
be taken at least every six months.) checked.
a written description of the right procedure to The final alignment on board has to be checked by
take the oil samples suitable methods in afloat condition in presence of the
GL Surveyor.
a test device to evaluate the water content in the
lubricating oil on board (to be used once a month)
5.9 Shaft locking devices
If roller bearings are provided, additional vibra-
tion measurements have to be carried out regu- A locking device acc. to Section 1, D.8.3 has to be
larly and to be documented. The scope of the provided at each shaftline of multiple-shaft systems.
measurements and of the documentation has to The locking device is at least to be designed to prevent
be agreed with GL specifically for the plant. the locked shaft from rotating while the ship is operat-
ing with the remaining shafts at reduced power. This
5.6.2 The requirements for the initial survey of this reduced power has to ensure a ship speed that main-
system as well as for the checks at the occasion of tains the manoeuvring capability of the ship in full
annual and Class Renewal surveys are defined in the scope, in general not less than 8 kn.
GL Rules I Ship Technology, Part 0 Classification
and Surveys, Section 3, B.1.3.8. If the locking device is not designed for the full
power/speed of the remaining shafts, this operational
5.6.3 If the requirements according to 5.6.1 and 5.6.2 are restriction has to be recognizable for the operator by
fulfilled, the Class Notation CM-PS may be assigned. adequate signs.
Chapter 2 Section 4 E Main Shafting I - Part 1
Page 48 GL 2008
1. Shaft liners
For stern tubes fabricated from welded steel plates, it
Prior to fitting, shaft liners are to be subjected to a is sufficient to test for tightness during the pressure
hydraulic tightness test at 2 bar pressure in the finish- tests applied to the hull spaces passed by the stern
machined condition. tube.