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Distributional and altitudinal range extensions

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Henry 89 Boletín SAO Vol. 20
New distributional and altitudinal information on Ecuadorian birds (No. 2) – Pag: 89-106

Distributional and altitudinal range extensions for birds from

Ecuador
EXTENSIONES DE DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Y ALTITUDINAL PARA AVES EN ECUADOR

Pierre-Yves Henry

UMR 7179 CNRS MNHN, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 1 avenue du Petit Château, F-91800 Brunoy, France
E-mail: henry@mnhn.fr

Abstract
I describe distributional and altitudinal range extensions for 73 bird species from Ecuador. These records are relevant at
the Neotropical level for Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Bartramia longicauda, Tringa semipalmata, Phalcoboenus
carunculatus, Falco columbarius, F. femoralis, Pyrocephalus rubinus, Tyrannus tyrannus, Troglodytes solstitialis,
Thraupis palmarum, Catamenia inornata, Zonotrichia capensis, Atlapetes pallidinucha, Chlorospingus flavigularis and
Passer domesticus, and at the Ecuadorian level for Podiceps occipitalis, Nycticorax nycticorax, Butorides striata, Egretta
caerulea, Gallinula galeata, Calidris fuscicollis, C. himantopus, Leucophaeus atricilla, L. pipixcan, Athene cunicularia,
Malacoptila fulvogularis, Falco sparverius, F. peregrinus, Synallaxis azarae, Asthenes wyatti, Thraupis bonariensis,
Buthraupis wetmorei, Phrygilus alaudinus and Catamenia analis. Distributional extensions are discussed in terms of
possible range expansions (some waterbirds in the highlands), and/or under-investigated areas of Ecuador (Chimborazo,
Cotopaxi and Tungurahua Provinces, Llanganates National Park). I conclude with three explanations for the observed
altitudinal range extensions.

Keywords: cloud forest, Important Bird Areas (IBA), range expansion, elevation, South America

Resumen
Extensiones de los rangos de distribución y altitudinal son presentadas para 73 especies de aves de Ecuador. Estas
contribuciones son de interés a nivel neotropical para Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Bartramia longicauda, Tringa
semipalmata, Phalcoboenus carunculatus, Falco columbarius, F. femoralis, Pyrocephalus rubinus, Tyrannus tyrannus,
Troglodytes solstitialis, Thraupis palmarum, Catamenia inornata, Zonotrichia capensis, Atlapetes pallidinucha,
Chlorospingus flavigularis y Passer domesticus, e ecuatoriano para Podiceps occipitalis, Nycticorax nycticorax, Butorides
striata, Egretta caerulea, Gallinula galeata, Calidris fuscicollis, C. himantopus, Leucophaeus atricilla, L. pipixcan,
Athene cunicularia, Malacoptila fulvogularis, Falco sparverius, F. peregrinus, Synallaxis azarae, Asthenes wyatti,
Thraupis bonariensis, Buthraupis wetmorei, Phrygilus alaudinus y Catamenia analis. Las extensiones son interpretadas
como posibles expansiones (unas de las aves acuáticas) y/o como indicadoras de áreas poco estudiadas de la sierra
ecuatoriana (provincias del Chimborazo, Cotopaxi y Tungurahua, Parque Nacional Llanganates). Concluyo con tres
explicaciones por las extensiones de rango altitudinal presentadas.

Palabras clave: Áreas Importantes para la Conservación de las Aves (AICA), bosque nublado, extensión de rango, altura,
Suramérica

Introduction distribution and conservation data collection in the

country. Based on distribution ranges presented in this

D uring the past two decades, accumulation of

ornithological knowledge has rapidly increased in
the Neotropics, including Ecuador (Freile et al. 2006).
monograph, in Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990), and in
subsequent distributional updates, I describe
distributional and altitudinal range extensions for 73
The update on systematics, status, and distribution species from Ecuador.
ranges of bird species in Ecuador by Ridgely &
Greenfield (2001) provided a baseline of information
that fostered and structured current natural history,
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Henry
New distributional and altitudinal information on Ecuadorian birds
Methods
Records were collected from 2003 to 2010 during c. 380
visits to 64 Ecuadorian sites (see also Henry 2005, 2008,
Henry & Aznar 2009, Cisneros-Heredia et al. 2012).
Precise geographical coordinates, elevations, Province,
and field observation effort per site are provided in the
Appendix 1. The province is also indicated in the text
after every first mention of a locality. Species names and
taxonomy follow Remsen et al. (2012). Names of
Important Bird Areas (IBA) follow Freile & Santander
(2005).
Results and Discussion
Range extensions
Silvery Grebe - Podiceps occipitalis. A breeding
population was discovered at Laguna de Colta,
Chimborazo Province. The first record was a pair in
August 2003 (B. Palacios and T. Humpage, in litt.),
followed by !3 on 29 June 2004 (one pair in display), 9
on 7 January 2005 (with one chick two thirds of adult
size), 2-3 in July-August 2005 (Santander et al. 2006),
17 on 15 February 2006 (with M. Avalos, including
three immatures and two chicks one third of adult size),
80 on 22 September 2008 (including 7 chicks one half of
adult size to fully grown) and 181 on 29 December 2010
(including immatures and adults in display). During the
2008 census, I could count only c. 50 % of the area
because of reedbed growth, what suggests that the
population size had already reached c. 150 individuals.
Laguna de Colta therefore hosts the second major
population for Ecuador, after Laguna La Mica, Napo
Province (Muñoz Ron 2001, Santander & Muñoz 2005;
Freile & Santander 2005). A small breeding population
was also discovered in western Tungurahua province: six
pairs, one unpaired adult and one chick (two thirds of
adult size) were observed at Laguna Chiliquingue, in the
upper part of Quebrada de Rio Pusuyuyo, on 9 and 15
December 2010, and a pair was at a lake upstream from
Represa Mula Corral, on 20 December 2010. These are
the first records for Chimborazo and Tungurahua
provinces, and for IBA EC059 (Freile & Santander
2005). Although the species is common and abundant in
the southern Andes (Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990), it is
Vulnerable to extinction in Ecuador (Granizo et al.
2002) where it is restricted to a few lakes (Santander et
al. 2006). For central and southern highlands, the species
was known from two localities only: at a lake in the
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north-west Morona Santiago Province and in the El
Cajas area, Azuay Province (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001,
Santander et al. 2006). According to breeding
phenology, fledging in December-February coincides
with records from the rest of the Andes (November-
February; Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990). However breeding in
August-September would not be common for the
species. At Laguna La Mica, breeding has been reported
for April-July (Santander et al. 2007, F. Sornoza, R. S.
Ridgely, and R. Ahlman, in litt.).
Neotropic Cormorant - Phalacrocorax brasilianus.
This mostly lowland species was recorded at several
high altitude lakes: !8 at Lagunas de Atillo, Chimborazo
Province, on 13 January 2005, 22-26 on 13 and 21
February 2006 (all but one were immatures) and 1
immature on 19 August 2008 at Laguna de Yambo,
Cotopaxi Province, 2-3 at Laguna de Pisayambo,
Pichincha province, on 17 and 19 February 2006, and 1
immature at Laguna de Yanacocha, Napo Province, on
18, 23 and 24 February 2006. These records, in addition
to other unpublished data (one juvenile at Laguna de
Yambo, July 2004, C. A. Rodríguez Saltos in litt.; 1-6 at
Laguna La Mica, c. 3,900 m, 7-15 November 2004, R. S.
Ridgely et al. in litt.; one at Laguna de Llaviuco, El
Cajas National Park, 3,150 m, February-March 2005, B.
Tinoco M., in litt.; see also Henry 2005) suggest an
increase of the species in the Ecuadorian highlands. This
has been statistically confirmed for the Laguna de
Yahuarcocha (Guevara et al. 2011). The increase, with a
possible bias toward immature individuals, may suggest
a change in the dynamics of the source population(s).
Another explanation could be that the fish or macro-
invertebrate communities of highland lakes have
changed, e.g. through fish introductions or trout
production, now offering cormorants an increased food
availability than during the 20th century (P. Coopmans, J.
Nilsson, in litt.).
Black-crowned Night-Heron - Nycticorax nycticorax.
A juvenile was observed at Laguna de Yambo on 13 and
21 February 2006. In the Ecuadorian highlands, this
species was only known until recently from northern
provinces (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Henry 2005,
Vogt 2007). The present record, in addition to recent
records from Chimborazo and Azuay provinces (Ridgely
& Greenfield 2001, Cisneros-Heredia 2006, Santander et
al. 2007), suggest that the species occurs locally all
along the Ecuadorian highlands, as in the rest of the
Andes (Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990).
Henry
New distributional and altitudinal information on Ecuadorian birds
Striated Heron - Butorides striata. Two individuals
were observed at Laguna de Yambo on 13 and 21
February 2006 and 19 August 2008, and four individuals
(including two adults) on 21 December 2010. One was
observed at Los Elenes, Chimborazo Province, on 18
August 2008, and one at Laguna de Colta on 29
December 2010. Three individuals had already been
observed at the Laguna de Yambo in February 1996 (J.
F. Freile, in litt.), and one at Laguna de Colta in July
2006 (Santander et al. 2007). A range extension for the
highlands is further supported by records from southern
Andean Ecuador: an observation near the Yunguilla
Reserve, Azuay Province, on 4-6 December 2001 (J. F.
Freile, in litt.), and two individuals at Jipiro Park, Loja
city, Loja Province (04°00’S 79°12’W) on 26 April 2003
(J. F. Freile) and in August 2007 (D. F. Cisneros-
Heredia, in litt.). All these records suggest that the
species occurs locally all along the Ecuadorian
highlands, as in the rest of the Andes (Fjeldså & Krabbe
1990), and not only in northern provinces (Ridgely &
Greenfield 2001).
Little Blue Heron - Egretta caerulea. An adult was
observed at Laguna de Yambo on 21 December 2010.
The species is a rare to uncommon visitor to wetlands of
the Ecuadorian highlands, mainly in the Imbabura
Province (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). The present
record indicates that vagrants also occur at wetlands
from central provinces. It is also rare in the rest of the
high Andes (Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990).
Pearl Kite - Gampsonyx swainsonii. Single birds were
observed at Estero Lindo community, between Zapotal
and Las Naves, Bolívar Province, on 23 July 2003, and 4
km east of Ventanas, Los Ríos Province, on 3 August
2003. These records are the first for the Bolívar
Province, and represent a c. 20 km east extension of the
distribution limit given in Ridgely & Greenfield (2001).
Common Moorhen - Gallinula galeata. The species
was recorded on all visits at Laguna de Yambo: 3 adults
on 13 February 2006, 4 individuals on 21 February 2006,
2 on 19 August 2008, and 6 adults on 21 December
2010. The species had already been observed there in
July 2004 (Santander et al. 2007). One adult was also
observed at Laguna de Colta on 22 September 2008. In
the Ecuadorian highlands, the species was reported from
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lakes in northern Imbabura Province, with only few old
records from central Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield
2001). My records, in addition to recent ones (Loja and
Azuay Provinces; respectively Janni 2004 and Cisneros-
Heredia 2006), suggest that the species occurs locally all
along the Ecuadorian highlands, as in the rest of the
Andes (Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990). The Chimborazo record
extends the upper altitudinal limit for the species in
Ecuador (Table 1).
Willet - Tringa semipalmata. On 23 September 2008,
two adults/sub-adults of ssp. inornata (Y. Aubry, in litt.)
have been photographed in Chimborazo Province: one at
Laguna de Colta and one at the bogs up the Quebrada
Puyal, Juan de Velasco (Fig. 1). This last bird landed
next to me, exhausted, at 15:30 h, half an hour before an
ice storm. These sightings are the second and third
records of the species for the Ecuadorian highlands
(Brinkhuizen & Rodríguez 2008), and are the highest
records for the species (Table 1). The subspecies
inornata, from Western North America, is the most
likely to be recorded accidentally in the Andes since it is
the commonest along the Pacific coast of South America
(Lowther et al. 2001; but see discussion of a 50-km
inland record of T. s. semipalmata in Brinkhuizen &
Rodríguez 2008). Although the species would be a
nocturnal migrant (Lowther et al. 2001), the Puyal
record provides an evidence of diurnal migration.
Peruvian Pygmy-Owl - Glaucidium peruanum. One
singing individual was observed at the bus station of La
Maná on 23 August 2003. The heavily spotted head,
scapulars and wings, were typical of the high elevation
form (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). This is the first
record for Cotopaxi Province, 35 km east of the
distribution limit in Ridgely & Greenfield (2001).
Andean Tit-Spinetail - Leptasthenura andicola. One
was observed at a patch of elfin forest, next to Laguna El
Tambo, Llanganates National Park, Napo Province, on
18 February 2006. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) did not
report the presence of the species for the eastern ridge of
the Andes south of Cotopaxi Province. Thus, this record
extends the distribution of the species to include the
western Napo/eastern Tungurahua Province, as predicted
in Krabbe et al. (1998).
Henry
New distributional and altitudinal information on Ecuadorian birds
Figure 1. Adult/sub-adult Western Willet Tringa semipalmata inornata at Juan de Velasco, Chimborazo Province, at 4,120 m,
on 23 September 2008 (Photo: P.-Y. Henry).
Eastern Kingbird - Tyrannus tyrannus. Two records of
single migrant birds were obtained for the highlands: one
north-east of Yuigan - Los Elenes, Chimborazo
Province, on 26 March 2004 (with J.-C. Aznar), and one
at La Carolina community, Tungurahua Province, on 19
April 2004 (with J.-C. Aznar). These records are the first
for prenuptial migration in the Ecuadorian highlands
(Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). The species migrates
mainly through Amazonian lowlands and subtropics, and
is rarely recorded higher than foothills in Ecuador
(Ridgely & Greenfield 2001), or higher than subtropics
further north (Restall et al. 2006). But to reach Middle
America the species has to fly over the Andes at some
point. This crossing over seems to occur mainly in
Colombia, with very few record from western lowlands
of Ecuador and Peru (Vogt 2007, Freile 2008). Present
records indicate that some individuals could cross the
Andes as far south as Ecuador.
Black-crowned Tityra - Tityra inquisitor. A male was
observed in an orange-tree plantation at ‘La Y’
community, c. 5 km east-north-east of San Luis de
Pambil, on 7 October 2003. This record is the first for
Bolívar Province, 30 km east of the known distribution
limit, and is outside of the species favoured habitat since
it is not given to range into the foothills (Ridgely &
Greenfield 2001).
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Palm Tanager - Thraupis palmarum. One was
recorded at Parque Maldonado, Riobamba, Chimborazo
Province, on 28 May and 6 July 2004. It was with two
adult Blue-gray Tanagers T. episcopus. This record is the
highest for the species (Table 1), and the first for the
Ecuadorian highlands (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). This
bird could have escaped from a cage, since it was at a
major urban centre. However a wild origin is also
possible since the species naturally dwells near urban
settlements (Ridgely & Tudor 1994), and this bird
accompanied another tanager of same tropical origin,
which naturally occurs at inter-Andean valleys in the
studied region (P.-Y. Henry & J.-C. Aznar, unpub.).
Rufous-collared Sparrow - Zonotrichia capensis. The
species was located at several eastern lowland and
foothill localities: one adult at the urban park of
Misahuallí, Napo Province, on 20 July 2004, three
singers in the main street of Loreto, Orellana Province,
on 21 and 30 August 2008, two singers at the market
place of Tena, Napo Province, on 21 and 30 August
2008, !2 at Cuevas de Jumandi tourist resort, north of
Archidona, Napo Province, on 18 July 2004, and one
adult at km 15 on road going from Puyo to Macas,
Pastaza Province on 25 July 2004. These low altitude
records suggest a recent expansion of the species into the
foothills and lowlands of Pastaza, Napo and Orellana
Provinces (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001; Buitrón-Jurado
Henry
New distributional and altitudinal information on Ecuadorian birds
2011). They also extend the lower altitudinal limit for
the species in Ecuador to c. 400 m (Table 1d).
White-browed Brush-Finch - Arremon torquatus. One
individual was observed, singing, 1-5 km west of San
Juan de Velasco, along the Panamerican road, on 30
March 2004. Its almost completely black head with
indistinct grey eye- and coronal-stripes suggest spp.
nigrifrons. This is the first record for the western slope
of the Andes in Chimborazo Province (Ridgely &
Greenfield 2001, see Oppel et al. 2004 for Azuay
Province).
Pale-naped Brush-Finch - Atlapetes pallidinucha. The
species was observed in western Tungurahua province.
Eight individuals were recorded and photographed in
humid montane shrubs at three different sites in the
Quebrada Quichibí on 15 and 20 August 2008, and two
individuals were observed at two other sites in the valley
of Vía Miraflores, on 9 and 15 December 2010 (site 62
in Appendix). These localities are on the eastern slope of
the western chain of the Ecuadorian Andes. The species
was considered to occur only on the eastern chain
(Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001).
The present records show that, in Ecuador, the species
locally occurs in the western chain above the central
inter-Andean valley. It had actually been observed c. 13
km south-south-west of Quebrada Quichibí by Krabbe et
al. (1998).
House Sparrow - Passer domesticus. The species was
searched for at 9 eastern lowland towns: Loreto and San
Francisco de Orellana for Orellana Province, Archidona,
Baeza, Misahuallí and Tena for Napo Province, Puyo for
Pastaza Province, and Sucúa and Macas for Morona-
Santiago Province. It was found at Tena on 22 July 2004
(but not on 21 and 30 August 2008) and Macas on 24
July 2004, with !2 individuals recorded at market places
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in both places. Previous records from eastern Andean
foothills in Ecuador were limited to southern cities:
Macas, and Zumba and Zamora from Zamora Chinchipe
Province (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). The present
record suggests continuing northward expansion of this
introduced species. The expansion proceeds markedly
slower than in the western lowlands where the species
had reached Esmeraldas Province from north-western
Ecuador as early as 1977 (Ortiz Crespo 1977). This
slower eastern expansion may be due to the late crossing
of the Andes by the species (the oldest record available
is from Zamora in 1989, Marín A. et al. 1992) and/or the
lower/latter deforestation of eastern lowlands that likely
limits dispersal between human settlements.
Records of rare or localized species
Black-and-chestnut Eagle - Spizaetus isidori. One
adult was observed in flight, then sitting on a tree, in a
forest clearing at Machay, Tungurahua Province on 20
February 2006. Another adult was observed twice
soaring above the main tunnel on road between Guamote
and Macas, Sangay National Park, Morona-Santiago
Province, on 14 January 2005. These records add the
species to the list of species Vulnerable to extinction for
IBAs EC057 and EC061 (Freile & Santander 2005,
BirdLife International 2012).
American Golden-Plover - Pluvialis dominica. Two
first-year birds were observed at Laguna de Colta on 23
September 2008. This is the first record of this migrant
species for IBA EC059 and for the province (Ridgely &
Greenfield 2001). The species can turn up virtually
everywhere in the Andes during migration, but it is more
common during prenuptial migration when the main
migration flyway follows the Andes (Fjeldså & Krabbe
1990).
Henry
New distributional and altitudinal information on Ecuadorian birds
Figure 2. Two White-rumped Sandpipers Calidris fuscicollis at Laguna de Colta, Chimborazo Province, on 23 September 2008
(Photo: P.-Y. Henry).
Stilt Sandpiper - Calidris himantopus. Four individuals
were observed foraging at a shrimp pond, next to
Manglares-Churute Ecological Reserve, Guayas
Province, on 21 September 2003 (IBA EC029), and 2-11
at the Laguna de Colta on 22-25 September 2008
(photographed). In recent years, there have been few
records outside from western Guayas Province (Ridgely
& Greenfield 2001). The present records add a new
locality (and IBA) where this migrating species occurs in
western Ecuador. They also provide a contemporaneous
record for the Laguna de Colta, one of the three wetlands
of the Ecuadorian Andes where the species has been
reported to stop-over during post-nuptial migration
(Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Freile 2004).
Laughing Gull - Leucophaeus atricilla. Three first-
winter birds were observed at Laguna de Colta on 15
February 2006, four on 28 February 2006
(photographed), and two at Laguna de Yambo on 13 and
21 February 2006 (photographed). There are only two
previously published records for the Ecuadorian
highlands (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Santander et al.
2011), including one from Laguna de Colta.
Franklin’s Gull - Leucophaeus pipixcan. One first-
winter individual was observed at Laguna de Colta on 15
and 28 February 2006 (photographed) and on 29
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December 2010. Only three previous records were
known for the Ecuadorian highlands (Ridgely &
Greenfield 2001), including one from Laguna de Colta.
Black-streaked Puffbird - Malacoptila fulvogularis.
One individual, most likely attributable to this species,
was observed upstream from Machay, between the 5th
and 6th waterfalls, Tungurahua Province, on 2 March
2006. The bird perched on a twig and swallowed an
invertebrate prey. It stood silent, motionless, for c.3 min,
with a hunched posture, at 3-4 m above ground. Habitat
was young, open undergrowth of secondary subtropical
forest, surrounded by old-growth forest. It was identified
by the distinctive white streaking pattern on dark-brown
crown and nape, stout dark bill, relatively large eyes,
dark-brown back, posture, size, and behaviour (Ridgely
& Greenfield 2001). However, the bird was observed
against light source and from behind, and the distinctive
breast, lores and moustaches, and eye colour could not
be observed. This is the second known site of occurrence
for central and northern Ecuador, in addition to Napo
Province (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001).
Merlin - Falco columbarius. New records from three
highland localities were collected: one at Unalaga
Queyedo, Cotopaxi Province, on 11 March 2004 (with
J.-C. Aznar), a male at Tumbaco, Pichincha Province in
Henry
New distributional and altitudinal information on Ecuadorian birds
January 2006 (00°17’S 78°27’W; L. Navarrete, in litt.)
and !1 probable first-winter male at elfin forest patches
in the Llanganates National Park, at the northern slope of
Cerro Aucacocha, Tungurahua Province, on 18 February
2006 and at Laguna de Yanacocha, Napo Province, on
23 February 2006. The Llanganates records are the
highest for the species (Table 1).
Peregrine Falcon - Falco peregrinus. Records of single
individuals were collected from Chimborazo Province:
adults, including one capturing a Sandpiper Calidris sp.,
at Laguna de Colta on 26 February 2003, 13 March 2004
and 23 September 2008, one adult capturing an Eared
Dove Zenaida auriculata at Nitiluisa community on 1
April 2004 (with X. Guzman Paucar and J.-C. Aznar),
one that failed to capture an Eared Dove at Los Ángeles
community on 11 June 2004, and one from Laguna de
Yambo, Cotopaxi Province, on 21 February 2006. All
Chimborazo records were at c. 3,300 m, i.e. above the
altitudinal limit for Ecuador (Table 1). D. F. Cisneros-
Heredia (in litt.) actually suggest that the species is
regular up to 3,800 m (e.g., recorded at Mojanda,
Imbabura Province, at the Pichincha Volcano and
Yanacocha, Pichincha Province, at the Cotopaxi Volcano
and the Laguna de Limpiopungo, Cotopaxi Province).
The species might breed at Laguna de Yambo. The bird
was first detected by territorial calls. Then, an adult was
located in the 50-m high cliff overhanging the lake on its
western side, in a horizontal crevice hole. Faeces
accumulation indicated a regular roost. The site provides
year-round, sustained waterbird prey availability
(Santander et al. 2007), protection against human
disturbances and against dominant winds. It may thus be
suitable for nesting. Nonetheless, in February, boreal
individuals are still at their South-American wintering
grounds and can be territorial (Kéry 2002). Future visits
to search for breeding activity are necessary. One
individual had already been recorded at that same cliff in
July 2005 (J. F. Freile, in litt.). And the first historical
breeding record of Peregrine Falcons in Ecuador was
labelled ‘Yanayacu’, which locality was attributed to the
upper reaches of Río Pastaza (White 1989). Actually, the
Río Pastaza canyon lies 1 km east of Laguna de Yambo,
and a ‘Río Yanayacu’ exists 3 km north of Laguna de
Yambo. The Yambo site may thus be very close from
this historical breeding site. If breeding was to be
confirmed, it would be the second known breeding site
for Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). An
established, territorial pair has been recorded since 2002
at a third site, Cerro Chiriculapo, Catacocha, Loja
Province (1,800 m, 04°03’17”S 79°39’04”W; F. Rodas
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and B. Tinoco, in litt.), but actual breeding has not been
established. In the rest of the Northern and Central
Andes, breeding recently proved to be more widespread
than formerly described (Kéry 2002).
Subtropical Doradito - Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis.
One individual was observed at Laguna de Colta on 23
September 2008, and 12 on 29 December 2010. This rare
species, considered to be threatened of extinction in
Ecuador (Freile & Rodas 2008), inhabits only a few
wetlands in the Ecuadorian Andes. The present record
indicates that it still occurs at IBA EC059 (Ridgely &
Greenfield 2001).
Shrike-like Cotinga - Laniisoma elegans buckleyii. A
male was observed at Ángel Rubí community, east of
Macas, in the western foothills of Cordillera de Kutucú,
Morona-Santiago Province, on 24 July 2004 (IBA
EC082). It was alone, sitting on a branch, at mid-height
above a stream, in extensively cultivated terrains of hilly
foothills. The species was first recorded at Cordillera de
Kutucú in August 2002, when Krabbe & Nilsson (2003)
tape-recorded and collected two specimens from the
western part of the cordillera (Museo Ecuatoriano de
Ciencias Naturales, specimens MECN 7680 and 7681,
M. Vargas, in litt.). The present species account is the
first published update reporting the species from
Cordillera de Kutucú, which is the 11th known locality
for Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001).
Masked Mountain-Tanager - Buthraupis wetmorei.
Five individuals were recorded in mixed species bird
flocks at Laguna de Yanacocha, Llanganates National
Park, on 24 February 2006 (IBA EC056): three
individuals in a flock including temperate and humid
mountain forest bird species, at 3,350 m, in Quebrada
Yanacocha, and two individuals in a flock of elfin forest
bird species at 3,440 m, on the south-eastern slope above
the lake (with. F. Paucar Muñoz, see also Henry 2008).
This localized, elfin forest species (Ridgely & Greenfield
2001), globally Vulnerable to extinction, had already
been recorded at the Llanganates National Park (Krabbe
et al. 1997, 1998, Freile & Santander 2005), but as little
is known on its distribution and natural history that it is
worth publishing new records.
White-winged Brush-Finch - Atlapetes leucopterus. A
group of five individuals was observed in gardens
surrounded by shrubby, bamboo-dominated, temperate
disturbed forest, on the side of the dirt road going from
Guaranda to Echeandía, Bolívar Province, on 15 January
Henry
New distributional and altitudinal information on Ecuadorian birds
2005. Whereas the species is fairly common in the
Ecuadorian inter-Andean valleys, it is known from few
localities on the west slope of the Andes (Fjeldså &
Krabbe 1990, six sites in Ridgely & Greenfield 2001).
This record provides a new locality in the west slope,
and the second locality for Bolívar Province
(Bonaccorso 2004).
High altitudinal records
Overall, extensions of the upper altitudinal limit were
obtained for 45 species (Table 1). According to my
knowledge, present records are among the highest
known for 11 species: Upland Sandpiper Bartramia
longicauda, Willet Tringa semipalmata, Short-eared
Owl Asio flammeus, Carunculated Caracara
Phalcoboenus carunculatus, Merlin Falco columbarius,
Aplomado Falcon F. femoralis, Vermilion Flycatcher
Pyrocephalus rubinus, Mountain Wren Troglodytes
solstitialis, Palm Tanager Thraupis palmarum, Plain-
colored Seedeater Catamenia inornata and Yellow-
throated Bush-Tanager Chlorospingus flavigularis And
records for 29 species (67%) were observed above the
usual altitudinal limit for Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield
2001), although these species occur at higher elevation
elsewhere in the Andes.
There are two areas of the central Andes were I rapidly
obtained a large set of high altitudinal records. It
concerned 8 (13%) out of the 63 species observed in four
days in the upper part of the Llanganates National Park,
between the Lagunas de Pisayambo and Yanacocha,
Tungurahua/Napo Provinces (Table 1a), and 16 (38%)
out of the 42 species observed in the dry, grassy to
barren, paramo covering the western slopes of the
Chimborazo Volcano in 14 visits (Table 1b). When I
pool all high altitudinal records that I obtained above
3,000 m between 2002 and 2008 for the central Andes
(Table 2c, Henry 2005, Henry & Aznar 2009, Cisneros-
Heredia et al. 2012), 34% of the 145 observed bird
species were above their usual altitudinal limits for
Ecuador (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001).
The records of Giant Conebill Oreomanes fraseri (Near
Threatened of extinction; BirdLife International 2012)
and Blue-mantled Thornbill Chalcostigma stanleyi add a
new locality for the western chain of the Ecuadorian
Andes (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001) where these
specialists of remnant patches of Polylepis trees still
occur (Fig. 3).
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96 Boletín SAO Vol. 20
(No. 2) – Pag: 89-106
Figure 3. Remnant patch of Polylepis trees of Cerro Atiu,
south-western slope of Chimborazo Volcano, Chimborazo
Province, on 25 September 2008 (Photo: P.-Y. Henry).
Low altitudinal records
Six species have been recorded close or lower than their
lowest altitudinal limits for Ecuador (Table 1e). All are
known to occur at lower altitudes in other parts of the
Andes (Table 1c). The collection of four low altitude
records in just three days at La Esperanza – Tingo,
Bolívar Province, suggests that this valley hosts
relatively low elevation populations for some
subtropical-temperate bird species, and/or that the west
slope of central Ecuadorian Andes is still under-
investigated (Bonaccorso 2004, Henry 2005).
Concluding remarks
The recent increase of waterbird records outside their
reported ranges in the highlands (Henry 2005, Buitrón &
Freile 2006, Cisneros-Heredia 2006, Santander et al.
2006, 2007, 2011, Buitrón-Jurado & de Vries 2008,
Guevara et al. 2011) could suggest a current colonization
of the Andean wetlands of central and southern Ecuador.
Upward range expansion is confirmed for the Neotropic
Cormorant (Guevara et al. 2011). The trends of the other
waterbirds need to be assessed with appropriate analyses
of systematic waterbird census data (Santander et al.
2006) to account for a potential temporal increase of the
birdwatching effort. The large number of records higher
than known altitudinal limits from Ecuador that I
collected seems surprising given the relatively good
ornithological coverage for the country (Ridgely &
Greenfield 2001; but see Freile et al. 2006). The 44
highest records (Table 1, excluding the accidental
Henry 97 Boletín SAO Vol. 20
New distributional and altitudinal information on Ecuadorian birds (No. 2) – Pag: 89-106

Willet) were 388 ± 248 m (s.d.; min.-max. range: 16 –
930) higher than altitudinal limits for Ecuador in Ridgely
& Greenfield (2001), but they were close to the limits
known for the rest of the Andes (-304 ± 458 m [-1,252 –
1,000]; Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990). For this same set of
species, the upper altitudinal limits were -689 ± 475 m (-
300 – 1,800) lower in Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) than
in Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990; paired samples t-test, t40 = -
9.3, P < 0.001). Three hypotheses can explain this
systematic difference in upper altitudinal limit between
Ecuador and the rest of the Andes. (i) Simply, rules for
delimiting altitudinal ranges may have differed between
the two monographs. I have not been able to deduce such
differences from the corresponding methodological
sections. (ii) Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) may have
under-investigated highlands (>3,000-m) relative to
Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990). This could have yielded
underestimation of the upper altitudinal distribution tail
for highland species. Under-investigation of the
Ecuadorian highlands has also been suggested by Vogt
(2006), and would be congruent with the high rate (34%)
of species that I found above the known altitudinal limit
for Ecuador. (iii) The difference among monographs
could have a biogeographical basis. Considering the
negative compensation of the effect of altitude by
latitude on ecosystem delimitations (Troll 1970),
Neotropical species are expected to reach their highest
altitudes the closest from the equator, i.e. in Ecuador.
However, 77% of the species considered here reach their
highest altitude elsewhere than in Ecuador. Fjeldså
(1985) reported a similar trend for waterbirds. This
unexpected excess of high altitude records far from the
equator could be explained by systematic geo-climatic
differences along the Andes, e.g. the higher area of high
altitude tablelands in Peru-Bolivia than in Ecuador, or
the distortion of the altitude-latitude relationship around
the equator because of relatively high precipitations at
high altitudes in the equatorial zone compared to the
tropics (Troll 1970). A systematic, comparative analysis
of these two monographs could tell us what are the
global determinants of these variations of the upper
altitudinal limits throughout the Andes. Eventually, if
some of my records report true upward species
expansions, they may be first signs of climate warming
(Parmesan 2006). The impact of global warming is
expected to be maximal in the Andean highlands
(Bradley et al. 2006, Williams et al. 2007), particularly
for restricted range species (Ohlemuller et al. 2008). We
need to assemble databases of standardized altitudinal
records for the Neotropics if we want to properly test for
temporal and spatial changes in upper altitudinal limits
of birds in the Andes.
Acknowledgements
I thank F. Paucar Muñoz and her family, J.-C. Aznar,
and C. Landeta Salgado for assistance in the field, J. F.
Freile, D. F. Cisneros-Heredia, R. S. Ridgely and N. K.
Krabbe for constructive comments on the manuscript,
and R. Ahlman, G. Buitrón-Jurado, F. Rodas, C. A.
Rodríguez Saltos, T. Santander (Aves&Conservación)
and B. Tinoco for providing unpublished records. Some
records were collected during a project funded by the
French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Lavoisier
programme), the Department Ecology and Evolutionary
Biology of Princeton University, Association Thomas
Dricot and Luc Hoffmann.

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Table 1. High (a,b,c) and low (e) altitudinal records (in m a.s.l.) relatively to published limits for Ecuador and the rest of the Andes. Highest elevations
are in bold. In parenthesis are elevations considered as local or exceptional. Numeral superscripts refer to localities (Appendix), alphabetical
superscripts refer to references others than Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) for Ecuador, and Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) for the rest of the Andes. Record
details include dates followed by numbers of individuals.

Species Elevation Altitudinal limits Record details

Ecuador Andes
(a) Llanganates National Park, Tungurahua and Napo Provinces
Anas discors 3,55054 3,200 (3,550a) 3,600 (4,080) 17 (≥10) & 19 (26) Feb 2006
45,46,51 c b
Falco columbarius 3,400-3,720 3,000 (3,600 ) 3,400 See species account
Mecocerculus leucophrys 3,67746, 3,72251 3,400, 3,900d 4,250 1846 & 2451 Feb 2006 (common)
46 g
Ochthoeca 3,316 3,000 (3,300; 3,000, 3,300 24 Feb 2006 (1)
cinnamomeiventris 3,600e)
Troglodytes solstitialis 3,67746 3,200 (3,400) 3,600f,g 18 Feb 2006 (≥5)
45 d
Cnemoscopus rubrirostris 3,145 3,000, 3,100 3,350 23 Feb 2006 (1)
Iridosornis rufivertex 3,47543 3,300, 3,600d 3,800 22 Feb 2006 (2)
Basileuterus luteoviridis 3,40545 3,200 (3,400) 3,400, 3,700g 24 Feb 2006 (≥2)
(b) North-western (Tungurahua Province) and south-western (Chimborazo Province) slopes of Chimborazo Volcano
Bartramia longicauda 4,2401,3 4,000 (4,100n) 4,000f (4,700o) 24 (2)3 & 25 (1)1 Sep 2008, both in flight
2
Chalcostigma stanleyi 4,330 4,100 4,400, 4,500g 25 Sep 2008 (1 male)
16 h
Phalcoboenus carunculatus 5,000 4,200 (4,700 ) 4,000 Mar 2002 (2 adults, in flight)
56 g
Falco sparverius 4,130 3,200 4,500, 4,700 2 Sep 2008 (adult male)
Falco femoralis 4,67560 4,100 4,600 16 Feb 2006 (1)
Geositta tenuirostris 4,2451 4,000 4,600 24 (2) & 25 (1) Sep 2008
Cinclodes fuscus 4,54060 4,300 5,000 16 Feb 2006 (3)
Asthenes wyatti 4,54060 4,400 5,500b 16 Feb 2006 (≥3)
Synallaxis azarae 3,77021 3,000 3,800 24 Sep 2008 (1)
21 i g
Anairetes parulus 3,770 3,500 (4,000 ) 4,200, 4,400 16 Feb 2006 (2), 24 Sep 2008 (3)
Ochthoeca fumicolor 4,3302 4,200 (4,470h) 4,400 25 Sep 2008 (1)
Oreomanes fraseri 4,3302 4,200 4,850 25 Sep 2008 (pair)
Phrygilus unicolor 4,60060, 4,80016 4,300 (4,800) 5,300 Feb 2001 (2)16, 16 Feb 2006 (2 males, 1 female)60
2 2 60 h
Catamenia inornata 4,110 , 4,230 , 4,530 3,800 (4,500 ) 4,400 16 Feb 2006 (5)2, 25 Sep 2008 (1 female or juvenile)60
24 24 25
Zonotrichia capensis 3,840 , 3,892 , 4,048 3,500 5,300 21 Mar 2004 (≥3)24, 24 Sep 2008 (5 singing24, 1
singing and 2 adults25)
24
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Anas andium 4,12022 4,000 4,500 23 Sep 2008 (6 adults and 5 chicks)
Gallinula galeata 3,30011 2,800 (3,200j) 4,200, 4,400g See species account
Tringa solitaria 3,30011 3,000 2,600 (4,000) 22 Sep 2008 (2)
Tringa semipalmata 3,30011, 4,12022 0-50 (2,680k) (3,400) See species account
Zenaida auriculata 3,750, 3,85019 3,200 (3,500) 4,400 23 Sep 2008 (2)
Athene cunicularia 3,24517 3,000, 3,200m 4,300, 4,600g 10 Jan 2005 (1). Observed only once in c. 215 days
Asio flammeus 4,12022,57 4,000 4,100 5 (1)57 & 23 (1)22 Sep 2008
Falco sparverius 3,540-3,77017, 3,56510, 3,200 4,500 9 (1)27 & 15 (1)17 Jan 2005, 6-24 Sep 2008 (1)17, 26
3,85027 Dec 2010 (4)10
Falco peregrinus 3,30011,17 2,800, 3,800m 4,100, 4,300g See species account
Synallaxis azarae 3,21162, 3,245-3,57017, 3,000 3,800 Oct 200317, 6 Jun 2004 (≥5)36, 13 Jan 2005
3,30023,31, 3,44563, (common)12, Aug-Sep 2008 (regular)17, 25 Sep 2008
3,46012,36, 356510 (4)23, 863, 962, 23 (2)31 & 2610 Dec 2010
Pyrocephalus rubinus 3,20017 3,000 3,050 Feb 2002 (male)
Riparia riparia 3,30011 2,500 4,500g 22 Sep 2008 (1)
Turdus chiguanco 3,30011, 3,34026, 3,4669, 3,200 4,300 14 Jun 2004 (common)26 & 24 (2)30 Jun 2004, 1 Jul
3,54017,10, 3,54830, 2004 (2)9, 617 & 2211 Sep 2008 (common), 861 & 2610
3,83861 Dec 2010, 29 Dec 2010 (common)11,
Anthus bogotensis 4,12022, 4,2407 4,000 4,500 23 Sep 2008 (6, singing)22, 8 Dec 2010 (2, singing)7
Hemispingus superciliaris 3,31023, 3,45731 3,200, 3,850d 3,600 25 Sep 2008 (≥4)23, 23 Dec 2010 (feeding a juvenile)31
Thraupis palmarum 2,79020 1,300 (1,900) 2,200l (2,600b) See species account
Thraupis bonariensis 3,230-3,24517, 3,4869 3,000 4,000, 4,200g Mar 2002 (1), 10 Aug 2003 (male), 14 Sep 2003
(male), 11 Oct 2003 (male)17, 1 Apr 2004 (2 males)17, 1
Jul 2004 (1)9, 4 Sep 2008 (male)17, 26 Dec 2010
(male)17
Diglossa lafresnayii 3,69059 3,500, 3,850d 3,750 20 Aug 2008 (c.5)
Phrygilus alaudinus 3,300 , 3,500 , 3,548 , 3,000 (3,800b,h)
11 27 30
4,100 24 Jun 2004 (1)30, 9 Jan 2005 (1)27, 15 Feb 2006 (2)11,
3,89024 24 Sep 2008 (1)24
Sicalis luteola 3,30011,13, 3,6008 3,200 3,700, 3,900g 15 May 2004 (≥10)13, 6 (c.20)8 & 25 (c.80, roost)11 Sep
2008
Catamenia analis 3,200-3,30017, 3,24618, 3,000 4,200 10 (1)18 & 24 (1)30 Jun 2004, 23 Sep 2008 (1)11, 2002-
3,33010,11, 3,54830, 2010 (common)17, 15 (5)64 & 26 (5)10 Dec 2010
3,66964
Chlorospingus flavigularis 2,29042 1,800 (2,100) 1,800g 14 Jan 2005 (≥4)
Pheucticus aureoventris 3,40062, 3,58059 3,200 3,700 15 (male) & 20 (male) Aug 200859, 15 Dec 201062
(d) Low altitudinal records
Colaptes rivolii 1,56033, 1,80058 1,900 1,000 16 (1) & 17 (1) Aug 200333, 8 Jan 2005 (1)58

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Turdus fuscater 2,0206 2,500 1,500, 1,400f 15 Jan 2005 (several)

Thlypopsis ornata 1,59033 1,700 (1,500) 1,600g (1,200f) 17 Aug 2003 (c.15)
Diglossa albilatera 1,59033 1,900 1,600 (1,200f) 17 Aug 2003 (2)
Diglossa sittoides 1,59033 1,900 (1,700) 1,200f (600) 17 Aug 2003 (2)
Zonotrichia capensis 39548, 43049, 48547, 1,500 (900) 800f (200f) See species account
59044, 98050

References: a Krabbe & Nilsson (2003), b Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990), c Freile (2004), d Krabbe et al. (1998), e (1997), f Restall et al. (2006), g Schulenberg et
al. (2007), h Vogt (2006), i Rhoads (1912), j Cisneros-Heredia (2006), k Brinkhuizen & Rodríguez (2008), l Isler & Isler (1987), m J. F. Freile and D.
Cisneros-Heredia (in litt.), n G. Buitrón-Jurado & T. de Vries (in litt.), o G. Engblom (in litt.).

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Appendix 1. Description of visited localities in Ecuador: province, name, nearest city, Important Bird Area number (Freile & Santander 2005),
geographical coordinates (± 250 m), elevation (m a.s.l., ± 25 m), and observation effort (months, number of visits in days, and total time spent per site
in hours).

# Province Locality, city, IBA number Latitude Longitude Elevation Month Visits Time
1 Bolívar Cerro Achu, south-west of Chimborazo Volcano 1°31’58”S 78°52’54”W 4,245 Sept 1 1
2 Bolívar Cerro Atiu, south-west of Chimborazo Volcano 1°32’24”S 78°53’04”W 4,330 Sept 1 3
3 Bolívar Cerro Paparumi, west of Chimborazo Volcano 1°31’06”S 78°54’28”W 4,238 Sept 1 1
4 Bolívar Estero Lindo comm., between Zapotal and Las c. 1°20’S c. 79°22’W 350-400 Jul 1 <1
Naves
5 Bolívar ‘La Y’ comm., San Luis de Pambil c. 1°15’S c. 79°11’W - Oct 1 2
6 Bolívar Road from Guaranda to Echeandía 1°31’00”S 79°07’58”W 2,020 Jan 1 <1
7 Bolívar Track Simiatug - Vía Miraflores, La Cruz de Puene 1°18’42”S 78°55’05”W 4,240 Dec 1 1
Bata
8 Chimborazo Cerro Cushasango, east of Delicia, San Juan 1°33’56”S 78°46’17”W 3,604 Sept 1 1
9 Chimborazo Chocavi Alto comm., Guano 1°32’06”S 78°41’35”W 3,463 Jul 1 2
10 Chimborazo Delicia comm., San Juan 1°33’51”S 78°48’07”W 3,565 Dec 1 6
11 Chimborazo Laguna de Colta, Santiago de Quito, EC059 1°44’10”S 78°45’40”W 3,299 Jan-Jun, Sep, 21 58
Dec
12 Chimborazo Lagunas de Atillo, EC061 2°11’06”S 78°30’45”W 3,459 Jan, Mar 3 4
13 Chimborazo Loma Tulabug, Licto 1°47’09”S 78°36’46”W 3,300 May 2 1
14 Chimborazo Los Ángeles comm., south of Colta 1°47’33”S 78°44’21”W 3,268 Jun 6 38
15 Chimborazo Los Elenes, east of Guano 1°36’58”S 78°36’31”W 2,597 Mar, Aug 12 <12
16 Chimborazo Mountaineering refuges of Chimborazo Volcano c. 1°28’S c. 78°50’W 4,800-5,000 Feb-Mar 2 4
17 Chimborazo Nitiluisa comm., Calpi 1°35’48”S 78°45’45”W 3,224 Jan-Dec c. 220 days
18 Chimborazo Ocpote San Luis comm., Colta 1°47’57”S 78°44’21”W 3,246 Jun 1 1
19 Chimborazo Panamerican road between Colta and Juan de c. 1°45’S c. 78°48’W 3,750-3,850 Sept 1 <1
Velasco
20 Chimborazo Parque Maldonado, Riobamba 1°40’25”S 78°38’40”W 2,787 Jan- Aug, Dec 15 29
21 Chimborazo Quebrada Chorrera, San Juan 1°31’50”S 78°49’40”W 3,771 Feb, Sep, Dec 4 3
22 Chimborazo Quebrada Puyal (upper part), Juan de Velasco 1°43’38”S 78°52’02”W 4,118 Sep 1 1
23 Chimborazo Quebrada Titaycun, east of Catequilla, Chambo 1°44’08”S 78°33’04”W 3,310 Sep 1 4
24 Chimborazo Quebrada Totorillas, Pulingui San Pablo comm., San 1°32’16”S 78°49’13”W 3,840 Mar, Sep 2 2
Juan
25 Chimborazo Quebrada Totorillas, upper part, San Juan 1°31’09”S 78°51’04”W 4,048 Feb, Sep 3 2
26 Chimborazo Quishuar Alto comm., Columbe 1°49’17”S 78°44’26”W 3,336 Jun 3 21
27 Chimborazo Road from Panamerican Road to Ozogoche c. 2°14’S c. 78°38’W 3,500-4,000 Jan 1 <1
28 Chimborazo Road from San Juan to Guaranda 1°37’28”S 78°49’16”W 3,550 Jan 1 <1
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29 Chimborazo San Luis 1°42’29”S 78°38’47”W 2,689 Mar 1 <1

30 Chimborazo San Rafael comm., San Andres 1°30’47”S 78°44’30”W 3,548 Jun 1 1
31 Chimborazo upstream from Aláo 1°53’03”S 78°28’21”W 3,302 Dec 2 10
32 Chimborazo West of Juan de Velasco 1°48’16”S 78°52’37”W 3,370 Mar 1 2
33 Cotopaxi La Esperanza – Tingo c. 0°54’S c. 79°03’W 1,560-1,595 Aug 3 14
34 Cotopaxi La Maná c. 0°56’S c. 79°13’W 890 Aug, Oct 3 5
35 Cotopaxi Laguna de Yambo, Antonio José Olguín 1°06’19”S 78°35’07”W 2,546 Feb-May, 8 15
Aug, Dec
36 Cotopaxi Hill east of Latacunga 0°58’24”S 78°33’50”W 3,455 Jun 2 2
37 Cotopaxi Unalagua Queyedo comm., Mulalillo 1°04’25”S 78°38’04”W 2,940 Mar 1 <1
38 Guayas Manglares-Churute Ecological Reserve, EC029 c. 2°25’S c. 79°35’W 2 Sept 2 15
39 Los Ríos 4 km east of Ventanas c. 1°26’S c. 79°23’W 350-400 Aug 1 <1
40 Morona Santiago Ángel Rubí comm., Cordillera de Kutucú, EC082 2°20’50”S 78°03’35”W 935 Jul 1 2
41 Morona Santiago Market place, Macas 2°18’16”S 78°07’11”W 995 Jul 1 1
42 Morona Santiago Tunnel on road between Guamote and Macas, 2°12’26”S 78°22’14”W 2,287 Jan 1 5
EC061
43 Napo Bellavista plain, Talag, EC056 1°06’09”S 78°19’28”W 3,474 Feb 2 3
44 Napo Cuevas de Jumandi, north of Archidona 0°54’30”S 77°48’25”W 589 Jul 1 4
45 Napo Laguna de Yanacocha, Talag, EC056 1°05'50”S 78°18'32”W 3,438 Feb 3 23
46 Napo Laguna El Tambo (next to), Talag, EC056 1°07'01”S 78°21'49”W 3,677 Feb 2 4
47 Napo Market place, Tena 1°00’00”S 77°48’47”W 484 Jul, Aug 4 4
48 Napo Misahuallí 1°02’00”S 77°40’12”W 393 Jul 3 12
49 Orellana Main street of Loreto 0°41’25”S 77°18’39”W 429 Aug 2 1
50 Pastaza Km 15, from Puyo to Macas 1°33’46”S 77°53’04”W 980 Jul 1 <1
51 Tungurahua Cerro Aucacocha, San José de Poaló, EC056 1°06’59”S 78°20’33”W 3,722 Feb 2 9
52 Tungurahua La Carolina comm., San Miguelito 1°13’11”S 78°31’50”W 2,491 Mar-May 6 35
53 Tungurahua Laguna Chiliquingue, upper part of Quebrada de Río 1°14’21”S 78°51’27”W 3,927 Dec 2 2
Pusuyuyo, Chaquí Estancia
54 Tungurahua Laguna de Pisayambo, San José de Poaló, EC056 1°05’54”S 78°23’22”W 3,662 Feb 2 6
55 Tungurahua lake upstream from Represa Mula Corral, Chaquí 1°09’57”S 78°48’17”W 3,984 Dec 1 1
Estancia
56 Tungurahua Loma Heraloma, Pogyos, north of Chimborazo 1°24'53”S 78°50'47”W 4,129 Sept 1 <1
Volcano
57 Tungurahua Loma Mandana, Pogyos, north of Chimborazo 1°22'20”S 78°49'37”W 4,120 Sept 1 <1
Volcano
58 Tungurahua Machay waterfalls, Río Verde, EC057 1°23'21”S 78°16'46”W 1,757 Feb-Mar 2 16
59 Tungurahua Quebrada Quichibí, south-west of Santa Rosa 1°20'48”S 78°43'20”W 3,580-3,744 Aug 2 5

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60 Tungurahua Quebradas Tarugayacu and Potrerillos, Pogyos, 1°27'04”S 78°50'42”W 4,100-4,700 Feb 1 7
north-west of Chimborazo Volcano
61 Tungurahua Track Simiatug - Vía Miraflores, Zanjapamba 1°19’23”S 78°52’31”W 3,838 Dec 1 <1
62 Tungurahua Vía Miraflores, track to Rio Caluma, San Fernando 1°16’55”S 78°48’33”W 3,211 Dec 2 2
63 Tungurahua Vía Miraflores, track to Mula Corral, Chaquí 1°17’39”S 78°50’46”W 3,445 Dec 2 2
Estancia

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