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RELIABILITY

The table below shows the result of Cronbach’s alpha. Cronbach’s alpha is reliability to
measure of internal consistency. We measured the reliability of item by Cronbach’s alpha
test. The value of Cronbach’s alpha must more and equal 0.6.

SECTION CRONBACH’S ALPHA(≥0.6)

BEFORE AFTER

Section B 0.799 0.855


(Academic Performance)
Section C 0.687 0.792
(Daytime Sleepiness)
Section D 0.593 0.615
(Sleep Environment)
Section E 0.872 0.879
(Sleep-awake behavior)
Section F 0.718 0.809
(Sleep Duration)
Section G 0.360 0.616
(Sleep Quality)

Table above shows the result for Cronbach’s alpha test. Since the Cronbach’s alpha value
obtain for each variable are greater and equal than significance level which is 0.60, the results
for variable academic performance, sleep environment, sleep-awake behaviour, sleep
duration, and sleep quality were significant. It implied that the each items on the variable are
reliable. Refer Appendix 2
VALIDITY AND FACTOR ANALYSIS

Function of validity is to measure the reliability of different questionnaire item intended to


measure the same characteristic. We used Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin Measure of Sampling
Adequacy (KMO) to measure the validity, which is must greater than equal 0.60 to reach
significant level. We also used Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity to check the validity. The result
will be significant if the significance value is less than 0.05. Below shows the result of
validity:

SECTION Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure Bartlett’s test


(≥0.6) (<0.05)
BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER

Section B 0.815 0.837 0.000 0.000


(Academic
Performance)
Section C 0.640 0.765 0.000 0.000
(Daytime Sleepiness)
Section D 0.566 0.616 0.000 0.000
(Sleep Environment)
Section E 0.842 0.851 0.000 0.000
(Sleep-awake behavior)
Section F 0.595 0.758 0.000 0.000
(Sleep Duration)
Section G 0.594 0.636 0.009 0.001
(Sleep Quality)

The table above is the result for validity. We applied the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure Test
(KMO) and Bartlett’s Test to check the validity. As the conclusion, we conclude that the
result for all variable are significant because all the value for KMO test were greater than
0.60. Plus, Bartlett’s Test also supported by shows all the significance value for each variable
were less than 0.05. Refer Appendix 2
Section B: Impact of sleeping habits on students’ performance

Reliability

Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After

0.799 0.855

There are 7 items on variable for the impact of sleeping habits on students’ performance. The
Cronbach’s alpha obtain before we drop the item is 0.799. After drop one item, which is, I
still get a good achievement in my study even though I have a poor sleep quality, the
Cronbach’s alpha value was increasing to 0.855.

Validity and factor analysis

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure Bartlett's Test


Before After Before After

0.815 0.837 0.000 0.000

Table above shows the result was significant. The KMO value obtained is 0.837 and
Bartlett’s test is 0.000, which means greater than and less than the significant level (0.60 and
0.05). It implied that the result for this variable is valid.
Section C: Daytime Sleepiness

Reliability

Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After

0.687 0.792

Variable daytime sleepiness, obtain 0.687 for 9 items for Cronbach’s alpha value. After drop
2 items, the result was increasing to 0.792 and the result obtain were significant.

Validity and Factor Analysis

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure Bartlett's Test


Before After Before After

0.640 0.765 0.000 0.000

The result of KMO test and Bartlett’s test was significant (KMO test = 0.640, p-value =
0.05). It implied that the each items on variable Daytime sleepiness is valid.
Section D: Sleep Environment

Reliability

Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After

0.593 0.615

Before we drops item in variable sleep environment, we obtain Cronbach’s alpha value is
0.593. After drop 1 item, which is I move to another location in my house in order to be able
to sleep. The Cronbach’s alpha value is increasing to 0.615. Therefore, the result is
significant.

Validity and Factor Analysis

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure Bartlett's Test

Before After Before After

0.566 0.616 0.000 0.000

KMO value is increasing to 0.616 based on the table above. The KMO value before dropped
the item was 0.566, which was not significant. After dropped 1 item, the KMO value became
significant. On the other hand, the Bartlett’s test shows that there is no change for the p-value
before and after dropped the item.
Section E: Sleep-awake behaviour

Reliability

Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After

0.872 0.879

The result for Cronbach’s alpha on variable sleep-awake behaviour was significant before
and after dropped item E1 (I wake up unintentionally more than 1 time during mid night).
The Cronbach’s alpha value before and after dropped the item was 0.872 and 0.879
respectively. It shows that both values are significant because the values are more and equal
than 0.60.

Validity and Factor Analysis

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure Bartlett's Test

Before After Before After

0.842 0.851 0.000 0.000

Table above shows the value of KMO and p-value for Bartlett’s test. The values for both are
0.851 and 0.000 respectively. Since the value of KMO greater than 0.60 and p-value of
Bartlett’s test is less than 0.05, it means that KMO and Bartlett’s Test is significant. It means
that the result for this variable is valid.
Section F: Sleep Duration

Reliability

Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After

0.718 0.809

The result obtained for variable sleep duration was significant when there is 1 item was
dropped. The item dropped was F6 (On average, I sleep 5 to 7 hours on class day). After
dropped the item, value of Cronbach’s alpha is increasing from 0.718 to 0.809. Therefore, the
variable was reliable since the former Cronbach’s alpha is 0.809 which was greater than 0.60.

Validity and Factor Analysis

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure Bartlett's Test

Before After Before After

0.595 0.758 0.000 0.000

The result for KMO and Bartlett’s test is shown on the table above. The result were
significant (KMO ≥ 0.60 and p-value is ≤ 0.05). Based on the table above, KMO value before
we drop 1 item on this variable was 0.595 (not significant). However, after we drop an item,
KMO value become significant (0.758 ≥ 0.60).
Section G: Sleep Quality

Reliability

Cronbach’s Alpha
Before After

0.360 0.616

There are 5 items for variable sleep quality. The Cronbach’s alpha that we obtain before drop
few item insignificant (0.360). After 2 items was dropped, the Cronbach’s alpha become
significant which was 0.616.

Validity and Factor Analysis

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure Bartlett's Test

Before After Before After

0.594 0.636 0.009 0.001

Table above shows the result for validity and factor analysis for variable sleep quality. It
shows that KMO is less than 0.60 (insignificant). However, KMO become greater than 0.60
(significant) after about 2 items was dropped for this variable. Result for The Bartlett’s test is
significant since the value of p-value before and after drop the 2 items was less than 0.05.

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