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MonthlYear: September 1981 Pages: 282-90 Interlibrary Loan
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ro ~ Article Author: SCHMIDT MN, GRAY P, TYLER Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
E ~ S United States
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ClO Article Title: SELECTED FITNESS
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 Selected fitness parameters
of college female lacrosse players
by
MARGARETN. SCHMIDT, PETER GRAY, and SUZANNE TYLER
(from the Department of Physical Education, University of Maryland,
College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.)

INTRODUCTTON The purpose of this study was to de-

There are an increasing number of in-
vestigators ' 5 B 12 researching the physical
and physiological characteristics of fe-
male athletes. Many of these investiga-
tions have shown that differences in these
athletes vary depending on the sport.
Since training is specific to a sport," the
physiological responses of females parti-
cipating in a particular athletic event
termine selected fitness parameters of
college female lacrosse athletes before
and after a competitive season of lacrosse.
In addition, the investigation endeavored
to compare the responses of these sub-
jects with data reported for female ath-
letes in related research.
SUBJECTS

should be useful information to coaches Seventeen members of the University

of that same activity. Coaches should be
aware of the potential work capacity,
muscular strength, muscular endurance,
power, flexibility and other related varia-
bles of the female athletes under their
guidance. They should also be aware of
the worth of their conditioning prog-
rams, especially since women are beco-
ming more involved in competition.
Lacrosse appears to be one of the most
strenuous team sports for women. A game
consist of 25 minute halves, with substi-
tutes allowed only in case of injury.
Teams are not allowed time outs. The 12
players comprising a team compete on a
110X 60 meter field that has no lined
boundaries. With the possible exception
of the goalie, the players are almost con-
stantly moving as they attempt to ma-
neuver the ball into the goa!."
of Maryland, College Park, women's in-
tercollegiate lacrosse team volunteered
as subjects. At the time of final testing,
these subjects had won the Maryland
State intercollegiate lacrosse champion-
ships and were ranked second nationally.
The subjects ranged in age from 18 to
22 years. The subjects were screened on
the basis of a physician's approval, a nor-
mal medical history, normal resting and
walking ECG recordings, and informed
consent. Descriptive data for the subjects
are summarized in Table 1.
METHODS
Immediately following a pre-test, the
subjects began a training program de-
signed to improve their ability to play
lacrosse. The program is outlined in

282 1. Sports Med., 21, 1981

 SCHM1DT
SELECTED FITNESS PARAMETERS OF COLLEGE FEMALE LACROSS PLAYERS

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J. Spans Med., 21, 1981 283

 SCHMIDT SELECTED FITNESS PARAMETERS OF COLLEGE FEMALE LACROSS PLAYERS

TABLE 2.-Trail1ing program for the 15 week lacrosse season.

Frequenc Duration of
Week k
(scsstcn/w ) workout/session Type of conditioning
(hrs)

1-4 2 '>I Flexibility, Apollo. stickwork an sprints.

continual run, flexibility and warm down
4 '>I Flexibility, Apollo, continual run, weight
training, flexibiilty
5-9 2 '>I Flexibility, Apollo, continual run, weight
training, flexibility
4 2 Flexibility, Apollo, continual run, stickwork
and sprints, 30 minutes of scrimmaging,
continual run, flexibility and warm down

Table 2. Training was conducted six days equipment used in acqumng maximal
a week for nine weeks prior to the first oxygen uptake, heart rate, and blood
tournament game. In addition, each sub- pressure.
ject kept a daily log of all physical acti- The testing was conducted on three
vities performed outside of the formal separate days, each separated by a rest
program. Conditioning average one and day, immediately before and after the 15
one half hours per session. Throughout week lacrosse season. The lacrosse pla-
the nine week period, the Apollo isoki- yers refrained from strenuous exercise
netic machine was used five days per for a minimum of 12 hours before test-
week, the Universal gym was used three ing. They also refrained from eating,
days per week, and running was per- smoking, taking medication, or drinking
formed six days per week. The first four anything but water for at least three
weeks of running stressed cardiorespira- hours before measurements were ob-
tory endurance with approximately 20 tained.
per cent of the running devoted to On the first day of testing, the sub-
sprints. The last five weeks before the jects' height (ern), weight (kg), skinfolds
tournament stressed fast interval train- (rnrn), and cardiorespiratory parameters
ing in the running phase. were assessed. Cardiorespiratory para-
During the six week tournament, the meters obtained during a graded tread-
Apollo machine was used an average of mill test included maximal oxygen up-
four days per week, weigh ts were used take (VO, max, l/rnin and ml/kg min),
three times per week, wi th no weigh t ventilation (VE, l/min at VO, max), oxy-
increment, and running consisted of a gen pulse (0, pulse, ml/beat at VO, max),
two mile and a five mile run per week. respiratory exchange ratio (R at VO,
There were a 'total of 20 scrimmages and max), resting and one minute recovery
12 tournament games. A more detailed heart rate, and resting and submaximal
explanation of the training program may blood pressure (BP, mmHg).
be obtained from the authors. Skinfolds were measured to the near-
Two days prior to the collection of the est .5 mm with a Lange caliper on the
data, subjects became familiar with the right side of the body. Specific sites were
graded exercise test. During this proce- located as described by Behnke and Wil-
dure, each person exercised on ,the tread- more.' The selected sites were the abdo-
mill at various speeds and angles and minal, triceps, subscapular and supra-
experienced the mouthpiece and other iliac. The sum of the four sites were

284 J. Sports Med. 21, 1981


SELECTED FITNESS PARAMETERS OF COLLEGE
used to calculate the specific gravity of
the body. Relative body fat was com-
puted according to the regression equa-
tion developed by Sloan, Burt and Blyth.'"
Before the graded exercise test, the
subject rested in a seated position for
five minutes. Resting HR and BP were
recorded during the last 30 seconds of
this period. The treadmill was set at 0%
grade and the subject walked for 1 min-
ute at 2 mph. The grade was then set
at 2-lI,% and the subject walked for 5
minutes at 3-lI, mph. The subject then
ran continuously on the treadmill at a
constant speed of 7 mph. The run began
at a 0% grade and the grade was in-
creased every 2 minutes by 2-lI,% until
the subject was unable to continue. The
grade was not increased after a subject
signaled that she could only run 1 more
minute. Once a subject had signaled, she
was encouraged to go beyond this min-
ute in order to determine whether vo,
had leveled off. The main criterion for
V02 max was an increase in vo, of less
than 2 ml/kg-rnm resulting from a
2-lI,% grade elevation at a constant speed
of 7 mph. Other criteria were an R grea-
ter than 1.0 and a subjective feeling of
exhaustive effort. The subjects cooled
down by walking at a 0% grade at 2 mph
until the heart rate recovered to 120
bpm.
The subjects were measured as they
walked and ran on a Quinton model
18-60 treadmill. Heart rate was recorded
by use of a Model 623A ECG monitoring
system. Blood pressure was measured by
auscultation of the left arm, using a
Baum sphygmomanometer. Expired air
was collected using a noseclip, mouth-
piece and Collins Hans Rudolph high-
velocity respiratory valve attached to a
I Beckman Metabolic Measurement Cart
l (MMC). The MMC analyzed the expired
air through a Beckman OM-ll oxygen
analyzer and a Beckman LB-2 carbon
1
J. Sports Med., 21, 1981
SCHMIDT
FEMALE LACROSS PLAYERS
dioxide analyzer. The MMC was cali-
brated before each testing session using
reference gases valida ted by gas chroma-
tography and infrared spectroscopy.
The above arrangement was utilized to
collect a gas sample during the last 10
seconds of the 5 minute walk and dur-
ing the last 10 seconds of each 2 min-
ute graded exercise stage. HR was re-
corded during the last 10 seconds of rest,
the 5 minute walk, each 2 minute exer-
cise stage, and during the last 10 seconds
of the first minu te of recovery while
walking on the treadmill. BP was recor-
ded during the last 30 seconds of rest,
S minute walk, and after the first min-
ute of recovery.
On the second day of testing, subjects
participated in a 1.5 mile walk-run on
a 440 yard outdoor track, as described
by Cooper- On the ,third day of testing.
the subjects were measured on specific
body circumferences 28 using an anthropo-
metric tape, and physical fitness items
including grip strength," standing broad
jump," vertical jump,' one minute bent
knee situps," layout position pushups,"
bent arm hand," and trunk flexion from
a seated posi tion."
A multivariate analysis of variance
with two factors (treatments by sub-
jects) was employed in order to detect
if significant changes in the data occur-
red within the 15 week lacrosse season.
The data were analyzed in homogeneous
groups, but with weak intercorrelations
in order to eliminate testing redundent
information. The P value < .05 was used
for all tests of statistical significance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSlON
Table 1 presents the selected charac-
teristics of each subject measured at the
completion of the 15 week lacrosse sea-
son. Only the major aspects of the data
in this table are discussed.
285
 SCHMIDT SELECTED FlTNESS
The highest vo, max (ml/kg-rnin) was
58.3 by a second horne who had a 1.5
mile run time of 10 :29, below the mean
but not the best ,time of 9 :15 by one
of the centers. These positions require
continual running and would be expected
to result in a high aerobic capacity. The
defense wings also were predictably well
above the mean vo, max of 46 ml/kg-
min, while the attack wings, who are
also involved in covering a large amount
of territory fell at or below the mean.
These findings suggest the attack wings
may need more individualized condition-
ing, stressing the aerobic program. The
lowest vo, max was 30.9 ml/kg-min by
the other second home who was not a
starting player. The highest HR bpm at
vo. max was 196 by the goalie. This sub-
ject also had the lowest % body fat of
14.4. The lowest resting BP (mmHg) was
96/60 by both the center and a defense
wing. The highest resting BP was 120/90
by the reserve cover point who also had
the highest body fat, 24.1 %. The meas-
ures used to determine muscular strength
and endurance, speed and flexibility see-
med to vary among the subjects, with
no one player doing extremely well on a
number of these tests.
The results of the multivariate ana-
lysis are presented in Table 3. There was
a significant decrease in % body fat fol-
lowing the training season, from 21.6 to
19.5. There was also a significant de-
crease in all skinfolds but a nonsignifi-
cant increase in body weight and only
slight changes in circumference measures.
These findings suggest that the lacrosse
players gained in muscle tone over the
season but hypertrophy did not develop,
perhaps due to low levels of androgens."
It has been reported that college age
female non athletes have a mean of 20
to 25% body fat,' 15 24 Withers," found that
Australian touring team female lacrosse
players had 23% body fat. In contrast,
286
PARAMETERS OF COLLEGE FEMALE LACROSS PLAYERS
female intercollegiate track athletes had
a range in body fat of from 9% in sprin-
ters to 28% in shot putters," world class
female pentathletes had a mean of 12%,"
and female gymnasts had a mean of
15%." Since regression equations are
population specific," J3 it was difficult to
determine the accuracy of % body fat
with investigations using different groups
and equations. It has been suggested that
the sum of skinfolds may be more ac-
curate." Several investigators 51520 31 have
included individual skinfolds. Maksud,
Cannistra and Dublinski '" found that fe-
male college athletes had a mean triceps
skinfold (mrn) of 16.2, subscapular of
10.6, supraiJiac of 9.9 and abdominal
13.5. The subjects in the present study
at post training had a mean triceps skin-
fold of 13.8, subscapular 11.6, suprailiac
of 15.5 and abdominal of 15.9, higher in
all cases except the triceps.
In the present study, there was a sig-
nificant increase in vo, max (l/rnm and
ml/kg· min) over the training season,
from 2.56 to 2.83 l/min and from 41.85
to 49.96 ml/kg-rnin. Withers 32 reported
that the Australian lacrosse players had
a vo, max of 52.9 rnl/kg-rnin. This dif-
ference could be related to the heavy
training schedule of these seven players
who were part of a national touring team.
The three month training period for the
Australians was actually shorter than
that of the present investigation, but the
training regimens and the group size
could be important factors. The U.S.
Players included reserves as well as
starters.
The vo, max values obtained in the
present study compare favorably to the
results of world class pentathletes, who
had values of 45.9 ml/kg- min 18 and were
higher than values of 42.9 for field
hockey, 41.2 for swimmers, 40.8 for bas-
ketball or 39.2 for female intercollegiate
volleyball players." The mean vo, max
J. Sports Med., 21, 1981'UIHSRll
 SELECTED FITNESS PARAMETERS OF COLLEGE FEMALE LACROSS PLAYERS SCHMIDT

TABLE 3.-Descriptive statistics and summary of multivariate analysis.

Pre-training Post-training
Variable ~ Difference F
Mean ±S.D. Mean ±S.D.

Weight (kg) 58.56 16.18 61.75 8.18 3.19 .12

Heart Rate, rest (bpm) 73.44 7.67 70.71 10.28 2.7] 1.19

Heart Rate, submax (bpm) 126.82 18.82 127.35 16.64 .53 .01
Heart Rate (bpm at v01max) 188.82 6.44 184.94 8.76 3.88 3.98"

Heart Rate (I min rec, bpm) 140.41 17.70 147.88 14.19 7.47 2.44"

Blood pressure, rest (mmHg) 104/72 27/36 110/62 lOll I 6/10 1.79 /2.03

Blood pressure, submax (mmHg) 135/66 15/10 135/62 12/11 2/5 ,riJ2/ .938

Blood pressure (I min rec, mmHg) 149/65 18/7 158/54 17/13 9/10 2.21 /2.01

vE (lfmin BTPS at v01max) 96.31 14.00 90.92 11.92 5.39 1.37

vOlma.'< (t/min, STPD) 2.56 .41 2.8] .55 .26 6.96"

V01max (ml/kg min STPD) 41.85 5.32 45.96 4.31 4.11 6.13"

O2 pulse (m1/beat at v01max) 13.56 1.75 15.12 16.00 1.49 7.48"

Rat vOlmax 1.08 .08 1.00 .07 .08 10.97"

Abdominal skinfold (mm) 20.18 17.42 15.94 5.01 4.24 14.66'"

Triceps skinfold (mm) 16.74 5.60 13.82 3.67 2.91 6.38'"
Subscapular skinfold (mm) 12.60 5.07 11.61 2.52 .99 3.00'"
Supraillac skinfold (mm) 17.86 8.12 15.53 6.29 2.33 8.00"
Total skinfolds (mm) 64.41 20.22 56.90 16.53 7.51 21.46"
Body fat (per cent) 21.64 5.45 19.47 5.38 2.17 7.02
Neck circumference (em) 30.02 7.13 31.29 2.21 1.28 .41
Biceps circumference (em) 27.20 2.94 27.25 3.40 .05 .01
Calf circumference (em) 34.05 1.93 34.84 1.92 .02 .003
Waist circumference (em) 72.32 6.93 71.10 5.82 1.23 .39
Thigh circumference (em) 55.22 4.88 54.30 3.51 .92 .35
Standing broad jump (in) 74.10 5.43 73.49 5.71 .62 .28
Vertical jump (in) 14.60 1.74 15.57 2.52 .97 5.27
Pushups 1.00 1.25 13.88 7.73 .73 23.96'"
Situps 39.88 5.71 40.88 6.32 1.00 2.13
Bent arm hand (sec) 21.14 8.83 21.77 10.47 .63 .21
Trunk flexion (in) 24.09 2.66 23.66 2.08 .44 3.14
Grip strength, right (kg) 38.94 5.38 41.24 5.99 2.29 7.72
Grip strength, left (kg) 36.55 3.39 38.32 4.49 1.68 7.33
1.5 mile run (min) 11 :22 .19 10.54 .44 .56 19.16"

"Significant at the .05 level.

for college physical education majors mile run in experienced college female
with no special training was 37.2 mil joggers. These investigators found the
kg-min." A significant drop in mean time joggers had a vo, max of 46.2 ml/kg- min
for the 1.5 mile run over the training and a 1.5 mile time of J2 :28, higher in
period, from J J :22 to 10 :54 also offers both cases than the present study.
evidence of the effectiveness of the con- The lacrosse players had a significant
ditioning program on cardiorespiratory decrease in HR (bpm at vo, max) from
endurance. Getchell, Kirkendahl and Rob- pre to post training, going from J88.8
bins 11 found a correlation of (r= .92) be- to 184.9. The Australian lacrosse players
tween vo, max (ml/kg'min) and the 1.5 had a HR max of J88.7 bprn." Other re-

~SSSSSSPO'lS Med .• 21. 1981 287

 SCHMIDT SELECTED FITNESS PARAMETERS OF COLLEGE FEMALE LACROSS PLAYERS

search has shown that the predicted the investigation endeavored to compare
maximal heart rate for female athletes the responses of these subjects with data
reported for female athletes in related re-
or nonathletes at this age is 195 bpm." " search. Seventeen members of a women's
The reduction of heart rate with con- intercollegiate lacrosse team, mean age 20.6,
ditioning is a possible explanation for trained for 15 weeks. Tests were conducted
the lower heart rates of the lacrosse before and after this conditioning period
players. In spite of a reducted HR max, and a multivariate analysis of variance with
two factors (treatment by subjects) was ern-
there was a significant increase in the ployed in order to detect if significant chan-
recovery heart ra te from pre to post ges occurred. The Pvalue < .05 was used
training, going from 140 to 148 bpm. for all tests of statistical significance. Re-
Even though it is well established that sults of the analysis indicated that over the
conditioning results in faster recovery conditioning period there was a significant
improvement in means for % body fat (21.6
processes, perhaps the recovery heart to 19.5%), individual and total skinfolds,
rates were affected by intervening factors vo, max (2.6 to 2.8 I/rnin and 41.9 to 46
such as emotions or body temperature. rnl/kg-rnin). HR bpm at vo, max (189 to
Although there were slight improve- 185 bpm) and related measures of cardiores-
ments in many of the muscular strength piratory endurance including the 1.5 mile
run time (11:22 to 10:54). There was also a
and endurance measures of the subjects, significant improvement in pushups but no
the only significant change from the pre significan t change in other tests assumed
to post training was in pushups, going to measure muscular endurance or flexi-
from 7 to 14. These pushups were per- bility.
[I( I. Sports Mcd. », 21, 282-290, 19&1]
formed in the standard "men's" style,
from a layout position. The insignificant M. N. SCHMIDT, P. GRAY, S.TYLER
findings in the other measures could be Parametres selectlonnes de bonne forme
due to the high overall starting level of physique de joueuses universitaires de
these subjects. For example, in a study la crosse.
of a variety of athletes," the mean pre- Le but de cette etude a ete de selectionner
ferred grip strength was 39.3 kg, and des parametres de bonne forme physique
the highest for the lacrosse players in chez des joueuses universitaires de la crosse,
avant et apres une saison de competition.
the present investigation was 41.2 kg. De plus, cette recherche a permis de com-
Mean values for females at this age have parer les reponses de ces sujets avec les
been reported as 31.5 kg." Due to these donnees indiquees pour les athletes fern-
insignificant findings, as well as an in- rues, dans une recherche correspondante.
significant difference in trunk flexion, it 17 sujets de l'equipe feminine universitaire
de crosse, ages en moyenne de 20,6 ans, ont
may also be concluded that more atten- ete entraines pendant 15 semaines. Les tests
tion should be given to these factors in ont ere eflectues avant et apres cette pe-
future conditioning programs if they are riode d'entraincment et une analyse multi.
considered important aspects of lacrosse. var-iee de variance a 2 facteurs (traitement
par sujets) a ete utilisee pour cons tater,
si des changements significatifs se sont pro-
SUMMARIES duits, La valeur P<05 a ete utilisee pour
tous les tests de signification statistique.
M. N. SCHMIDT, P. GRAY, S. TYLER Les resultats de l'analyse ont montre que,
Selected fitness parameters of college fe- pendant la peri ode d'entrainement, it s'est
male lacrosse players. produit une amelioration significative des
The purpose of this study was to deter- moyennes du pourcentage de graisse corpo-
mine selected fitness parameters of college relle (de 21,6 it 19,5 %), des bourrelets iri-
female lacrosse athletes before and after a dividuels et dans leur total, de la VO, maxi
competitive season of lacrosse. In addition, (2,6 it 2,8 limn. et 41,9 it 46 ml/kg·mn.),

I. Sports Med., 21, 1981

288
• :,;0 ~_ __ _ __
SELECTED FITNESS PARAMETERS OF COLLEGE FEMALE LACROSS PLAYERS
de la Irequence cardiaque batt.Zmn. a vo,
maxi (189 a 185 batt.ymn.) et des mesures
1. Alexander
correspondantes d'endurance cardiorespira-
toire, comprenant Ie temps de la course
sur 1,5 miles (de 1l:22 a 10:54), Une amelio-
ration significative a ete relevee aussi dans
les poussees, rnais nuile autre modification
significative pour les autres tests, destines
a mesurer l'endurance musculaire au leur
souplesse.
[« J. Sports Mcd.~, 21, 282.290, 19&1J
M. N. SCHMIDT,P. GRAY,S. TYLER
Parametres seleccionados de buena condi-
cion fisica de jugadoras universitarias
de "lacrosse".
EI objeto de este estudio ha sido el de
seleccionar parametros de buena condici6n
fisica en jugadoras universitarias de "la-
crosse" (juego de pelota). antes y despues
de una temporada de competencia. Ademas.
esta investigaci6n ha permitido comparar
las respuestas de estos sujetos con los da-
tos indicados par las atletas en una inves-
tigaci6n correspondiente. 17 sujetos del
equipo femenino universitario de "lacrosse"
de edad media 20,6 anos, se entrenaron du-
rante 15 semanas. Los tests se han efec-
tuado antes y despues de este periodo de
entrenamiento, y un analisis rnultivariado
de variaci6n can 2 factores (tratamiento pOl'
sujetos) se ha utilizado para constatar si
I
se han producido cambiamientos significa-
tivos. Se ha utilizado el valor P<OS para
todos los tests de significaci6n estadistica;
los resultados del analisis han mostrado que
durante el periodo de entrenamiento, se ha
producido un mejoramiento significativo de
promedios de porcentaje de grasa corporal
(de 21,6 a 19,5 %) de las pliegas individuales
y en su total, de Ia VO, maximal (2,6 a 2,8 15. Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Factor analysis
l/min y 41,9 a 46 ml/kg-min). de la ire-
cuencia car-dfaca lat/min. a V02 maximal
(189 a 185 lat/min) y de las mediciones
correspondientes de resistencia cardio-respi-
ratoria, incluyendo el tiempo de la carrera
sabre 1,5 millas (de, !I:22 a 10:54), Se ha
observado un mejoramiento significativo
tarnbien en los empujes, pero ninguna otra
modificaci6n significativa para los otros
) tests, desintados a rnedir la resistencia rnus-
cular a su flexibilidad.
r- J. Sports Med. II, 21, 282-290. 1981J
J. Sports Med., 21, 1981
SCHMIDT
REFERENCES
MJL. The relationship of soma-
totype and selected anthropometric meas-
ures to basketball performance in highly
skilled females, Res Q 1976; 47:575-85,
2. Baumgartner TA, Jackson AS. Measure-
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[Authors' address:
M. N. Schmidt
University of Maryland
Department of Physical Education
College Park, Maryland 20742 (U.S.A.)]
[Code number 826]

29(1 J. Sports Med., 21, 1981