Walking Working Surfaces - OSHA1910.21-30

§ 1910.21 29 CFR Ch.
XVII (7–1–07 Edition)
(b) Vinyl chloride. Section 1910.1017 employee to formaldehyde in every em-

shall apply to the exposure of every ployment and place of employment
employee to vinyl chloride in every covered by § 1910.12, 1910.13, 1910.14,
employment and place of employment 1910.15 or 1910.16 in lieu of any different
covered by §§ 1910.12, 1910.13, 1910.14, standard on exposure to formaldehyde
1910.15, or 1910.16, in lieu of any dif- which would otherwise be applicable by
ferent standard on exposure to vinyl virtue of those sections.
chloride which would otherwise be ap- (k) Cadmium. Section 1910.1027 shall
plicable by virtue of any of those sec- apply to the exposure of every em-
tions. ployee to cadmium in every employ-
(c) Acrylonitrile. Section 1910.1045 ment and place of employment covered
shall apply to the exposure of every by § 1910.16 in lieu of any different
employee to acrylonitrile in every em- standard on exposures to cadmium that
ployment and place of employment would otherwise be applicable by virtue
covered by §§ 1910.12, 1910.13, 1910.14, of those sections.
1910.15, or § 1910.16, in lieu of any dif- (l) 1,3-Butadiene (BD). Section
ferent standard on exposure to acrylo- 1910.1051 shall apply to the exposure of
nitrile which would otherwise be appli- every employee to BD in every employ-
cable by virtue of any of those sec- ment and place of employment covered
tions. by §§ 1910.12, 1910.13, 1910.14, 1910.15, or
(d) [Reserved] 1910.16, in lieu of any different standard
(e) Inorganic arsenic. Section 1910.1018 on exposure to BD which would other-
shall apply to the exposure of every wise be applicable by virtue of those
employee to inorganic arsenic in every sections.
employment covered by §§ 1910.12,
(m) Methylene chloride (MC). Section
1910.13, 1910.14, 1910.15, or § 1910.16, in
1910.1052 shall apply to the exposure of
lieu of any different standard on expo-
every employee to MC in every employ-
sure to inorganic arsenic which would
ment and place of employment covered
otherwise be applicable by virtue of
by § 1910.16 in lieu of any different
any of those sections.
standard on exposure to MC which
(f) [Reserved]
would otherwise be applicable by virtue
(g) Lead. Section 1910.1025 shall apply
of that section when it is not present
to the exposure of every employee to
in sealed, intact containers.
lead in every employment and place of
employment covered by §§ 1910.13, [43 FR 28473, June 30, 1978, as amended at 43
1910.14, 1910.15, and 1910.16, in lieu of FR 45809, Oct. 3, 1978; 43 FR 53007, Nov. 14,
any different standard on exposure to 1978; 44 FR 5447, Jan. 26, 1979; 46 FR 32022,
lead which would otherwise be applica- June 19, 1981; 49 FR 25796, June 22, 1984; 50 FR
51173, Dec. 13, 1985; 52 FR 46291, Dec. 4, 1987;
ble by virtue of those sections.
57 FR 35666, Aug. 10, 1992; 57 FR 42388, Sept.
(h) Ethylene oxide. Section 1910.1047 14, 1992; 59 FR 41057, Aug. 10, 1994; 61 FR 56831,
shall apply to the exposure of every Nov. 4, 1996; 62 FR 1600, Jan. 10, 1997]
employee to ethylene oxide in every
employment and place of employment
covered by §§ 1910.12, 1910.13, 1910.14,
Subpart C [Reserved]
1910.15, or 1910.16, in lieu of any dif-
ferent standard on exposure to ethyl- Subpart D—Walking-Working
ene oxide which would otherwise be ap- Surfaces
plicable by virtue of those sections.
(i) 4,4′-Methylenedianiline (MDA). Sec- AUTHORITY: Secs. 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupa-
tion 1910.1050 shall apply to the expo- tional Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29
sure of every employee to MDA in U.S.C. 653, 655, and 657); Secretary of Labor’s
every employment and place of em- Order No. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR
ployment covered by §§ 1910.13, 1910.14, 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), or 1–90 (55 FR 9033),
1910.15, or 1910.16, in lieu of any dif- as applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911.
ferent standard on exposure to MDA
which would otherwise be applicable by § 1910.21 Definitions.
virtue of those sections. (a) As used in § 1910.23, unless the con-
(j) Formaldehyde. Section 1910.1048 text requires otherwise, floor and wall
rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with CFR
shall apply to the exposure of every opening, railing and toe board terms
110
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.21
shall have the meanings ascribed in persons may fall; such as a yard-arm
this paragraph. doorway or chute opening.
(1) Floor hole. An opening measuring (b) As used in § 1910.24, unless the con-
less than 12 inches but more than 1 text requires otherwise, fixed indus-
inch in its least dimension, in any trial stair terms shall have the mean-
floor, platform, pavement, or yard, ing ascribed in this paragraph.
through which materials but not per- (1) Handrail. A single bar or pipe sup-
sons may fall; such as a belt hole, pipe ported on brackets from a wall or par-
opening, or slot opening. tition to provide a continuous hand-
(2) Floor opening. An opening meas- hold for persons using a stair.
uring 12 inches or more in its least di- (2) Nose, nosing. That portion of a
mension, in any floor, platform, pave- tread projecting beyond the face of the
ment, or yard through which persons riser immediately below.
may fall; such as a hatchway, stair or (3) Open riser. The air space between
ladder opening, pit, or large manhole. the treads of stairways without upright
Floor openings occupied by elevators, members (risers).
dumb waiters, conveyors, machinery, (4) Platform. An extended step or
or containers are excluded from this landing breaking a continuous run of
subpart. stairs.
(3) Handrail. A single bar or pipe sup- (5) Railing. A vertical barrier erected
ported on brackets from a wall or par- along exposed sides of stairways and
tition, as on a stairway or ramp, to fur- platforms to prevent falls of persons.
nish persons with a handhold in case of The top member of railing usually
tripping. serves as a handrail.
(4) Platform. A working space for per- (6) Rise. The vertical distance from
sons, elevated above the surrounding the top of a tread to the top of the next
floor or ground; such as a balcony or higher tread.
platform for the operation of machin- (7) Riser. The upright member of a
ery and equipment. step situated at the back of a lower
tread and near the leading edge of the
(5) Runway. A passageway for per-
next higher tread.
sons, elevated above the surrounding
(8) Stairs, stairway. A series of steps
floor or ground level, such as a
leading from one level or floor to an-
footwalk along shafting or a walkway
other, or leading to platforms, pits,
between buildings.
boiler rooms, crossovers, or around ma-
(6) Standard railing. A vertical barrier
chinery, tanks, and other equipment
erected along exposed edges of a floor
that are used more or less continuously
opening, wall opening, ramp, platform,
or routinely by employees, or only oc-
or runway to prevent falls of persons.
casionally by specific individuals. A se-
(7) Standard strength and construction. ries of steps and landings having three
Any construction of railings, covers, or or more risers constitutes stairs or
other guards that meets the require- stairway.
ments of § 1910.23. (9) Tread. The horizontal member of a
(8) Stair railing. A vertical barrier step.
erected along exposed sides of a stair- (10) Tread run. The horizontal dis-
way to prevent falls of persons. tance from the leading edge of a tread
(9) Toeboard. A vertical barrier at to the leading edge of an adjacent
floor level erected along exposed edges tread.
of a floor opening, wall opening, plat- (11) Tread width. The horizontal dis-
form, runway, or ramp to prevent falls tance from front to back of tread in-
of materials. cluding nosing when used.
(10) Wall hole. An opening less than 30 (c) As used in § 1910.25, unless the con-
inches but more than 1 inch high, of text requires otherwise, portable wood
unrestricted width, in any wall or par- ladders terms shall have the meanings
tition; such as a ventilation hole or ascribed in this paragraph.
drainage scupper. (1) Ladders. A ladder is an appliance
(11) Wall opening. An opening at least usually consisting of two side rails
30 inches high and 18 inches wide, in joined at regular intervals by cross-
any wall or partition, through which pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on
111
§ 1910.21 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition)
which a person may step in ascending being at right angles to the plane of
or descending. motion.
(2) Stepladder. A stepladder is a (10) Side-rolling ladder. A side-rolling
selfsupporting portable ladder, non- ladder is a semifixed ladder, nonadjust-
adjustable in length, having flat steps able in length, supported by attach-
and a hinged back. Its size is des- ments to a guide rail, which is gen-
ignated by the overall length of the erally fastened to shelving, the plane of
ladder measured along the front edge of the ladder being also its plane of mo-
the side rails. tion.
(3) Single ladder. A single ladder is a (11) Wood characteristics. Wood char-
non-self-supporting portable ladder, acteristics are distinguishing features
nonadjustable in length, consisting of which by their extent and number de-
but one section. Its size is designated termine the quality of a piece of wood.
by the overall length of the side rail. (12) Wood irregularities. Wood irreg-
(4) Extension ladder. An extension lad- ularities are natural characteristics in
der is a non-self-supporting portable or on wood that may lower its dura-
ladder adjustable in length. It consists bility, strength, or utility.
of two or more sections traveling in (13) Cross grain. Cross grain (slope of
guides or brackets so arranged as to grain) is a deviation of the fiber direc-
permit length adjustment. Its size is tion from a line parallel to the sides of
the piece.
designated by the sum of the lengths of
(14) Knot. A knot is a branch or limb,
the sections measured along the side
imbedded in the tree and cut through
rails.
in the process of lumber manufacture,
(5) Sectional ladder. A sectional ladder classified according to size, quality,
is a non-self-supporting portable lad- and occurrence. The size of the knot is
der, nonadjustable in length, consisting determined as the average diameter on
of two or more sections of ladder so the surface of the piece.
constructed that the sections may be (15) Pitch and bark pockets. A pitch
combined to function as a single lad- pocket is an opening extending parallel
der. Its size is designated by the overall to the annual growth rings containing,
length of the assembled sections. or that has contained, pitch, either
(6) Trestle ladder. A trestle ladder is a solid or liquid. A bark pocket is an
self-supporting portable ladder, non- opening between annual growth rings
adjustable in length, consisting of two that contains bark.
sections hinged at the top to form (16) Shake. A shake is a separation
equal angles with the base. The size is along the grain, most of which occurs
designated by the length of the side between the rings of annual growth.
rails measured along the front edge. (17) Check. A check is a lengthwise
(7) Extension trestle ladder. An exten- separation of the wood, most of which
sion trestle ladder is a self-supporting occurs across the rings of annual
portable ladder, adjustable in length, growth.
consisting of a trestle ladder base and (18) Wane. Wane is bark, or the lack
a vertically adjustable single ladder, of wood from any cause, on the corner
with suitable means for locking the of a piece.
ladders together. The size is designated (19) Decay. Decay is disintegration of
by the length of the trestle ladder base. wood substance due to action of wood-
(8) Special-purpose ladder. A special- destroying fungi. It is also known as
purpose ladder is a portable ladder dote and rot.
which represents either a modification (20) Compression failure. A compres-
or a combination of design or construc- sion failure is a deformation (buckling)
tion features in one of the general-pur- of the fibers due to excessive compres-
pose types of ladders previously de- sion along the grain.
fined, in order to adapt the ladder to (21) Compression wood. Compression
special or specific uses. wood is an aberrant (abnormal) and
(9) Trolley ladder. A trolley ladder is a highly variable type of wood structure
semifixed ladder, nonadjustable in occurring in softwood species. The
length, supported by attachments to an wood commonly has density somewhat
overhead track, the plane of the ladder higher than does normal wood, but
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somewhat lower stiffness and tensile (8) Extension trestle ladder. An exten-
strength for its weight in addition to sion trestle ladder is a self-supporting
high longitudinal shrinkage. portable ladder, adjustable in length,
(22) Low density. Low-density wood is consisting of a trestle ladder base and
that which is exceptionally light in a vertically adjustable single ladder,
weight and usually deficient in with suitable means for locking the
strength properties for the species. ladders together. The size is designated
(d) As used in § 1910.26, unless the con- by the length of the trestle ladder base.
text requires otherwise, portable metal (9) Special-purpose ladder. A special-
ladder terms shall have the meanings purpose ladder is a portable ladder
ascribed in this paragraph. which represents either a modification
(1) Ladder. A ladder is an appliance or a combination of design or construc-
usually consisting of two side rails tion features in one of the general-pur-
joined at regular intervals by cross- pose types of ladders previously de-
pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on fined, in order to adapt the ladder to
which a person may step in ascending special or specific uses.
or descending. (e) As used in § 1910.27, unless the con-
(2) Step ladder. A step ladder is a self- text requires otherwise, fixed ladder
supporting portable ladder, nonadjust- terms shall have the meanings ascribed
able in length, having flat steps and a in this paragraph.
hinged back. Its size is designated by (1) Ladder. A ladder is an appliance
the overall length of the ladder meas- usually consisting of two side rails
ured along the front edge of the side joined at regular intervals by cross-
rails. pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on
(3) Single ladder. A single ladder is a which a person may step in ascending
non-self-supporting portable ladder, or descending.
nonadjustable in length, consisting of
(2) Fixed ladder. A fixed ladder is a
but one section. Its size is designated
ladder permanently attached to a
by the overall length of the side rail.
structure, building, or equipment.
(4) Extension ladder. An extension lad-
der is a non-self-supporting portable (3) Individual-rung ladder. An indi-
ladder adjustable in length. It consists vidual-rung ladder is a fixed ladder
of two or more sections traveling in each rung of which is individually at-
guides or brackets so arranged as to tached to a structure, building, or
permit length adjustment. Its size is equipment.
designated by the sum of the lengths of (4) Rail ladder. A rail ladder is a fixed
the sections measured along the side ladder consisting of side rails joined at
rails. regular intervals by rungs or cleats and
(5) Platform ladder. A self-supporting fastened in full length or in sections to
ladder of fixed size with a platform pro- a building, structure, or equipment.
vided at the working level. The size is (5) Railings. A railing is any one or a
determined by the distance along the combination of those railings con-
front rail from the platform to the base structed in accordance with § 1910.23. A
of the ladder. standard railing is a vertical barrier
(6) Sectional ladder. A sectional ladder erected along exposed edges of floor
is a non-self-supporting portable lad- openings, wall openings, ramps, plat-
der, non-adjustable in length, con- forms, and runways to prevent falls of
sisting of two or more sections so con- persons.
structed that the sections may be com- (6) Pitch. Pitch is the included angle
bined to function as a single ladder. Its between the horizontal and the ladder,
size is designated by the overall length measured on the opposite side of the
of the assembled sections. ladder from the climbing side.
(7) Trestle ladder. A trestle ladder is a (7) Fastenings. A fastening is a device
self-supporting portable ladder, non-ad- to attach a ladder to a structure, build-
justable in length, consisting of two ing, or equipment.
sections, hinged at the top to form (8) Rungs. Rungs are ladder cross-
equal angles with the base. The size is pieces of circular or oval cross-section
designated by the length of the side on which a person may step in ascend-
rails measured along the front edge. ing or descending.
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(9) Cleats. Cleats are ladder cross- (5) Carpenters’ bracket scaffold. A scaf-
pieces of rectangular cross-section fold consisting of wood or metal brack-
placed on edge on which a person may ets supporting a platform.
step in ascending or descending. (6) Coupler. A device for locking to-
(10) Steps. Steps are the flat cross- gether the component parts of a tubu-
pieces of a ladder on which a person lar metal scaffold. The material used
may step in ascending or descending. for the couplers shall be of a structural
(11) Cage. A cage is a guard that may type, such as a drop-forged steel, mal-
be referred to as a cage or basket guard leable iron, or structural grade alu-
which is an enclosure that is fastened minum. The use of gray cast iron is
to the side rails of the fixed ladder or prohibited.
to the structure to encircle the climb- (7) Crawling board or chicken ladder. A
ing space of the ladder for the safety of plank with cleats spaced and secured at
the person who must climb the ladder. equal intervals, for use by a worker on
(12) Well. A well is a permanent com- roofs, not designed to carry any mate-
plete enclosure around a fixed ladder, rial.
which is attached to the walls of the (8) Double pole or independent pole
well. Proper clearances for a well will scaffold. A scaffold supported from the
give the person who must climb the base by a double row of uprights, inde-
ladder the same protection as a cage. pendent of support from the walls and
(13) Ladder safety device. A ladder constructed of uprights, ledgers, hori-
safety device is any device, other than zontal platform bearers, and diagonal
a cage or well, designed to eliminate or bracing.
reduce the possibility of accidental (9) Float or ship scaffold. A scaffold
falls and which may incorporate such hung from overhead supports by means
features as life belts, friction brakes, of ropes and consisting of a substantial
and sliding attachments. platform having diagonal bracing un-
(14) Grab bars. Grab bars are indi- derneath, resting upon and securely
vidual handholds placed adjacent to or fastened to two parallel plank bearers
as an extension above ladders for the at right angles to the span.
purpose of providing access beyond the
(10) Guardrail. A rail secured to
limits of the ladder.
uprights and erected along the exposed
(15) Through ladder. A through ladder
sides and ends of platforms.
is one from which a man getting off at
(11) Heavy duty scaffold. A scaffold de-
the top must step through the ladder in
signed and constructed to carry a
order to reach the landing.
working load not to exceed 75 pounds
(16) Side-step ladder. A side-step lad-
per square foot.
der is one from which a man getting off
at the top must step sideways from the (12) Horse scaffold. A scaffold for light
ladder in order to reach the landing. or medium duty, composed of horses
(f) As used in § 1910.28, unless the con- supporting a work platform.
text requires otherwise, scaffolding (13) Interior hung scaffold. A scaffold
terms shall have the meaning ascribed suspended from the ceiling or roof
in this paragraph. structure.
(1) Bearer. A horizontal member of a (14) Ladder jack scaffold. A light duty
scaffold upon which the platform rests scaffold supported by brackets at-
and which may be supported by ledg- tached to ladders.
ers. (15) Ledger (stringer). A horizontal
(2) Boatswain’s chair. A seat sup- scaffold member which extends from
ported by slings attached to a sus- post to post and which supports the
pended rope, designed to accommodate putlogs or bearer forming a tie between
one workman in a sitting position. the posts.
(3) Brace. A tie that holds one scaf- (16) Light duty scaffold. A scaffold de-
fold member in a fixed position with signed and constructed to carry a
respect to another member. working load not to exceed 25 pounds
(4) Bricklayers’ square scaffold. A scaf- per square foot.
fold composed of framed wood squares (17) Manually propelled mobile scaffold.
which support a platform limited to A portable rolling scaffold supported
light and medium duty. by casters.
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(18) Masons’ adjustable multiple-point (30) Stone setters’ adjustable multiple-

suspension scaffold. A scaffold having a point suspension scaffold. A swinging-
continuous platform supported by bear- type scaffold having a platform sup-
ers suspended by wire rope from over- ported by hangers suspended at four
head supports, so arranged and oper- points so as to permit the raising or
ated as to permit the raising or low- lowering of the platform to the desired
ering of the platform to desired work- working position by the use of hoisting
ing positions. machines.
(19) Maximum intended load. The total (31) Toeboard. A barrier secured along
of all loads including the working load, the sides and ends of a platform, to
the weight of the scaffold, and such guard against the falling of material.
other loads as may be reasonably an- (32) Tube and coupler scaffold. An as-
ticipated. sembly consisting of tubing which
(20) Medium duty scaffold. A scaffold serves as posts, bearers, braces, ties,
designed and constructed to carry a and runners, a base supporting the
working load not to exceed 50 pounds posts, and special couplers which serve
per square foot. to connect the uprights and to join the
(21) Mid-rail. A rail approximately various members.
midway between the guardrail and (33) Tubular welded frame scaffold. A
platform, used when required, and se- sectional, panel, or frame metal scaf-
cured to the uprights erected along the fold substantially built up of prefab-
exposed sides and ends of platforms. ricated welded sections which consist
(22) Needle beam scaffold. A light duty of posts and horizontal bearer with in-
scaffold consisting of needle beams termediate members. Panels or frames
supporting a platform. shall be braced with diagonal or cross
(23) Outrigger scaffold. A scaffold sup- braces.
ported by outriggers or thrustouts pro- (34) Two-point suspension scaffold
jecting beyond the wall or face of the (swinging scaffold). A scaffold, the plat-
building or structure, the inboard ends form of which is supported by hangers
of which are secured inside of such a (stirrups) at two points, suspended
building or structure. from overhead supports so as to permit
(24) Putlog. A scaffold member upon the raising or lowering of the platform
which the platform rests. to the desired working position by
(25) Roofing bracket. A bracket used in tackle or hoisting machines.
sloped roof construction, having provi- (35) Window jack scaffold. A scaffold,
sions for fastening to the roof or sup- the platform of which is supported by a
ported by ropes fastened over the ridge bracket or jack which projects through
and secured to some suitable object. a window opening.
(26) Runner. The lengthwise hori- (36) Working load. Load imposed by
zontal bracing or bearing members or men, materials, and equipment.
both. (g) As used in § 1910.29, unless the con-
(27) Scaffold. Any temporary elevated text requires otherwise, manually pro-
platform and its supporting structure pelled mobile ladder stand and scaffold
used for supporting workmen or mate- (tower) terms shall have the meaning
rials or both. ascribed in this paragraph.
(28) Single-point adjustable suspension (1) Bearer. A horizontal member of a
scaffold. A manually or power-operated scaffold upon which the platform rests
unit designed for light duty use, sup- and which may be supported by ledg-
ported by a single wire rope from an ers.
overhead support so arranged and oper- (2) Brace. A tie that holds one scaf-
ated as to permit the raising or low- fold member in a fixed position with
ering of the platform to desired work- respect to another member.
ing positions. (3) Climbing ladder. A separate ladder
(29) Single pole scaffold. Platforms with equally spaced rungs usually at-
resting on putlogs or crossbeams, the tached to the scaffold structure for
outside ends of which are supported on climbing and descending.
ledgers secured to a single row of posts (4) Coupler. A device for locking to-
or uprights and the inner ends of which gether the components of a tubular
are supported on or in a wall. metal scaffold which shall be designed
115
and used to safely support the max- (19) Tubular welded sectional folding
imum intended loads. scaffold. A sectional, folding metal
(5) Design working load. The max- scaffold either of ladder frame or inside
imum intended load, being the total of stairway design, substantially built of
all loads including the weight of the prefabricated welded sections, which
men, materials, equipment, and plat- consist of end frames, platform frame,
form. inside inclined stairway frame and
(6) Equivalent. Alternative design or braces, or hinged connected diagonal
features, which will provide an equal and horizontal braces, capable of being
degree or factor of safety. folded into a flat package when the
(7) Guardrail. A barrier secured to scaffold is not in use.
uprights and erected along the exposed (20) Work level. The elevated plat-
sides and ends of platforms to prevent form, used for supporting workmen and
falls of persons. their materials, comprising the nec-
(8) Handrail. A rail connected to a essary vertical, horizontal, and diago-
ladder stand running parallel to the nal braces, guardrails, and ladder for
slope and/or top step. access to the work platform.
(9) Ladder stand. A mobile fixed size
self-supporting ladder consisting of a § 1910.22 General requirements.
wide flat tread ladder in the form of
This section applies to all permanent
stairs. The assembly may include hand-
places of employment, except where
rails.
domestic, mining, or agricultural work
(10) Ledger (stringer). A horizontal
only is performed. Measures for the
scaffold member which extends from
control of toxic materials are consid-
post to post and which supports the
ered to be outside the scope of this sec-
bearer forming a tie between the posts.
tion.
(11) Mobile scaffold (tower). A light,
(a) Housekeeping. (1) All places of em-
medium, or heavy duty scaffold mount-
ployment, passageways, storerooms,
ed on casters or wheels.
and service rooms shall be kept clean
(12) Mobile. ‘‘Manually propelled.’’
and orderly and in a sanitary condi-
(13) Mobile work platform. Generally a
tion.
fixed work level one frame high on
casters or wheels, with bracing diago- (2) The floor of every workroom shall
nally from platform to vertical frame. be maintained in a clean and, so far as
(14) Runner. The lengthwise hori- possible, a dry condition. Where wet
zontal bracing and/or bearing members. processes are used, drainage shall be
(15) Scaffold. Any temporary elevated maintained, and false floors, platforms,
platform and its necessary vertical, di- mats, or other dry standing places
agonal, and horizontal members used should be provided where practicable.
for supporting workmen and materials. (3) To facilitate cleaning, every floor,
(Also known as a scaffold tower.) working place, and passageway shall be
(16) Toeboard. A barrier at platform kept free from protruding nails, splin-
level erected along the exposed sides ters, holes, or loose boards.
and ends of a scaffold platform to pre- (b) Aisles and passageways. (1) Where
vent falls of materials. mechanical handling equipment is
(17) Tube and coupler scaffold. An as- used, sufficient safe clearances shall be
sembly consisting of tubing which allowed for aisles, at loading docks,
serves as posts, bearers, braces, ties, through doorways and wherever turns
and runners, a base supporting the or passage must be made. Aisles and
posts, and uprights, and serves to join passageways shall be kept clear and in
the various members, usually used in good repairs, with no obstruction
fixed locations. across or in aisles that could create a
(18) Tubular welded frame scaffold. A hazard.
sectional, panel, or frame metal scaf- (2) Permanent aisles and passageways
fold substantially built up of prefab- shall be appropriately marked.
ricated welded sections, which consist (c) Covers and guardrails. Covers and/
of posts and bearers with intermediate or guardrails shall be provided to pro-
connecting members and braced with tect personnel from the hazards of open
diagonal or cross braces. pits, tanks, vats, ditches, etc.
116
(d) Floor loading protection. (1) In positions by removable standard rail-

every building or other structure, or ings.
part thereof, used for mercantile, busi- (ii) A removable railing with
ness, industrial, or storage purposes, toeboard on not more than two sides of
the loads approved by the building offi- the opening and fixed standard railings
cial shall be marked on plates of ap- with toeboards on all other exposed
proved design which shall be supplied sides. The removable railings shall be
and securely affixed by the owner of kept in place when the opening is not
the building, or his duly authorized in use.
agent, in a conspicuous place in each Where operating conditions necessitate
space to which they relate. Such plates the feeding of material into any hatch-
shall not be removed or defaced but, if way or chute opening, protection shall
lost, removed, or defaced, shall be re- be provided to prevent a person from
placed by the owner or his agent. falling through the opening.
(2) It shall be unlawful to place, or (4) Every skylight floor opening and
cause, or permit to be placed, on any hole shall be guarded by a standard
floor or roof of a building or other skylight screen or a fixed standard
structure a load greater than that for railing on all exposed sides.
which such floor or roof is approved by (5) Every pit and trapdoor floor open-
the building official. ing, infrequently used, shall be guarded
by a floor opening cover of standard
§ 1910.23 Guarding floor and wall strength and construction. While the
openings and holes. cover is not in place, the pit or trap
(a) Protection for floor openings. (1) opening shall be constantly attended
Every stairway floor opening shall be by someone or shall be protected on all
guarded by a standard railing con- exposed sides by removable standard
structed in accordance with paragraph railings.
(e) of this section. The railing shall be (6) Every manhole floor opening shall
provided on all exposed sides (except at be guarded by a standard manhole
entrance to stairway). For infrequently cover which need not be hinged in
used stairways where traffic across the place. While the cover is not in place,
opening prevents the use of fixed stand- the manhole opening shall be con-
ard railing (as when located in aisle stantly attended by someone or shall
be protected by removable standard
spaces, etc.), the guard shall consist of
railings.
a hinged floor opening cover of stand-
(7) Every temporary floor opening
ard strength and construction and re-
shall have standard railings, or shall be
movable standard railings on all ex-
constantly attended by someone.
posed sides (except at entrance to
(8) Every floor hole into which per-
stairway).
sons can accidentally walk shall be
(2) Every ladderway floor opening or guarded by either:
platform shall be guarded by a stand- (i) A standard railing with standard
ard railing with standard toeboard on toeboard on all exposed sides, or
all exposed sides (except at entrance to (ii) A floor hole cover of standard
opening), with the passage through the strength and construction. While the
railing either provided with a swinging cover is not in place, the floor hole
gate or so offset that a person cannot shall be constantly attended by some-
walk directly into the opening. one or shall be protected by a remov-
(3) Every hatchway and chute floor able standard railing.
opening shall be guarded by one of the (9) Every floor hole into which per-
following: sons cannot accidentally walk (on ac-
(i) Hinged floor opening cover of count of fixed machinery, equipment,
standard strength and construction or walls) shall be protected by a cover
equipped with standard railings or per- that leaves no openings more than 1
manently attached thereto so as to inch wide. The cover shall be securely
leave only one exposed side. When the held in place to prevent tools or mate-
opening is not in use, the cover shall be rials from falling through.
closed or the exposed side shall be (10) Where doors or gates open di-
guarded at both top and intermediate rectly on a stairway, a platform shall
117
be provided, and the swing of the door sided floor or platform 4 feet or more
shall not reduce the effective width to above adjacent floor or ground level
less than 20 inches. shall be guarded by a standard railing
(b) Protection for wall openings and (or the equivalent as specified in para-
holes. (1) Every wall opening from graph (e)(3) of this section) on all open
which there is a drop of more than 4 sides except where there is entrance to
feet shall be guarded by one of the fol- a ramp, stairway, or fixed ladder. The
lowing: railing shall be provided with a
(i) Rail, roller, picket fence, half toeboard wherever, beneath the open
door, or equivalent barrier. Where sides,
there is exposure below to falling ma- (i) Persons can pass,
terials, a removable toe board or the (ii) There is moving machinery, or
equivalent shall also be provided. When (iii) There is equipment with which
the opening is not in use for handling falling materials could create a hazard.
materials, the guard shall be kept in (2) Every runway shall be guarded by
position regardless of a door on the a standard railing (or the equivalent as
opening. In addition, a grab handle specified in paragraph (e)(3) of this sec-
shall be provided on each side of the tion) on all open sides 4 feet or more
opening with its center approximately above floor or ground level. Wherever
4 feet above floor level and of standard tools, machine parts, or materials are
strength and mounting. likely to be used on the runway, a
(ii) Extension platform onto which toeboard shall also be provided on each
materials can be hoisted for handling, exposed side.
and which shall have side rails or Runways used exclusively for special
equivalent guards of standard speci- purposes (such as oiling, shafting, or
fications. filling tank cars) may have the railing
(2) Every chute wall opening from on one side omitted where operating
which there is a drop of more than 4 conditions necessitate such omission,
feet shall be guarded by one or more of providing the falling hazard is mini-
the barriers specified in paragraph mized by using a runway of not less
(b)(1) of this section or as required by than 18 inches wide. Where persons en-
the conditions. tering upon runways become thereby
(3) Every window wall opening at a exposed to machinery, electrical equip-
stairway landing, floor, platform, or ment, or other danger not a falling haz-
balcony, from which there is a drop of ard, additional guarding than is here
more than 4 feet, and where the bottom specified may be essential for protec-
of the opening is less than 3 feet above tion.
the platform or landing, shall be guard- (3) Regardless of height, open-sided
ed by standard slats, standard grill floors, walkways, platforms, or run-
work (as specified in paragraph (e)(11) ways above or adjacent to dangerous
of this section), or standard railing. equipment, pickling or galvanizing
Where the window opening is below the tanks, degreasing units, and similar
landing, or platform, a standard toe hazards shall be guarded with a stand-
board shall be provided. ard railing and toe board.
(4) Every temporary wall opening (d) Stairway railings and guards. (1)
shall have adequate guards but these Every flight of stairs having four or
need not be of standard construction. more risers shall be equipped with
(5) Where there is a hazard of mate- standard stair railings or standard
rials falling through a wall hole, and handrails as specified in paragraphs
the lower edge of the near side of the (d)(1) (i) through (v) of this section, the
hole is less than 4 inches above the width of the stair to be measured clear
floor, and the far side of the hole more of all obstructions except handrails:
than 5 feet above the next lower level, (i) On stairways less than 44 inches
the hole shall be protected by a stand- wide having both sides enclosed, at
ard toeboard, or an enclosing screen ei- least one handrail, preferably on the
ther of solid construction, or as speci- right side descending.
fied in paragraph (e)(11) of this section. (ii) On stairways less than 44 inches
(c) Protection of open-sided floors, plat- wide having one side open, at least one
forms, and runways. (1) Every open- stair railing on open side.
118
(iii) On stairways less than 44 inches lent bending strength with posts
wide having both sides open, one stair spaced not more than 8 feet on centers.
railing on each side. (iv) The anchoring of posts and fram-
(iv) On stairways more than 44 inches ing of members for railings of all types
wide but less than 88 inches wide, one shall be of such construction that the
handrail on each enclosed side and one completed structure shall be capable of
stair railing on each open side. withstanding a load of at least 200
(v) On stairways 88 or more inches pounds applied in any direction at any
wide, one handrail on each enclosed point on the top rail.
side, one stair railing on each open (v) Other types, sizes, and arrange-
side, and one intermediate stair railing ments of railing construction are ac-
located approximately midway of the ceptable provided they meet the fol-
width. lowing conditions:
(2) Winding stairs shall be equipped (a) A smooth-surfaced top rail at a
with a handrail offset to prevent walk- height above floor, platform, runway,
ing on all portions of the treads having or ramp level of 42 inches nominal;
width less than 6 inches. (b) A strength to withstand at least
(e) Railing, toe boards, and cover speci- the minimum requirement of 200
fications. (1) A standard railing shall pounds top rail pressure;
consist of top rail, intermediate rail, (c) Protection between top rail and
and posts, and shall have a vertical floor, platform, runway, ramp, or stair
height of 42 inches nominal from upper treads, equivalent at least to that af-
surface of top rail to floor, platform, forded by a standard intermediate rail;
runway, or ramp level. The top rail (4) A standard toeboard shall be 4
shall be smooth-surfaced throughout inches nominal in vertical height from
the length of the railing. The inter- its top edge to the level of the floor,
mediate rail shall be approximately platform, runway, or ramp. It shall be
halfway between the top rail and the securely fastened in place and with not
floor, platform, runway, or ramp. The more than 1⁄4-inch clearance above
ends of the rails shall not overhang the floor level. It may be made of any sub-
terminal posts except where such over- stantial material either solid or with
hang does not constitute a projection openings not over 1 inch in greatest di-
hazard. mension.
(2) A stair railing shall be of con- Where material is piled to such height
struction similar to a standard railing that a standard toeboard does not pro-
but the vertical height shall be not vide protection, paneling from floor to
more than 34 inches nor less than 30 intermediate rail, or to top rail shall
inches from upper surface of top rail to be provided.
surface of tread in line with face of (5)(i) A handrail shall consist of a
riser at forward edge of tread. lengthwise member mounted directly
(3) [Reserved] on a wall or partition by means of
(i) For wood railings, the posts shall brackets attached to the lower side of
be of at least 2-inch by 4-inch stock the handrail so as to offer no obstruc-
spaced not to exceed 6 feet; the top and tion to a smooth surface along the top
intermediate rails shall be of at least 2- and both sides of the handrail. The
inch by 4-inch stock. If top rail is made handrail shall be of rounded or other
of two right-angle pieces of 1-inch by 4- section that will furnish an adequate
inch stock, posts may be spaced on 8- handhold for anyone grasping it to
foot centers, with 2-inch by 4-inch in- avoid falling. The ends of the handrail
termediate rail. should be turned in to the supporting
(ii) For pipe railings, posts and top wall or otherwise arranged so as not to
and intermediate railings shall be at constitute a projection hazard.
least 11⁄2 inches nominal diameter with (ii) The height of handrails shall be
posts spaced not more than 8 feet on not more than 34 inches nor less than
centers. 30 inches from upper surface of hand-
(iii) For structural steel railings, rail to surface of tread in line with face
posts and top and intermediate rails of riser or to surface of ramp.
shall be of 2-inch by 2-inch by 3⁄8-inch (iii) The size of handrails shall be:
angles or other metal shapes of equiva- When of hardwood, at least 2 inches in
119
diameter; when of metal pipe, at least load of at least 200 pounds applied in
11⁄2 inches in diameter. The length of any direction (except upward) at any
brackets shall be such as will give a point on the top rail or corresponding
clearance between handrail and wall or member.
any projection thereon of at least 3 (10) Wall opening grab handles shall
inches. The spacing of brackets shall be not less than 12 inches in length and
not exceed 8 feet. shall be so mounted as to give 3 inches
(iv) The mounting of handrails shall clearance from the side framing of the
be such that the completed structure is wall opening. The size, material, and
capable of withstanding a load of at anchoring of the grab handle shall be
least 200 pounds applied in any direc- such that the completed structure is
tion at any point on the rail. capable of withstanding a load of at
(6) All handrails and railings shall be least 200 pounds applied in any direc-
provided with a clearance of not less tion at any point of the handle.
than 3 inches between the handrail or (11) Wall opening screens shall be of
railing and any other object. such construction and mounting that
(7) Floor opening covers may be of they are capable of withstanding a load
any material that meets the following of at least 200 pounds applied hori-
strength requirements: zontally at any point on the near side
(i) Trench or conduit covers and their of the screen. They may be of solid con-
supports, when located in plant road- struction, of grillwork with openings
ways, shall be designed to carry a not more than 8 inches long, or of
truck rear-axle load of at least 20,000 slatwork with openings not more than
pounds. 4 inches wide with length unrestricted.
(ii) Manhole covers and their sup- [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43
ports, when located in plant roadways, FR 49744, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10,
shall comply with local standard high- 1984]
way requirements if any; otherwise,
they shall be designed to carry a truck § 1910.24 Fixed industrial stairs.
rear-axle load of at least 20,000 pounds. (a) Application of requirements. This
(iii) The construction of floor open- section contains specifications for the
ing covers may be of any material that safe design and construction of fixed
meets the strength requirements. Cov- general industrial stairs. This classi-
ers projecting not more than 1 inch fication includes interior and exterior
above the floor level may be used pro- stairs around machinery, tanks, and
viding all edges are chamfered to an other equipment, and stairs leading to
angle with the horizontal of not over 30 or from floors, platforms, or pits. This
degrees. All hinges, handles, bolts, or section does not apply to stairs used
other parts shall set flush with the for fire exit purposes, to construction
floor or cover surface. operations to private residences, or to
(8) Skylight screens shall be of such articulated stairs, such as may be in-
construction and mounting that they stalled on floating roof tanks or on
are capable of withstanding a load of at dock facilities, the angle of which
least 200 pounds applied perpendicu- changes with the rise and fall of the
larly at any one area on the screen. base support.
They shall also be of such construction (b) Where fixed stairs are required.
and mounting that under ordinary Fixed stairs shall be provided for ac-
loads or impacts, they will not deflect cess from one structure level to an-
downward sufficiently to break the other where operations necessitate reg-
glass below them. The construction ular travel between levels, and for ac-
shall be of grillwork with openings not cess to operating platforms at any
more than 4 inches long or of slatwork equipment which requires attention
with openings not more than 2 inches routinely during operations. Fixed
wide with length unrestricted. stairs shall also be provided where ac-
(9) Wall opening barriers (rails, roll- cess to elevations is daily or at each
ers, picket fences, and half doors) shall shift for such purposes as gauging, in-
be of such construction and mounting spection, regular maintenance, etc.,
that, when in place at the opening, the where such work may expose employ-
barrier is capable of withstanding a ees to acids, caustics, gases, or other
120
harmful substances, or for which pur- ceptable providing the leading edge can
poses the carrying of tools or equip- be readily identified by personnel de-
ment by hand is normally required. (It scending the stairway and provided the
is not the intent of this section to pre- tread is serrated or is of definite non-
clude the use of fixed ladders for access slip design. Rise height and tread width
to elevated tanks, towers, and similar shall be uniform throughout any flight
structures, overhead traveling cranes, of stairs including any foundation
etc., where the use of fixed ladders is structure used as one or more treads of
common practice.) Spiral stairways the stairs.
shall not be permitted except for spe- (g) Stairway platforms. Stairway plat-
cial limited usage and secondary access forms shall be no less than the width of
situations where it is not practical to a stairway and a minimum of 30 inches
provide a conventional stairway. Wind- in length measured in the direction of
ing stairways may be installed on travel.
tanks and similar round structures (h) Railings and handrails. Standard
where the diameter of the structure is railings shall be provided on the open
not less than five (5) feet. sides of all exposed stairways and stair
(c) Stair strength. Fixed stairways platforms. Handrails shall be provided
shall be designed and constructed to on at least one side of closed stairways
carry a load of five times the normal preferably on the right side descending.
live load anticipated but never of less Stair railings and handrails shall be in-
strength than to carry safely a moving stalled in accordance with the provi-
concentrated load of 1,000 pounds. sions of § 1910.23.
(d) Stair width. Fixed stairways shall (i) Vertical clearance. Vertical clear-
have a minimum width of 22 inches. ance above any stair tread to an over-
(e) Angle of stairway rise. Fixed stairs head obstruction shall be at least 7 feet
shall be installed at angles to the hori- measured from the leading edge of the
zontal of between 30° and 50°. Any uni- tread.
form combination of rise/tread dimen-
sions may be used that will result in a [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43
stairway at an angle to the horizontal FR 49744, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10,
1984]
within the permissible range. Table D–
1 gives rise/tread dimensions which will § 1910.25 Portable wood ladders.
produce a stairway within the permis-
sible range, stating the angle to the (a) Application of requirements. This
horizontal produced by each combina- section is intended to prescribe rules
tion. However, the rise/tread combina- and establish minimum requirements
tions are not limited to those given in for the construction, care, and use of
Table D–1. the common types of portable wood
ladders, in order to insure safety under
TABLE D–1 normal conditions of usage. Other
types of special ladders, fruitpicker’s
Tread
Rise (in ladders, combination step and exten-
Angle to horizontal run (in
inches) inches) sion ladders, stockroom step ladders,
30°35′ .................................................... 61⁄2 11 aisle-way step ladders, shelf ladders,
32°08′ .................................................... 63⁄4 103⁄4 and library ladders are not specifically
33°41′ .................................................... 7 101⁄2 covered by this section.
35°16′ .................................................... 71⁄4 101⁄4
36°52′ .................................................... 71⁄2 10 (b) Materials—(1) Requirements appli-
38°29′ .................................................... 73⁄4 93⁄4 cable to all wood parts. (i) All wood
40°08′ .................................................... 8 91⁄2 parts shall be free from sharp edges and
41°44′ .................................................... 81⁄4 91⁄4
43°22′ .................................................... 81⁄2 9 splinters; sound and free from accepted
45°00′ .................................................... 83⁄4 83⁄4 visual inspection from shake, wane,
46°38′ .................................................... 9 8 ⁄2
1
compression failures, decay, or other
48°16′ .................................................... 91⁄4 81⁄4
49°54′ .................................................... 91⁄2 8 irregularities. Low density wood shall
not be used.
(f) Stair treads. All treads shall be rea- (ii) [Reserved]
sonably slip-resistant and the nosings (2) [Reserved]
shall be of nonslip finish. Welded bar (c) Construction requirements.
grating treads without nosings are ac- (1) [Reserved]
121
(2) Portable stepladders. Stepladders tle ladders longer than 20 feet shall not
longer than 20 feet shall not be sup- be supplied.
plied. Stepladders as hereinafter speci- (b) [Reserved]
fied shall be of three types: (4) Special-purpose ladders.
Type I—Industrial stepladder, 3 to 20 feet for
(i) [Reserved]
heavy duty, such as utilities, contractors, (ii) Painter’s stepladder. (a) Painter’s
and industrial use. stepladders longer than 12 feet shall
Type II—Commercial stepladder, 3 to 12 feet not be supplied.
for medium duty, such as painters, offices, (b) [Reserved]
and light industrial use. (iii) Mason’s ladder. A mason’s ladder
Type III—Household stepladder, 3 to 6 feet is a special type of single ladder in-
for light duty, such as light household use. tended for use in heavy construction
(i) General requirements. work.
(a) [Reserved] (a) Mason’s ladders longer than 40
(b) A uniform step spacing shall be feet shall not be supplied.
employed which shall be not more than (b) [Reserved]
12 inches. Steps shall be parallel and (5) Trolley and side-rolling ladders—(i)
level when the ladder is in position for Length. Trolley ladders and side-rolling
use. ladders longer than 20 feet should not
(c) The minimum width between side be supplied.
rails at the top, inside to inside, shall (ii) [Reserved]
be not less than 111⁄2 inches. From top (d) Care and use of ladders—(1) Care.
to bottom, the side rails shall spread at To insure safety and serviceability the
least 1 inch for each foot of length of following precautions on the care of
stepladder. ladders shall be observed:
(d)–(e) [Reserved] (i) Ladders shall be maintained in
(f) A metal spreader or locking device good condition at all times, the joint
of sufficient size and strength to se- between the steps and side rails shall
curely hold the front and back sections be tight, all hardware and fittings se-
in open positions shall be a component curely attached, and the movable parts
of each stepladder. The spreader shall shall operate freely without binding or
have all sharp points covered or re- undue play.
moved to protect the user. For Type III (ii) Metal bearings of locks, wheels,
ladder, the pail shelf and spreader may pulleys, etc., shall be frequently lubri-
be combined in one unit (the so-called cated.
shelf-lock ladder). (iii) Frayed or badly worn rope shall
(3) Portable rung ladders. be replaced.
(i) [Reserved] (iv) Safety feet and other auxiliary
(ii) Single ladder. (a) Single ladders equipment shall be kept in good condi-
longer than 30 feet shall not be sup- tion to insure proper performance.
plied. (v)–(ix) [Reserved]
(b) [Reserved] (x) Ladders shall be inspected fre-
(iii) Two-section ladder. (a) Two-sec- quently and those which have devel-
tion extension ladders longer than 60 oped defects shall be withdrawn from
feet shall not be supplied. All ladders of service for repair or destruction and
this type shall consist of two sections, tagged or marked as ‘‘Dangerous, Do
one to fit within the side rails of the Not Use.’’
other, and arranged in such a manner (xi) Rungs should be kept free of
that the upper section can be raised grease and oil.
and lowered. (2) Use. The following safety pre-
(b) [Reserved] cautions shall be observed in connec-
(iv) Sectional ladder. (a) Assembled tion with the use of ladders:
combinations of sectional ladders (i) Portable rung and cleat ladders
longer than lengths specified in this shall, where possible, be used at such a
subdivision shall not be used. pitch that the horizontal distance from
(b) [Reserved] the top support to the foot of the lad-
(v) Trestle and extension trestle ladder. der is one-quarter of the working
(a) Trestle ladders, or extension sec- length of the ladder (the length along
tions or base sections of extension tres- the ladder between the foot and the top
122
support). The ladder shall be so placed the point of support, at eave, gutter, or
as to prevent slipping, or it shall be roofline;
lashed, or held in position. Ladders (xvi) [Reserved]
shall not be used in a horizontal posi- (xvii) Middle and top sections of sec-
tion as platforms, runways, or scaf- tional or window cleaner’s ladders
folds; should not be used for bottom section
(ii) Ladders for which dimensions are unless the user equips them with safety
specified should not be used by more shoes;
than one man at a time nor with ladder (xviii) [Reserved]
jacks and scaffold planks where use by (xix) The user should equip all port-
more than one man is anticipated. In able rung ladders with nonslip bases
such cases, specially designed ladders when there is a hazard of slipping. Non-
with larger dimensions of the parts slip bases are not intended as a sub-
should be procured; stitute for care in safely placing, lash-
(iii) Portable ladders shall be so ing, or holding a ladder that is being
placed that the side rails have a secure used upon oily, metal, concrete, or slip-
footing. The top rest for portable rung pery surfaces;
and cleat ladders shall be reasonably (xx) The bracing on the back legs of
rigid and shall have ample strength to step ladders is designed solely for in-
support the applied load; creasing stability and not for climbing.
(iv) Ladders shall not be placed in
front of doors opening toward the lad- [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43
der unless the door is blocked upon, FR 49744, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10,
1984]
locked, or guarded;
(v) Ladders shall not be placed on § 1910.26 Portable metal ladders.
boxes, barrels, or other unstable bases
to obtain additional height; (a) Requirements—(1) General. Specific
(vi)–(vii) [Reserved] design and construction requirements
(viii) Ladders with broken or missing are not part of this section because of
steps, rungs, or cleats, broken side the wide variety of metals and design
rails, or other faulty equipment shall possibilities. However, the design shall
not be used; improvised repairs shall be such as to produce a ladder without
not be made; structural defects or accident hazards
(ix) Short ladders shall not be spliced such as sharp edges, burrs, etc. The
together to provide long sections; metal selected shall be of sufficient
(x) Ladders made by fastening cleats strength to meet the test require-
across a single rail shall not be used; ments, and shall be protected against
(xi) Ladders shall not be used as corrosion unless inherently corrosion-
guys, braces, or skids, or for other than resistant.
their intended purposes; (i)–(ii) [Reserved]
(xii) Tops of the ordinary types of (iii) The spacing of rungs or steps
stepladders shall not be used as steps; shall be on 12-inch centers.
(xiii) On two-section extension lad- (iv) [Reserved]
ders the minimum overlap for the two (v) Rungs and steps shall be cor-
sections in use shall be as follows: rugated, knurled, dimpled, coated with
skid-resistant material, or otherwise
Overlap
Size of ladder (feet) treated to minimize the possibility of
(feet)
slipping.
Up to and including 36 ........................................ 3
Over 36 up to and including 48 ........................... 4
(2) General specifications—straight and
Over 48 up to and including 60 ........................... 5 extension ladders. (i) The minimum
width between side rails of a straight
(xiv) Portable rung ladders with rein- ladder or any section of an extension
forced rails (see paragraphs (c)(3) (ii)(c) ladder shall be 12 inches.
and (iii)(d) this section) shall be used (ii) The length of single ladders or in-
only with the metal reinforcement on dividual sections of ladders shall not
the under side; exceed 30 feet. Two-section ladders
(xv) No ladder should be used to gain shall not exceed 48 feet in length and
access to a roof unless the top of the over two-section ladders shall not ex-
ladder shall extend at least 3 feet above ceed 60 feet in length.
123
(iii) Based on the nominal length of The following rules and regulations
the ladder, each section of a multisec- are essential to the life of the equip-
tion ladder shall overlap the adjacent ment and the safety of the user.
section by at least the number of feet (2) Care of ladders.
stated in the following: (i)–(iii) [Reserved]
Overlap (iv) Ladders must be maintained in
Normal length of ladder (feet) (feet) good usable condition at all times.
Up to and including 36 ........................................ 3
(v) [Reserved]
Over 36, up to and including 48 .......................... 4 (vi) If a ladder is involved in any of
Over 48, up to 60 ................................................ 5 the following, immediate inspection is
necessary:
(iv) Extension ladders shall be (a) If ladders tip over, inspect ladder
equipped with positive stops which will for side rails dents or bends, or exces-
insure the overlap specified in the sively dented rungs; check all rung-to-
table above.
side-rail connections; check hardware
(3) General specifications—step ladders.
connections; check rivets for shear.
(i)–(ii) [Reserved]
(b)–(c) [Reserved]
(iii) The length of a stepladder is
(d) If ladders are exposed to oil and
measured by the length of the front
rail. To be classified as a standard grease, equipment should be cleaned of
length ladder, the measured length oil, grease, or slippery materials. This
shall be within plus or minus one-half can easily be done with a solvent or
inch of the specified length. Step- steam cleaning.
ladders shall not exceed 20 feet in (vii) Ladders having defects are to be
length. marked and taken out of service until
(iv)–(vi) [Reserved] repaired by either maintenance depart-
(vii) The bottoms of the four rails are ment or the manufacturer.
to be supplied with insulating nonslip (3) Use of ladders. (i). A simple rule
material for the safety of the user. for setting up a ladder at the proper
(viii) A metal spreader or locking de- angle is to place the base a distance
vice of sufficient size and strength to from the vertical wall equal to one-
securely hold the front and back sec- fourth the working length of the lad-
tions in the open position shall be a der.
component of each stepladder. The (ii) Portable ladders are designed as a
spreader shall have all sharp points or one-man working ladder based on a 200-
edges covered or removed to protect pound load.
the user. (iii) The ladder base section must be
(4) General specifications—trestles and placed with a secure footing.
extension trestle ladders. (i) Trestle lad-
(iv) The top of the ladder must be
ders or extension sections or base sec-
placed with the two rails supported,
tions of extension trestle ladders shall
be not more than 20 feet in length. unless equipped with a single support
(ii) [Reserved] attachment.
(5) General specifications—platform lad- (v) When ascending or descending,
ders. (i) The length of a platform ladder the climber must face the ladder.
shall not exceed 20 feet. The length of (vi) Ladders must not be tied or fas-
a platform ladder shall be measured tened together to provide longer sec-
along the front rail from the floor to tions. They must be equipped with the
the platform. hardware fittings necessary if the man-
(ii) [Reserved] ufacturer endorses extended uses.
(b) [Reserved] (vii) Ladders should not be used as a
(c) Care and maintenance of ladders— brace, skid, guy or gin pole, gangway,
(1) General. To get maximum service- or for other uses than that for which
ability, safety, and to eliminate unnec- they were intended, unless specifically
essary damage of equipment, good safe recommended for use by the manufac-
practices in the use and care of ladder turer.
equipment must be employed by the
users.
124
(viii) See § 1910.333(c) for work prac- (v) The rungs of an individual-rung
tices to be used when work is per- ladder shall be so designed that the
formed on or near electric circuits. foot cannot slide off the end. A sug-
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43
gested design is shown in figure D–1.
FR 49745, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10,
1984; 55 FR 32014, Aug. 6, 1990]
§ 1910.27 Fixed ladders.

(a) Design requirements—(1) Design
considerations. All ladders, appur-
tenances, and fastenings shall be de-
signed to meet the following load re-
quirements:
(i) The minimum design live load
shall be a single concentrated load of
200 pounds.
(ii) The number and position of addi-
tional concentrated live-load units of
200 pounds each as determined from an-
ticipated usage of the ladder shall be
considered in the design.
(iii) The live loads imposed by per-
sons occupying the ladder shall be con- FIGURE D–1—SUGGESTED DESIGN FOR RUNGS
sidered to be concentrated at such ON INDIVIDUAL-RUNG LADDERS.
points as will cause the maximum (2) Side rails. Side rails which might
stress in the structural member being be used as a climbing aid shall be of
considered. such cross sections as to afford ade-
(iv) The weight of the ladder and at- quate gripping surface without sharp
tached appurtenances together with edges, splinters, or burrs.
the live load shall be considered in the (3) Fastenings. Fastenings shall be an
design of rails and fastenings. integral part of fixed ladder design.
(2) Design stresses. Design stresses for (4) Splices. All splices made by what-
wood components of ladders shall not ever means shall meet design require-
exceed those specified in § 1910.25. All ments as noted in paragraph (a) of this
wood parts of fixed ladders shall meet section. All splices and connections
the requirements of § 1910.25(b). shall have smooth transition with
For fixed ladders consisting of wood original members and with no sharp or
side rails and wood rungs or cleats, extensive projections.
used at a pitch in the range 75 degrees (5) Electrolytic action. Adequate means
to 90 degrees, and intended for use by shall be employed to protect dissimilar
no more than one person per section, metals from electrolytic action when
single ladders as described in such metals are joined.
§ 1910.25(c)(3)(ii) are acceptable. (6) Welding. All welding shall be in
(b) Specific features—(1) Rungs and accordance with the ‘‘Code for Welding
cleats. (i) All rungs shall have a min- in Building Construction’’ (AWSD1.0–
imum diameter of three-fourths inch 1966).
for metal ladders, except as covered in (7) Protection from deterioration. (i)
paragraph (b)(7)(i) of this section and a Metal ladders and appurtenances shall
minimum diameter of 11⁄8 inches for be painted or otherwise treated to re-
wood ladders. sist corrosion and rusting when loca-
(ii) The distance between rungs, tion demands. Ladders formed by indi-
cleats, and steps shall not exceed 12 vidual metal rungs imbedded in con-
inches and shall be uniform throughout crete, which serve as access to pits and
the length of the ladder. to other areas under floors, are fre-
(iii) The minimum clear length of quently located in an atmosphere that
rungs or cleats shall be 16 inches. causes corrosion and rusting. To in-
(iv) Rungs, cleats, and steps shall be crease rung life in such atmosphere, in-
free of splinters, sharp edges, burrs, or dividual metal rungs shall have a min-
projections which may be a hazard. imum diameter of 1 inch or shall be
125
EC27OC91.001
painted or otherwise treated to resist space, except when cages or wells are
corrosion and rusting. necessary.
(ii) Wood ladders, when used under (3) Ladders with cages or baskets. Lad-
conditions where decay may occur, ders equipped with cage or basket are
shall be treated with a nonirritating excepted from the provisions of sub-
preservative, and the details shall be paragraphs (1) and (2) of this para-
such as to prevent or minimize the ac- graph, but shall conform to the provi-
cumulation of water on wood parts. sions of paragraph (d)(1)(v) of this sec-
(iii) When different types of mate- tion. Fixed ladders in smooth-walled
rials are used in the construction of a wells are excepted from the provisions
ladder, the materials used shall be so of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph,
treated as to have no deleterious effect but shall conform to the provisions of
one upon the other. paragraph (d)(1)(vi) of this section.
(4) Clearance in back of ladder. The
distance from the centerline of rungs,
cleats, or steps to the nearest perma-
nent object in back of the ladder shall
be not less than 7 inches, except that
when unavoidable obstructions are en-
countered, minimum clearances as
shown in figure D–3 shall be provided.
MINIMUM LADDER CLEARANCES
FIGURE D–2—RAIL LADDER WITH BAR STEEL

RAILS AND ROUND STEEL RUNGS
(c) Clearance—(1) Climbing side. On
fixed ladders, the perpendicular dis-
tance from the centerline of the rungs
to the nearest permanent object on the FIGURE D–3—CLEARANCE FOR UNAVOIDABLE
climbing side of the ladder shall be 36 OBSTRUCTION AT REAR OF FIXED LADDER
inches for a pitch of 76 degrees, and 30 (5) Clearance in back of grab bar. The
inches for a pitch of 90 degrees (fig. D– distance from the centerline of the
2 of this section), with minimum clear- grab bar to the nearest permanent ob-
ances for intermediate pitches varying ject in back of the grab bars shall be
between these two limits in proportion not less than 4 inches. Grab bars shall
to the slope, except as provided in sub- not protrude on the climbing side be-
paragraphs (3) and (5) of this para- yond the rungs of the ladder which
graph. they serve.
(2) Ladders without cages or wells. A (6) Step-across distance. The step-
clear width of at least 15 inches shall across distance from the nearest edge
be provided each way from the center- of ladder to the nearest edge of equip-
line of the ladder in the climbing ment or structure shall be not more
EC27OC91.003
126
EC27OC91.002
than 12 inches, or less than 21⁄2 inches

(fig. D–4).
FIGURE D–5—DEFLECTOR PLATES FOR HEAD

HAZARDS
FIGURE D–4—LADDER FAR FROM WALL

(7) Hatch cover. Counterweighted
hatch covers shall open a minimum of
60 degrees from the horizontal. The dis-
tance from the centerline of rungs or FIGURE D–6—RELATIONSHIP OF FIXED LADDER
cleats to the edge of the hatch opening TO A SAFE ACCESS HATCH
on the climbing side shall be not less (iii) Cages shall extend a minimum of
than 24 inches for offset wells or 30 42 inches above the top of landing, un-
inches for straight wells. There shall be less other acceptable protection is pro-
not protruding potential hazards with- vided.
in 24 inches of the centerline of rungs (iv) Cages shall extend down the lad-
or cleats; any such hazards within 30 der to a point not less than 7 feet nor
inches of the centerline of the rungs or more than 8 feet above the base of the
cleats shall be fitted with deflector ladder, with bottom flared not less
plates placed at an angle of 60 degrees than 4 inches, or portion of cage oppo-
from the horizontal as indicated in fig- site ladder shall be carried to the base.
ure D–5. The relationship of a fixed lad- (v) Cages shall not extend less than
der to an acceptable counterweighted 27 nor more than 28 inches from the
hatch cover is illustrated in figure D–6. centerline of the rungs of the ladder.
(d) Special requirements—(1) Cages or Cage shall not be less than 27 inches in
wells. (i) Cages or wells (except on width. The inside shall be clear of pro-
chimney ladders) shall be built, as jections. Vertical bars shall be located
shown on the applicable drawings, cov- at a maximum spacing of 40 degrees
ered in detail in figures D–7, D–8, and around the circumference of the cage;
D–9, or of equivalent construction. this will give a maximum spacing of
(ii) Cages or wells (except as provided approximately 91⁄2 inches, center to
in subparagraph (5) of this paragraph) center.
conforming to the dimensions shown in (vi) Ladder wells shall have a clear
EC27OC91.006
figures D–7, D–8, and D–9 shall be pro- width of at least 15 inches measured
vided on ladders of more than 20 feet to each way from the centerline of the
a maximum unbroken length of 30 feet. ladder. Smooth-walled wells shall be a

EC27OC91.005
127
EC27OC91.004
minimum of 27 inches from the center-

line of rungs to the well wall on the
climbing side of the ladder. Where
other obstructions on the climbing side
of the ladder exist, there shall be a
minimum of 30 inches from the center-
line of the rungs.
FIGURE D–7—CAGES FOR LADDERS MORE THAN

20 FEET HIGH
FIGURE D–8—CLEARANCE DIAGRAM FOR FIXED LADDER IN WELL

EC27OC91.008
128
EC27OC91.007
(3) Ladder extensions. The side rails of

through or side-step ladder extensions
shall extend 31⁄2 feet above parapets and
landings. For through ladder exten-
sions, the rungs shall be omitted from
the extension and shall have not less
than 18 nor more than 24 inches clear-
ance between rails. For side-step or off-
set fixed ladder sections, at landings,
the side rails and rungs shall be carried
to the next regular rung beyond or
above the 31⁄2 feet minimum (fig. D–10).
FIGURE D–9—CAGES—SPECIAL APPLICATIONS.

(2) Landing platforms. When ladders
are used to ascend to heights exceeding
20 feet (except on chimneys), landing
platforms shall be provided for each 30
feet of height or fraction thereof, ex-
cept that, where no cage, well, or lad-
der safety device is provided, landing
platforms shall be provided for each 20
feet of height or fraction thereof. Each
ladder section shall be offset from adja-
cent sections. Where installation con-
ditions (even for a short, unbroken
length) require that adjacent sections
be offset, landing platforms shall be
provided at each offset.
(i) Where a man has to step a dis-
tance greater than 12 inches from the
centerline of the rung of a ladder to the
nearest edge of structure or equipment,
a landing platform shall be provided. FIGURE D–10—OFFSET FIXED LADDER
The minimum step-across distance SECTIONS
shall be 21⁄2 inches. (4) Grab bars. Grab bars shall be
(ii) All landing platforms shall be spaced by a continuation of the rung
equipped with standard railings and spacing when they are located in the
toeboards, so arranged as to give safe horizontal position. Vertical grab bars
access to the ladder. Platforms shall be shall have the same spacing as the lad-
not less than 24 inches in width and 30 der side rails. Grab-bar diameters shall
inches in length. be the equivalent of the round-rung di-
(iii) One rung of any section of ladder ameters.
shall be located at the level of the (5) Ladder safety devices. Ladder safe-
landing laterally served by the ladder. ty devices may be used on tower, water
Where access to the landing is through tank, and chimney ladders over 20 feet
the ladder, the same rung spacing as in unbroken length in lieu of cage pro-
used on the ladder shall be used from tection. No landing platform is re-
the landing platform to the first rung quired in these cases. All ladder safety
below the landing. devices such as those that incorporate

EC27OC91.010
129
EC27OC91.009
lifebelts, friction brakes, and sliding § 1910.28 Safety requirements for scaf-
attachments shall meet the design re- folding.
quirements of the ladders which they (a) General requirements for all scaf-
serve. folds. (1) Scaffolds shall be furnished
(e) Pitch—(1) Preferred pitch. The pre- and erected in accordance with this
ferred pitch of fixed ladders shall be standard for persons engaged in work
considered to come in the range of 75 that cannot be done safely from the
degrees and 90 degrees with the hori- ground or from solid construction, ex-
zontal (fig. D–11). cept that ladders used for such work
shall conform to § 1910.25 and § 1910.26.
(2) The footing or anchorage for scaf-
folds shall be sound, rigid, and capable
of carrying the maximum intended
load without settling or displacement.
Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes,
loose brick, or concrete blocks shall
not be used to support scaffolds or
planks.
(3) [Reserved]
(4) Scaffolds and their components
shall be capable of supporting without
failure at least four times the max-
imum intended load.
(5) Scaffolds and other devices men-
tioned or described in this section shall
be maintained in safe condition. Scaf-
folds shall not be altered or moved
horizontally while they are in use or
occupied.
(6) Any scaffold damaged or weak-
ened from any cause shall be imme-
diately repaired and shall not be used
FIGURE D–11—PITCH OF FIXED LADDERS until repairs have been completed.
(2) Substandard pitch. Fixed ladders (7) Scaffolds shall not be loaded in
shall be considered as substandard if excess of the working load for which
they are installed within the sub- they are intended.
standard pitch range of 60 and 75 de- (8) All load-carrying timber members
grees with the horizontal. Substandard of scaffold framing shall be a minimum
fixed ladders are permitted only where of 1,500 f. (Stress Grade) construction
it is found necessary to meet condi- grade lumber. All dimensions are nomi-
tions of installation. This substandard nal sizes as provided in the American
pitch range shall be considered as a Lumber Standards, except that where
critical range to be avoided, if possible. rough sizes are noted, only rough or
(3) Scope of coverage in this section. undressed lumber of the size specified
will satisfy minimum requirements.
This section covers only fixed ladders
(NOTE: Where nominal sizes of lumber
within the pitch range of 60 degrees
are used in place of rough sizes, the
and 90 degrees with the horizontal.
nominal size lumber shall be such as to
(4) Pitch greater than 90 degrees. Lad- provide equivalent strength to that
ders having a pitch in excess of 90 de- specified in tables D–7 through D–12
grees with the horizontal are prohib- and D–16.)
ited. (9) All planking shall be Scaffold
(f) Maintenance. All ladders shall be Grade as recognized by grading rules
maintained in a safe condition. All lad- for the species of wood used. The max-
ders shall be inspected regularly, with imum permissible spans for 2- × 9-inch
the intervals between inspections being or wider planks are shown in the fol-
determined by use and exposure. lowing table:
130
EC27OC91.011
Material involving the use of corrosive sub-

Nominal
stances or chemicals.
Full thickness un- (22) Wire or fiber rope used for scaf-
thickness
dressed lumber lumber fold suspension shall be capable of sup-
porting at least six times the intended
load.
Working load
(p.s.f.) ............... 25 50 75 25 50
(23) When acid solutions are used for
Permissible span cleaning buildings over 50 feet in
(ft.) ................... 10 8 6 8 9 height, wire rope supported scaffolds
shall be used.
The maximum permissible span for (24) The use of shore scaffolds or
11⁄4×9-inch or wider plank of full thick- lean-to scaffolds is prohibited.
ness is 4 feet with medium loading of 50 (25) Lumber sizes, when used in this
p.s.f. section, refer to nominal sizes except
(10) Nails or bolts used in the con- where otherwise stated.
struction of scaffolds shall be of ade- (26) Scaffolds shall be secured to per-
quate size and in sufficient numbers at manent structures, through use of an-
each connection to develop the de- chor bolts, reveal bolts, or other equiv-
signed strength of the scaffold. Nails alent means. Window cleaners’ anchor
shall not be subjected to a straight pull bolts shall not be used.
and shall be driven full length. (27) Special precautions shall be
(11) All planking or platforms shall taken to protect scaffold members, in-
be overlapped (minimum 12 inches) or cluding any wire or fiber ropes, when
secured from movement. using a heat-producing process.
(12) An access ladder or equivalent (b) General requirements for wood pole
safe access shall be provided. scaffolds. (1) Scaffold poles shall bear
(13) Scaffold planks shall extend over on a foundation of sufficient size and
their end supports not less than 6 strength to spread the load from the
inches nor more than 18 inches. poles over a sufficient area to prevent
settlement. All poles shall be set
(14) The poles, legs, or uprights of
plumb.
scaffolds shall be plumb, and securely
(2) Where wood poles are spliced, the
and rigidly braced to prevent swaying
ends shall be squared and the upper
and displacement.
section shall rest squarely on the lower
(15) Materials being hoisted onto a section. Wood splice plates shall be
scaffold shall have a tag line. provided on at least two adjacent sides
(16) Overhead protection shall be pro- and shall not be less than 4 feet 0
vided for men on a scaffold exposed to inches in length, overlapping the abut-
overhead hazards. ted ends equally, and have the same
(17) Scaffolds shall be provided with a width and not less than the cross-sec-
screen between the toeboard and the tional area of the pole. Splice plates of
guardrail, extending along the entire other materials of equivalent strength
opening, consisting of No. 18 gauge U.S. may be used.
Standard Wire one-half-inch mesh or (3) Independent pole scaffolds shall be
the equivalent, where persons are re- set as near to the wall of the building
quired to work or pass under the scaf- as practicable.
folds. (4) All pole scaffolds shall be securely
(18) Employees shall not work on guyed or tied to the building or struc-
scaffolds during storms or high winds. ture. Where the height or length ex-
(19) Employees shall not work on ceeds 25 feet, the scaffold shall be se-
scaffolds which are covered with ice or cured at intervals not greater than 25
snow, unless all ice or snow is removed feet vertically and horizontally.
and planking sanded to prevent slip- (5) Putlogs or bearers shall be set
ping. with their greater dimensions vertical,
(20) Tools, materials, and debris shall long enough to project over the ledgers
not be allowed to accumulate in quan- of the inner and outer rows of poles at
tities to cause a hazard. least 3 inches for proper support.
(21) Only treated or protected fiber (6) Every wooden putlog on single
rope shall be used for or near any work pole scaffolds shall be reinforced with a
131
3⁄16×2-inch steel strip or equivalent se- prevent tipping. The planks that meet
cured to its lower edge throughout its the corner putlog at an angle shall be
entire length. laid first, extending over the diago-
(7) Ledgers shall be long enough to nally placed putlog far enough to have
extend over two pole spaces. Ledgers a good safe bearing, but not far enough
shall not be spliced between the poles. to involve any danger from tipping.
Ledgers shall be reinforced by bearing The planking running in the opposite
blocks securely nailed to the side of direction at right angles shall be laid
the pole to form a support for the ledg- so as to extend over and rest on the
er. first layer of planking.
(8) Diagonal bracing shall be provided (14) When moving platforms to the
to prevent the poles from moving in a next level, the old platform shall be
direction parallel with the wall of the left undisturbed until the new putlogs
building, or from buckling. or bearers have been set in place, ready
(9) Cross bracing shall be provided be- to receive the platform planks.
tween the inner and outer sets of poles
(15) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4
in independent pole scaffolds. The free
inches or the equivalent and not less
ends of pole scaffolds shall be cross
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches
braced.
(10) Full diagonal face bracing shall high, with a mid-rail, when required, of
be erected across the entire face of pole 1 × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and
scaffolds in both directions. The braces toeboards, shall be installed at all open
shall be spliced at the poles. sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet
(11) Platform planks shall be laid above the ground or floor. Toeboards
with their edges close together so the shall be a minimum of 4 inches in
platform will be tight with no spaces height. Wire mesh shall be installed in
through which tools or fragments of accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
material can fall. this section.
(12) Where planking is lapped, each (16) All wood pole scaffolds 60 feet or
plank shall lap its end supports at least less in height shall be constructed and
12 inches. Where the ends of planks erected in accordance with tables D–7
abut each other to form a flush floor, through D–12 of this section. If they are
the butt joint shall be at the centerline over 60 feet in height they shall be de-
of a pole. The abutted ends shall rest signed by a registered professional en-
on separate bearers. Intermediate gineer and constructed and erected in
beams shall be provided where nec- accordance with such design. A copy of
essary to prevent dislodgment of the typical drawings and specifications
planks due to deflection, and the ends shall be made available to the em-
shall be nailed or cleated to prevent ployer and for inspection purposes.
their dislodgment. (17) Wood-pole scaffolds shall not be
(13) When a scaffold turns a corner, erected beyond the reach of effective
the platform planks shall be laid to firefighting apparatus.
TABLE D–7—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE
SCAFFOLDS—LIGHT DUTY
Maximum height of scaffold
20 feet 60 feet
Uniformly distributed load ................................................ Not to exceed 25 pounds per

square foot..
Poles or uprights .............................................................. 2 by 4 in ....................................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ............................................... 6 ft. 0 in ........................................ 10 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width of scaffold .............................................. 5 ft. 0 in ........................................ 5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or putlogs to 3 ft. 0 in. width .............................. 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
Bearers or putlogs to 5 ft. 0 in. width .............................. 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in .................. 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in.(rough).
Ledgers ............................................................................ 1 by 4 in ....................................... 11⁄4 by 9 in.
Planking ........................................................................... 11⁄4 by 9 in. (rough) ...................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal members .......................... 7 ft. 0 in ........................................ 7 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal ..................................... 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins .............................................................................. 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.

Toeboards ........................................................................ 4 in. high (minimum) .................... 4 in. high (minimum).
132
TABLE D–7—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE
SCAFFOLDS—LIGHT DUTY—Continued
20 feet 60 feet
Guardrail .......................................................................... 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.

All members except planking are used on edge.
TABLE D–8—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAX- TABLE D–9—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAX-
IMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE IMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF SINGLE POLE
SCAFFOLDS—MEDIUM DUTY SCAFFOLDS—HEAVY DUTY
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 50 pounds Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 75 pounds
per square foot. per square foot.
Maximum height of scaffold ......... 60 ft. Maximum height of scaffold ......... 60 ft.
Poles or uprights .......................... 4 by 4 in. Poles or uprights .......................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ........... 8 ft. 0 in. Pole spacing (longitudinal) ........... 6 ft. 0 in.
Maximum width of scaffold ........... 5 ft. 0 in. Maximum width of scaffold ........... 5 ft. 0 in.
Bearers or putlogs ........................ 2 by 9 in. or 3 by 4 in. Bearers or putlogs ........................ 2 by 9 in. or 3 by 5 in.
Spacing of bearers or putlogs ...... 8 ft. 0 in. (rough).
Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. Spacing of bearers or putlogs ...... 6 ft. 0 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal 9 ft. 0 in. Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in.
members. Vertical spacing of horizontal 6 ft. 6 in.
Bracing, horizontal ........................ 1 by 6 in. or 11⁄4 by 4 in. members.
Bracing, diagonal .......................... 1 by 4 in. Bracing, horizontal and diagonal .. 2 by 4 in.
Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in. Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in.
Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in. Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in.
Toeboards ..................................... 4 in. high (minimum). Toeboards ..................................... 4 in. high (minimum).
Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in. Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
All members except planking are used on edge. All members except planking are used on edge.
TABLE D–10—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF INDEPENDENT POLE
SCAFFOLDS—LIGHT DUTY
20 feet 60 feet
Uniformly distributed load ................................................ Not to exceed 25 pounds per

square foot..
Poles or uprights .............................................................. 2 by 4 in ....................................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ............................................... 6 ft. 0 in ........................................ 10 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing (transverse) ................................................ 6 ft. 0 in ........................................ 10 ft. 0 in.
Ledgers ............................................................................ 11⁄4 by 4 in ................................... 11⁄4 by 9 in.
Bearers to 3 ft. 0 in. span ................................................ 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
Bearers to 10 ft. 0 in. span .............................................. 2 by 6 in. or 3 by 4 in .................. 2 by 9 (rough) or 3 by 8 in.
Planking ........................................................................... 11⁄4 by 9 in ................................... 2 by 9 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal members .......................... 7 ft. 0 in ........................................ 7 ft. 0 in.
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal ..................................... 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Tie-ins .............................................................................. 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.
Toeboards ........................................................................ 4 in. high ...................................... 4 in. high (minimum).
Guardrail .......................................................................... 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
All members except planking are used on edge.
TABLE D–11—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND TABLE D–11—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND
MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF INDE- MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF INDE-
PENDENT POLE SCAFFOLDS—MEDIUM DUTY PENDENT POLE SCAFFOLDS—MEDIUM DUTY—
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 50 pounds
Continued
per square foot. Bracing, diagonal .......................... 1 by 4 in.
Maximum height of scaffold ......... 60 ft. Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in.
Poles or uprights .......................... 4 by 4 in.
Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ........... 8 ft. 0 in.
Pole spacing (transverse) ............. 8 ft. 0 in. Toeboards ..................................... 4 in. high (minimum).
Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
Vertical spacing of horizontal 6 ft. 0 in. All members except planking are used on edge.
members.
Spacing of bearers ....................... 8 ft. 0 in.
Bearers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. (rough) or 2 by
10 in.
Bracing, horizontal ........................ 1 by 6 in. or 11⁄4 by 4 in.
133
TABLE D–12—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND (2) A medium-duty tube and coupler
MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF INDE- scaffold shall have all posts, runners,
PENDENT POLE SCAFFOLDS—HEAVY DUTY and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D.
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 75 pounds steel tubing. Posts spaced not more
per square foot. than 6 feet apart by 8 feet along the
Maximum height of scaffold ......... 60 ft. length of the scaffold shall have bear-
Poles or uprights .......................... 4 by 4 in.
Pole spacing (longitudinal) ........... 6 ft. 0 in. ers of nominal 21⁄2-inch O.D. steel tub-
Pole spacing (transverse) ............. 8 ft. 0 in. ing. Posts spaced not more than 5 feet
Ledgers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. apart by 8 feet along the length of the
Vertical spacing of horizontal 4 ft. 6 in.
members. scaffold shall have bearers of nominal
Bearers ......................................... 2 by 9 in. (rough). 2-inch O.D. steel tubing. Other struc-
Bracing, horizontal and diagonal .. 2 by 4 in.
Tie-ins ........................................... 1 by 4 in.
tural metals when used must be de-
Planking ........................................ 2 by 9 in. signed to carry an equivalent load.
Toeboards ..................................... 4 in. high (minimum). (3) A heavy-duty tube and coupler
Guardrail ....................................... 2 by 4 in.
scaffold shall have all posts, runners,
All members except planking are used on edge. and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D.
TABLE D–13—TUBE AND COUPLER steel tubing, with the posts spaced not
SCAFFOLDS—LIGHT DUTY more than 6 feet apart by 6 feet 6
inches along the length of the scaffold.
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 25 p.s.f. Other structural metals when used
post spacing (longitudinal) ............ 10 ft. 0 in.
Post spacing (transverse) ............. 6 ft. 0 in. must be designed to carry an equiva-
lent load.
Working levels Additional planked Maximum height
(4) Tube and coupler scaffolds shall
levels be limited in heights and working lev-
1 8 125 ft. els to those permitted in tables D–13,
2 4 125 ft. 14, and 15, of this section. Drawings and
3 0 91 ft. 0 in.
specifications of all tube and coupler
scaffolds above the limitations in ta-
TABLE D–14—TUBE AND COUPLER bles D–13, 14, and 15 of this section
SCAFFOLDS—MEDIUM DUTY shall be designed by a registered pro-
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 50 p.s.f. fessional engineer and copies made
Post spacing (longitudinal) ........... 8 ft. 0 in. available to the employer and for in-
Post spacing (transverse) ............. 6 ft. 0 in.
spection purposes.
Additional planked
(5) All tube and coupler scaffolds
Working levels Maximum height shall be constructed and erected to
levels
support four times the maximum in-
1 6 125 ft.
2 0 78 ft. 0 in. tended loads as set forth in tables D–13,
14, and 15 of this section, or as set forth
TABLE D–15—TUBE AND COUPLER in the specifications by a registered
SCAFFOLDS—HEAVY DUTY professional engineer, copies which
shall be made available to the em-
Uniformly distributed load ............. Not to exceed 75 p.s.f. ployer and for inspection purposes.
Post spacing (longitudinal) ........... 6 ft. 6 in.
Post spacing (transverse) ............. 6 ft. 0 in. (6) All tube and coupler scaffolds
shall be erected by competent and ex-
Additional planked perienced personnel.
Working levels Maximum height
levels (7) Posts shall be accurately spaced,
1 6 125 ft. erected on suitable bases, and main-
tained plumb.
(c) Tube and coupler scaffolds. (1) A (8) Runners shall be erected along the
light-duty tube and coupler scaffold length of the scaffold located on both
shall have all posts, bearers, runners, the inside and the outside posts at even
and bracing of nominal 2-inch O.D. height. Runners shall be interlocked to
steel tubing. The posts shall be spaced form continuous lengths and coupled to
no more than 6 feet apart by 10 feet each post. The bottom runners shall be
along the length of the scaffold. Other located as close to the base as possible.
structural metals when used must be Runners shall be placed not more than
designed to carry an equivalent load. 6 feet 6 inches on centers.
134
(9) Bearers shall be installed trans- (2) Spacing of panels or frames shall
versely between posts and shall be se- be consistent with the loads imposed.
curely coupled to the posts bearing on (3) Scaffolds shall be properly braced
the runner coupler. When coupled di- by cross bracing or diagonal braces, or
rectly to the runners, the coupler must both, for securing vertical members to-
be kept as close to the posts as pos- gether laterally, and the cross braces
sible. shall be of such length as will auto-
(10) Bearers shall be at least 4 inches matically square and aline vertical
but not more than 12 inches longer members so that the erected scaffold is
than the post spacing or runner spac- always plumb, square, and rigid. All
ing. Bearers may be cantilevered for brace connections shall be made se-
use as brackets to carry not more than cure.
two planks. (4) Scaffold legs shall be set on ad-
(11) Cross bracing shall be installed justable bases or plain bases placed on
across the width of the scaffold at least mud sills or other foundations ade-
every third set of posts horizontally quate to support the maximum in-
and every fourth runner vertically. tended load.
Such bracing shall extend diagonally (5) The frames shall be placed one on
from the inner and outer runners up- top of the other with coupling or stack-
ward to the next outer and inner run- ing pins to provide proper vertical
ners. alinement of the legs.
(12) Longitudinal diagonal bracing
(6) Where uplift may occur, panels
shall be installed at approximately a
shall be locked together vertically by
45-degree angle from near the base of
pins or other equivalent suitable
the first outer post upward to the ex-
means.
treme top of the scaffold. Where the
(7) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4
longitudinal length of the scaffold per-
mits, such bracing shall be duplicated
beginning at every fifth post. In a simi-
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of
lar manner, longitudinal diagonal brac-
1- × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and
ing shall also be installed from the last
toeboards, shall be installed at all open
post extending back and upward to-
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet
ward the first post. Where conditions
above the ground or floor. Toeboards
preclude the attachment of this brac-
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in
ing to the posts, it may be attached to
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in
the runners.
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
(13) The entire scaffold shall be tied
this section.
to and securely braced against the
building at intervals not to exceed 30 (8) All tubular metal scaffolds shall
feet horizontally and 26 feet vertically. be constructed and erected to support
(14) Guardrails not less than 2×4 four times the maximum intended
inches or the equivalent and not less loads.
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches (9) To prevent movement, the scaf-
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of fold shall be secured to the building or
1×4-inch lumber or equivalent, and structure at intervals not to exceed 30
toeboards, shall be installed at all open feet horizontally and 26 feet vertically.
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet (10) Maximum permissible spans of
above the ground or floor. Toeboards planking shall be in conformity with
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in paragraph (a)(9) of this section.
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in (11) Drawings and specifications for
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of all frame scaffolds over 125 feet in
this section. height above the base plates shall be
(d) Tubular welded frame scaffolds. (1) designed by a registered professional
Metal tubular frame scaffolds, includ- engineer and copies made available to
ing accessories such as braces, brack- the employer and for inspection pur-
ets, trusses, screw legs, ladders, etc., poses.
shall be designed and proved to safely (12) All tubular welded frame scaf-
support four times the maximum in- folds shall be erected by competent and
tended load. experienced personnel.
135
(13) Frames and accessories for scaf- building wall. Planking shall be nailed
folds shall be maintained in good re- or bolted to outriggers.
pair and every defect, unsafe condition, (5) Where there is danger of material
or noncompliance with this section falling from the scaffold, a wire mesh
shall be immediately corrected before or other enclosure shall be provided be-
further use of the scaffold. Any broken, tween the guardrail and the toeboard.
bent, excessively rusted, altered, or (6) Where additional working levels
otherwise structurally damaged frames are required to be supported by the
or accessories shall not be used. outrigger method, the plans and speci-
(14) Periodic inspections shall be fications of the outrigger and scaf-
made of all welded frames and acces- folding structure shall be designed by a
sories, and any maintenance, including registered professional engineer.
painting, or minor corrections author- (f) Masons’ adjustable multiple-point
ized by the manufacturer, shall be suspension scaffolds. (1) The scaffold
made before further use. shall be capable of sustaining a work-
(e) Outrigger scaffolds. (1) Outrigger ing load of 50 pounds per square foot
beams shall extend not more than 6 and shall not be loaded in excess of
feet beyond the face of the building. that figure.
The inboard end of outrigger beams, (2) The scaffold shall be provided
measured from the fulcrum point to with hoisting machines that meet the
the extreme point of support, shall be requirements of a nationally recog-
not less than one and one-half times nized testing laboratory. Refer to
the outboard end in length. The beams § 1910.7 for definition of nationally rec-
shall rest on edge, the sides shall be ognized testing laboratory.
plumb, and the edges shall be hori-
zontal. The fulcrum point of the beam TABLE D–16—MINIMUM NOMINAL SIZE AND
shall rest on a secure bearing at least MAXIMUM SPACING OF MEMBERS OF OUT-
RIGGER SCAFFOLDS
6 inches in each horizontal dimension.
The beam shall be secured in place Medium
Light duty
against movement and shall be se- duty
curely braced at the fulcrum point Maximum scaffold load ............... 25 p.s.f. ..... 50 p.s.f.
against tipping. Outrigger size ............................. 2×10 in ...... 3×10 in.
(2) The inboard ends of outrigger Maximum outrigger spacing ....... 10 ft 0 in .... 6 ft 0 in.
beams shall be securely supported ei- Planking ...................................... 2×9 in ........ 2×9 in.
Guardrail ..................................... 2×4 in ........ 2×4 in.
ther by means of struts bearing against Guardrail uprights ....................... 2×4 in ........ 2×4 in.
sills in contact with the overhead Toeboards (minimum) ................ 4 in ............ 4 in.
beams or ceiling, or by means of ten-
sion members secured to the floor (3) The platform shall be supported
joists underfoot, or by both if nec- by wire ropes in conformity with para-
essary. The inboard ends of outrigger graph (a)(22) of this section, suspended
beams shall be secured against tipping from overhead outrigger beams.
and the entire supporting structure (4) The scaffold outrigger beams shall
shall be securely braced in both direc- consist of structural metal securely
tions to prevent any horizontal move- fastened or anchored to the frame or
ment. floor system of the building or struc-
(3) Unless outrigger scaffolds are de- ture.
signed by a licensed professional engi- (5) Each outrigger beam shall be
neer, they shall be constructed and equivalent in strength to at least a
erected in accordance with table D–16. standard 7-inch, 15.3-pound steel I-
Outrigger scaffolds designed by a reg- beam, be at least 15 feet long, and shall
istered professional engineer shall be not project more than 6 feet 6 inches
constructed and erected in accordance beyond the bearing point.
with such design. A copy of the de- (6) Where the overhang exceeds 6 feet
tailed drawings and specifications 6 inches, outrigger beams shall be com-
showing the sizes and spacing of mem- posed of stronger beams or multiple
bers shall be kept on the job. beams and be installed in accordance
(4) Planking shall be laid tight and with approved designs and instruc-
shall extend to within 3 inches of the tions.
136
(7) If channel iron outrigger beams sional engineer, and supervised by a

are used in place of I-beams, they shall competent, designated person.
be securely fastened together with the (g) Two-point suspension scaffolds
flanges turned out. (swinging scaffolds). (1) Two-point sus-
(8) All outrigger beams shall be set pension scaffold platforms shall be not
and maintained with their webs into less than 20 inches no more than 36
vertical position. inches wide overall. The platform shall
(9) A stop bolt shall be placed at each be securely fastened to the hangers by
end of every outrigger beam. U-bolts or by other equivalent means.
(10) The outrigger beam shall rest on (2) The hangers of two-point suspen-
suitable wood-bearing blocks. sion scaffolds shall be made of wrought
(11) All parts of the scaffold such as iron, mild steel, or other equivalent
bolts, nuts, fittings, clamps, wire rope, material having a cross-sectional area
and outrigger beams and their fas- capable of sustaining four times the
tenings, shall be maintained in sound maximum intended load, and shall be
and good working condition and shall designed with a support for guardrail,
be inspected before each installation intermediate rail, and toeboard.
and periodically thereafter. (3) When hoisting machines are used
(12) The free end of the suspension on two-point suspension scaffolds, such
wire ropes shall be equipped with prop- machines shall be of a design tested
er size thimbles and be secured by and approved by a nationally recog-
splicing or other equivalent means. nized testing laboratory. Refer to
The running ends shall be securely at- § 1910.7 for definition of nationally rec-
tached to the hoisting drum and at ognized testing laboratory.
least four turns of rope shall at all
(4) The roof irons or hooks shall be of
times remain on the drum.
wrought iron, mild steel, or other
(13) Where a single outrigger beam is
equivalent material of proper size and
used, the steel shackles or clevises
design, securely installed and an-
with which the wire ropes are attached
chored. Tie-backs of three-fourth inch
to the outrigger beams shall be placed
manila rope or the equivalent shall
directly over the hoisting drums.
serve as a secondary means of anchor-
(14) The scaffold platform shall be
age, installed at right angles to the
equivalent in strength to at least 2-
face of the building whenever possible
inch planking. (For maximum planking
spans see paragraph (a)(9) of this sec- and secured to a structurally sound
tion.) portion of the building.
(15) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4 (5) Guardrails not less than 2 × 4
inches or the equivalent and not less inches or the equivalent and not less
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches than 36 inches or more than 42 inches
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of high, with a mid-rail, when required, of
1 × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and 1- × 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and
toeboards, shall be installed at all open toeboards, shall be installed at all open
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet
above the ground or floor. Toeboards above the ground or floor. Toeboards
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in shall be a minimum of 4 inches in
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in height. Wire mesh shall be installed in
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
this section. this section.
(16) Overhead protection shall be pro- (6) Two-point suspension scaffolds
vided on the scaffold, not more than 9 shall be suspended by wire or fiber
feet above the platform, consisting of ropes. Wire and fiber ropes shall con-
2-inch planking or material of equiva- form to paragraph (a)(22) of this sec-
lent strength laid tight, when men are tion.
at work on the scaffold and an over- (7) The blocks for fiber ropes shall be
head hazard exists. of standard 6-inch size, consisting of at
(17) Each scaffold shall be installed least one double and one single block.
or relocated in accordance with designs The sheaves of all blocks shall fit the
and instructions, of a registered profes- size of rope used.
137
(8) All wire ropes, fiber ropes, slings, eighth inch. The stringers shall be tied
hangers, platforms, and other sup- together with the tie rods not less than
porting parts shall be inspected before one-quarter inch in diameter, passing
every installation. Periodic inspections through the stringers and riveted up
shall be made while the scaffold is in tight against washers on both ends.
use. The flooring strips shall be spaced not
(9) On suspension scaffolds designed more than five-eighth inch apart ex-
for a working load of 500 pounds no cept at the side rails where the space
more than two men shall be permitted may be 1 inch. Ladder-type platforms
to work at one time. On suspension shall be constructed in accordance with
scaffolds with a working load of 750 table D–17.
pounds, no more than three men shall (ii) Plank-type platforms shall be
be permitted to work at one time. Each composed of not less than nominal 2×8-
workman shall be protected by a safety inch unspliced planks, properly cleated
lifebelt attached to a lifeline. The life- together on the underside starting 6
line shall be securely attached to sub-
inches from each end; intervals in be-
stantial members of the structure (not
tween shall not exceed 4 feet. The
scaffold), or to securely rigged lines,
plank-type platform shall not extend
which will safely suspend the workman
beyond the hangers more than 18
in case of a fall.
(10) Where acid solutions are used, inches. A bar or other effective means
fiber ropes are not permitted unless shall be securely fastened to the plat-
acid-proof. form at each end to prevent its slipping
(11) Two-point suspension scaffolds off the hanger. The span between hang-
shall be securely lashed to the building ers for plank-type platforms shall not
or structure to prevent them from exceed 10 feet.
swaying. Window cleaners’ anchors (iii) Beam platforms shall have side
shall not be used for this purpose. stringers of lumber not less than 2×6
(12) The platform of every two-point inches set on edge. The span between
suspension scaffold shall be one of the hangers shall not exceed 12 feet when
following types: beam platforms are used. The flooring
(i) The side stringer of ladder-type shall be supported on 2- and 6-inch
platforms shall be clear straight- crossbeams, laid flat and set into the
grained spruce or materials of equiva- upper edge of the stringers with a snug
lent strength and durability. The rungs fit, at intervals of not more than 4 feet,
shall be of straight-grained oak, ash, or securely nailed in place. The flooring
hickory, at least 11⁄8 inch in diameter, shall be of 1×6inch material properly
with seven-eighth inch tenons mortised nailed. Floorboards shall not be spaced
into the side stringers at least seven- more than one-half inch apart.
TABLE D–17—SCHEDULE FOR LADDER-TYPE PLATFORMS
Length of platform (feet)
12 14 & 16 18 & 20 22 & 24 28 & 30
Side stringers, minimum cross section (finished sizes):

At ends (in.) ...................................................................... 13⁄4×23⁄4 13⁄4×23⁄4 13⁄4×3 13⁄4×3 13⁄4×31⁄2
At middle (in.) ................................................................... 13⁄4×33⁄4 13⁄4×33⁄4 13⁄4×4 13⁄4×41⁄4 13⁄4×5
Reinforcing strip (minimum) 1 ................................................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ..................
Rungs 2 ..................................................................................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ..................
Tie rods:
Number (minimum) ........................................................... 3 4 4 5 6
Diameter (minimum) ......................................................... 1⁄4 in 1⁄4 in 1⁄4 in 14 ⁄ in 1⁄4 in.
Flooring, minimum finished size (in.) ....................................... 12⁄ ×23⁄4 12⁄ ×23⁄4 12⁄ ×23⁄4 ⁄ × ⁄
12 34 12⁄ ×23⁄4
1 A 1⁄8x7⁄8-in. steel reinforcing strip or its equivalent shall be attached to the side or underside full length.
2 Rungs shall be 11⁄8-in. minimum, diameter with at least 7⁄8-in. diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing shall be 12 in. cen-
ter to center.
(h) Stone setters’ adjustable multiple- working load of 25 pounds per square
point suspension scaffolds. (1) The scaf-
fold shall be capable of sustaining a
138
foot and shall not be overloaded. Scaf- power units or manually operated
folds shall not be used for storage of winches, shall be a type tested and list-
stone or other heavy materials. ed by a nationally recognized testing
(2) The hoisting machine and its sup- laboratory. Refer to § 1910.399(a)(77) for
ports shall be of a type tested and list- definition of listed, and § 1910.7 for na-
ed by a nationally recognized testing tionally recognized testing laboratory.
laboratory. Refer to § 1910.399(a)(77) for (2) [Reserved]
definition of listed, and § 1910.7 for na- (3) All power-operated gears and
tionally recognized testing laboratory. brakes shall be enclosed.
(3) The platform shall be securely fas-
(4) In addition to the normal oper-
tened to the hangers by U-bolts or
other equivalent means. ating brake, all-power driven units
(4) The scaffold unit shall be sus- must have an emergency brake which
pended from metal outriggers, iron engages automatically when the nor-
brackets, wire rope slings, or iron mal speed of descent is exceeded.
hooks which will safely support the (5) Guards, mid-rails, and toeboards
maximum intended load. shall completely enclose the cage or
(5) Outriggers when used shall be set basket. Guardrails shall be no less than
with their webs in a vertical position, 2 by 4 inches or the equivalent in-
securely anchored to the building or stalled no less than 36 inches nor more
structure and provided with stop bolts than 42 inches above the platform. Mid-
at each end. rails shall be 1 by 6 inches or the equiv-
(6) The scaffold shall be supported by alent, installed equidistant between
wire rope conforming with paragraph the guardrail and the platform.
(a)(22) of this section, suspended from Toeboards shall be a minimum of 4
overhead supports. inches in height.
(7) The free ends of the suspension (6) The hoisting machines, cables,
wire ropes shall be equipped with prop- and equipment shall be regularly serv-
er size thimbles, secured by splicing or iced and inspected after each installa-
other equivalent means. The running
tion and every 30 days thereafter.
ends shall be securely attached to the
hoisting drum and at least four turns (7) The units may be combined to
of rope shall remain on the drum at all form a two-point suspension scaffold.
times. Such scaffold shall comply with para-
(8) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 graph (g) of this section.
inches or the equivalent and not less (8) The supporting cable shall be
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches straight for its entire length, and the
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of operator shall not sway the basket and
1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and fix the cable to any intermediate
toeboards, shall be installed at all open points to change his original path of
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet travel.
above the ground or floor. Toeboards (9) Equipment shall be maintained
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in and used in accordance with the manu-
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in facturers’ instructions.
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of (10) Suspension methods shall con-
this section. form to applicable provisions of para-
(9) When two or more scaffolds are graphs (f) and (g) of this section.
used on a building or structure they (j) Boatswain’s chairs. (1) The chair
shall not be bridged one to the other
seat shall be not less than 12 by 24
but shall be maintained at even height
inches, and of 1-inch thickness. The
with platforms butting closely.
(10) Each scaffold shall be installed seat shall be reinforced on the under-
or relocated in accordance with designs side to prevent the board from split-
and instructions of a registered profes- ting.
sional engineer, and such installation (2) The two fiber rope seat slings
or relocation shall be supervised by a shall be of 5⁄8-inch diameter, reeved
competent designated person. through the four seat holes so as to
(i) Single-point adjustable suspension cross each other on the underside of
scaffolds. (1) The scaffolding, including the seat.
139
(3) Seat slings shall be of at least 3⁄8- height. Wire mesh shall be installed in
inch wire rope when a workman is con- accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
ducting a heat producing process such this section.
as gas or arc welding. (l) Bricklayers’ square scaffolds. (1) The
(4) The workman shall be protected squares shall not exceed 5 feet in width
by a safety life belt attached to a life- and 5 feet in height.
line. The lifeline shall be securely at- (2) Members shall be not less than
tached to substantial members of the those specified in Table D–18.
structure (not scaffold), or to securely (3) The squares shall be reinforced on
rigged lines, which will safely suspend both sides of each corner with 1- by 6-
the worker in case of a fall. inch gusset pieces. They shall also have
(5) The tackle shall consist of correct braces 1 by 8 inches on both sides run-
size ball bearing or bushed blocks and ning from center to center of each
properly spliced 5⁄8-inch diameter first- member, or other means to secure
grade manila rope. equivalent strength and rigidity.
(6) The roof irons, hooks, or the ob- (4) The squares shall be set not more
ject to which the tackle is anchored than 5 feet apart for medium duty scaf-
shall be securely installed. Tiebacks folds, and not more than 8 feet apart
when used shall be installed at right for light duty scaffolds. Bracing 1×8
angles to the face of the building and inches, extending from the bottom of
securely fastened to a chimney. each square to the top of the next
(k) Carpenters’ bracket scaffolds. (1) square, shall be provided on both front
The brackets shall consist of a tri- and rear sides of the scaffold.
angular wood frame not less than 2 by
TABLE D–18—MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR
3 inches in cross section, or of metal of
BRICKLAYERS’ SQUARE SCAFFOLD MEMBERS
equivalent strength. Each member
shall be properly fitted and securely Members Dimensions
joined. (inches)
(2) Each bracket shall be attached to Bearers or horizontal members ....................... 2 by 6.
the structure by means of one of the Legs ................................................................. 2 by 6.
following: Braces at corners ............................................. 1 by 6.
Braces diagonally from center frame ............... 1 by 8.
(i) A bolt no less than five-eighths
inch in diameter which shall extend (5) Platform planks shall be at least
through the inside of the building wall. 2- by 9-inch nominal size. The ends of
(ii) A metal stud attachment device. the planks shall overlap the bearers of
(iii) Welding to steel tanks. the squares and each plank shall be
(iv) Hooking over a well-secured and supported by not less than three
adequately strong supporting member. squares.
The brackets shall be spaced no more (6) Bricklayers’ square scaffolds shall
than 10 feet apart. not exceed three tiers in height and
(3) No more than two persons shall shall be so constructed and arranged
occupy any given 10 feet of a bracket that one square shall rest directly
scaffold at any one time. Tools and ma- above the other. The upper tiers shall
terials shall not exceed 75 pounds in ad- stand on a continuous row of planks
dition to the occupancy. laid across the next lower tier and be
(4) The platform shall consist of not nailed down or otherwise secured to
less than two 2- by 9-inch nominal size prevent displacement.
planks extending not more than 18 (7) Scaffolds shall be level and set
inches or less than 6 inches beyond upon a firm foundation.
each end support. (m) Horse scaffolds. (1) Horse scaffolds
(5) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 shall not be constructed or arranged
inches or the equivalent and not less more than two tiers or 10 feet in
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches height.
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of (2) The members of the horses shall
1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and be not less than those specified in
toeboards, shall be installed at all open Table D–19.
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet (3) Horses shall be spaced not more
above the ground or floor. Toeboards than 5 feet for medium duty and not
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in more than 8 feet for light duty.
140
(4) When arranged in tiers, each horse shall be designed based on design re-
shall be placed directly over the horse quirements for the special span. The
in the tier below. overhang of each end of the platform
(5) On all scaffolds arranged in tiers, planks shall be not less than 1 foot and
the legs shall be nailed down to the not more than 18 inches.
planks to prevent displacement or (5) When one needle beam is higher
thrust and each tier shall be substan- than the other or when the platform is
tially cross braced. not level the platform shall be secured
against slipping.
TABLE D–19—MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR
(6) All unattached tools, bolts, and
HORSE SCAFFOLD MEMBERS
nuts used on needle beam scaffolds
Members Dimensions shall be kept in suitable containers.
(inches)
(7) One end of a needle beam scaffold
Horizontal members or bearers ....................... 3 by 4. may be supported by a permanent
Legs ................................................................. 11⁄4 by 41⁄2. structural member conforming to para-
Longitudinal brace between legs ..................... 1 by 6.
Gusset brace at top of legs ............................. 1 by 8. graphs (a) (4) and (8) of this section.
Half diagonal braces ........................................ 11⁄4 by 41⁄2. (8) Each man working on a needle
beam scaffold 20 feet or more above the
(6) Horses or parts which have be- ground or floor and working with both
come weak or defective shall not be hands, shall be protected by a safety
used. life belt attached to a lifeline. The life-
(7) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 line shall be securely attached to sub-
inches or the equivalent and not less stantial members of the structure (not
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches scaffold), or to securely rigged lines,
high with a mid-rail, when required, of which will safely suspend the workman
1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent and in case of a fall.
toeboards, shall be installed at all open (o) Plasterers’, decorators’, and large
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet area scaffolds. (1) Plasterers’, decora-
above the ground or floor. Toeboards tors’, lathers’, and ceiling workers’ in-
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in side scaffolds shall be constructed in
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with the general require-
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of ments set forth for independent wood
this section. pole scaffolds.
(n) Needle beam scaffold. (1) Wood nee-
(2) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4
dle beams shall be in accordance with
paragraph (a) (5) and (9) of this section,
and shall be not less than 4 by 6 inches
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of
in size, with the greater dimension
1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and
placed in a vertical direction. Metal
toeboards, shall be installed at all open
beams or the equivalent conforming to
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet
paragraph (a) (4) and (8) of this section
above the ground or floor. Toeboards
may be used.
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in
(2) Ropes or hangers shall be provided
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in
for supports. The span between sup-
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of
ports on the needle beam shall not ex-
this section.
ceed 10 feet for 4- by 6-inch timbers.
Rope supports shall be equivalent in (3) All platform planks shall be laid
strength to 1-inch diameter first-grade with the edges close together.
manila rope. (4) When independent pole scaffold
(3) The ropes shall be attached to the platforms are erected in sections, such
needle beams by a scaffold hitch or a sections shall be provided with con-
properly made eye splice. The loose end necting runways equipped with sub-
of the rope shall be tied by a bowline stantial guardrails.
knot or by a round turn and one-half (p) Interior hung scaffolds.
hitch. (1) [Reserved]
(4) The platform span between the (2) The suspended steel wire rope
needle beams shall not exceed 8 feet shall conform to paragraph (a)(22) of
when using 2-inch scaffold plank. For this section. Wire may be used pro-
spans greater than 8 feet, platforms viding the strength requirements of
141
paragraph (a)(22) of this section are tened, held, or equipped with devices so
met. as to prevent slipping.
(3) For hanging wood scaffolds, the (5) The wood platform planks shall be
following minimum nominal size mate- not less than 2 inches nominal in
rial is recommended: thickness. Both metal and wood plat-
(i) Supporting bearers 2 by 9 inches form planks shall overlap the bearing
on edge. surface not less than 12 inches. The
(ii) Planking 2 by 9 inches or 2 by 10 span between supports for wood shall
inches, with maximum span 7 feet for not exceed 8 feet. Platform width shall
heavy duty and 10 feet for light duty or be not less than 18 inches.
medium duty. (6) Not more than two persons shall
(4) Steel tube and coupler members occupy any given 8 feet of any ladder-
may be used for hanging scaffolds with jack scaffold at any one time.
both types of scaffold designed to sus- (r) Window-jack scaffolds. (1) Window-
tain a uniform distributed working jack scaffolds shall be used only for the
load up to heavy duty scaffold loads purpose of working at the window
with a safety factor of four. opening through which the jack is
placed.
(5) When a hanging scaffold is sup-
(2) Window jacks shall not be used to
ported by means of wire rope, such wire
support planks placed between one win-
rope shall be wrapped at least twice
dow jack and another or for other ele-
around the supporting members and
ments of scaffolding.
twice around the bearers of the scaf-
(3) Window-jack scaffolds shall be
fold, with each end of the wire rope se-
provided with suitable guardrails un-
cured by at least three standard wire-
less safety belts with lifelines are at-
rope clips.
tached and provided for the workman.
(6) All overhead supporting members Window-jack scaffolds shall be used by
shall be inspected and checked for one man only.
strength before the scaffold is erected. (s) Roofing brackets. (1) Roofing
(7) Guardrails not less than 2 by 4 brackets shall be constructed to fit the
inches or the equivalent and not less pitch of the roof.
than 36 inches or more than 42 inches (2) Brackets shall be secured in place
high, with a mid-rail, when required, of by nailing in addition to the pointed
1- by 4-inch lumber or equivalent, and metal projections. The nails shall be
toeboards, shall be installed at all open driven full length into the roof. When
sides on all scaffolds more than 10 feet rope supports are used, they shall con-
above the ground or floor. Toeboards sist of first-grade manila of at least
shall be a minimum of 4 inches in three-quarter-inch diameter, or equiva-
height. Wire mesh shall be installed in lent.
accordance with paragraph (a)(17) of (3) A substantial catch platform shall
this section. be installed below the working area of
(q) Ladder-jack scaffolds. (1) All lad- roofs more than 20 feet from the
der-jack scaffolds shall be limited to ground to eaves with a slope greater
light duty and shall not exceed a than 3 inches in 12 inches without a
height of 20 feet above the floor or parapet. In width the platform shall ex-
ground. tend 2 feet beyond the projection of the
(2) All ladders used in connection eaves and shall be provided with a safe-
with ladder-jack scaffolds shall be ty rail, mid-rail, and toeboard. This
heavy-duty ladders and shall be de- provision shall not apply where em-
signed and constructed in accordance ployees engaged in work upon such
with § 1910.25 and § 1910.26. roofs are protected by a safety belt at-
(3) The ladder jack shall be so de- tached to a lifeline.
signed and constructed that it will bear (t) Crawling boards or chicken ladders.
on the side rails in addition to the lad- (1) Crawling boards shall be not less
der rungs, or if bearing on rungs only, than 10 inches wide and 1 inch thick,
the bearing area shall be at least 10 having cleats 1×11⁄2 inches. The cleats
inches on each rung. shall be equal in length to the width of
(4) Ladders used in conjunction with the board and spaced at equal intervals
ladder jacks shall be so placed, fas- not to exceed 24 inches. Nails shall be
142
driven through and clinched on the un- rigged lines, which will safely suspend
derside. The crawling board shall ex- the workman in case of a fall.
tend from the ridge pole to the eaves (v) Scope. This section establishes
when used in connection with roof con- safety requirements for the construc-
struction, repair, or maintenance. tion, operation, maintenance, and use
(2) A firmly fastened lifeline of at of scaffolds used in the maintenance of
least three-quarter-inch rope shall be buildings and structures.
strung beside each crawling board for a [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43
handhold. FR 49746, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10,
(3) Crawling boards shall be secured 1984; 53 FR 12121, Apr. 12, 1988]
to the roof by means of adequate ridge
hooks or equivalent effective means. § 1910.29 Manually propelled mobile
(u) Float or ship scaffolds. (1) Float or ladder stands and scaffolds (tow-
ship scaffolds shall support not more ers).
than three men and a few light tools, (a) General requirements—(1) Applica-
such as those needed for riveting, bolt- tion. This section is intended to pre-
ing, and welding. They shall be con- scribe rules and requirements for the
structed in accordance with paragraphs design, construction, and use of mobile
(u) (2) through (6) of this section, un- work platforms (including ladder
less substitute designs and materials stands but not including aerial ladders)
provide equivalent strength, stability, and rolling (mobile) scaffolds (towers).
and safety. This standard is promulgated to aid in
(2) The platform shall be not less providing for the safety of life, limb,
than 3 feet wide and 6 feet long, made and property, by establishing minimum
of three-quarter-inch plywood, equiva- standards for structural design require-
lent to American Plywood Association ments and for the use of mobile work
Grade B-B, Group I, Exterior. platforms and towers.
(3) Under the platform, there shall be (2) Working loads. (i) Work platforms
two supporting bearers made from 2×4- and scaffolds shall be capable of car-
inch, or 1×10-inch rough, selected lum- rying the design load under varying
ber, or better. They shall be free of circumstances depending upon the con-
knots or other flaws and project 6 ditions of use. Therefore, all parts and
inches beyond the platform on both appurtenances necessary for their safe
sides. The ends of the platform shall and efficient utilization must be inte-
extend about 6 inches beyond the outer gral parts of the design.
edges of the bearers. Each bearer shall (ii) Specific design and construction
be securely fastened to the platform. requirements are not a part of this sec-
(4) An edging of wood not less than tion because of the wide variety of ma-
3⁄4×11⁄2 inches, or equivalent, shall be
terials and design possibilities. How-
placed around all sides of the platform ever, the design shall be such as to
to prevent tools from rolling off. produce a mobile ladder stand or scaf-
(5) Supporting ropes shall be 1-inch fold that will safely sustain the speci-
diameter manila rope or equivalent, fied loads. The material selected shall
free from deterioration, chemical dam- be of sufficient strength to meet the
age, flaws, or other imperfections. test requirements and shall be pro-
Rope connections shall be such that tected against corrosion or deteriora-
the platform cannot shift or slip. If two tion.
ropes are used with each float, each of (a) The design working load of ladder
the two supporting ropes shall be stands shall be calculated on the basis
hitched around one end of a bearer and of one or more 200-pound persons to-
pass under the platforms to the other gether with 50 pounds of equipment
end of the bearer where it is hitched each.
again, leaving sufficient rope at each (b) The design load of all scaffolds
end for the supporting ties. shall be calculated on the basis of:
(6) Each workman shall be protected
Light—Designed and constructed to carry a
by a safety lifebelt attached to a life- working load of 25 pounds per square foot.
line. The lifeline shall be securely at- Medium—Designed and constructed to carry
tached to substantial members of the a working load of 50 pounds per square
structure (not scaffold), or to securely foot.
143
Heavy—Designed and constructed to carry a have a standard (4-inch nominal)
working load of 75 pounds per square foot. toeboard.
All ladder stands and scaffolds shall be (vii) All work levels 10 feet or higher
capable of supporting at least four above the ground or floor shall have a
times the design working load. guardrail of 2- by 4-inch nominal or the
(iii) The materials used in mobile equivalent installed no less than 36
ladder stands and scaffolds shall be of inches or more than 42 inches high,
standard manufacture and conform to with a mid-rail, when required, of 1- by
standard specifications of strength, di- 4-inch nominal lumber or equivalent.
mensions, and weights, and shall be se- (viii) A climbing ladder or stairway
lected to safely support the design shall be provided for proper access and
working load. egress, and shall be affixed or built into
(iv) Nails, bolts, or other fasteners the scaffold and so located that its use
used in the construction of ladders, will not have a tendency to tip the
scaffolds, and towers shall be of ade- scaffold. A landing platform shall be
quate size and in sufficient numbers at provided at intervals not to exceed 30
each connection to develop the de- feet.
signed strength of the unit. Nails shall (4) Wheels or casters. (i) Wheels or
be driven full length. (All nails should casters shall be properly designed for
be immediately withdrawn from dis- strength and dimensions to support
mantled lumber.) four (4) times the design working load.
(v) All exposed surfaces shall be free
(ii) All scaffold casters shall be pro-
from sharp edges, burrs or other safety
vided with a positive wheel and/or
hazards.
swivel lock to prevent movement. Lad-
(3) Work levels. (i) The maximum
der stands shall have at least two (2) of
work level height shall not exceed four
(4) times the minimum or least base di- the four (4) casters and shall be of the
mensions of any mobile ladder stand or swivel type.
scaffold. Where the basic mobile unit (iii) Where leveling of the elevated
does not meet this requirement, suit- work platform is required, screw jacks
able outrigger frames shall be em- or other suitable means for adjusting
ployed to achieve this least base di- the height shall be provided in the base
mension, or provisions shall be made to section of each mobile unit.
guy or brace the unit against tipping. (b) Mobile tubular welded frame scaf-
(ii) The minimum platform width for folds—(1) General. Units shall be de-
any work level shall not be less than 20 signed to comply with the require-
inches for mobile scaffolds (towers). ments of paragraph (a) of this section.
Ladder stands shall have a minimum (2) Bracing. Scaffolds shall be prop-
step width of 16 inches. erly braced by cross braces and/or di-
(iii) The supporting structure for the agonal braces for securing vertical
work level shall be rigidly braced, members together laterally. The cross
using adequate cross bracing or diago- braces shall be of a length that will
nal bracing with rigid platforms at automatically square and align
each work level. vertical members so the erected scaf-
(iv) The steps of ladder stands shall fold is always plumb, square, and rigid.
be fabricated from slip resistant treads. (3) Spacing. Spacing of panels or
(v) The work level platform of scaf- frames shall be consistent with the
folds (towers) shall be of wood, alu-
loads imposed. The frames shall be
minum, or plywood planking, steel or
placed one on top of the other with
expanded metal, for the full width of
coupling or stacking pins to provide
the scaffold, except for necessary open-
ings. Work platforms shall be secured proper vertical alignment of the legs.
in place. All planking shall be 2-inch (4) Locking. Where uplift may occur,
(nominal) scaffold grade minimum 1,500 panels shall be locked together
f. (stress grade) construction grade vertically by pins or other equivalent
lumber or equivalent. means.
(vi) All scaffold work levels 10 feet or (5) Erection. Only the manufacturer of
higher above the ground or floor shall a scaffold or his qualified designated
144
agent shall be permitted to erect or su- shall be designed so that the horizontal
pervise the erection of scaffolds exceed- bearers provide supports for multiple
ing 50 feet in height above the base, un- planking levels.
less such structure is approved in writ- (7) Erection. Only the manufacturer of
ing by a registered professional engi- the scaffold or his qualified designated
neer, or erected in accordance with in- agent shall be permitted to erect or su-
structions furnished by the manufac- pervise the erection of scaffolds exceed-
turer. ing 50 feet in height above the base, un-
(c) Mobile tubular welded sectional less such structure is approved in writ-
folding scaffolds—(1) General. Units in- ing by a licensed professional engineer,
cluding sectional stairway and sec- or erected in accordance with instruc-
tional ladder scaffolds shall be de- tions furnished by the manufacturer.
signed to comply with the require- (d) Mobile tube and coupler scaffolds—
ments of paragraph (a) of this section. (1) Design. Units shall be designed to
(2) Stairway. An integral stairway comply with the applicable require-
and work platform shall be incor- ments of paragraph (a) of this section.
porated into the structure of each sec- (2) Material. The material used for
tional folding stairway scaffold. the couplers shall be of a structural
(3) Bracing. An integral set of piv- type, such as a drop-forged steel, mal-
oting and hinged folding diagonal and leable iron or structural grade alu-
horizontal braces and a detachable minum. The use of gray cast iron is
work platform shall be incorporated prohibited.
into the structure of each sectional (3) Erection. Only the manufacturer of
folding ladder scaffold. the scaffold or his qualified designated
(4) Sectional folding stairway scaffolds. agent shall be permitted to erect or su-
Sectional folding stairway scaffolds pervise the erection of scaffolds exceed-
shall be designed as medium duty scaf- ing 50 feet in height above the base, un-
folds except for high clearance. These less such structure is approved in writ-
special base sections shall be designed ing by a licensed professional engineer,
as light duty scaffolds. When upper sec- or erected in accordance with instruc-
tional folding stairway scaffolds are tions furnished by the manufacturer.
used with a special high clearance base, (e) Mobile work platforms—(1) Design.
the load capacity of the entire scaffold Units shall be designed for the use in-
shall be reduced accordingly. The tended and shall comply with the re-
width of a sectional folding stairway quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec-
scaffold shall not exceed 41⁄2 feet. The tion.
maximum length of a sectional folding (2) Base width. The minimum width of
stairway scaffold shall not exceed 6 the base of mobile work platforms shall
feet. not be less than 20 inches.
(5) Sectional folding ladder scaffolds. (3) Bracing. Adequate rigid diagonal
Sectional folding ladder scaffolds shall bracing to vertical members shall be
be designed as light duty scaffolds in- provided.
cluding special base (open end) sections (f) Mobile ladder stands—(1) Design.
which are designed for high clearance. Units shall comply with applicable re-
For certain special applications the quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec-
six-foot (6′) folding ladder scaffolds, ex- tion.
cept for special high clearance base (2) Base width. The minimum base
sections, shall be designed for use as width shall conform to paragraph
medium duty scaffolds. The width of a (a)(3)(i) of this section. The maximum
sectional folding ladder scaffold shall length of the base section shall be the
not exceed 41⁄2 feet. The maximum total length of combined steps and top
length of a sectional folding ladder assembly, measured horizontally, plus
scaffold shall not exceed 6 feet 6 inches five-eighths inch per step of rise.
for a six-foot (6′) long unit, 8 feet 6 (3) Steps. Steps shall be uniformly
inches for an eight-foot (8′) unit or 10 spaced, and sloped, with a rise of not
feet 6 inches for a ten-foot (10′) long less than nine (9) inches, nor more than
unit. ten (10) inches, and a depth of not less
(6) End frames. The end frames of sec- seven (7) inches. The slope of the steps
tional ladder and stairway scaffolds section shall be a minimum of fifty-
145
five (55) degrees and a maximum of (3) Wood platforms used on the floor
sixty (60) degrees measured from the in front of machines shall be substan-
horizontal. tially constructed.
(4) Handrails. (i) Units having more (c) Veneer machinery. (1) Sides of
than five (5) steps or 60 inches vertical steam vats shall extend to a height of
height to the top step shall be equipped not less than 36 inches above the floor,
with handrails. working platform, or ground.
(ii) Handrails shall be a minimum of (2) Large steam vats divided into sec-
29 inches high. Measurements shall be tions shall be provided with substantial
taken vertically from the center of the walkways between sections. Each
step. walkway shall be provided with a
(5) Loading. The load (see paragraph standard handrail on each exposed side.
(a)(2)(ii)(a) of this section) shall be ap- These handrails may be removable, if
plied uniformly to a 31⁄2 inches wide necessary.
area front to back at the center of the (3) Covers shall be removed only from
width span with a safety factor of four that portion of steaming vats on which
(4). men are working and a portable railing
shall be placed at this point to protect
§ 1910.30 Other working surfaces. the operators.
(a) Dockboards (bridge plates). (1) Port- (4) Workmen shall not ride or step on
able and powered dockboards shall be logs in steam vats.
strong enough to carry the load im- [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 49
posed on them. FR 5322, Feb. 10, 1984; 61 FR 9235, Mar. 7, 1996]
(2) Portable dockboards shall be se-
cured in position, either by being an- Subpart E—Means of Egress
chored or equipped with devices which
will prevent their slipping.
AUTHORITY: Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safe-
(3) Powered dockboards shall be de-
ty and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655,
signed and constructed in accordance 657); Secretary of Labor’s Order Nos. 12–71 (36
with Commercial Standard CS202–56 FR 8754), (8–76 41 FR 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736)
(1961) ‘‘Industrial Lifts and Hinged or 1–90 (55 FR 9033), 6–96 (62 FR 111), or 3–2000
Loading Ramps published by the U.S. (65 FR 50017), as applicable.
Department of Commerce, which is in-
corporated by reference as specified in § 1910.33 Table of contents.
§ 1910.6. This section lists the sections and
(4) Handholds, or other effective paragraph headings contained in
means, shall be provided on portable §§ 1910.34 through 1910.39.
dockboards to permit safe handling.
(5) Positive protection shall be pro- § 1910.34 Coverage and definitions.
vided to prevent railroad cars from
(a) Every employer is covered.
being moved while dockboards or
(b) Exit routes are covered.
bridge plates are in position.
(c) Definitions.
(b) Forging machine area. (1) Machines
shall be so located as to give (i) enough § 1910.35 Compliance with NFPA 101–2000, Life
clearance between machines so that Safety Code.
the movement of one operator will not
§ 1910.36 Design and construction requirements
interfere with the work of another, (ii) for exit routes.
ample room for cleaning machines and
handling the work, including material (a) Basic requirements.
and scrap. The arrangement of ma- (b) The number of exit routes must be ade-
chines shall be such that operators will quate.
(c) Exit discharge.
not stand in aisles.
(d) An exit door must be unlocked.
(2) Aisles shall be provided of suffi- (e) A side-hinged exit door must be used.
cient width to permit the free move- (f) The capacity of an exit route must be ade-
ment of employees bringing and remov- quate.
ing material. This aisle space is to be (g) An exit route must meet minimum height
independent of working and storage and width requirements.
space. (h) An outdoor exit route is permitted.
146

Walking Working Surfaces - OSHA1910.21-30

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§ 1910.21 29 CFR Ch.

XVII (7–1–07 Edition)

(b) Vinyl chloride. Section 1910.1017 employee to formaldehyde in every em-

rails measured along the front edge. ing or descending.

light and medium duty. by casters.

(18) Masons’ adjustable multiple-point (30) Stone setters’ adjustable multiple-

are supported on or in a wall. metal scaffold which shall be designed

diagonal or cross braces. pits, tanks, vats, ditches, etc.

(d) Floor loading protection. (1) In positions by removable standard rail-

guarded at both top and intermediate rectly on a stairway, a platform shall

angles or other metal shapes of equiva- When of hardwood, at least 2 inches in

barrier is capable of withstanding a ees to acids, caustics, gases, or other

grating treads without nosings are ac- (1) [Reserved]

ladder shall extend at least 3 feet above ceed 60 feet in length.

§ 1910.27 Fixed ladders.

projections which may be a hazard. imum diameter of 1 inch or shall be

MINIMUM LADDER CLEARANCES

FIGURE D–2—RAIL LADDER WITH BAR STEEL

than 12 inches, or less than 21⁄2 inches

FIGURE D–5—DEFLECTOR PLATES FOR HEAD

FIGURE D–4—LADDER FAR FROM WALL

a maximum unbroken length of 30 feet. ladder. Smooth-walled wells shall be a

minimum of 27 inches from the center-

FIGURE D–7—CAGES FOR LADDERS MORE THAN

FIGURE D–8—CLEARANCE DIAGRAM FOR FIXED LADDER IN WELL

(3) Ladder extensions. The side rails of

FIGURE D–9—CAGES—SPECIAL APPLICATIONS.

below the landing. devices such as those that incorporate

determined by use and exposure. lowing table:

Material involving the use of corrosive sub-

Uniformly distributed load ................................................ Not to exceed 25 pounds per

Tie-ins .............................................................................. 1 by 4 in ....................................... 1 by 4 in.

Guardrail .......................................................................... 2 by 4 in ....................................... 2 by 4 in.

Uniformly distributed load ................................................ Not to exceed 25 pounds per

designed to carry an equivalent load. 6 feet 6 inches on centers.

tended load. experienced personnel.

shall extend to within 3 inches of the tions.

(7) If channel iron outrigger beams sional engineer, and supervised by a

and instructions, of a registered profes- size of rope used.

12 14 & 16 18 & 20 22 & 24 28 & 30

Side stringers, minimum cross section (finished sizes):

fold shall be capable of sustaining a

scaffolds. (1) The scaffolding, including the seat.

shall be a minimum of 4 inches in more than 8 feet for light duty.

spans greater than 8 feet, platforms viding the strength requirements of

structure (not scaffold), or to securely foot.

tional ladder and stairway scaffolds section shall be a minimum of fifty-

space. (h) An outdoor exit route is permitted.

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