SS3 TECHNOLOGY

GROUP A
PHYSICS PROJECT

ENERGY
AND THE
SOCIETY
GROUP MEMBERS:

ADELAJA SULEIMAN

ADEMOLA-ARALEPO DAVID

ADESANYA DAVID

AFOLABI MOHAMMED

AKINWUSI STEPHEN

AMBALI PELUMI VICTOR

ANIFALAJE ISRAEL
What is Energy?

In physics, energy is the property that must be transferred to

an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.[note 1] It
can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The SI unit of
energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by
the work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.
Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object,
the potential energy stored by an object's position in a
force field(gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic
energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical
energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light,
and the thermal energy due to an object's temperature.
Mass and energy are closely related. Due to mass–energy equivalence,
any object that has mass when stationary (called rest mass) also has an
equivalent amount of energy whose form is called rest energy (in that
frame of reference), and any additional energy (of any form) acquired
by the object above that rest energy will increase the object's total
mass just as it increases its total energy. For example, after heating an
object, its increase in energy could be measured as an increase in mass,
with a sensitive enough scale.
Living organisms require available energy to stay alive, such as
the energy humans get from food. Humans get the energy they need
from energy resources such as fossil fuels, nuclear fuel, or renewable
energy. The processes of Earth's climate and ecosystem are driven by
the radiant energy Earth receives from the sun and the geothermal
energy contained within the earth.

Forms of Energy
Some examples of different kinds of energy:
Some forms of energy (that an object or system can have as a measurable property)

Type of energy Description

Kinetic (≥0), that of the motion of a body

that stored by an object's position in a force field (comprises many of

Potential
the forms below)

Mechanical the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energies

Electric that from electric fields

Magnetic that from magnetic fields

Gravitational that from gravitational fields

Chemical that of chemical bonds (and chemical reactions)

Ionization that of binding an electron to its atom or molecule

that of binding nucleons to form the atomic nucleus (and nuclear

Nuclear
reactions)

Chromodynamic that of binding quarks to form hadrons

that of deformation of a material (or its container) exhibiting a

Elastic
restorative force
 Mechanical (≥0), that propagated by a deformational wave through an elastic
wave material

Sound wave (≥0), that propagated by a sound wave, a form of mechanical wave

Radiant (≥0), that propagated by electromagnetic radiation, including light

Rest (≥0) that equivalent to an object's rest mass

Thermal a microscopic, disordered equivalent of mechanical energy

SOURCES OF ENERGY
There are various sources of energy, here are a few:
1. NUCLEAR ENERGY
2. WIND ENERGY
3. SOLAR ENERGY
4. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY
5. BIOMASS ENERGY
6. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
7. TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGY

TYPES OF ENERGY
Energy can either be abundant or limited in supply, based on that energy can be
categorized into:
1. Renewable Energy Sources
Examples are: Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Biomass Energy etc.
2. Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Examples are: Nuclear Energy, Coal and Wood, Petroleum and Natural gas etc.
 THE USES OF ENERGY
Energy has been key in the development of the human society. The efficient use of
energy in any society is indispensable. It has been essential in the following areas:
1. Information Technology
2. Communication
3. Transportation
4. Electricity Supply
5. For powering machines.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ENERGY

Burning of fossil fuels produces available and automated supply of electricity to industries
and for powering machines. It also contains air polluting substances such as Carbon
dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides etc.
Burning of fossil fuels also releases trace metals such as chromium, beryllium, copper,
silver etc.
KNOWN IMPLICATIONS OF POLLUTANTS
There are various global effects of the pollution on the atmosphere, including them are:
1. Acid Rain
2. Greenhouse Effect
3. Global warming
4. Oil spillage

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning
that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on
plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to
produce acids. Some governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the
release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere with positive results.
Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes, and sulfur dioxide is
produced by volcanic eruptions. Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on
forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms, causing paint to
peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and
statues as well as having impacts on human health.
The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's
atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without
its atmosphere.[1][2]
If a planet's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases (i.e., greenhouse gases) they will
radiate energy in all directions. Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface,
warming it.[3] The intensity of the downward radiation – that is, the strength of the
greenhouse effect – will depend on the atmosphere's temperature and on the amount of
greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains.
Earth’s natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life. Human activities, primarily
the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have intensified the natural greenhouse
effect, causing global warming.[4]
The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing
through glass and warming a greenhouse. The way a greenhouse retains heat is
fundamentally different, as a greenhouse works mostly by reducing airflow and thus
retaining warm air inside the structure.

Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in
the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related
effects.[1][2] Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is
warming.[3][4][5] Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in
the instrumental temperature record which extends back to the mid-19th century, and
in paleoclimate proxy records covering thousands of years.[6]
In 2013, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment
Report concluded that "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant
cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century."[7] The largest human influence
has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous
oxide. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st
century, the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to
3.1 °F) in the lowest emissions scenario, and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in the highest
emissions scenario.[8] These findings have been recognized by the national science
academies of the major industrialized nations[9][a] and are not disputed by any scientific
body of national or international standing.
Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the
globe. Anticipated effects include increasing global temperatures, rising sea levels,
changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics.[15] Warming is expected
to be greater over land than over the oceans and greatest in the Arctic, with the
continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more
frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts,
heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions
due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat
to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due
to rising sea levels. Because the climate system has a large "inertia" and greenhouse gases
will remain in the atmosphere for a long time, many of these effects will persist for not
only decades or centuries, but for tens of thousands of years to come.

An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment,
especially the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The
term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal
waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude
oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined
petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by
large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.
Oil spills penetrate into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals,
reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature
fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is
difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature
of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and
beaches involved.[1] Spills may take weeks, months or even years to clean up.[2]
Oil spills can have disastrous consequences for society; economically, environmentally, and
socially. As a result, oil spill accidents have initiated intense media attention and political
uproar, bringing many together in a political struggle concerning government response to
oil spills and what actions can best prevent them from happening.

ENERGY CRISIS
Most energy crises have been caused by localized shortages, wars and market
manipulation. Some have argued that government actions like tax hikes, nationalization of
energy companies, and regulation of the energy sector, shift supply and demand of energy
away from its economic equilibrium. However, the recent historical energy crises listed
below were not caused by such factors. Market failure is possible
when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial
actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes. The cause may be over-
consumption, aging infrastructure, choke point disruption or bottlenecks at oil
refineries and port facilities that restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during
very cold winters due to increased consumption of energy.