A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

“ TEMPERATURE CONTROL USING FUNCTION

BASED PID CONTROLLER “

Submitted

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Award of Practical Credit of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

Electrical Engineering (EE)

By

Neeraj Kumar Verma (1501020040)

Devesh Rai (1501020026)

Dharamendra Kr. Yadav (1501020027)

Under the supervision of

Mr. Vivek Mishra

Department of Electrical Engineering

UNITED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH , ALLAHABAD

(CODE 010)

DR. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that contents of this project entitled, “TEMPERATURE

CONTROL USING FUNCTION BASED PID CONTROLLER” is a bonafide
work carried out by the following students :

DEVESH RAI (1501020026)

NEERAJ KUMAR VERMA (1501020040)
DHARAMENDRA KUMAR YADAV (1501020026)

They prepared their MINOR PROJECT according to the regulations of Bachelor of

Technology degree course in Electrical Engineering (EE) in United College of
Engineering and Research, Allahabad and the students have fulfilled all the
requirements for submission of the project work .

………………….. …………………….
Mr. Vivek Mishra Mr. Swapnil Srivastava
(Project Guide) (Head of Dept.)
Dept. of Electrical Dept. of Electrical
Engineering Engineering
UCER, Allahabad UCER, Allahabad
 ABSTRACT

From the ancient age, humans are trying to control various parameters of various
system in this Nature. There are many intelligent way to control the parameters of a
system. Now, temperature, level, Flow, motor speed, all types of vehicle speed etc. are
needed to be controlled.

Now, there are many kinds of controlling mechanisms, i.e. on-off type controller,
proportional controller, digital sensing mechanism, PID controller, and etc. Among of
them, PID controller is the best known controller within affordable range.

If one needs a smooth change of parameter quickly and without any oscillation then
PID (Proportional-Integrating-Differential) controller is a good option. A PID controller
can get the desired value of the parameter quickly and can hold the position with great
accuracy. PID controllers are widely used in process control industry due to
relatively simple structure and easiness in implementation.

Use of Simulation :

Now, we can simulate the whole thing using by making a model of the system in
MatLab. There is nothing to describe, we have to demonstrate in MatLab. Matlab-
SIMULINK based real time control is realized in this study, to control the
temperature .The Real Time Temperature Control is used in Various Industrial
Applications like Temperature Control of an Oven . PID control gives best
control with no offset and quickly damped oscillations. P, PI and PID control
could be tested by simple changes of the PID block parameters.
 SYNOPSIS

• PROJECT TITLE :

“Temperature Control using Function Based PID Controller”

• DOMAIN :

Software Based (MATLAB Simulation)

• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT :

The main purpose of Heat systems is to transfer beat from hot zone to
colder zone . So Temperature Control of outlet is of paramount
importance . Due to inherent disadvantages of inherent control
techniques, Fuzzy logic controller is employed to control the
temperature of the outlet of the heat system . The designed controller
regulates the temperature of the outer periphery to a desired set point.

• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT :

The model is built in such a way that it should adhere to all types of
needs of Temperature Control System . So every effort is taken to
implement this project . The model is ubiquitous for industrial process .
PID controller is implemented in a feedback control loop so as to
achieve the control objectives.

• SOFTWARE USED :

MATLAB
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“ IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PREPARE A PROJECT REPORT WITHOUT

THE ASSISTNCE AND ENCOURGEMENT OF OTHER. PEOPLE THIS
ONE IS CERTAINLY NO EXCEPTION .”

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our Project Coordinator Mr. Vivek
Mishra Sir who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
“Temperature Control using Function Based PID Controller “ , which also helped us in
doing a lot of new things and we came to know about so many new things .We acknowledge
with thanks the kind of patronage and timely guidance given by him at various stages of this
Project work .We are ineffably indebted to our various faculty members for conscientious
guidance and encouragement to accomplish this assignment .

In performing our assignment, we had to take the help and guidelines of many of our
Colleagues and friends throughout the journey . Our thanks and appreciation also go to them in
developing this project as they willingly helped us out with their abilities .We also express our
gratitude to various faculty member for lending a helping hand whenever required and
providing useful guidelines towards our queries and doubts regarding the project . We also
acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, our deep gratitude towards our parents, friends
and members of our family who always supported us morally as well as economically .

Any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of Gratitude .
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Cover Page………………………………………………………. i)
• Certification……………………………………………………… ii)
• Abstract………………………………………………………….. iii)
• Synopsis………………………………………………………….. iv)
• Acknowledgements……………………………………………… v)
• Table of Contents………………………………………………… vi)
• List of figures…………………………………………………….. viii)

• Introduction………………………………………………………. 9)
❖ Introduction to PID Control ……………………………… 9)
❖ The Proportional (P) Control……………………………... 10)
❖ The Integral (I) Control…………………………………… 11)
❖ The Derivative (D) Control………………………………. 12)

• Overview of the Project…………………………………………13)

❖ Brief overview of Temperature Control Process………….13)
❖ Design and implementation of PID Controllers…………..15)

• Description of Simulink Blocks used……………………………16)

❖ Scope Block………………………………………………..17)
❖ Thermal Reference…………………………………………17)
❖ Ideal Temperature Sensor…………………………………..18)
❖ PS-Simulink Converter……………………………………..18)
❖ Simulink-PS Converter……………………………………..19)
❖ PID Controller………………………………………………19)
❖ Solver Configuration………………………………………..20)
❖ Ideal Temperature Source…………………………………..20)
 ❖ Constant Block……………………………………………..21)
❖ Sum Block…………………………………………………..21)

• Simulink …………………………………………………………..22)
❖ Simulation Model of the project…………………………….22)
❖ Output of the simulation Model……………………………..23)

• Conclusion………………………………………………………….24)
• References…………………………………………………………..25)
 LIST OF FIGURES

• Fig. (a) – PID Block Diagram

• Fig. (b) – Proportional(P) Controller Block Diagram
• Fig. (c) – Integral (I) Controller Block Diagram
• Fig. (d) – Temperature Control Process Block Diagram
• Fig. (e) - Scope Block
• Fig. (f) – Thermal Reference Block
• Fig. (g) – Ideal Temperature Sensor Block
• Fig. (h) – PS-Simulink Converter Block
• Fig. (i) - Simulink-PS Converter Block
• Fig. (j) - PID Controller Block
• Fig. (k) - Solver Configuration
• Fig. (l) - Ideal Temperature Source
• Fig. (m) – Sum Block
• Fig. (n) - Simulation Model of the project
• Fig. (o) - Output graph (Time-Temperature curve)
 INTRODUCTION TO PID CONROL

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller) is a control loop feedback

mechanism. As the name suggests, PID algorithm consists of three basic coefficients:

Proportional, Integral and Derivative which are varied to get optimal response. PID
control is ubiquitous.

Block Diagram of PID Controller :

Fig. (a)
 THE PROPORTIONAL CONTROLLER

In the proportional control algorithm, the controller output is proportional to

the error signal, which is the difference between the set point and the process
variable. In other words, the output of a proportional controller is the
multiplication product of the error signal and the proportional gain.

Fig. (b)

Common Industrial Applications of P-Only Control

A general description of P-Only Control was provided previously. P-Only

Control is well suited for many cascade applications as it provides an
effective means for counteracting upstream process disturbances.Inner Loop
Cascade Control and Surge Tank Level Control are the common
applications .
 THE INTEGRAL CONTROLLER

An integral term increases action in relation not only to the error but also the
time for which it has persisted. So, if applied force is not enough to bring the
error to zero, this force will be increased as time passes. A pure “I”
controller could bring the error to zero .

Fig. (c)

Industrial Applications :

• PI Control seems to be everywhere in process control applications and

with good reason. As shared in previous posts P-Only Control with its
propensity for Offset is most often used with select processes that favor
simplicity and responsiveness above all else. The PID form with its use
of the Derivative Term has similar application limitations. It frequently
falls victim to noise which is common in industrial applications.
What’s left is the middle option – PI Control. An interesting thing
about this option is that PI Control provides superior control in a wide
range of industrial applications. Liquid Flow Control, Heat Exchanger
Temperature Control and Steam Pressure Control are the common
Industrial Applications .
 THE DERIVATIVE CONTROL

Derivative control is mathematically the opposite of integral action, but

while we might have an integral-only controller, we would never have
a derivative-only controller. The reason for this is that derivative
control only knows the error is changing. It does not know what the set
point actually is. The derivative control mode gives
a controller additional control action when the error changes
consistently. It also makes the loop more stable (up to a point) which
allows using a higher controller gain and a faster integral (shorter
integral time or higher integral gain). Keeping the system steady when
outside influences are making it change abruptly is the job of derivative
control. PID Control and the use of Derivative presents challenges for
most industrial processes. The proportional plus derivative controller is
not a frequent choice in process control . A derivative term does not
consider the error (meaning it cannot bring it to zero: a pure D
controller cannot bring the system to its set point), but the rate of
change of error, trying to bring this rate to zero. It aims at flattening the
error trajectory into a horizontal line, damping the force applied, and so
reduces overshoot (error on the other side because too great applied
force) .

Industrial Applications :

In theory, a controller can be used to control any process which has a

measurable output (PV), a known ideal value for that output (SP) and
an input to the process (MV) that will affect the relevant PV.
Controllers are used in industry to
regulate temperature, pressure, force, feed rate flow rate, chemical
composition (component concentrations), weight, position, speed, and
practically every other variable for which a measurement exists.
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL
PROCESS

As the name implies, a temperature controller – often called a PID

controller is an instrument used to control temperature. The temperature
controller takes an input from a temperature sensor and has an output that is
connected to a control element such as a heater or fan.

To accurately control process temperature without extensive operator

involvement, a temperature control system relies upon a
controller. Temperature control is a process in which change of temperature
of a space (and objects collectively there within) is measured or otherwise
detected, and the passage of heat energy into or out of the space is adjusted
to achieve a desired average temperature.

Fig. (d)
The figure above shows the example of a system under Temperature
Control Process via Simulink Model .

A home thermostat is an example of a closed control loop: It constantly

assesses the current room temperature and controls a heater and/or air
conditioner to increase or decrease the temperature according to user-defined
settings. A simple (low-cost, cheap) thermostat merely switches the heater or
air conditioner either on or off, and temporary overshoot and undershoot of
the desired average temperature must be expected.

A more expensive thermostat varies the amount of heat or cooling provided

by the heater or cooler, depending on the difference between the required
temperature (the "set point") and the actual temperature. This minimizes
over/undershoot. This method is called Proportional control. Further
enhancements using the accumulated error signal (Integral) and the rate at
which the error is changing (Derivative) are used to form more complex PID
Controllers which is the form usually seen in industry.
 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PID
CONTROLLERS

While simple in theory, design and implementation of PID controllers can be

difficult and time consuming in practice.

PID control involves several tasks that include:

▪ Selecting an appropriate PID algorithm (P, PI, or PID)
▪ Tuning controller gains .
▪ Simulating the controller against a plant model
▪ Implementing the controller on a target processor

MATLAB and add-on products bring efficiency to these design tasks .

If the controller performance is satisfactory, we press “Apply” to update

the values of P, I, D, and N gains in the PID Controller block dialog box .
We can then test the performance of our design by simulating the
nonlinear model and looking at the results .With the help of MATLAB,
automatically Controller Gains can be scaled for implementation on a
processor with fixed point arithmetic .Multiple Controllers can also be
controlled in Batch mode . Automatically the controller gains can be
tuned and designs can be fine tuned interactively .Closed Loop System
Simulation can be run by connecting PID Control Model to the Plant
Model . By default, PID Tuner linearizes a plant and designs a controller
at the operating point specified by the initial conditions in the Simulink
model. Sometimes, this operating point differs from the operating point
for which
Overview of Simulink Elements (Blocks) Used In Constructing
The Model :

Simulink is a block diagram environment for multidomain simulation and

Model-Based Design. It supports system-level design, simulation, automatic
code generation, and continuous test and verification of embedded systems.
A comprehensive library of predefined blocks helps to build models. Blocks
from the library are added to the Model using Simulink Editor .Blocks are
connected by way of signal lines to establish mathematical relationships
between system components .

Following is the list of Blocks used in the construction of the Project Model :

• Scope
• Constant
• Sum Block
• Ideal Temperature Source
• Ideal Temperature Sensor
• Solver Configuration
• PID Controller
• Thermal Reference
• PS-Simulink Converter
• Simulink-PS Converter
➢ SCOPE BLOCK :

The Simulink Scope block displays time domain signals. This

block plots multiple signals on the same y-axis (display) using multiple
input ports.It autoscales axes during or at the end of a simulation.
Margins are drawn at the top and bottom of the axes. It displays
multiple y-axes. All the y-axes have a common time range on the x-
axis.

Fig. (e)

➢ THERMAL REFERENCE :

This block is used as a Reference connection for thermal ports.

The Thermal Reference block represents a thermal reference point, that
is, a point with an absolute zero temperature, with respect to which all
the temperatures in the system are determined. The block has one
thermal conserving port.The symbol of the Thermal Reference block is
shown below :

Fig. (f)
➢ IDEAL TEMPERATURE SENSOR :

The Temperature Sensor block represents an ideal temperature sensor,

that is, a device that determines the temperature differential measured
between two points without drawing any heat. Connections A and B
are thermal conserving ports that connect to the two points where
temperature is being monitored. Port T is a physical signal port that
outputs the temperature differential value. The block positive direction
is from port A to port B. The measured temperature is determined as T
= TA – TB.

Fig. (g)

➢ PS SIMULINK CONVERTER :

The PS-Simulink Converter block converts a physical signal into a

Simulink output signal. This block is used to connect outputs of a
Physical Network diagram to Simulink scopes or other Simulink
blocks. The Output signal unit parameter specifies the desired units for
the output signal. These units must be commensurate with the units of
the input physical signal coming into the block.
The block has a physical signal input port, located on its left side, and a
Simulink output port, located on its right side (in the block default
orientation).Below is the symbol of the block diagram –

Fig. (h)
 ➢ SIMULINK–PS CONVERTER :

The Simulink-PS Converter block converts the input Simulink signal

into a physical signal. Use this block to connect Simulink sources or
other Simulink blocks to the inputs of a Physical Network diagram.
The parameter value controls the unit of the physical signal at the
output port of the block, which serves as the input signal for the
Simscape physical network. The block has one, two, or three Simulink
input ports (depending on the Provided signals parameter value),
located on its left side, and a physical signal output port, located on its
right side (in the block default orientation).Shown below is the symbol
of block diagram .

Fig. (i)

➢ PID CONTROLLER :

PID controller gains are tunable either manually or automatically. Automatic

tuning requires Simulink Control Design software. The PID Controller block
output is a weighted sum of the input signal, the integral of the input signal,
and the derivative of the input signal. The weights are the proportional,
integral, and derivative gain parameters. A first-order pole filters the
derivative action. The PID Controller block accepts real signals of any
numeric data type that Simulink software supports, including fixed-point
data types. The Block diagram is shown below :

Fig. (j)
 ➢ SOLVER CONFIGURATION :

Each physical network represented by a connected Simscape block

diagram requires solver settings information for simulation. The Solver
Configuration block specifies the solver parameters that your model
needs before you can begin simulation. Each topologically distinct
Simscape block diagram requires exactly one Solver
Configuration block to be connected to it.
The block has one conserving port. You can add this block anywhere
on a physical network circuit by creating a branching point and
connecting it to the only port of the Solver Configuration block.Block
Diagram is shown below :

Fig. (k)

➢ IDEAL TEMPERATURE SOURCE :

The Ideal Temperature Source block represents an ideal source of thermal
energy that is powerful enough to maintain specified temperature difference
across the source regardless of the heat flow consumed by the system.
Connections A and B are thermal conserving ports corresponding to the
source inlet and outlet, respectively. Port S is a physical signal port, through
which the control signal that drives the source is applied. You can use the
entire variety of Simulink signal sources to generate the desired heat flow
variation profile. The temperature differential across the source is directly
proportional to the signal at the control port S. The block positive direction
is from port A to port B. This means that the temperature differential is
determined
as TB – TA, where TB and TA are the temperatures at source ports.

Fig. (l)
➢ CONSTANT BLOCK :

the block has the same dimensions and elements as

the value parameter(Constant). If you specify for this parameter a
vector that you want the block to interpret as a vector, select
the Interpret vector parameters as 1-D parameter. Otherwise, if you
specify a vector for the value parameter which is constant, the block
treats that vector as a matrix.

➢ SUM BLOCK :

The Sum block performs addition or subtraction on its inputs. This

block can add or subtract scalar, vector, or matrix inputs. It can also
collapse the elements of a signal. If there are two or more inputs, then
the number of + and - characters must equal the number of inputs. For
example, “+-+” requires three inputs and configures the block to
subtract the second (middle) input from the first (top) input, and then
add the third (bottom) input. The Sum block first converts the input
data type(s) to its accumulator data type, then performs the specified
operations. The block converts the result to its output data type using
the specified rounding and overflow modes.The block diagram is
shown below :

Fig. (m)
Simulation Model of the Project

Fig. (n)
Output Graph Showing Variation of Time with
Temperature

Fig. (o)
 CONCLUSION

With the help of Simulink, the ideal temperature that is required to be

maintained is reached . By assigning proper values to the various blocks
namely Proportional Controller, Differential Controller and Derivative
Controller we can reach the desired Temperature Point . The model is built
in such a way that it should adhere to all types of needs of Temperature
Control System .

Various variations in Block Parameters tends to affect the Temperature

Control Process . The ubiquitous nature of PID control is used to control the
temperature . The ideal temperature control is clearly shown in the Simulink
Output Curve . Matlab-SIMULINK based real time control is realized in this
Project .This is the gist behind Industrial Application of this Project .
 REFERENCES

• [1] A.K. Sawhney, “ A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurement and

Instrumentation”, Jan 2015 edition .

• [2] Cooper, “Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques”.

• [3] “Temperature Controller in PID Controller by Labview”, Hongji Yu , Faculty

of Engineering and Sustainable Developoment , University of Galve

• [4] “Design of the PID Controller Based Temperature Controller”, Manjeet Kaur
, Anil Kumar, Humairah Hamid , Amity University , Haryana

• [5] “Real Time Temperature Process Using PID Controller”, A.R. Laware, V.S.
Bandal, D.B. Talange , P.D.V.V.P. College of Engineering, Ahmednagar