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SCHEME FOR IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP IN AN ORGANIC COMPOUND

Sl.
Experiment Observation Inference
No.
I Preliminary Tests
1. Colour of the substance is noted. Brown Presence of amines or phenols.

Colourless Presence of aldehydes, ketones,


acids etc.
2. Smell of the substance is noted. Fishy smell Presence of amine.

Carbolic smell Presence of phenols.

Smell of bitter almonds Presence of aldehyde.


3. A little of the substance is placed on a Red litmus turns blue. Presence of amine.
moist litmus paper.
Blue litmus turns red. Presence of acid or phenol.
II Identification Tests
1. Test with sodium bicarbonate solution:
To a little of the substance, add 1 mL of
Brisk effervescence Presence of carboxylic acid.
saturated sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
solution.
2. Test with sodium hydroxide: A little of The substance dissolves and
Presence of carboxylic acid or
the substance is shaken with a few reappears on adding conc.
phenol.
drops of NaOH solution. HCl.
3. Test with dil. HCl: A little of the The substance dissolves and
substance is shaken with a few drops of reappears on adding NaOH Presence of amine.
dil. HCl. solution.
4. Test with neutral ferric chloride
solution: To a little of the substance, Formation of violet
Presence of phenol.
add 1 mL of neutral ferric chloride colouration.
solution.
5. Borsche’s reagent Test: To a little of the
Formation of yellow or
substance, add about 1 mL of Borsche’s Presence of aldehyde or ketone.
orange ppt.
reagent and shaken well.
III Confirmatory tests
1. Carboxylic Acid- Esterification Test:
A little of the substance is mixed with
about 1 mL of ethyl alcohol and a few Presence of carboxylic acid
drops of conc. H2SO4. The mixture is Pleasant fruity smell.
confirmed.
warmed, cooled and poured into cold
water taken in a beaker.
2. Phenol: To a little of the substance, add
White precipitate. Presence of phenol confirmed.
bromine water and shaken well.
3. Amines - Carbyl Amine test:
To a little of the substance add two or Unpleasant foul smell is
three drops of chloroform. To this obtained. Presence of amine confirmed.
mixture 1 mL of alcoholic KOH solution is
added and warmed.
4. Aldehydes & Ketones - Schiff’s reagent Pink coloured precipitate. Presence of aldehyde confirmed.
Test: A little of the substance is shaken
with two drops of Schiff’s reagent. No Pink precipitate. Presence of ketone confirmed.
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