PRESENTATION ON

1.ELEMENTS OF SUB-STATION EQUIPMENTS

2.BASIC POWER SYSTEM CONCEPTS

by
P.K.PATTANAIK

07/11/14 P.K.PATTANAIK 1
House Keeping ……

1. Kindly switch OFF/ Keep your Mobile phone in Vibration

mode .

2. Please interact with no CROSS TALK.

3. Kindly allow one to (speak/ ask queries) at a time.

4. Please maintain silence during presentation.

Thanks in ADVANCE for maintaining/ to maintain the

HOUSE KEEPING RULES
 Out Line ……

1. Introduction
2. Acquaintance to Sub- Station Equipments
i. Working Principle
ii. Significance to Protection Scheme
iii.Name plate Study
iv.Updated technology in present Practice
3. Sub-Station Lay out/ Electrical Concepts
4. OPEN SESSION
5. Conclusion

Thousands mile of journey starts from FIRST STEP

Skeleton Chart
Human being Protection system
ELECTRICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM

DC -

SECONDARY
PROTECTION

DC +
 SUB STATION MAIN EQUIPMENTS
Equipments Functions
Lightning Arrester Discharges the lightning and switching surge Voltage
to Earth
Wave trap Traps the high frequency signals to the system
equipments
Isolator Air dis-connection of circuit for safety maintenance
Earth Switch Discharges voltage on Dead line
Circuit Breaker Auto disconnection of circuit for fault or abnormal
condition
Current Transforms current from High to Low for control and
Transformer protection circuit
Potential Transforms voltage from High to Low for control and
Transformer protection circuit
Lightning Arrester
Surge Arrestor / Lightning Arrestor

Modern surge arrestors :-

1. Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)- ZnO2 Blocks

with grain of 10μm dia.
2. Confirms IEC 60099-4 / IS 3070 with safety
Vent and LCM ( Leakage Current Monitor)
3. Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) is highly
nonlinear in nature, which has sharply
kinked voltage-current characteristics.
NAME PLATE STUDY ( LA)

Particulars Rating / Value

Make/Model
1. MCOV :- Maximum Continuous
Sl No / Year

System Voltage 220 Kv Operating Voltage

NDC 10 KAp 2. BIL :- Basic Insulation Level
System BIL 1050KVp
3. NDC:- Nominal Discharge Current
MCOV 168 KV
4. LD Class :- Line Discharge Class
LD Class 3

Approx. weight 135 KG

5. Rated Voltage:- (system voltage x √ 2)
Frequency ( Hz) 50 √ 3
Rated Voltage 198 KV
WAVE TRAP
Particulars Value

Continuous Current Rating at 1250 Amp

50 0 C ambient

Max. Symmetrical Short 31.5 KA

Circuit Current For 1 Sec

Rated Inductance 0.5 H

Blocking Range 150-500 KHz

Mounting Suspension

Basic Insulation Level 32.37 KVp

Standard Nominal Discharge 10 KA

Current for 8/20 micro Sec.
Wave impulse

Rated Voltage of Arrestor 6 KV

Tuning Broad Band

Visual Corona Extinction 156 KV

Voltage
No of Turns in Main coil 28 (2 in Parallel
WAVE TRAP Working Function
ISOLATORS Name Plate Study

Particulars Rating / Particulars Rating

Value / Value

Make Type

Voltage (KV) 245 Current ( Amp) 2000

STC (KA-Sec- 40-3-100 Impulse ( KVp) 1050

KAp)

PF Voltage 460 Frequency ( Hz) 50

( KV )

DC Voltage (V) 220 AC Voltage ( V) 415

Operating Device MOM Year

Isolators/ Dis-connector
LOCKING OF ISOLATOR IN END POSITION
Modern Isolators :-

1. Single Break motorized type – Proper Gripping due to dragging each

other.
2. One contact – provides 100% confirmed status.
3. Interlock scheme from Numerical Micro-processor Relay.
4. Operates on OFF load or EQUI-POTENTIAL Concept.
Switch Gear/ Circuit Breaker
UP TO 36 KV ( VCB ) *CIGRE 1994:-Tech Report 83:-
CIGRE analyzing worldwide Circuit
1. Quick Restoring of Dielectric Breaker advises the use of spring
strength of Gap operating mechanism in order to
ensure the highest reliability.
2. Short gap needs lesser Control
Mechanism
VCB
3. Low Weight

72 KV to 800 KV ( SF6 Filled Spring

Mechanism)

1. SF6 (electronegative in nature

with high quenching property and
high dielectric strength

2. Spring- Spring mechanism takes

less space and simple
mechanism .
Circuit Breaker

420 kV SF6 GCB

With SP/Pneumatic Mechanism
Switch Gear/ Circuit Breaker
800 KV SF6 LIVE TANK

400 KV SF6 Gas Breaker

Switch Gear/ Circuit Breaker

CB with Composite Insulator CB with PIR and Graded

Capacitor
 Circuit Breaker Name Plate Study
Particulars Rating / Value Particulars Rating / Value

Make Rated Lightening impulse with Stand 650 KVp

voltage

Type Rated short Circuit Breaking Current 31.5 KA

Rated Voltage 145 KV Rated Operating pressure 15.5 KG/cm2 - g

Rated Frequency 50 HZ First pole to Clear factor 1.5

Rated Normal 3150 A Rated Duration of short Circuit current 31.5 KA , 3 Sec
Current

Rated Closing 220 V DC Rated Line Charging Breaking Current 50 A

Voltage Rated SF6 Gas pressure

Rated Opening 220V DC Rated Voltage and frequency for Aux. 415 VAC , 50 HZ
Voltage Circuit

GAS PRESSURE 6.0 bar at 20 0 Rated operating Sequence 0-0.3S-CO-3Min-CO

SF6 c

Total weight with 2000 KG Gas weight 9 KG

Gas

Sl. No. STD. IEC 56

Month / Year of
Manufacturing
 Circuit Breaker Name Plate Study
Rated Lightning withstand voltage:- Peak value of standard voltage surge 1.2/50 μs that the
insulation of a device can withstand. The meaning of this is “ in 1.2 micro second the voltage reaches its
peak value and in 50 micro second it decays to the half of this value

1st pole to clear factor:- For 3 phase circuit breakers, arc extinction in 3 pole does not become
simultaneous, for which the recovery voltage of the pole, first to extinguish the arc is of the order of
1.2 to 1.5 times the phase voltage and called First Pole to Clear Factor and defined as the ratio of the
Voltage between the (healthy phase and faulty phase) to (Normal phase voltage)

Operating cycle :- The possible operational sequence of the breaker between the close and
opening operation is called Operating cycle . This information is important for the choice of the
breaker whether suitable for auto reclosing system or not. General operating cycle is as ( O-10s-CO-
3min-CO for normal operation and O-0.3s-CO-3min-CO for auto re-close condition

Short-time Current Rating:- The circuit breaker must be capable of carrying short-circuit
current for a short period while another circuit breaker (in series) is clearing the fault. The rated
short-time current is the rms value (total current, both A.C and D.C components) of the current
that the circuit breaker can carry safely for a specified short period

Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) or Re-striking voltage:-For the AC circuit breaker , for
the case of current interruption even after current becoming zero, certain voltage appears across the
contacts, which is transient in nature and called TRV or Re-striking Voltage.
Instrument Transformer ( CT, PT)
Current Transformer Principle

Current sensor

I2

I1
Voltage Transformer
Principle Voltage sensor
Magnetic circuit (core)

Primary
Windings Secondary
Windings

U1 U2
CVT Principle
OUT DOOR S/S CTs (Live Tank CT)
Dead Tank CT U Shape Live Tank CT
Voltage Transformer CVT
 Oil expansion device

Capacitor elements

Capacitor column

Insulating oil

Insulator flange

Secondary terminal box

Inductance

MV Transformer

Damping circuit
Combined CT and PT unit
Optic Fiber CT
Current Transformer Principle
CT NAME PLATE STUDY
Particulars Rating / Value Particulars Rating / Value

Make Type

Ref. Standard IS 2705-1992 HSV/NSV 245/ 220 KV

BIL 1050/460 KV S.T.Current 40/ 1 KA/Sec

Frequency 50 HZ Wt. Of Oil 350 KG

Making Capacity 100 KAp TOTAL WEIGHT 1200 KG

Sl. No/YEAR

P1 C2
C1
P2

S1 S2 S3
CT NAME PLATE STUDY
RATIO 400-200-100/1-1-1-1-1
PRI/SEC CURRENT (A) 400/1 200/1 100/1
PRI. CONN. P1C1– P2C2 C1-C2 C1-C2
SEC. CONN.
CORE 1 1S1-1S3 1S1-1S3 1S1-1S2
CORE2 2S1-2S3 2S1-2S3 2S1-2S2
CORE3 3S1-3S3,S’ 3S1-3S3,S’ 3S1-3S2,S’
CORE4 4S1-4S3 4S1-4S3 4S1-4S2
CORE5 5S1-5S3 5S1-5S3 5S1-5S2
CORE 1 2 3 4 5
OUT PUT* - - 40 - -
ACC. CLASS* PS PS 0.5 PS PS
ISF/ALF* - - ≤5 - -
Vk (V) Min* 1200 1200 - 1200 1200
I exc@Vk *(mA) Max * 25 25 - 25 25
Rct at 75 0 C Max* 5 5 - 5 5
* AT 400/1 AND 200/1 RATIO ONLY
CVT NAME PLATE STYUDY
Particulars Rating / Value Particulars Rating / Value

Make Sl. No.

Type Rated Voltage 220/√3 KV
Highest System Voltage 245 KV Rated Insulation Level 245/460/1050 KV
Total Creepage 6125 min. nom.mm Rated Frequency 50 HZ
Wt of Oil 140 KG Standard IEC : 60186/ IS : 3156
Total Weight 750 KG HV ( Pri) Capacitance 4840 pF
Int. V ( Sec ) Capacitance 48400 pF Equip. Cap 4400 + 10 %
( Cn ) for PLCC - 5 % pF
Nom. Intermediate Volt. 20/√3 KV Temp. category - 5 to 55 0 C
Total Thermal Burden 750 VA Class of Insulation A
1 ph solidly earth Connection Suitable for hot Line Washing
Month / Year of Voltage Divider ratio 220/√3 KV/20/√3 KV
Manufacturing

Voltage Factor 1.2 Continuous / G.A Drg. No.

1.5 for 30 Sec
CVT NAME PLATE STUDY

Rated Sec. Voltage Terminal Marking Rated burden VA Acc. Class

110/√3 V , 110/√3 V (1a-1n), (2a-2n) 150, 150 0.5, 0.5

110/√3 V 3a-3n 50 3P
CT Circuit Connection Principle
 Polarity and connection.
 Star connection circuit
 IR = I , angle( 0 ) R

 IY = I, angle (-120)
 IB = I, angle (120)
 IR+ IY+ IB= IN R

y
B
Application of Instrument Transformers
ELECTRICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM

DC -

SECONDARY
PROTECTION

DC +
FAULT OUTSIDE Differential ZONE

2400 A 4800A

600/1 A 1200/1A
0A

4A 4A
132Kv

66Kv
FAULT INSIDE DIFFERENTIAL ZONE

2400 A 4800A

600/1A 1200/1A
8A

4A 4A
132KV 66Kv
PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY ( WHY)

1. Safety to Equipments and working personnel

2. To minimize damage and interruption

3. To prevent the Electric Failure

4. Loss of revenue due to outage

5. Inconvenience to the consumers

6. High Down time for repair / replacement

If No…. Then What…
The Fault Clearance System
Fault Clearance System

Protection System

CT Circuit Breaker

Circuit
Protection Breaker
VT Trip
Equipment Mecha-
Coil
nism
TE

DC-System
 1. What is Relay?
 A device which detect intolerable or unwanted
conditions within the assigned area.
 A watchman or watchdog for the equipment/area
 Silent sentinels to power system.

 2. How relays are differentiated?

 Functional categories
 Input quantities
 Operating Principles
 Performance Characteristics.
 3. What are functional types?
 Protective relay.
 Monitoring relay.
 Reclosing relay.
 Regulating relay.
 Synchronising relay.

4. What are various input type?

 Voltage, Current, Temperature,
 Flow, Vibration, Pressure.
PROTECTION DEVICES
PROTECTION DEVICE FOR GRID
SUB STATION
FEATURES OF NUMERICAL RELAYS
 Self-supervision

 Setting groups

 Programmable logic

 Adaptive schemes

 Multiple protection characteristics

 Communication capability

 Instrumentation features
 ADDITIONAL FEATURES

 State-of-the-art-technology
 Simple design
 Operational flexibility
 Low relay burden
 Reduction of panel size & wiring
 Reduced commissioning time
 Reduced testing time
 Fault disturbance recording & analysis
 Sequence of events recording
 PROTECTION SYSTEM
Generator T/F Protection 220 KV LINE
protection

220 KV LINKAGE TO GRID

BUS
LBB

132KV
BUS 132/11KV
T/F

Line protection
132 KV D/C
TR. LINE

11KV
BUS
Bus Bar
Protn.

Generation Evacuation
GENERATOR PROTECTION

Field Failure

GEN. DIFF.
Reverse
Power

INTER TURN STATOR E /F

OVER ALL DIFF.

T/F INTERNAL PROT.: Buchholz

,Wdg. Temp. , Oil temp. & PRV
trip/alarm
TRASFORMER PROTECTION
Differential zone

Differential
element

400/1 1200/1
100MVA , 220/66 KV

262.5A 875A
00 00

Yy0

HV REF ZONE LV REF ZONE

REF LV
REF HV

400/1 1200/1

BACK UP O/C & E/F

Over fluxing
Buchholz, WT, OT, & PRV alarm / trip
BUS FAULT
BUS BAR PROTECTION
BUS-1

BUS-2
BUS BAR PROTECTION
ZONE-1
BUS BAR PROTECTION
ZONE-1

ZONE-2
 LINE PROTECTION Z3

Z2
Z1

X X X X
X X

Z1
Z3 Z2

X X
X X

X X

A B C D
IED ( Intelligent Electronics Device)

 Event Logger

 Disturbance recorder

 Fault Locator

 Numerical relays