with Freud.
In order to pull these figures into a there are problems of oversimplification and un¬
system wherein they can be discussed in relation
to Freud, the author is forced to stretch the mean¬
ing of his material a bit. For example, from the
case of a somnambulistic girl reported by L.W.
Beiden in 1834, the author concludes : "The ele¬
ment in Belden's study which seems most clearly
akin to Freudian thought is his likening the shifting
fancies of the insane to the vagrant movement of
events in dream." Whereas, in fact, Freud's unique
discovery was the sophisticated idea that dreams can
be understood, that their determinants were dis¬
coverable, and that the process involved in dream
distortion had a lawful basis. To liken this with
Belden's observations regarding the phenomenologi-
cal correspondence of dreams and delusions is to
fail to grasp the essential nature of Freud's dream
psychology.
The distortion just cited is only one of many
regarding the nature of psychoanalysis which appear
in the book. Although the author takes a generally
sympathetic attitude toward psychoanalysis, it is
difficult to discern just what he understands by
psychonalysis. Viewed as a whole, the book pur¬
ports to take a psychoanalytic approach to the
spread of psychoanalytic ideas in America. But
the topic is actually viewed sociologically and his¬
torically and not at all analytically. In discussing
what he refers to as the new forms of analytic
therapy, the author differentiates between the
analyst who enters into an active interchange with
the patient (the new form) and the analyst who
appears "as a presence against which the patient
bounces the ball of his memories, his phantasies. ."
Nowhere does he take up the basic significance for
. .
psychoanalytic therapy of the transference neurosis.
Given so modest a level of comprehension of
psychoanalytic theory and technique, the author's
excursion into the area of the differences between
those to whom he refers as the classicists, on the
one hand, and the post-and-neo-Freudians, on the
other, will not be correctly understood by the un¬
sophisticated reader.
In a chapter on Freud and American education,
the author offers an essentially sociologically-
oriented critique of education with minor comments
on psychoanalytic penetration. An appropriate cau¬
tion is inserted regarding the possible misapplication
of psychoanalytic theories. But he adds nothing to
our understanding of what, of any, influence psy¬
choanalysis has had except that students use psycho¬
analytic jargon and that educators once practiced
id rather than ego psychology. Even less understand¬
ing is offered of the impact of psychonalysis on
religion. Have there, for example, been any doctrinal
changes due to psychoanalysis? The important
problem of pastoral counseling is treated in just a
few sentences.
In summary, although popularizations are decried
by Dr. Ruitenbeek, he has written an essentially
popular account of a subject which deserves an
authoratative study. As with any popular account,
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substantiated assertions. In addition, the author
must be faulted for a basic conceptual failure in his
area of focal concern : psychoanalysis.
LEO SODOW, MD
Primate Behavior: Field Studies of Monkeys
and Apes. Edited by Irven DeVore. Price, $10.
Pp 668. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, Inc.,N 383
Madison Ave, New York 10017, 1965.
While there has always been some scientific in-
terest in nonhuman primate behavior as it occurs
under natural conditions, the recent proliferation of
research in this area certainly is remarkable. With-
out doubt, one salient factor which has initiated this
trend has been the work of the European eth-
ologists. Ethologists have stressed the importance
of field as compared to laboratory studies of animal
behavior, since they feel that only the former ap-
proach can illuminate the adaptive significance of
diverse behaviors. It is this interest in adaptation,
and concern with the role of evolution in the be-
havior of organisms which appears to be the core
around which much of the current research is or-
ganized. Interest in the evolution of behavior leads
one naturally to the study of nonhuman primates,
and surprisingly, little systematic information had
been gathered with regard to man's close phylo-
genetic neighbors. Within the past few years, how-
ever, psychologists, anthropologists, ethologists, and
others from a wide variety of disciplines have begun
the arduous task of long-term observation of pri¬
mate behavior as it occurs in the wild. The present
volume is a collection of some of these recent
studies.
The book is divided into three sections. Part I
deals with field investigations of monkeys and
prosimians. Chapters included in this section are :
"Baboon Ecology" by I. Devore and K. R. L. Hall,
"Baboon Social Behavior" by K. R. L. Hall and
I. Devore, "Rhesus Monkeys in North India" by
C. H. Southwick, M. A. Berg, and M. R. S. Siddiqi,
"Population Dynamics of Rhesus Monkeys on Cayo
Santiago" by C. B. Koford, "The Bonnet Macaque
in South India" by P. E. Simonds, "The Common
Langur of North India" by P. Jay, "The Howlers
of Barro Colorado Island" by C. R. Carpenter, and
"The Lemurs of Madagascar" by J. J. Petter.
Part II of the book is devoted to accounts of the
apes. Chapters in this section are : "The Behavior
of the Mountain Gorilla" by G. B. Schaller,
"Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest" by V.
Reynolds and F. Reynolds, "Chimpanzees of the
Gombe Stream Reserve" by J. Goodall, and "Be¬
havioral Comparisons of the Apes" by G. B. Schal¬
ler. Of particular interest in this section were the
number of striking differences seen in the behavior
of gorillas as compared to other apes. Also note¬
worthy are the examinations of chimpanzees existing
in widely different environments. These latter
studies call one's attention to the importance of
ecological factors in the determination of animal
behavior.
 Part III deals with comparative studies, and dif¬
fers from the preceeding sections in that chapters in
Part III consist essentially of literature surveys,
and not field studies. J. B. Lancaster and R. B. Lee
discuss "The Annual Reproductive Cycle in Monkey
and Apes," and conclude that such cycles are present
in various species of nonhuman primates. Accord¬
ingly, the authors feel that sexual drives are not
(as was formerly believed) the cause of the complex
social groupings, found in these animals. The re¬
maining chapters in Part III are: "The Social De¬
velopment of Monkeys and Apes" by P. Marier,
"Primate Signaling Systems and Human Lan¬
guages" by J. R. Bastian, and the "Implications of
Primate Research" by S. L. Washburn and D. A.
Hamburg. An overall view of this section reveals
that while generalizations about the behavior of
primates are indeed possible, great care must be
taken in view of the high magnitude of interspecies
differences. One generalization which can be made
with little probability of error however, is that
primate behavior must be observed both in the
laboratory and in the field before a proper analysis
of such behavior can be accomplished. This book, an
outstanding collection of field studies, not only con¬
tributes significantly to our understanding of the
evolution of primate behavior, but by precept, will
undoubtedly influence the course of future research
in this extremely interesting area.
HAROLD SCHUCKMAN, PhD
The Tactics of Psychotherapy. By William F.
Murphy, MD. Price, $10. Pp 623. International
Universities Press, Inc, 227 W 13th St, New
York 10011, 1965.
This big, useful book is a continuation of the
pioneering work of sector psychotherapy, associated
with both the author and his late colleague Felix
Deutsch. Subtitled The Application of Psycho-
analytic Theory to Psychotherapy, Dr Murphy
brings his vast experience and possibly unteachable
intuitive skills in interviewing together with a
demonstration of the use of the body of psycho-
analytic theory and knowledge in the exploratory
and brief psychotherapy of a series of 17 patients.
The verbatim transcript of his therapeutic inter-
views, sandwiched between rich sections of the
theoretical and technical knowledge, make up the
body of the book.
The eight-page preface is a gem of succinct in-
formation about the general nature of psycho-
therapy, and should not be skipped by anyone.
Although the 17 chapters tend to be somewhat
repetitious, they nevertheless produce one of the few
collections of reported, readable primary bodies of
information about much of what goes on in a thera-
peutic interview. (Another such resource is Lewis
Wolberg's book, The Technique of Psychotherapy.)
Dr. Murphy describes his therapy as that which
most closely resembles psychoanalysis, but it should
not be mistaken for psychoanalysis. Rather it is a
brief psychotherapy, symptom- and sector-oriented,
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that aims at relief of symptoms, the expression and
exploration with the patient of his own feelings,
conscious and unconscious, through the use of the
technique of "word feedback."
Emphasized for the reader-student here are
demonstrations of how to listen, to be active, to
organize, to integrate, to communicate in limited
ways in limited areas, and the uses of sophisticated
planning in the treatment situation. The dynamic
formulations are instructive and of great interest,
although somewill wonder whether they see in the
protocols as much separation and disappointment
and reactions to it as the author sees. And herein
lies one of the book's great values : the material is
there from which the author draws his conclusions
and thus one has a base for comparison with one's
own style and one's own formulations.
Directed primarily to the resident and practitioner
"who wish to improve their technique," this book is
of value in learning about brief psychotherapy and
interviewing technique, and will be of most value at
the medical student and resident levels. It is already
in great use on the fourth-year level at one medical
school. Verbatim recordings lend the student some
feelings of both style and confidence, and give the
teacher a reproducible quantum of teaching mate¬
rial. Properly highlighted are those qualities that
are essential in a good therapist of whatever per¬
suasion. This is of as great value as the lucid pres¬
entation of sector psychotherapy.
ROY R. GRINKER, JR.,N MD
Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.
By Howard S.Becker.Price,$2.45.Pp 179.The
Macmillan Co.,Publishers, 60 Fifth Ave, New
York 10011,1966.
This 1966 paperback edition of a publication
which first appeared in 1963 has by now been widely
reviewed as a worthy contribution to the socio-
logical study of deviant behavior. Its current ap-
Pearance as a paperback is a testimonial both to the
quality of the work and to the prominence of
deviant behavior in this generation.
In general the author places deviance in perspec-
tive, identifies types of deviant behavior, considers
the role of rule makers and enforcers, and some of
the problems in studying deviance. In addition, he
develops a sequential model of deviance relying on
the concept of career, a concept originally developed
in studies of occupations. In his study of a particu-
lar kind of deviance, the use of marihuana, the
author posits and tests systematically an hypothesis
about the genesis of marihuana use for pleasure.
The hypothesis traces the sequence of changes in
individual attitude and experience which always
occurred when the individual became willing and
able to use marihuana for pleasure. The sequence
of changes is: (1) learning to smoke the drug in
a way which will produce real effects ; (2) learning
to recognize the effects and connect them with drug
use; and (3) learning to enjoy the sensations he
perceives. The theory starts with the person who
has arrived at the point of willingness to try mari-