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DEADLEG INLET
INTERNAL
DIAMETER =
43 mm CLAMPED SUPPORT
DEADLEG (NON-
FLOWING BRANCH)
THERMOWELL 1
(INTRUSIVE ELEMENT)
INTERNAL FLOW
DIAMETER = DIRECTION
87 mm
THERMOWELL 2
(INTRUSIVE ELEMENT)
CLAMPED SUPPORT
OUTLET
Typical Approach – EI Guidelines
The same case is then evaluated further using CFD and FEA methods
* Guidelines for the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework, Energy Institute, 2nd edition
Case Study
! Further action required: redesign, further detailed analysis and/or vibration monitoring
System-wide modelling
– CFD to assess flow mechanisms and input to
– Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to assess
• Natural frequencies of system
• How the flow-induced forces may excite the system
Coupled CFD & FEA analysis could offer the complete solution
Local Model - Intrusive Elements
The EI guidelines use the following equation to predict a vortex shedding frequency:
St = fL/v
CFD simulation can be used in conjunction with a finite element structural model
A transient flow solution from STAR-CCM+ imported for random vibration analysis in
wave6 – a frequency domain aero-vibro-acoustic solver
– Summary of this presented here
Whole System Analysis
Flow modeling:
– Unsteady (time accurate)
– Volume of Fluid method for multi-phase flow (VOF)
– Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model
– Ideal gas law applied to gas phase, liquid phase assumed to be incompressible
Objectives:
– Predict internal flow regime
– Record transient wall pressure data, apply this to FE structural model in wave6
Whole system analysis: CFD Domain
The main fluid region was meshing using polyhedral elements with a body fitted
prism layer.
The intrusive element interacts with the fluid film and gas streams (vertical
thermowell, case 2 shown)
An unsteady ‘pumping’ mechanism results
– From time domain data & visual inspection it is difficult to discern characteristic spatial
and frequency content
Frequency Domain Analysis
To quantify the risk of structural vibration, CFD results can be processed in the frequency
domain.
wave6 is a frequency domain aero-vibro-acoustic analysis tool which can read in transient
wall pressure data from STAR-CCM+.
– wave6 can be used to create coupled vibro-acoustic models that combine Finite Element, Boundary
Element and Statistical energy analysis methods.
– Structural/Acoustic FE model is directly excited by the fluctuating surfaces pressures calculated in CFD.
– Acceleration and Stress RMS levels calculated
RMS Pressure on Pipe Wall – Case 1
Overall RMS level STAR-CCM+ surface pressure
data mapped on wave6 model
RMS pressure shows ~30dB
Flow dynamic range
direction
Highest levels associated with:
Separated flow at the bend
Near the first thermowell
B
Around the deadleg tee
C
A
B
C
Spectral Diagnosis of RMS
Pressure on Pipe Wall – Case 1
RMS pipe wall pressure shown as a
function of frequency
4Hz
C B
C
Cause of 32Hz Peak – Case 1
Pressure PSD at 32 Hz
Mode 3 Mode 4
42 Hz 60 Hz
Random Vibration Response
Case 1 32 Hz
37 Hz
17 Hz
0.54 gRMS
0.25 gRMS
0.49 gRMS
0.24 gRMS
1 MPa RMS
17 Hz
Issues identified can be further investigated by detailed analysis using CFD & FEA.
The component-level CFD analysis for intrusive element showed the VIV issue
identified in EI guidelines was not present.
This presentation outlines the approach of using the Energy Institute guidelines to
assess flow-induced vibration.