In Dubio Pro-reo Doctrine Article 246 – Parricide

Any person who shall kill his father, mother, or child, whether
 It is the doctrine that a court, in construing an ambiguous
legitimate or illegitimate, or any of his ascendants, or descendants,
criminal statute that sets out multiple or inconsistent
or his spouse, shall be guilty of parricide and shall be punished by
punishments, should resolve the ambiguity in favor of the
the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death.
more lenient punishment.
Elements of Parricide:
1. That a person is killed
Crimes against Persons (20)
2. That the deceased is killed by the accused
HIMPAPAUID – GLASS – DC – MRD
3. That the deceased is the father, mother, or child, whether
1. Homicide (Article 249)
legitimate or illegitimate, or a legitimate other ascendant
2. Infanticide (Article 255)
or legitimate other descendant, or the legitimate spouse,
3. Murder (Article 248)
of the accused
4. Parricide (Article 246)
5. Abortion practiced by the woman herself or by her parents Essential element of Parricide:
(Article 258) o Relationship of the offender with the victim
6. Physical injuries inflicted in a tumultuous affray (Article 252)
Illegitimate:
7. Abortion practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of
o It embraces all children born out of wedlock.
abortives (Article 259)
8. Unintentional abortion (Article 257)
o Thus, (a) adulterine, (b) incestuous, and (c) sacrilegious
children are included under the term "illegitimate."
9. Intentional abortion (Article 256)
10. Death caused in a tumultuous affray (Article 251) Two (2) Situations:

1. If a person wanted to kill a stranger but by mistake killed his own

11. Giving assistance to suicide (Article 253)
12. Less serious physical injuries (Article 265) father, will it be parricide?

13. Administering injurious substances or beverages (Article 264) o Yes, but Article 49 applies to proper penalty imposed
14. Serious physical injuries (Article 263) Article 49:
15. Slight physical injuries and maltreatment (Article 266) Penalty to be imposed upon the principals if the crime committed is
different from that intended (Error in Personae) (Article 4 (1))
16. Duel (Article 260)
1. If the penalty for the felony committed be higher than the
17. Challenging to a duel (Article 261)
penalty for the offense which the accused intended to
commit, the lower penalty shall be imposed in its
18. Rape (Article 266-A)
maximum period
19. Mutilation (Article 262)
2. If the penalty for the felony committed be lower than the
20. Discharge of firearms (Article 254)
penalty for the offense which the accused intended to
commit, the lower penalty shall be imposed in its
Remember:
maximum period
Alternative Circumstance of Relationship
3. If the act committed also constitutes an attempt or
Crimes against Persons
frustration of another crime, and the law prescribes a
1. If the crime against persons is homicide or murder:
higher penalty for either of the latter, the penalty for the
o Alternative circumstance of relationship is aggravating, attempted or frustrated crime shall be imposed in its
even if the offended party be a relative of a lower or higher maximum period
degree of the offender
2. If a person killed another, not knowing that the latter was his son,
2. If the crime against persons is any of the serious physical injuries:
will he be guilty of parricide?
o Alternative circumstance of relationship is aggravating,
o Yes, because the law does not require knowledge of
even if the offended party be a relative of a lower or higher
relationship between them
degree of the offender
Adopted father or adopted son, or father-in-law or son in- law:
3. If the crime against persons is less serious physical injuries or slight
physical injuries and maltreatment:
o Not considered for parricide

o Alternative circumstance of relationship is aggravating, Parricide through reckless imprudence:

o Offended party be a relative of a higher degree Punished by arresto mayor in its maximum period to
of the offender prision correccional in its medium period
o Alternative circumstance of relationship is mitigating,
Parricide through simple imprudence or negligence:
o Offended party be a relative of a lower degree of
Punished by arresto mayor in its medium and maximum
the offender
periods
Special Notes: Reason for Article 247?
A. Parents and children are not included in the term o The law, when the circumstances provided by this article
"ascendants" or "descendants." are present, considers the spouse or parent as acting in a
B. Other ascendant or descendant must be legitimate justified burst of passion.
C. Father, mother or child may be legitimate or illegitimate
The word "surprise" means "to come upon suddenly and
D. Child should 3 days old or more
unexpectedly."
 If less than 3 days old, crime is infanticide
E. Only relatives by blood and in direct line, except spouse, Remember:

are considered in parricide Article 87 – Destierro

Any person sentenced to destierro shall not be permitted to enter
F. Spouse must be legitimate
the place or places designated in the sentence, nor within the radius
G. Marriages among Muslims or among members of the
therein specified, which shall be not more than 250 and not less than
ethnic cultural communities performed in accordance with
25 kilometers from the place designated.
their customs, rites or practices are valid
H. Relationship must be alleged in the information or in the
o In Article 247, penalty of destierro is not really intended as a
penalty but to remove the killer spouse from the vicinity
complaint in order to qualify the crime to parricide
and to protect him or her from acts of reprisal principally
 Wife of victim cannot be convicted of parricide if
by relatives of the deceased spouse.
charged only with murder. However, relationship
must be considered aggravating even if not Situation:
alleged in the information. If a husband caught a man having sexual intercourse with the
I. Stranger who cooperates and takes part in the commission former's wife against her will, as she was then shouting for help, an
of the crime of parricide, is not guilty of parricide but only attack upon that man by the husband may be a defense of relative
homicide or murder, as the case may be, in virtue of Article under Article 11, paragraph 2, but not under Article 247.
62 of the Revised Penal Code. o Wife was not committing adultery, as she was not
voluntarily having sexual intercourse with the man
o Article 247 applies, in the case of a husband, only when he
Article 247 surprises his wife in flagrant adultery.
Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances
In what cases is a person who committed parricide not punished with
o Any legally married person who having surprised his spouse
reclusion perpetua to death?
in the act of committing sexual intercourse with another
1. Parricide committed through negligence (Article 365)
person, shall kill any of them or both of them in the act or
2. Parricide committed by mistake (Article 249)
immediately thereafter, or shall inflict upon them any
3. Parricide committed under exceptional circumstances (Article 247)
serious physical injury, shall suffer the penalty of destierro
o If he shall inflict upon them physical injuries of any other
Special Notes:
kind, he shall be exempt from punishment
A. Article 247 does not define and penalize a felony
o These rules shall be applicable, under the same
B. Requisites of Article 247 must be established by the
circumstances, to parents with respect to their daughters
evidence of the defense, because the prosecution will
under eighteen (18) years of age, and their seducer, while
have to charge the defendant with parricide and/or
the daughters are living with their parents
homicide, in case death results; or serious physical injuries
o Any person who shall promote or facilitate the prostitution
in the other case
of his wife or daughter, or shall otherwise have consented
C. Since Article 247 does not charge a distinct crime, the
to the infidelity of the other spouse shall not be entitled to
accused charged with killing his wife's paramour, cannot
the benefits of this article
enter into a conditional plea of guilty and be sentenced
immediately to destierro. The court must receive evidence
Requisites of Article 247
on the circumstances surrounding the killing.
1. That a legally married person or a parent surprises his
D. Accused must be a legally married person
spouse or his daughter, the latter under 18 years of age and
E. Wife is entitled to the benefits of Article 247
living with him, in the act of committing sexual intercourse
F. Article 247 does not require that the parent be legitimate:
with another person
 It requires only:
2. That he or she kills any or both of them or inflicts upon any
1. Daughter be under 18 years old
or both of them any serious physical injury in the act or
2. Daughter is living with her parents
immediately thereafter
G. Article 247 applies only if the daughter is single because
3. That he has not promoted or facilitated the prostitution of
while under 18 years old and single, she is under parental
his wife or daughter, or that he or she has not consented to
authority
the infidelity of the other spouse
  If she is married, her husband alone can claim
Elements of Murder:
1. A person was killed
the benefits of Article 247
2. The accused killed him
H. Surprising the spouse or young daughter in the act of
3. Killing was attended by any of the qualifying circumstances
sexual intercourse, indispensable requisite
mentioned in Article 248
I. Article 247 is not applicable when the accused did not see
4. Killing is not parricide or infanticide
his spouse in the act of sexual intercourse with another
person The word "outraging" means to commit an extremely vicious or deeply
 But it is enough that the circumstances show insulting act.
reasonably that the carnal act is being committed
The word "scoffing" means to jeer; implies a showing of irreverence.
or has just been committed
J. Sexual intercourse does not include preparatory acts such Rules for the application of the circumstances which qualify the
as entering a room alone, then and thereafter undressing killing to murder:
themselves, performing mutual acts of the character of 1. Murder will exist with only one (1) of the circumstances
lasciviousness described in Article 248.
K. The killing or inflicting of serious physical injuries must be:
 If more than one (1) of said circumstances are
1. "in the act of sexual intercourse," or
present, the others must be considered as
2. "immediately thereafter."
generic aggravating.
L. Discovery, escape, pursuit, and killing must all form part of
2. If other circumstances are absorbed or included in one (1)
one continuous act.
qualifying circumstance, they cannot be considered as
M. Killing must be the direct by-product of the accused's rage.
generic aggravating
N. Killing of his spouse by the accused must be by reason of
3. Any of the qualifying circumstances enumerated in Article
having surprised her in the act of sexual intercourse with
248 must be alleged in the information.
another person.
O. No criminal liability when less serious or slight physical
 Thus, even if during the trial the prosecution proves
that the accused killed the deceased with treachery,
injuries are inflicted. (Absolutory cause)
but treachery is not alleged in the information,
P. No Liability for physical injuries or death suffered by third
treachery cannot qualify the killing to murder, the
persons in pursuit of the adulterer or the paramour by the
crime charged being only homicide. It is only a
accused, such as when there is a mistake in blow.
generic aggravating circumstance.
o In the act of pursuit, accused was not committing a
felony, so Article 4 cannot apply Situation:
Q. Not applicable to person who consented to the infidelity of A person is found dead with wounds in the back, neck and other
spouse, or who facilitated the prostitution of his wife or parts of the body. What is the crime committed?
daughter. o Murder. This is either cruelty if the victim was still alive
when other wounds were inflicted or, otherwise, outraging
or scoffing at his corpse.
Article 248 – Murder
Murder is the unlawful killing of any person which is not parricide or Remember:
infanticide, provided that any of the following circumstances is present: Treachery (Alevosia)?
1. With treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, with
o There is treachery when the offender commits any of the
the aid of armed men, or employing means to weaken the
crimes against the person, employing means, methods or
defense, or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity
forms in the execution thereof which tend directly and specially
2. In consideration of a price, reward or promise
to insure its execution, without risk to himself arising from the
3. By means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck,
defense which the offended party might make
stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a railroad,
fall of an airship, by means of motor vehicles, or with the use Requisites of Treachery
of any other means involving great waste and ruin 1. That at the time of the attack, the victim was not in a
4. On occasion of any of the calamities enumerated in the position to defend himself
preceding paragraph, or of an earthquake, eruption of a 2. That the offender consciously adopted the particular
volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic, or any other public means, methods, and forms of attack employed by him
calamity
Rules regarding Treachery
5. With evident premeditation
1. Applicable only to crimes against the person
6. With cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the
2. Means, methods, or forms need not insure accomplishment
suffering of the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his person
of crime; only its execution
or corpse
3. The mode of attack must be consciously adopted
Evident Premeditation:
o The essence of premeditation is that the execution of the
criminal act must be preceded by calm thought and reflection
upon the decision to carry out the criminal intent during the
space of time sufficient to arrive at a composed judgment.
Elements of Evident Premeditation: (TAS)
1. Time
o Time when the offender decided to kill his victim
2. Act
o Act of the offender manifestly indicating that he
clung to his decision to kill his victim
3. Sufficient Lapse of Time
o Sufficient lapse of time (at least 3 hours) between
the decision and the execution of the killing
Special Notes:
A. Offender must have intent to kill to be liable for murder by
means of fire, or other means under paragraph 3 of Article 248
B. Killing a person with treachery, or under the circumstances
mentioned in paragraphs 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 is murder even if
there is no intent to kill
C. Except the last qualifying circumstance, that of "outraging or
scoffing at his person or corpse," those mentioned in the six
paragraphs of Article 248 are under Article 14 which defines
all aggravating circumstances in general
D. Qualifying circumstance of treachery or "alevosia" exists in
the commission of the crime of murder when an adult person
illegally attacks a child of tender years and causes his death
E. Armed men must take part in the commission of the crime
directly or indirectly and the accused must avail himself of
their aid or rely upon them when the crime is committed
F. In consideration of a price, reward or promise:
 Principal by Direct Participation:
Person who received the price or reward
or who accepted a promise of price or
reward would not have killed the victim
were it not for that price, reward or
promise
 Principal by Induction
Person who gave the price or reward or
who made the promise
G. Treachery & premeditation = inherent in murder by poison.
H. Killing a person on the occasion of inundation, shipwreck,
epidemic, etc., or any other public calamity, when taken
advantage of by the offender, qualifies the crime to murder
I. With cruelty:
 There is cruelty when other injuries or wounds are
inflicted deliberately by the offender, which are not
necessary for the killing of the victim. The victim
must be alive when the other injuries or wounds
are inflicted.
 There is no cruelty, when the offender in inflicting
several other wounds on the victim has only a
decided purpose to kill him.
Penalty for Murder:
o Under R.A. 9346 which prohibited the imposition of the death
penalty, the penalty for murder is now reclusion temporal in
its maximum period to reclusion perpetua (before, death)
Article 249 – Homicide
Any person who, not falling within the provisions of Article 246, shall kill
another without the attendance of any of the circumstances
enumerated in Article 248e, shall be deemed guilty of homicide and be
punished by reclusion temporal.
Homicide:
o It is the unlawful killing of any person, which is neither
parricide, murder, nor infanticide
Elements of Homicide:
1. A person was killed
2. Accused killed him without any justifying circumstance
3. Accused had intent to kill, which is presumed
4. Killing was not attended by any of the qualifying
circumstances of murder, or by that of parricide or infanticide
Remember:
In all crimes against persons in which the death of the victim is an
element of the offense, there must be satisfactory evidence of:
1. Fact of death
2. Identity of the victim
Thus:
 If the body of the supposed victim who was unknown, could
not be located on the bank of the river, the place indicated by
the witness, and there was a possibility that the victim might
have been borne away by the current and might have
survived, the fact of death is not sufficiently established
 If the victim is known and could not have survived, because
the evidence shows that his arms and legs had been tied with
a rope and thereafter he had been stuck on the head with a
piece of wood, before he was thrown into the sea, even if his
body was never found, the corpus delicti is established
Special Notes:
A. In homicide, the victim must be killed to consummate the
crime. If the victim is not killed, it is either attempted or
frustrated homicide.
B. Penalty when the victim of homicide is below 12 years old:
Reclusion Perpetua
C. Intent to kill is conclusively presumed when death resulted
 If death resulted, even if there is no intent to kill,
the crime is homicide, not merely physical injuries
D. In attempted or frustrated homicide, the offender must
have the intent to kill the victim.
 If no intent to kill, offender is liable for physical
injuries only
  Intent to kill must be proved beyond reasonable
doubt
E. Usually, the intent to kill is shown by the kind of weapon
used by the offender and the parts of the victim's body at
which the weapon was aimed, as shown by the wounds
inflicted.
F. Refusal of the deceased to be operated on does not relieve
the offender of the criminal liability for his death.
G. No offense of frustrated homicide through imprudence
H. If mortal wound was inflicted, but the victim did not die:
 Frustrated Homicide or Murder
If mortal wound was inflicted, and the victim died:
 Consummated Homicide or Murder
I. Use of unlicensed firearm is an aggravating circumstance in
the crime of homicide or murder, as the case may be.
a. Use of the unlicensed firearm is not considered as a
separate crime but shall be appreciated as a mere
aggravating circumstance.
J. Accidental homicide is the death of a person brought about
by a lawful act performed with proper care and skill, and
without homicidal intent.
 Article 4 will not apply because the accused was
not committing a felonious act
K. Corpus delicti means that a crime was actually perpetrated,
and does not refer to the body of the murdered person
Article 250 - Penalty for frustrated parricide, murder or homicide
o The courts, in view of the facts of the case, may impose upon
the person guilty of the frustrated crime of parricide, murder
or homicide, defined and penalized in the preceding articles, a
penalty lower by one degree than that which should be
imposed under the provision of Article 50.
 Because Article 50 provides that the penalty next
lower in degree than that prescribed by law for
the consummated felony shall be imposed upon
the principal in a frustrated felony,
 In effect, Courts may impose a penalty
two (2) degrees lower for frustrated
parricide, murder or homicide.
o The courts, considering the facts of the case, may likewise
reduce by one degree the penalty which under Article 51
should be imposed for an attempt to commit any of such
crimes.
 Because Article 51 provides that the penalty lower
by two (2) degrees than that prescribed by law for
the consummated felony should be imposed upon
the principals in an attempted felony,
i. In effect, Courts may impose a penalty
three (3) degrees lower for attempted
parricide, murder or homicide.
Special Note:
A. Any person who shall attempt on, or conspire against, the
life of the Chief Executive of the Republic of the Philippines,
that of any member of his family, or against the life of any
member of his cabinet or that of any member of the latter's
family, shall suffer the penalty of death.
Article 251 - Death caused in a tumultuous affray
o When, while several persons, not composing groups
organized for the common purpose of assaulting and
attacking each other reciprocally, quarrel and assault each
other in a confused and tumultuous manner, and in the
course of the affray someone is killed, and it cannot be
ascertained who actually killed the deceased, but the person
or persons who inflicted serious physical injuries can be
identified, such person or persons shall be punished by
prision mayor.
o If it cannot be determined who inflicted the serious physical
injuries on the deceased, the penalty of prision correccional
in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed upon
all those who shall have used violence upon the person of the
victim.
Elements of Death caused in a tumultuous affray:
1. That there be several persons
2. That they did not compose groups organized for the
common purpose of assaulting and attacking each other
reciprocally
3. That these several persons quarreled and assaulted one
another in a confused and tumultuous manner
4. That someone was killed in the course of the affray
5. It cannot be ascertained who actually killed the deceased
6. That the person or persons who inflicted serious physical
injuries or who used violence can be identified
Who are liable for the Death caused in a tumultuous affray?
1. Person or persons who inflicted the serious physical injuries
upon the person of the victim are liable
2. If it is not known who inflicted the serious physical injuries on
the deceased, all the persons who used violence upon the
person of the victim are liable, but with lesser liability
It is the intention of the Legislature to provide a penalty one (1) degree
lower for crimes committed during a tumultuous affray.
Special Notes:
A. Tumultuous affray exists when at least 4 persons took part
B. No crime of death in a tumultuous affray if the quarrel is
between two (2) well-known or identified groups.
a. Because, there could be no confusion in the
aggression or the defense. The aggressors could
have helped one another to inflict upon the
deceased the fatal blow.
C. If there was confusion in the fight and the person who
inflicted the wounds could not be identified, the crime is
death caused in a tumultuous affray.
 D. Person killed in the course of the affray need not be one of
the participants in the affray
E. If the one who inflicted the fatal wound is known, the crime
is not death in tumultuous affray. It is homicide under Article
249 against the one who inflicted the fatal wound.
F. Those who used violence upon the person of the victim are
liable for death caused in a tumultuous affray only "if it
cannot be determined who inflicted the serious physical
injuries on the deceased."
G. In death caused in a tumultuous affray, the penalty is one
degree lower than that provided for homicide.
Article 252 - Physical injuries inflicted in a tumultuous affray
o When in a tumultuous affray as referred to in Article 251, only
serious physical injuries are inflicted upon the participants
thereof and the person responsible thereof cannot be
identified, all those who appear to have used violence upon
the person of the offended party shall suffer the penalty
next lower in degree than that provided for the physical
injuries so inflicted
o When the physical injuries inflicted are of a less serious
nature and the person responsible therefor cannot be
identified, all those who appear to have used any violence
upon the person of the offended party shall be punished by
arresto mayor from 5 to 15 days
Elements of Physical injuries inflicted in a tumultuous affray:
1. There is a tumultuous affray as referred to in Article 251
2. That a participant or some participants thereof suffer serious
physical injuries or physical injuries of a less serious nature only
3. Person responsible therefor cannot be identified
4. All those who appear to have used violence upon the person
of the offended party are known
It is the intention of the Legislature to provide a penalty one (1) degree
lower for crimes committed during a tumultuous affray.
Special Notes:
A. If a person is killed in the course of the affray, and the one
who inflicted serious physical injuries is known, Article 252 is
not applicable to those who used violence, because that
article applies when in a tumultuous affray, only serious
physical injuries or physical injuries of a less serious nature are
inflicted.
B. Unlike the victim in Article 251, the injured party in the crime
of physical injuries inflicted in a tumultuous affray in Article
252 must be one or some of the participants in the affray.
C. Those who appear to have used violence upon the person of
the offended party shall suffer the penalty next lower in
degree than that for the physical injuries inflicted.
D. Note that only those who used violence are punished,
because if the one who caused the physical injuries is known,
he will be liable for the physical injuries actually committed
(Articles 263, 265 and 266), and not under Article 252.
E. Slight physical injuries are not included in Article 252.
F. It being the intention of the Legislature to provide a penalty
one (1) degree lower for crimes committed during a
tumultuous affray, and considering that the penalty for slight
physical injuries under Article 266 is at most arresto menor,
and the penalty one degree lower from arresto menor is
public censure (Article 71), it is believed that in providing the
penalty of arresto mayor from 5 to 15 days for physical injuries
of a less serious nature in a tumultuous affray, the Legislature
intended to exclude slight physical injuries.
Article 253 - Giving assistance to suicide
o Any person who shall assist another to commit suicide shall
suffer the penalty of prision mayor
o If such person lends his assistance to another to the extent of
doing the killing himself, he shall suffer the penalty of
reclusion temporal
o If the suicide is not consummated, the penalty of arresto
mayor in its medium and maximum periods, shall be
imposed upon the person giving assistance to suicide
Acts punishable as giving assistance to suicide:
1. By assisting another to commit suicide, whether the suicide is
consummated or not
2. By lending his assistance to another to commit suicide to the
extent of doing the killing himself
Remember:
Article 4 (1) - Criminal liability shall be incurred:
o By any person committing a felony, although the wrongful
act done be different from that which he intended
Requisites of Article 4 (1):
1. That an intentional felony has been committed
2. That the wrong done to the aggrieved party be the direct,
natural and logical consequence (proximate effect) of the
felony committed by the offender.
Felony committed is not the proximate cause of the resulting injury if:
1. There is an active force that intervened between the felony
committed and the resulting injury, and the active force is a
distinct act or fact absolutely foreign from the felonious act
of the accused, or
2. Resulting injury is due to the intentional act of the victim
Special Notes:
1. One who commits an intentional felony is responsible for all
the consequences which may directly, naturally, and logically
result therefrom, whether foreseen or intended or not
2. If a person has not committed a felony, he is not criminally
liable for the result which is not intended.
3. No felony is committed:
a. If the act or omission is not punishable by the
Revised Penal Code, or
b. If the act is covered by any of the justifying
circumstances enumerated in Article 11.
Situations:
1. What is the penalty for giving assistance to suicide, if the offender is
the father, mother, child, or spouse of the one committing suicide?
o Penalty would be the same under Article 253
2. Is a pregnant woman, who tried to commit suicide by means of
poison, but instead of dying, the foetus in her womb was expelled
liable for abortion?
o No. In order to incur criminal liability for the result not
intended, one must be committing a felony. (Article 4(1))
o An attempt to commit a suicide is an act, but it is not
punishable by law.
o A woman who tries to commit suicide is not committing a
felony.
o She is, therefore, not liable for abortion for expelling the
foetus instead.
o What is more, the abortion that resulted is unintentional,
abortion not having been intended by her, and unintentional
abortion is punishable only when it is caused by violence, not
by poison.
3. A, in attempting a suicide, jumped out of the window to kill himself,
but when he dropped to the ground he fell on an old woman who died
as a consequence:
o A is not criminally liable for intentional homicide. A was not
committing a felony when he attempted a suicide.
Special Notes:
A. Article 253 does not distinguish and does not make any
reference to the relation of the offender with the person
committing suicide.
B. Person attempting to commit suicide = not criminally liable
C. Assistance to suicide - different from mercy-killing.
D. Euthanasia:
 Commonly known as mercy-killing
 Practice of painlessly putting to death a person
suffering from some incurable disease
 Person killed does not want to die
 It is not lending assistance to suicide
 A doctor who resorts to mercy-killing of his patient
may be liable for murder.
Article 254 – Discharge of Firearms
Any person who shall shoot at another with any firearm shall suffer the
penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods:
o Unless the facts of the case are such that the act can be held
to constitute frustrated or attempted parricide, murder,
homicide or any other crime for which a higher penalty is
prescribed by any of the articles of this Code
Elements of Discharge of Firearms:
1. Offender discharges a firearm against or at another person
2. Offender has no intent to kill that person
In discharge of firearm under Article 254, the purpose of the offender
is only to intimidate or to frighten the offended party.
Special Notes:
A. The act constituting the offense is shooting at another with
any firearm, without intent to kill him.
B. If the firearm is not discharged at a person, there is no crime
of discharge of firearm.
C. Discharge towards the house of victim is not illegal discharge
of firearm.
D. It is essential for the prosecution to prove in a positive way
that the discharge of the firearm was directed precisely
against the offended party.
E. Firing a gun against the house of the offended party at
random, not knowing in what part of the house the people
inside were, is only alarm under Article 155.
F. If the discharge of the firearm at the offended party is
coupled with intent to kill him, the felony should be classified
as frustrated or attempted parricide, murder or homicide,
and not merely illegal discharge of firearm.
G. Intent to kill is negatived (disproved) by distance of 200 yards
between offender and victim.
H. If in the illegal discharge of firearm the offended party is hit
and wounded, there is a complex crime of discharge of
firearm with physical injuries when the physical injuries are
serious or less serious.
 If only slight physical injuries are inflicted, there is
no complex crime, because such physical injuries
constitute a light felony.
I. Crime is discharge of firearm, even if the gun was not pointed
at the offended party when it fired, as long as it was initially
aimed by the accused at or against the offended party.
J. But a public officer who fired his revolver in the air in order
to capture some gamblers and to prevent them from
escaping, was acquitted as he was not guilty of any crime.
Article 255 – Infanticide
o The penalty provided for parricide in Article 246 and for
murder in Article 248 shall be imposed upon any person who
shall kill any child less than 3 days of age
o If the crime penalized in this article be committed by the
mother of the child for the purpose of concealing her
dishonor, she shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor in its
medium and maximum periods, and if said crime be
committed for the same purpose by the maternal
grandparents or either of them, the penalty shall be
reclusion temporal
Infanticide:
o Infanticide may be denned as the killing of any child less than
3 days old, whether the killer is the parent or grandparent,
any other relative of the child, or a stranger.
Elements of Infanticide:
1. That a child was killed
2. Deceased child was less than 3 days (72 hours) old
3. That the accused killed the said child
The penalty is that for parricide or murder, but the name of the
crime is always infanticide.
o Father or mother or legitimate other ascendant who kills a
child less than 3 days old, to suffer penalty for parricide.
o Other person who kills a child less than 3 days old, to suffer
the penalty for murder.
Remember:
Article 62
Effects of the Attendance of Mitigating or Aggravating Circumstances
and of Habitual Delinquency
Mitigating or aggravating circumstances and habitual delinquency shall
be taken into account for the purpose of diminishing or increasing the
penalty in conformity with the following rules:
1. Aggravating circumstances which (1) in themselves constitute
a crime especially punished by law or which (2) are included
by the law in defining a crime and prescribing the penalty
therefor are not to be taken into account to increase the
penalty.
 The maximum of the penalty shall be imposed in
the following cases:
1. When in the commission of the crime,
advantage was taken by the offender of
his public position
2. If the offense was committed by any
person who belongs to an organized or
syndicated crime group
 An organized/syndicated crime group means a
group of 2 or more persons collaborating,
confederating or mutually helping one another for
purposes of gain in the commission of any crime.
2. Aggravating circumstances which are inherent in the crime or
must necessarily accompany the commission thereof are not
to be taken into account to increase the penalty.
3. Aggravating or mitigating circumstances which arise from (1)
the moral attributes of the offender, or (2) from his private
relations with the offended party, or (3) from any other
personal cause, serve to aggravate or mitigate the liability of
the principals, accomplices and accessories as to whom such
circumstances are attendant.
4. The circumstances which consist (1) in the material execution
of the act, or (2) in the means employed to accomplish it, shall
serve to aggravate or mitigate the liability of those persons
only who had knowledge of them at the time of the
execution of the act or their cooperation therein.
5. Habitual Delinquency
 Who is a habitually delinquent person?
A person shall be deemed to be habitually
delinquent, if within a period of 10 years from the
date of his last release or last conviction of the
crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries,
robo, hurto, estafa, or falsification, he is found
guilty of any of said crimes a 3rd time or oftener.
 Additional penalty for habitual delinquency
1. Upon a 3rd conviction, the culprit shall be
sentenced to the penalty provided by law for the
last crime of which he is found guilty and to the
additional penalty of prision correccional in its
medium and maximum periods
2. Upon a 4th conviction, the culprit shall also be
sentenced to the additional penalty of prision
mayor in its minimum and medium periods
3. Upon a 5th or additional conviction, the culprit shall
also be sentenced to the additional penalty of
prision mayor in its maximum period to reclusion
temporal in its minimum period.
 Total penalties not to exceed 30 years
The 2 penalties refer to:
1. Penalty for the last crime of which he is
found guilty
2. Additional penalty for being a habitual
delinquent
Requisites of Habitual Delinquency
1. That the offender had been convicted of any of the crimes of
serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery, theft, estafa,
or falsification
2. That after that conviction or after serving his sentence, he
again committed, and, within 10 years from his release or first
conviction, he was again convicted of any of the said crimes
for the second time
3. That after his conviction of, or after serving sentence for, the
second offense, he again committed, and, within 10 years
from his last release or last conviction, he was again convicted
of any of said offenses, the third time or oftener
Habitual delinquency vs. Recidivism
1. In recidivism, it is sufficient that the accused on the date of his
trial, shall have been previously convicted by final judgment
of another crime embraced in the same title of the Code; in
habitual delinquency, the crimes are specified
2. In recidivism, no period of time between the former conviction
and the last conviction is fixed by law; in habitual delinquency,
the offender is found guilty of any of the crimes specified within
ten years from his last release or last conviction.
3. In recidivism, the second conviction for an offense embraced
in the same title of the Code is sufficient; in habitual
delinquency, the accused must be found guilty the third time
or oftener of any of the crimes specified.
4. Recidivism, if not offset by a mitigating circumstance, serves to
increase the penalty only to the maximum; whereas, if there is
habitual delinquency, an additional penalty is also imposed.
Article 62 – Special Notes
 The rule that in conspiracy the act of one is the act of all, does
not mean that the crime of one is the crime of all.
 The qualifying circumstance of treachery should not be
considered against the principal by induction when he left to
 the principal by direct participation the means, modes or
methods of the commission of the felony.
 There is no mitigating circumstance relating to the means
employed in the execution of the crime.
 Defendants-appellants, though forming part of the
conspiracy, are not bound or affected by the aggravating
circumstance of nighttime unless they knew that it would be
availed of in accomplishing the offense, and there is proof of
said knowledge.
 There is no mitigating circumstance relating to the means
employed in the execution of the crime.
 The purpose of the law in imposing additional penalty on
habitual delinquents is to render more effective social
defense and the reformation of multirecidivists.
 Subsequent crime must be committed after conviction of
the former crime.
 A plea of guilty to an information which fails to allege the
dates of commission of previous offenses, of convictions and
of releases is not an admission that the offender is a habitual
delinquent, but only a recidivist.
 Failure to allege said dates in the information is deemed cured
where the accused did not object to the admission of decisions
for previous offenses which show the dates of his convictions.
 When an offender has committed several crimes mentioned
in the definition of habitual delinquent, without being first
convicted of any of them before committing the others, he is
not a habitual delinquent
 Convictions on the same day or about the same time are
considered as one only (Convictions on March 3 and 5,1934
are considered one only)
 Crimes committed on the same date, although convictions on
different dates (July 29 & September 2,1937), are considered
only one.
Special Notes:
A. Concealing the dishonor is not an element of infanticide; it
merely mitigates the liability of the mother or maternal
grandparents who committed the crime.
 Only the mother and maternal grandparents of
the child less than 3 days old are entitled to the
mitigating circumstance of concealing the
dishonor
B. Delinquent mother must be of good reputation and good
morals, in order that concealing dishonor may mitigate her
liability.
C. Stranger cooperating with the mother in killing a child less
than 3 days old is guilty of infanticide also but the penalty is
that for murder.
D. No crime of infanticide is committed where the child was
born dead, or although born alive, it could not sustain an
independent life when it was killed.
 A foetus about 6 months old cannot subsist by
itself, outside the maternal womb.
Article 256 – Intentional Abortion
Any person who shall intentionally cause an abortion shall suffer:
1. Penalty of reclusion temporal, if he shall use any violence
upon the person of the pregnant woman
2. Penalty of prision mayor if, without using violence, he shall
act without the consent of the woman
3. Penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum
periods, if the woman shall have consented
Abortion:
o It is the willful killing of the foetus in the uterus, or the
violent expulsion of the foetus from the maternal womb
which results in the death of the foetus.
Elements of Intentional Abortion:
1. That there is a pregnant woman
2. That violence is exerted, or drugs or beverages
administered, or that the accused otherwise acts upon such
pregnant woman
3. That as a result of the use of violence or drugs or beverages
upon her, or any other act of the accused, the foetus dies,
either in the womb or after having been expelled therefrom
4. That the abortion is intended
Ways of committing intentional abortion:
1. By using any violence upon the person of the pregnant woman
2. By acting, but without using violence, without the consent of
the woman
 By administering drugs or beverages upon such
pregnant woman without her consent
3. By acting with the consent of the pregnant woman
 By administering drugs or beverages upon such
pregnant woman with her consent
Foetus must die in consummated abortion.
If the foetus survives in spite of the attempt to kill it or the use of
violence, abortion is not consummated.
o If abortion is intended and the foetus does not die, it is
frustrated intentional abortion when all the acts of execution
have been performed by the offender.
o If abortion is not intended and the foetus does not die, in
spite of the violence intentionally exerted, the crime may be
only physical injuries.
o No frustrated unintentional abortion, in view of
the lack of intention to cause an abortion
Persons liable for intentional abortion:
o The person who intentionally caused the abortion is liable
under Article 256.
o The woman is liable under Article 258, if she consented to the
abortion caused on her.
o If she did not consent to the abortion caused on
her, she is not liable.
Situation: Article 258
Article 256, No. 3 provides for the least penalty "if the woman shall Abortion practiced by the woman herself of by her parents
have consented" to the act causing the abortion. o Penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum
Is that provision applicable if the act which caused the abortion was by periods shall be imposed upon a woman who shall practice
using violence and the woman consented to the abortion? abortion upon herself or shall consent that any other person
o The provision must be construed in relation to that in No. 2 of should do so
Article 256, because the absence of consent of the woman is o Any woman who shall commit this offense to conceal her
mentioned in connection with a case where the offender dishonor, shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its
acted "without using violence." minimum and medium periods
o If this crime be committed by the parents of the pregnant
Special Notes: woman or either of them, and they act with the consent of
A. As long as the foetus dies as a result of the violence used or said woman for the purpose of concealing her dishonor, the
the drugs administered, the crime of abortion exists, even if offenders shall suffer the penalty of prision correccional in its
the foetus is full term. medium and maximum periods
B. If the foetus (1) could sustain an independent life, after its
separation from the maternal womb, and it (2) is killed, the Elements of Abortion practiced by the woman herself of by her parents:
crime is infanticide. 1. A pregnant woman has suffered an abortion
2. That the abortion is intended
3. That the abortion is caused by:
Article 257 - Unintentional Abortion 1. The pregnant woman herself
Penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium periods 2. Any other person, with her consent
shall be imposed upon any person who shall cause an abortion by 3. Any of her parents, with her consent for the
violence, but unintentionally. purpose of concealing her dishonor

Elements of Unintentional Abortion: Note that the pregnant woman is liable under Article 258 either:

1. That there is a pregnant woman 1. When she shall practice an abortion upon herself, or

2. That violence is used upon such pregnant woman without 2. When she shall consent that any person should do so

intending an abortion Article 258 covers three (3) cases:

3. That the violence is intentionally exerted
1. Abortion committed by the woman upon herself or by any
4. That as a result of the violence the foetus dies, either in the
other person with her consent
womb or after having been expelled therefrom
o Person liable is the pregnant woman only.
Unintentional abortion is committed only by violence. o Other person who caused the abortion on her

o Where a man points a gun at a pregnant woman, at the same with her consent is liable under Article 256,

time telling her that he will kill her, and because of the fright Intentional Abortion.

she absorbs, she suffers an abortion, the offender is guilty of 2. Abortion by the woman upon herself to conceal her dishonor

threats only. 3. Abortion by any of the parents of the woman with the latter's
consent to conceal her dishonor
Special Notes: o If the purpose of the parents of the woman was
A. Violence must be intentionally exerted not to conceal her dishonor, the case does not fall
B. There is a crime of unintentional abortion through reckless under Article 258, but under Article 256.
imprudence.
C. Accused is liable for abortion even if he did not know that the Special Notes:
woman was pregnant, under Article 4(1) A. Liability of pregnant woman is mitigated if purpose is to
D. There are complex crimes of: conceal dishonor
1. Homicide with unintentional abortion B. No mitigation for parents of pregnant woman even if the
2. Parricide with unintentional abortion purpose is to conceal dishonor
E. No intent to cause abortion, no violence — Article 256 or
Article 257 does not apply — no abortion of any kind.
Article 259
Abortion practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of abortives
o The penalties provided in Article 256 shall be imposed in its
maximum period, respectively, upon any physician or
midwife who, taking advantage of their scientific knowledge
or skill, shall cause an abortion or assist in causing the same.
o Any pharmacist who, without the proper prescription from a
physician, shall dispense any abortive shall suffer arresto
mayor and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos.
ElementsofAbortionpracticedbyaphysicianormidwife&dispensingofabortives:
1. A pregnant woman has suffered an abortion
2. Abortion is intended
3. Offender, who must be a physician or midwife, causes or
assists in causing the abortion
4. Said physician or midwife takes advantage of his or her
scientific knowledge or skill
As to pharmacists, the elements are:
1. Offender is a pharmacist
2. There is no proper prescription from a physician
3. The offender dispenses any abortive
Republic Act No. 4729, approved on June 18, 1966, regulates the sale,
dispensation, and/or distribution of contraceptive drugs and devices.
Section 1:
o It shall be unlawful for any person, partnership, or
corporation, to sell, dispense or otherwise distribute
whether for or without consideration, any contraceptive
drug or device, unless such sale, dispensation or
distribution is by a duly licensed drug store or
pharmaceutical company and with the prescription of a
qualified medical practitioner
Section 2:
o Contraceptive drug:
Any medicine, drug, chemical, or potion which is used
exclusively for the purpose of preventing fertilization of
the female ovum
o Contraceptive device:
Any instrument, device, material, or agent introduced into
the female reproductive system for the primary purpose of
preventing conception
Section 3:
o Any person, partnership, or corporation, violating the
provisions of this Act shall be punished with a fine of not
more than five hundred pesos or an imprisonment of not
less than six (6) months or more than one (1) year or both
in the discretion of the Court.
Special Notes:
A. Penalties provided for intentional abortion (Article 256)
shall be imposed in the maximum period upon the
physician or midwife (Article 259)
B. As to the pharmacist, what is punished is the dispensing of
abortive without the proper prescription from a physician.
 The act constituting the offense is dispensing
abortive without proper prescription from a
physician.
 It is not necessary that the abortive be actually used
C. If the pharmacist knew that the abortive would be used to
cause an abortion and abortion resulted from the use
thereof, the pharmacist would be an accomplice in the
crime of abortion.
Article 260 - Responsibility of participants in a duel
o Penalty of reclusion temporal shall be imposed upon any
person who shall kill his adversary in a duel
o If he shall inflict upon the latter physical injuries only, he
shall suffer the penalty provided therefor, according to
their nature
o In any other case, the combatants shall suffer the penalty
of arresto mayor, although no physical injuries have been
inflicted
o Seconds shall in all events be punished as accomplices
Duel:
o It is a formal or regular combat previously concerted
between two (2) parties in the presence of two (2) or more
seconds of lawful age on each side, who make the selection
of arms and fix all the other conditions of the fight.
Acts punished in duel:
1. By killing one's adversary in a duel
2. By inflicting upon such adversary physical injuries
3. By making a combat although no physical injuries have
been inflicted
Who are liable in a duel?
1. Person who killed or inflicted physical injuries upon his
adversary, or both combatants in any other case, as
principals
2. Seconds, as accomplices
In duel, when there is an agreement to fight to the death, the Code
disregards the intent to kill in considering the penalty for duel when
only physical injuries are inflicted upon the adversary.
Special Notes:
A. If death results, penalty for duel is the same as that for
homicide – Reclusion Temporal
B. General principle is that when there is intent to kill, the
inflicting of physical injuries is either attempted or
frustrated homicide.
C. If no physical injuries are inflicted in a duel, the penalty to
be imposed upon the combatants is arresto mayor.
 D. If a person inflicted upon his adversary in a duel physical
injuries only, he shall suffer the penalty provided therefor,
according to their nature.
E. If only slight physical injuries are inflicted in a duel, the
penalty must only be arresto menor.
Elements of 1st Kind of Mutilation (Castration):
1. That there be a castration, i.e. mutilation of organs
necessary for generation, such as the penis or ovarium.
2. That the mutilation is caused purposely and deliberately,
that is, to deprive the offended party of some essential
organ for reproduction

Elements of 2nd Kind of Mutilation (Other Intentional Mutilation):

Article 261 - Challenging to a duel
1. That there be other intentional mutilation, i.e. mutilation
The penalty of prision correccional in its minimum period shall be
involving any part of the body, other than the ones used for
imposed upon any person who shall challenge another, or incite
generation or reproduction
another to give or accept a challenge to a duel, or shall scoff at or
2. That the mutilation is caused purposely and deliberately
decry another publicly for having refused to accept a challenge to
fight a duel.
Special Notes:
A. Putting out of an eye does not fall under Mutilation.
Acts punished in Challenging to a Duel:
B. 1st Kind of Mutilation is intentional castration.
1. By challenging another to a duel
C. "Mayhem" is other intentional mutilation.
2. By inciting another to give or accept a challenge to a duel
D. Under R.A. 7610, the penalty for Other Intentional Mutilation
3. By scoffing at or decrying another publicly for having
when the victim is below 12 years old, is reclusion perpetua.
refused to accept a challenge to fight a duel
E. Offender must have the intention to deprive the offended
Persons responsible in Challenging to a Duel: party of a part of his body
1. Challenger  If a mutilation is not caused purposely and
2. Instigators deliberately, the case will be considered as
physical injuries falling under Article 263,
Special Notes: paragraph 1 (offended party becoming impotent)
A. A challenge to fight, without contemplating a duel, is not or paragraph 2 (loss of hand, foot, arm, or leg), as
challenging to a duel. the case may be.
B. Person making the challenge must have in mind a formal
combat to be concerted between him and the one
challenged in the presence of two (2) or more seconds. Article 263 – Serious physical injuries
Any person who shall wound, beat, or assault another, shall be guilty
Crimes of Physical Injuries: of the crime of serious physical injuries and shall suffer:
1. Serious physical injuries 1. Penalty of prision mayor, if in consequence of the physical
2. Less serious physical injuries injuries inflicted, the injured person shall become insane,
3. Slight physical injuries and maltreatment imbecile, impotent, or blind
4. Mutilation 2. Penalty of prision correccional in its medium and
5. Administering injurious substance or beverages maximum periods, if in consequence of the physical injuries
inflicted, the person injured shall have lost the use of
speech or the power to hear or to smell, or shall have lost
Article 262 – Mutilation an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm, or a leg or shall have lost the
o The penalty of reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua use of any such member, or shall have become
shall be imposed upon any person who shall intentionally incapacitated for the work in which he was therefor
mutilate another by depriving him, either totally or partially, habitually engaged
of some essential organ of reproduction. 3. Penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium
o Any other intentional mutilation shall be punished by periods, if in consequence of the physical injuries inflicted,
prision mayor in its medium and maximum periods. the person injured shall have become deformed, or shall
have lost any other part of his body, or shall have lost the
Mutilation: use thereof, or shall have been ill or incapacitated for the
o It means the lopping or the clipping off of some part of the body. performance of the work in which he as habitually engaged
for a period of more than ninety (90) days
Two (2) Kinds of Mutilation:
4. Penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period to prision
1. By intentionally mutilating another by depriving him, either
correccional in its minimum period, if the physical injuries
totally or partially, of some essential organ for reproduction.
inflicted shall have caused the illness or incapacity for labor
2. By intentionally making other mutilation, that is, by lopping
of the injured person for more than thirty (30) days
or clipping off any part of the body of the offended party,
o Penalty of reclusion temporal in its medium and maximum
other than the essential organ for reproduction, to deprive
periods, if the case covered by subdivision number 1 of
him of that part of his body.
 Article 263 is an offense committed against any of the
persons enumerated in Article 246 (Parricide), or with
attendance of any of the circumstances mentioned in
Article 248 (Murder).
o Penalty of prision correccional in its maximum period to
prision mayor in its minimum period, if the case covered by
subdivision number 2 of Article 263 is an offense
committed against any of the persons enumerated in
Article 246 (Parricide), or with attendance of any of the
circumstances mentioned in Article 248 (Murder).
o Penalty of prision correccional in its medium and
maximum periods, if the case covered by subdivision
number 3 of Article 263 is an offense committed against
any of the persons enumerated in Article 246 (Parricide),
or with attendance of any of the circumstances mentioned
in Article 248 (Murder).
o Penalty of prision correccional in its minimum and medium
periods, if the case covered by subdivision number 4 of
Article 263 is an offense committed against any of the
persons enumerated in Article 246 (Parricide), or with
attendance of any of the circumstances mentioned in
Article 248 (Murder).
The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not be applicable to a
parent who shall inflict physical injuries upon his child by excessive
chastisement.
Remember:
Alternative Circumstance of Relationship
Crimes against Persons
1. If the crime against persons is homicide or murder:
o Alternative circumstance of relationship is aggravating,
even if the offended party be a relative of a lower or higher
degree of the offender
2. If the crime against persons is any of the serious physical injuries:
o Alternative circumstance of relationship is aggravating,
even if the offended party be a relative of a lower or higher
degree of the offender
3. If the crime against persons is less serious physical injuries or slight
physical injuries and maltreatment:
o Alternative circumstance of relationship is aggravating,
o Offended party be a relative of a higher degree
of the offender
o Alternative circumstance of relationship is mitigating,
o Offended party be a relative of a lower degree of
the offender
How is the crime of serious physical injuries committed?
1. By wounding
2. By beating
3. By assaulting
4. By administering injurious substance
Situation:
1. The accused, while conversing with the offended party, drew the
latter's bolo from its scabbard. The offended party caught hold of the
edge of the blade of his bolo and wounded himself.
o Since the accused did not wound, beat or assault the offended
party, he cannot be guilty of serious physical injuries.
What are serious physical injuries?
1. When the injured person becomes insane, imbecile,
impotent or blind in consequence of the physical injuries
inflicted.
2. When the injured person (a) loses the use of speech or the
power to hear or to smell, or loses an eye, a hand, a foot,
an arm, or a leg, or (b) loses the use of any such member,
or (c) becomes incapacitated for the work in which he was
theretofore habitually engaged, in consequence of the
physical injuries inflicted
3. When the person injured (a) becomes deformed, or (b)
loses any other member of his body, or (c) loses the use
thereof, or (d) becomes ill or incapacitated for the
performance of the work in which he was habitually
engaged for more than 90 days, in consequence of the
physical injuries inflicted
4. When the injured person becomes ill or incapacitated for
labor for more than 30 days (but must not be more than 90
days), as a result of the physical injuries inflicted.
Article 263 is divided into several paragraphs:
1. Consequences of the injuries inflicted
2. Nature and character of the wound inflicted
3. Proper penalty
In inflicting serious physical injuries, must no intent to kill
o If there was intent to kill when the offender inflicted any of
the serious physical injuries described in this article, the
crime would be frustrated or attempted murder, parricide
or homicide, as the case may be.
Physical injuries vs. Attempted or Frustrated Homicide
1. In both crimes, the offender inflicts physical injuries.
Attempted homicide may be committed, even if no physical
injuries are inflicted.
2. In physical injuries, the offender has no intent to kill the
offended party, in attempted or frustrated homicide, the
offender has an intent to kill the offended party.
Paragraph 1: Injured person becomes insane, imbecile, impotent, or blind
Impotence:
o It is the loss of power to procreate.
o It means inability to copulate and sterility.
Under R.A. 7610, if the victim of serious physical injuries is a minor
below 12 years old, the penalty is Reclusion Perpetua.
Blindness and loss of an eye:
o Under paragraph 1, the blindness must be of 2 eyes
o Under paragraph 2, note the loss of an eye only
Paragraph 2: Injured person loses the use of speech or power to hear
or to smell, or loses an eye, a hand, a foot, an arm, or a leg, or loses
the use of any such member, or becomes incapacitated for the work in
which he was theretofore habitually engaged
Loss of power to hear:
o It must be loss of power to hear of both ears.
o If there is loss of power to hear of one ear only, it is serious
physical injuries under paragraph 3
Loss of use of hand or incapacity for usual work must be permanent:
o Prosecution must prove by clear and conclusive evidence
that the offended party actually cannot make use of his
hand and that such impairment is permanent
Paragraph 3: Injured person becomes deformed, or loses any other
member of his body, or loses the use thereof, or becomes ill or
incapacitated for the performance of the work in which he was
habitually engaged for more than 90 days
Fingers of the hand are not principal members:
o Loss of the use of 3 fingers of a left hand is serious physical
injuries under paragraph 3
o Loss of index and middle fingers is either deformity or loss
of a member, not principal one, of his body or use of same,
under paragraph 3
Deformity:
o It means physical ugliness, permanent and definite
abnormality. It must be conspicuous and visible.
o It requires that it be:
1. Physical ugliness
2. Permanent and definite abnormality
3. Conspicuous and visible
 If the scar is usually covered by the dress
or clothes, it would not be conspicuous
and visible.
 Scar produced by an injury on the upper
part of the neck, near the jaw =
Conspicuous and Visible
Loss of teeth as deformity:
o Loss of 3 incisors is a visible deformity
o Loss of 1 incisor is a not visible deformity
o Exception:
Loss of 1 tooth which impaired appearance is
deformity, under paragraph 3.
General Rule:
o The fact that the offended party may have artificial teeth, if
he has the necessary means and so desires, does not repair
the injury, although it may lessen the disfigurement.
Exception:
o Loss of teeth by a child or an old man
Loss of outer ear as deformity:
o Loss of the outer ears will necessarily cause deformity,
under paragraph 3
o Loss of power to hear of both ears as a result of the loss of
both outer ears, under paragraph 2
o Loss of power to hear of right ear only is loss of use of
other part of body, under paragraph 3, because the
offended party may still hear thru his left ear
o Loss of the lobule of the ear is deformity, under paragraph 3.
Illness as a consequence of physical injuries inflicted
o There is illness for a certain period of time, when the wound
inflicted did not heal within that period.
Paragraph 4: Injured person becomes becomes ill or incapacitated for
labor for more than 30 days (but must not be more than 90 days)
Paragraph 4 speaks of incapacity for any kind of labor:
o It does not refer to labor in which the offended party is
engaged at the time the serious physical injuries are
inflicted.
Injury requiring hospitalization for more than thirty (30) days is
serious physical injuries.
o Hospitalization for more than thirty (30) days may mean
either illness or incapacity for labor for more than 30 days.
Lessening of efficiency due to injury is not incapacity:
o There is no incapacity if the injured party could still engage
in his work although less effectively than before.
Ordinary physical injuries vs. Mutilation:
o In mutilation, it must have been caused purposely and
deliberately to lop or clip off some part of the body so as to
deprive the offended party of such part of the body.
o The intent to lop or clip off is not present in ordinary
physical injuries.
Qualified serious physical injuries
o If the offense is committed against any of the persons
enumerated in the article defining the crime of parricide
(Article 246) or with the attendance of any of the
circumstances mentioned in the article defining the crime
of murder (Article 248):
 Law provides higher penalties. (Article 263,
paragraph next to the last)
o Serious physical injuries of excessive chastisement by
parents are not qualified.
 Law providing higher penalties. (Article 263,
paragraph next to the last) does not apply.
Special Notes:
A. Serious physical injuries may be committed by reckless
imprudence, or by simple imprudence or negligence
B. All mentioned in paragraph 2 are principal members of the body.
 C. Paragraph 3 covers any member which is not principal
member of the body.
 Any member of the body other than an eye,
hand, arm, foot, or a leg.
D. A front tooth is a member of the body, other than a
principal member
E. Medical attendance is not important in serious physical
injuries.
F. In determining incapacity, the injured party must have an
avocation or work in which he is habitually engaged at the
time of the injury, under paragraph 2 and paragraph 3
G. In a prosecution for a crime where the category of the
offense of serious physical injuries and the severity of the
penalty depend on the period of illness or incapacity for
labor, the length of the period must likewise be proved
beyond reasonable doubt in much the same manner as the
main act charged.
 If proof of the said period is absent, the crime committed
should be deemed only slight physical injuries.
Article 264 - Administering injurious substances or beverages
The penalties established by Article 263 shall be applicable in the
respective case to any person who, without intent to kill, shall inflict
upon another any serious physical injury, by knowingly administering
to him any injurious substance or beverages or by taking advantage
of his weakness of mind or credulity.
Elements of Administering injurious substances or beverages:
1. Offender inflicted upon another any serious physical injury
2. That it was done by knowingly administering to him any
injurious substances or beverages or by taking advantage of
his weakness of mind or credulity
3. That he had no intent to kill
Administering injurious substance or beverage means introducing
into the body of a person the substance.
o Infliction of injuries by throwing mordant chemicals or
poisons on the face or upon the body – not Article 264
Article 264 - Administering injurious substances or beverages does
not apply if only less serious or slight physical injuries are inflicted.
o Article 265 or Article 266 applies
Special Notes:
A. If the offender had any intent to kill, the crime would be
frustrated murder, the injurious substance to be
considered as poison, under paragraph 3 of Article 248
B. If the accused did not know of the injurious nature of the
substances he administered – not liable under Article 264
C. Weakness of mind or credulity may take place in the case of
witchcraft, philters, magnetism, etc.
Article 265 - Less serious physical injuries
o Any person who shall inflict upon another physical injuries
not described in the preceding articles, but which shall
incapacitate the offended party for labor for 10 days or
more, or shall require medical assistance for 10 days or
more, shall be guilty of less serious physical injuries and
shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor.
o If less serious physical injuries shall have been inflicted with
the manifest intent to insult or offend the injured person,
or under circumstances adding ignominy to the offense in
addition to the penalty of arresto mayor, a fine not
exceeding 500 pesos shall be imposed.
o Any less serious physical injuries inflicted upon the
offender's parents, ascendants, guardians, curators,
teachers, or persons of rank, or persons in authority, shall
be punished by prision correccional in its minimum and
medium periods:
o Provided that in the case of persons in authority,
the deed does not constitute the crime of assault
upon such person
Matters to be noted in the crime of less serious physical injuries:
1. Offended party is incapacitated for labor for 10 days or
more, but not more than 30 days, or needs medical
attendance for the same period of time.
2. Physical injuries must not be those described in the
preceding articles.
Qualified less serious physical injuries:
1. A fine not exceeding P500, in addition to arresto mayor,
shall be imposed for less serious physical injuries when:
 There is intent to insult or offend the injured
 There are circumstances adding ignominy to the
offense
2. A higher penalty is imposed when the victim is either:
 Offender's parents, ascendants, guardians,
curators or teachers
 Persons of rank or persons in authority, provided
the crime is not direct assault
Special Notes:
A. If the incapacity is more than 30 days or the illness lasts for
more than 30 days, it is a serious physical injury under
paragraph 4 of Article 263.
B. Although the wound required medical attendance for only 2
days; yet if the injured party was prevented from attending
to his ordinary labor for 29 days, the physical injuries are
denominated less serious.
C. Crime is less serious physical injuries even if there was no
incapacity, but the medical treatment was for 13 days.
D. It is only slight physical injury when there is no proof of
medical attendance or incapacity for labor.
E. If the injuries, without medical attendance, were healed after
2 months, (more than 30 days) – serious physical injuries
(because of incapacity for labor for more than 30 days)
Article 266 – Slight physical injuries and maltreatment
The crime of slight physical injuries shall be punished:
1. By arresto menor when the offender has inflicted physical
injuries which shall incapacitate the offended party for
labor from 1 to 9 days, or shall require medical attendance
from 1 to 9 days
2. By arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 pesos and
censure when the offender has caused physical injuries
which do not prevent the offended party from engaging in
his habitual work nor require medical assistance
3. By arresto menor in its minimum period or a fine not
exceeding 50 pesos when the offender shall ill-treat
another by deed without causing any injury
3 kinds of slight physical injuries:
1. Physical injuries which incapacitated the offended party for
labor from one (1) to nine (9) days, or required medical
attendance during the same period
2. Physical injuries which did not prevent the offended party
from engaging in his habitual work or which did not
require medical attendance
 Contusion on the face or black eye produced by
fistic blow.
3. Ill-treatment of another by deed without causing any injury
 Any physical violence which does not produce
injury, such as slapping the face of the offended
party, without causing a dishonor
Special Notes:
A. A physical injury which incapacitates the offended party
from working for 9 days and some hours without
amounting to 10 days, is a slight physical injury.
B. In the absence of proof as to the period of the offended
party's incapacity for labor or of the required medical
attendance, the crime committed is slight physical injuries.
C. Where the charge contained in the original information was
for slight physical injuries, but when the preliminary
investigation was conducted, the wound would heal after
30 days, the act can still be the subject of amendment or of
a new charge without necessarily placing the accused in
double jeopardy.
D. Regional Trial Court has no jurisdiction to sentence on
appeal for a crime over which municipal court had no
jurisdiction.
Republic Act No. 9262
Anti-Violence Act Against Women and Their Children
Act of 2004
Violence against women and their children includes the following acts:
1. Physical Violence
o Act that includes bodily or physical harm
2. Sexual violence
o Act which is sexual in nature, committed against
a woman or her child:
1. Rape, sexual harassment, acts of
lasciviousness, treating a woman or her
child as a sex object, making demeaning
and sexually suggestive remarks,
physically attacking the sexual parts of
the victim's body, forcing her/him to
watch obscene publications and indecent
shows or forcing the woman or her child
to do indecent acts and/or make films
thereof, forcing the wife and
mistress/lover to live in the conjugal
home or sleep together in the same
room with the abuser
2. Acts causing or attempting to cause the
victim to engage in any sexual activity by
force, threat of force, physical or other
harm or threat of physical or other harm
or coercion
3. Prostituting the woman or child
3. Psychological violence
o Act or omission causing or likely to cause mental
or emotional suffering of the victim:
1. Intimidation, harassment, stalking, damage to
property, public humiliation, repeated verbal
abuse and mental infidelity
2. Causing or allowing the victim to witness
the physical, sexual or psychological
abuse of a member of the family to which
the victim belongs
3. Causing or allowing the victim to witness
pornography in any form or to witness
abusive injury to pets or to unlawful or
unwanted deprivation of the right to custody
and/or visitation of common children
4. Economic abuse
o Act that makes or attempts to make a woman
financially dependent:
1. Withdrawal of financial support or
preventing the victim from engaging in
any legitimate profession, occupation,
business or activity, except wherein the
other spouse/partner objects on valid,
serious and moral grounds as defined in
Article 73 of the Family Code
2. Deprivation or threat of deprivation of
financial resources and the right to the use
and enjoyment of the conjugal, community or
property owned in common
3. Destroying household property
4. Controlling the victims' own money or
properties or solely controlling the
conjugal money or properties
Acts of Violence Against Women and Their Children:
1. Causing physical harm to the woman or her child
2. Threatening to cause the woman or her child physical harm
3. Attempting to cause the woman or her child physical harm
4. Placing the woman or her child in fear of imminent physical harm
5. Attempting to compel or compelling the woman or her child
to engage in conduct which the woman or her child has the
right to desist from or desist from conduct which the
woman or her child has the right to engage in, or attempting
to restrict or restricting the woman's or her child's freedom
of movement or conduct by force or threat of force, physical
or other harm or threat of physical or other harm, or
intimidation directed against the woman or child.
This shall include, but not limited to the following:
1. Threatening to deprive or actually depriving the
woman or her child of custody to her/his family
2. Depriving or threatening to deprive the woman
or her children of financial support legally due
her or her family, or deliberately providing the
woman's children insufficient financial support
3. Depriving or threatening to deprive the woman
or her child of a legal right
4. Preventing the woman in engaging in any
legitimate profession, occupation, business or
activity or controlling the victim's own money or
properties, or solely controlling the conjugal or
common money, or properties
6. Inflicting or threatening to inflict physical harm on oneself
for the purpose of controlling her actions or decisions
7. Causing or attempting to cause the woman or her child to
engage in any sexual activity which does not constitute
rape, by force or threat of force, physical harm, or through
intimidation directed against the woman or her child or
her/his immediate family
8. Engaging in purposeful, knowing, or reckless conduct,
personally or through another that alarms or causes
substantial emotional or psychological distress to the
woman or her child.
This shall include, but not be limited to, the following acts:
1. Stalking or following the woman or her child in
public or private places
2. Peering in the window or lingering outside the
residence of the woman or her child
3. Entering or remaining in the dwelling or on the
property of the woman or her child against
her/his will
4. Destroying the property and personal belongings
or inflicting harm to animals or pets of the woman
or her child
5. Engaging in any form of harassment or violence
9. Causing mental or emotional anguish, public ridicule or
humiliation to the woman or her child, including, but not
limited to, repeated verbal and emotional abuse, and
denial of financial support or custody of minor children of
access to the woman's child/children.
Special Note:
A. Section 26, R.A. 9262:
Victim-survivors who are found by the courts to be
suffering from battered women syndrome do not incur
criminal and civil liability notwithstanding the absence of
any of the elements for justifying circumstances of self-
defense under the Revised Penal Code.
Article 266 – A
Rape, When and How Committed
Rape is committed:
1. By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman
under any of the following circumstances:
1. Thru force, threat, or intimidation
2. Offended party is deprived of reason or is
unconscious
3. Thru fraudulent machination or grave abuse of
authority
4. Offended party is below 12 years old or demented,
even if none of the circumstances above are
present
2. By any person who inserts his penis into another’s mouth
or anal orifice, or any instrument or object, into the genital
or anal orifice of another, under any of the circumstances
mentioned in paragraph 1
Article 266 – B
Penalties
Rape under Paragraph 1 of Article 266 – A:
o Shall be punished by Reclusion Perpetua
Rape under Paragraph 1 of Article 266 – A committed thru use of a
deadly weapon or by 2 or more persons:
o Shall be punished by Reclusion Perpetua to Death
Victim becomes insane because of Rape under Par. 1 of Art. 266 – A:
o Shall be punished by Reclusion Perpetua to Death
Victim died & Attempted Rape under Paragraph 1 of Article 266 – A:
o Shall be punished by Reclusion Perpetua to Death
Victim died & Rape under Paragraph 1 of Article 266 – A:
o Shall be punished by Death
Death Penalty if the Rape under Paragraph 1 of Article 266 – A is
attended by the following aggravating or qualifying circumstances:
1. Victim is below 18 years old and Offender is a parent,
ascendant, step-parent, guardian, relative by consanguinity
or affinity within the 3rd civil degree, or common-law
spouse of the parent of the victim
2. Victim is under the custody of the police or military
authorities or any law enforcement or penal institution
3. Victim is raped in full view of the spouse, parent, any of the
children, or other relatives within the 3rd civil degree of
consanguinity
4. Victim is a religious authority engaged in legitimate
religious vocation or calling and is personally known to the
offender before or at the time of the commission
 5. Victim is below 7 years old Elements of Rape under paragraph 1:
6. Offender has HIV/AIDS or any other sexually transmissible 1. Offender is a man
disease and the virus or disease is transmitted to the victim 2. Offender had carnal knowledge of a woman
7. Offender is a member of the AFP or para-military units, or a 3. Such act is accomplished under any of the following
member of the PNP or a member of any law enforcement circumstances:
agency or penal institution, taking advantage of his 1. Thru force, threat, or intimidation
position to facilitate the crime 2. Woman is deprived of reason or is unconscious
8. Victim suffered permanent physical mutilation or disability 3. Thru fraudulent machination or grave abuse of
9. Offender knew that the victim is pregnant before or at the authority
time of the commission of the crime 4. Woman is below 12 years old or demented, even if
10. Offender knew that the victim is emotionally or mentally none of the circumstances above are present
handicapped before or at the time of the commission
Elements of Rape under paragraph 2:
1. Offender commits an act of sexual assault
2. Act of sexual assault is committed by any of the following:
Rape under Paragraph 2 of Article 266 – A:
1. By inserting his penis into another person's
o Shall be punished by Prision Mayor
mouth or anal orifice
Rape under Paragraph 2 of Article 266 – A committed thru use of a 2. By inserting any instrument or object into the
deadly weapon or by 2 or more persons: genital or anal orifice of another person
o Shall be punished by Prision Mayor to Reclusion Temporal 3. Act of sexual assault is accomplished under any of the
following circumstances:
Victim becomes insane because of Rape under Par. 2 of Art. 266 – A:
1. Thru force, threat, or intimidation
o Shall be punished by Reclusion Temporal
2. Person is deprived of reason or is unconscious
Victim died & Attempted Rape under Paragraph 2 of Article 266 – A: 3. Thru fraudulent machination or grave abuse of
o Shall be punished by Reclusion Temporal to Reclusion Perpetua authority
4. Person is below 12 years old or demented, even if
Victim died & Rape under Paragraph 2 of Article 266 – A:
none of the circumstances above are present
o Shall be punished by Reclusion Perpetua
Who can commit rape?
Reclusion Temporal if the Rape under Paragraph 2 of Article 266 – A is
o Under R.A. 8353, rape can be committed by a male or a
attended by the following aggravating or qualifying circumstances:
female
1. Victim is below 18 years old and Offender is a parent,
ascendant, step-parent, guardian, relative by consanguinity
or affinity within the 3rd civil degree, or common-law
Rape under Paragraph 1 of Article 266 – A:

spouse of the parent of the victim  Rape through Sexual Intercourse

2. Victim is under the custody of the police or military  It is not essential that there be a complete penetration of
authorities or any law enforcement or penal institution the female organ or there be a rupture of the hymen.
3. Victim is raped in full view of the spouse, parent, any of the  Mere contact or slightest penetration of the male penis
children, or other relatives within the 3rd civil degree of with the woman's vagina is enough, even if no
consanguinity spermatozoa is found in the vagina
4. Victim is a religious authority engaged in legitimate
 Where the accused failed to achieve an erection, had a limp
religious vocation or calling and is personally known to the
or flaccid penis, or an oversized penis which could not fit into
offender before or at the time of the commission
the victim's vagina, the Court nonetheless held that “Rape
5. Victim is below 7 years old
under Paragraph 1 of Article 266 – A” was consummated on
6. Offender has HIV/AIDS or any other sexually transmissible
the basis of the victim's testimony that the accused
disease and the virus or disease is transmitted to the victim
repeatedly tried, but in vain, to insert his penis into her vagina
7. Offender is a member of the AFP or para-military units, or a
and in all likelihood reached the labia of her pudendum as the
member of the PNP or a member of any law enforcement
victim felt his organ on the lips of her vulva
agency or penal institution, taking advantage of his
 Jurisprudence dictates that the labia majora must be
position to facilitate the crime
entered for rape to be consummated, and not merely for
8. Victim suffered permanent physical mutilation or disability
the penis to stroke the surface of the female organ.
9. Offender knew that the victim is pregnant before or at the
time of the commission of the crime
 Grazing of the surface of the female organ or
touching the mons pubis of the pudendum is not
10. Offender knew that the victim is emotionally or mentally
sufficient to constitute consummated rape.
handicapped before or at the time of the commission
 At most, it can only be attempted rape,
if not acts of lasciviousness.
Rape under Paragraph 2 of Article 266 – A: o Constructive Force is enough – Woman is Drugged or Given
Potion.
 Rape through Sexual Assault
 If there is no sexual intercourse and only acts of lewdness
o But where consent of the victim is induced by the
administration of drugs or liquor, which incites
are performed, the crime may be Rape through Sexual
her passions but does not deprive her of her will
Assault under Paragraph 2 or Acts of Lasciviousness only
power, the accused is not guilty of rape.
under Article 336.
 In People vs. Soriano, it was ruled that the accused is
Statutory Rape: When the girl is below 12 years old
guilty of Rape through Sexual Assault when he inserted
his finger into the vagina of his victim.  Where the victim is less than 12 years old, rape is committed
although she consented to the sexual act.
Degree of force necessary to constitute Rape:
o Moral Ascendancy or Influence, held to substitute for the Special Notes:

element of physical force or intimidation. A. Rape may be proved by the uncorroborated testimony of

o When the offender in rape has an ascendancy or the offended woman.

influence over the girl, it is not necessary that she  Where the testimony coming from the offended
puts up a determined resistance. party is firm, categorical and straightforward,

o A verbal refusal alone will not do. her clothing, including the most intimate
garments, soiled and smudged, ripped and torn,
o When the accused girl stated that she defended herself
which are mute witnesses of the futile resistance
against the accused as long as she could, but he
she put up, the accused should be convicted on
overpowered her and held her till her strength gave out,
the basis of her testimony.
and then accomplished his vicious purpose, there is
B. There is no crime of frustrated rape.
evidence of sufficient force.
C. There is a crime of attempted rape:
o Force need not be irresistible. It is enough that the force
1. Grazing of the surface of the female organ or
used is sufficient to consummate the culprit's purpose of
touching the mons pubis of the pudendum,
copulating with the offended woman.
without touching the labia majoris
o Indeed, the law does not impose upon a rape victim the
2. When the accused after raising the dress of the
burden of proving resistance.
woman then asleep and placing himself on top of
her, and when the woman was awakened the
Degree of intimidation necessary to constitute Rape:
accused threatened her with a knife, but because
o It is enough that it produces fear — fear that if the victim
of her continued shouting and offering of
does not yield to the bestial demands of the accused,
resistance, a neighbor came to her rescue
something would happen to her at the moment or
D. Even if the woman, when she woke up, made no resistance,
thereafter, as when she is threatened with death if she
at least the labia of her organ was already penetrated.
reports the incident.
Hence, Rape was already consummated when she woke up.
o Intimidation includes the moral kind such as the fear caused
E. Character of the offended woman is immaterial in rape.
by threatening the girl with a knife or pistol.
 Fact that the offended party may have been of an
o Moral Ascendancy or Influence, held to substitute for the
unchaste character or a prostitute constitutes no
element of physical force or intimidation.
defense in a charge of rape.
o When the offender in rape has an ascendancy or F. In Multiple rape by two (2) or more offenders:
influence over the girl, it is not necessary that she
 Each of the 2 should suffer two sentences.
puts up a determined resistance.
 Each of the 4 defendants who raped the victim,
having conspired with the others to rape her, was
Offended party deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious:
held liable for 4 crimes of rape.
o Woman or offended party has no will
G. There is a Special Complex Crime of Rape with Homicide.
o Sexual intercourse with an insane or idiotic woman was
 If the victim was already at the threshold of death
considered rape
when she was rape – not a special complex crime of
o Deprivation of reason contemplated by law does not
Rape with Homicide, because homicide is committed
need to be complete. Mental abnormality or deficiency
not by reason or on the occasion of the rape.
is sufficient.
 It may be regarded either as a form of
o Carnal act while the offended party was asleep is rape.
ignominy causing disgrace or as a form
o Carnal act while the offended party was in lethargy
of cruelty, it being unnecessary to the
produced by sickness is rape.
commission thereof
Indemnity in Rape: Article 266 – D
 The award of civil indemnity is not only a reaction to the Presumptions
apathetic societal perception of the penal law and the The following may be accepted as evidence in the prosecution of
financial fluctuations overtime, but also an expression of Rape under Article 266 – A:
the displeasure of the Court over the incidence of heinous 1. Any physical overt act manifesting resistance in any degree
crimes against chastity. from the offended party against the act of rape
2. Offended party is rendered incapable of giving a valid
Damages in Rape:
consent
 Moral damages may be awarded to the victim in such
amount as the court deems just without the necessity for
Evidence which may be accepted in the prosecution of rape:
pleading or proof of mental or physical suffering provided
1. Any physical overt act manifesting resistance against the
in Article 2217 of the Civil Code other than the fact of the
act of rape in any degree from the offended party
commission of the offense.
2. Where the offended party is so situated as to render
 Exemplary damages may be awarded in criminal cases as him/her incapable of giving consent
part of the civil liability if the crime was committed with 1 or
more aggravating circumstances.
 Exemplary damages have been awarded in rape cases
committed by fathers against their daughters to deter
other fathers with pervert or aberrant sexual behavior from
sexually abusing their daughters.

Article 266 – C
Effect of Pardon

o Subsequent valid marriage between the offender and the

offended party shall extinguish the criminal action or the
penalty imposed.
o In case the offender is the legal husband, the subsequent
forgiveness by the wife as the offended party shall
extinguish the criminal action or the penalty:
o Provided that the criminal action or the penalty
shall not be extinguished if the marriage is void
ab initio.

Effect of Subsequent Valid Marriage:

 Marriage extinguishes not only the penal action, but
likewise the penalty that may be imposed.
 Marriage benefits the principal (i.e. husband) only, and
not to his co-principals, accomplices, nor accessories,
since Rape has ceased to be a crime against chastity, but
is now a crime against persons

Under R.A. 8353:

 Husband can now be guilty of rape against his wife.
 In case it is the legal husband who is the offender, the
subsequent forgiveness by the wife as the offended party
shall extinguish the criminal action or the penalty:
 But, if the marriage is void ab initio, such criminal
action or penalty shall not be extinguished.

Special Note:
A. It is only in crimes against chastity that pardon/forgiveness
by the offended party shall bar the prosecution of the
offense committed, i.e., seduction, abduction, acts of
lasciviousness.