CHAPTER II

RELATED DESIGN
DESIGN METHODS OF REINFORCE-CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURE TO RESIST
PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
By: Hongyu Wanga,,Youpo Sub ,Qingshen Zengc

Since the "9.11"terrorist event, the World Trade Center progressive collapsed in a flash,
U.S. engineers began to really care about preventing progressive collapse in reinforced
concrete buildings. When the accident has happened, the structures collapse is a serious
threat to public safety. In our country, most public buildings are reinforced concrete
frame structure. Comparing with shear wall structure, frame structure is more likely to
collapse. Therefore, the research about progressive collapse of frame structures is very
important. Some standard native and abroad such as British Standards, GSA2003, U.S.
Department of Defense standard (DoD2005) and DoD2009 did researches in this text and
these researches can be used for designers as reference in the project design.

Source:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211381911000105

SUSTAINABILITY OF MASONRY AND REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME

STRUCTURES. CASE STUDIES
By: Attila Puskás, Ligia Moga

Structures of buildings are generally not known as sustainable parts of the buildings, their impact being
often neglected, even if important economies could be made in the use of the limited limestone
resources and in the negative impact of the large quantity of energy on the environment. When
establishing the appropriate structural solution for the given theme the main optimization criteria are
the realization cost and the construction time, but also the aesthetics of the structure as well as other
architectural impacts might count. The paper aims establishing relationship between the studied
structural solutions and their environmental impact: reinforced concrete frame structures with
masonry infill walls and load bearing masonry walls with reinforced concrete tie-beams and pillars. The
paper presents a comparative study on buildings of three to seven stories, generally used for
residential applications. For the same building with variable number of stories two different structural
solutions are used, obtaining a total of 8 structures to be designed according to the valid Romanian
norms. For the structures the environmental impact is assessed, considering the necessary materials
for the realization of the studied structures including internal and external walls. Also cost analyses are
performed for the obtained results, in order to obtain the correspondence between the environmental
impact and the cost of each solution. Results are emphasizing the environmental impact and cost
evolution of buildings with increase of stories for the two structural solutions. It can be followed as the
environmental impact varies also with the number of stories. Differences appear in all the main LCA
indicators considered in the comparison: energy, solid emissions in air and water, natural resources
consumption and waste generation. Comparing the results, the more sustainable structural solution
with less environmental impact can be concluded.

Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212017316001031

RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF WALL-FRAME STRUCTURES

By: Reda Farag

Assessment of the reliability of wall-frame structures using simulation based method is often prohibited
by the costly and lengthily computations. The present paper introduces a response surface based
technique to quickly extract the reliability and safety information. The proposed method couples the
finite element (FE) model of wall-frame structure, an improved response surface scheme and the second
order reliability method (SORM). At the beginning, the large number of the random variables is reduced
via preliminary sensitivity analysis. Then, the failure region is reached through a repetitive strategy
integrated with recommended experimental designs. The efficiency and accuracy of the scheme are
verified using Monte Carlo simulation. Moreover, both serviceability and flexural limit states are used in
the verification. Tens of simulations are used instead of hundreds or thousands. The method is simple,
efficient and can be easily implemented. For the considered example, the lateral load and the wall
stiffness are the most important variables.

Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090447915000155
 REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
By: Gabriele Bertagnoli, Luca Giordano, Dario La Mazza, Giuseppe Mancini

According to Comitè Europèen de Normalisation, robustness is the ability of a structure to withstand

events like fire, explosions, impact or the consequences of human error, without being damaged to an
extent disproportionate to the original cause. Avoiding the progressive collapse of a building in presence
of accidental loading conditions is one of the challenges for the designers. The tie-force method is
actually one of the most used design techniques for resisting progressive collapse, whereby a statically
indeterminate structure is designed with reference to local simplified models determined in accordance
to the failure mode considered. In this work a computational study of a reinforced concrete frame is
presented. The structure studied is a beam-column assembly which represents a portion of the structural
framing system of a ten-story reinforced concrete frame building and is subjected to distributed loads
and to monotonically increasing vertical displacement of the centre column to simulate a column
removal scenario.

Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705816330764

SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF EXISTING REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMED

BUILDINGS
By: Sameh A.El-Betar

The earthquakes disasters basically occur due to buildings damage not because of the earth shaking.
Therefore, the countries have being updated the seismic codes. The seismic loads for buildings design in
Egyptian Code have been changed from (EC-1994) to (ECP-201, 2012). On the other hand, the need is
raised to study the vulnerability of existing buildings, which can be divided into the buildings designed
to resist the gravity loads only (GLD) and the buildings designed according to Egyptian code (EC-1994).
Comparison between forces due to Egyptian code for loads (EC-1994) and (ECP-201, 2012) is carried out
on the multi-stories R.C. framed buildings which are the most common type of existing buildings in Egypt.
To investigate the vulnerability of existing buildings, nonlinear static pushover analysis is conducted to
evaluate the real strength of the existing buildings. Moreover, it is considered a useful and effective tool
for the performance of three framed buildings: 3, 6 and 10 stories due to expected future earthquakes.
Finally, it is found that the vulnerability of existing GLD buildings occurs at expected ground accelerations
(ag) greater than 0.125 g in Egyptian seismic map, while the EC-94 designed buildings behave elastically
up to (ag) equals to 0.2 g and above that a slight damage may occur.
Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687404815000498

STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF TRIP GENERATION ANALYSIS FOR

RESIDENTIAL CONDOMINIUM DEVELOPMENTS IN METRO MANILA
By: NONITO M. MAGDAYO JR.

This paper discuss some important data and documentation on the residential
condominium trip generation estimation to help future researcher engage more effectively in
discussions on trip generation for residential condominiums. Also, it illustrates the possible factors that
may affect the trip generation for the stated land use development. Finally, this paper provides a simple
and introductory evaluation of the existing application of local trip generation estimation for residential
condominium development in Metro Manila.
This focused on local trip generation forecasting application condition for residential condominium
development. The evaluation of the forecasting condition of trip generation in this report limits and
based on the collected interviews and data from Traffic Impact Assessment reports of some proposed
residential condominium development in Metro Manila.
The possible factors that may affect the volume of trip generations in residential condominium
development will be identified. Also the local and existing application conditions of trip generation
forecasting for condominium land use development in Metro Manila will be evaluated based on the
collected interviews and Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) reports which were submitted to EMB-EIAD.
Few studies have been done regarding people and vehicular trip generation and attraction of different
business, residential and commercial establishment in the Metro Manila. Fillone, A. M. and Teczon M. R.
(2006), study the trip attraction of mixed-use development in Metropolitan Manila. The study developed
a multiple regression models that estimate the volume of person trips and vehicles attracted to
condominiums catering to mix-uses.. However, several studies in Western Countries have already been
done regarding the vehicle trips and person’s trips generation by a proposed residential and commercial
development site and then was able to predict the traffic impact of that land development. National
Transportation Library (1985) conducted a study on the development and application of trip generation
rates on major land use generator. The report developed vehicle trip rates in peak hours for the major
trips generator including residential condominium which was cross-classified with the regional zones.
Charles Purvis, Miguel Iglesias and Victoria Eisen (1996) reports on the effort to include disaggregate
work-trips accessibility in models of non-work trip generation. In their study estimate new sets of trip
generation models at address the induced trip-making.
Source:
http://ncts.upd.edu.ph/old/research/docs/research/ugrad/200804/Magdayo.pdf

CONDOMINIUM DESIGN AND PRICING:

A CASE STUDY IN CONSUMER TRADE-OFF ANALYSIS
By: JOHN A FIEDLER

The concept of utility has been a familiar one to economists for over a century. Much of economics is
based on a theory of buyer behavior in which the consumer is thought to allocate his resources so as to
maximize his person utility. In the later 19th century, it was fashionable among economists to attempt
to assign numerical values to individuals’ utilities for various quantities of goods. Finding those efforts
lacking in predictive power, they have tended to abandon efforts to quantify utilities. However, the basic
concept, the idea of the rational consumer, has remained. It is possible that the consumer is unaware of
the numerical values of his utilities, but that they may be revealed through his choices among product
concepts which are varied in systematic ways. This study is a practical application of the economists’
traditional theory of buyer behavior. The study was based on a simple model which assumes: ·
• Consumers can supply their rank orders of preference for various combinations of attributes that
characterize the features of a product or service they intend to purchase. ·
• Computational techniques recently available allow us to solve for a set of numbers for each
consumer which adequately reproduce his rank orders of preference and which appear, therefore, to
have the properties of utilities.
• Finally, a consumer’s choice from among several products or services can be predicted by
combining his utilities for the attributes which characterize each good and determining which have the
greatest utility for that individual.
This study was a cooperative project of Market Facts and a major builder. Because of this joint
investment in the data and its analysis, some of the findings can be discussed; however, much of the
data has been rescaled to protect the client’s interests.

Source: http://www.acrwebsite.org/search/view-conference-
proceedings.aspx?Id=12006
 MODELING AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR SEISMIC DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF TALL BUILDINGS

Prepared by
APPLIED TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL
201 Redwood Shores Pkwy, Suite 240
Redwood City, California 94065
www.ATCouncil.org
in collaboration with
Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC)
National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS)
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Seismic design provisions and construction practice in regions of high seismicity have been based
primarily on an understanding of the anticipated behavior of low- to mid-rise construction. In
extrapolating design and detailing provisions for use in high-rise construction, structural systems
havebeen limited in height, or not permitted, where combinations of spectral response acceleration
parameters, site class, and building occupancy result in Seismic Design Categories D or higher, as defined
in ASCE/SEI 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE, 2010). Recent trends
in high-rise residential construction have resulted in a variety of unusual configurations, innovative
structural systems, and high performance materials that challenge current design practice.

Questions have arisen regarding the applicability of prescriptive code provisions to tall building structural
systems, and whether or not these provisions can adequately ensure acceptable performance of this
class of buildings. Building departments, with active input from peer review committees and advisory
groups, have been considering performance-based methods to assess the adequacy of these new
designs. Use of alternative performance-based design procedures has led to challenges in the plan check
and enforcement process, and use of currently available performance-based analytical methods has led
to questions regarding the ability of these methods to reliably predict performance of tall building
structural systems. The seismic design of modern tall buildings, defined as buildings exceeding 160 feet
in height, introduces a series of challenges that need to be met through consideration of scientific,
engineering, and regulatory issues specific to the modeling, analysis, and acceptance criteria appropriate
for these unique structural systems. This report represents a compilation of the latest available
information on analytical simulation, system and component behavior, material properties, and
recommendations specific to the seismic design of tall building structural systems.

Source: http://peer.berkeley.edu/tbi/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/PEER-ATC-72-
1_report.pdf
 SECURE AUTOMATED FORENSIC INVESTIGATION FOR SUSTAINABLE
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES COMPLIANT WITH GREEN COMPUTING
REQUIREMENTS

Mohamed Elhoseny*, Abbas Hosny, Aboul Ella Hassanien, Khan Muhammad, Arun Kumar Sangaiah
Faculty of Computers and Information Sciences, Mansoura University, Egypt
Department of Electrical Engineering, Assiut University, Egypt
Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University, Egypt
Intelligent Media Laboratory, Digital Contents Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea
School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) networks are built to efficiently provide supervisory
and control of national and international critical infrastructures. SCADA networks represent a
challenging domain for forensic investigators who have the responsibility to discover the main causes of
the catastrophic incidents that could happen in these critical mission systems and provide precise and
logical evidences supported with comprehensive technical reports to the legal organizations. They
urgently need technological tools and frameworks that enable them to effectively do their mission
without affecting the running state of SCADA networks which must be sustainable and robust against
technical and disruptive incidents. This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities towards
achieving that goal and highlights the emerging technological approaches and paradigms that can be
considered as promising for the realization of such a framework taking into account the efficient
consumption of computational resources. Further, this paper proposes a conceptual framework for
automated and secure forensic investigation in modern complex SCADA networks accompanied with a
possible realization architecture based on the Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) and Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSN) promising technological paradigms. The proposed framework is intentionally designed to be
compliant with the currently active motivation towards promoting green computing requirements .

OPTIMIZATION OF GREEN BUILDING DESIGN TO ACHIEVE GREEN BUILDING

INDEX (GBI) USING GENETIC ALGORITHM (GA)
Muhamad Farhin Harun, Azurah A. Samah, Hairudin Abdul Majid, Yusliza Yusoff, Yaik-Wah Lim

Designing a feasible green building that complies with national green building assessment is one of the
main problems faced by architects. The existing Building Information Modelling (BIM) software, is used
by architects to assist them to design a green building. Green building is a concept where the building is
environmentally friendly to the surrounding, does not use too much electricity and have low Overall
Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV). Architects having some tough time to design green building because
OTTV of the building majorly affected by wall and window material used. Hence in this study, single
objective Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed to optimize green building designed by BIM. A decision
support system using GA optimization is proposed to optimize green building designed using BIM. The
goal is to find an optimum material combination that produces nearly optimum OTTV. The initial result
shows that GA manages to find optimum materials combination with a reduced 16% OTTV.

EMPIRICAL FORMULA OF FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD FOR STEEL STRUCTURE

BASED ON SEISMIC RESPONSE RECORD
Maosheng Gong, Jing Sun, Lili Xie

To improve the seismic design of steel frame structures, the empirical formula for evaluation of
fundamental periods of steel frame structures was investigated and a new formula was presented in the
paper. A total number of 36 moment resisting steel frame structures were selected for the statistical
analysis, and all the structures obtained seismic response records during past earthquakes. The
fundamental periods of all structures before damaged were identified by using ARX method, and the
new empirical formula for fundamental period of steel frame structure was obtained through nonlinear
least square regression. The result shows that the fundamental period of steel frame structure can be
expressed in terms of the height to the power of 0.6 and multiplied by the modified factor 0.12. The
proposed empirical formula can be referenced for the seismic design code revision, steel frame
structures seismic design and related researches.

AN EMPIRICAL SURVEY ON THE AWARENESS OF CONSTRUCTION

DEVELOPERS ABOUT GREEN BUILDINGS IN MACEDONIA
Lihnida Stojanovska-Georgievska, Ivana Sandeva, Hristina Spasevska
Faculty of electrical engineering and information technologies
University Ss Cyril and Methodius
Skopje, Macedonia

Green construction is becoming priority in developing a new scope to the construction itself. It emerges
from the inevitable need to raise the environmental concern and to make effort to build sustainable, by
balancing between the conservation of the environment and maintaining prosperity in development.
Green design does not only make a positive impact on public health and the environment, it also reduces
operating costs, enhances building and organizational marketability, increases occupant productivity,
and helps create a sustainable community. This survey aims at determining the state of knowledge and
awareness about green buildings (GB) among most involved stakeholders. The survey targets the basic
understanding about green building and reveals the opinion about the advances and possible barriers
for regulated construction of green buildings. This survey is conducted using the method of structured
questionnaires and is based on the responses of 181 construction developers including designers,
architects, civil engineers, technicians, workers in construction industry, investors, as well as legal
representatives (decision makers). The overall results show high level of familiarization with the concept
of GB (more than 75% of the respondents), and even higher percentage in expressing support of the idea
for GB (less than 6% gave negative answers). The results obtained from the three structured groups of
questions (awareness, advantages & barriers, and possible areas for intervention) are discussed in
comprehensive manner, in order to analyze thoroughly the current state of awareness about GB in
Macedonia.

PASSIVE CONTROL REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME MECHANISM WITH

HIGH STRENGTH REINFORCEMENTS AND ITS POTENTIAL BENEFITS AGAINST
EARTHQUAKES
Asad Ullah Qazi, YE Lieping, LU Xinzheng

Severe earthquakes continue to cause major catastrophes. Many devices in active, hybrid, and semi-
active structural control systems which are used as controllable force devices are costly to build and
maintain. The passive control reinforced concrete frame (PCRCF) reinforced with high strength steel only
in the columns presented here provides structural systems more resistance to lateral earthquake
loadings at comparatively lower cost. The effectiveness is demonstrated by a nonlinear static analysis
using fiber model for a single story single bay frame. The study shows that the use of high performance
steel in columns prevents formation of plastic hinges at the critical column base sections and failures are
always initiated by reinforcement yielding at the beam ends. Furthermore, after experiencing severe
lateral drift, the passive control design has small residual displacements compared to ordinary reinforced
concrete frames. PCRCF rehabilitation and strengthening can be achieved more easily as compared with
ordinary reinforced concrete frame.
 PUSH-OVER ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF A CONCRETE-FILLED
RECTANGULAR TUBULAR FRAME STRUCTURE
NIE Jianguo, QIN Kai, XIAO Yan

To investigate the seismic behavior of concrete-filled rectangular steel tube (CFRT) structures, a push-
over analysis of a 10-story moment resisting frame (MRF) composed of CFRT columns and steel beams
was conducted. The results show that push-over analysis is sensitive to the lateral load patterns, so the
use of at least two load patterns that are expected to bound the inertia force distributions is
recommended. The M-phi curves and N-M interaction surfaces of the CFRT columns calculated either by
Han’s formulae or by the USC-RC program (reinforced concrete program put forward by University of
Southern Califonia) are suitable for future push-over analyses of CFRT structures. The P-delta effect
affects the MRF seismic behavior seriously, and so should be taken into account in MRF seismic analysis.
In addition, three kinds of RC structures were analyzed to allow a comparison of the earthquake
resistance behavior of CFRT structures and RC structures. The results show that the ductility and seismic
performance of CFRT structures are superior to those of RC structures. Consequently, CFRT structures
are recommended in seismic regions.

PUSH-OVER ANALYSIS PROGRAMMING FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURE
Jie-Jiang Zhu , Yang Lee

The Tall Building Push-Over Analysis program (TBPOA) puts forward precise, concise and practical ways
of 3D push-over analysis and static elasto-plastic analysis for reinforced concrete tall buildings. Column
and beam elements of TBPOA are modeled by nonlinear bar units, while wall elements by nonlinear bar
units considering shearing deformation. Based on the plane cross-section assumption, surface integral
of the bar unit is substituted with curvilinear integral along the edge. Besides, a quadratic term is
introduced into geometric equation in order to have tall building’s P-Δ effect precisely measured. Wall
element model is acquired by adding nonlinear shear spring into bar element, which make it possible to
calculate axial, bending and shearing deformation at one time in the program. Newton-Raphson iteration
method and arc-length method are introduced to solve the nonlinear equations towards the softening
phase of concrete.