.

ASNT

Third Edition

Rodiogrophic
Testing Method
Levels l, ll ond lll Review Questions
=- Book A

o
NASNT

Third Edition

Rodiogrophic
Testing Method
Levels l, ll ond lll Review Questions
=- Book A

o
 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Third Edition

Ro,Ciogrophic
Testing Method
,"'.. tevels l, ll ond lll Review euestions - Book A
''.-";.,'.. ""..

ta., t".,.a-,.
aL

The Americon Society for '

Nondestructive Testino, Inc.
 copyright @ 2014 by The Americon Society for Nondestructive Testing.

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ii
 a ffiffiffiffiffiffi

Acknowledgments .. ...iv
lnlroduction .. . .. ... ...v
References ... ...vi
level l-ReviewQuestions .....1
Answers .....10
level ll- ReviewQuestions .........1I
Answers . ... .25

Level lll- Review Questions . .... . .. .27

Answers . .. ..54
FigureSources ........55

rf
il
 (

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. is grateful for the volunteer contributions, technical expertise,
knowledge and dedication of the following individuals who have helped make this work possible.

Technicol Reviewers
Edward i. Briggs - FMC Technologies
Galip Buyukyildirim - Kuzguncuk Mah Icadiye Cad
Chinam Dwarikanath Patra - PSL Limited
Claudia Kropas-Hughes - Air Force
Trey Gordon - Boeing
Scott McCldn - US Arm1., Picatinny Arsenal
David Savoy - Versa Integrity Group
Bahman Zoofan - Amerapex Corporation

Publicotion Review Commitlee

Glenn M. Light, Chair - Southwest Research Institute
Martin T. Anderson - Alaska Technical Training
Joseph L. Mackin - Reel Group

iv
o Kffiffiffiffie#ffiKKffiru

Purpose
This book was previously published as Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC--IA (QdvA Book): Radiographic Testing.
This is an update of previous editions prepared by members of ASNT's Penetrating Radiation Committee.
As with other books in the ASNT Questions & Answers series, this book is intended to provide candidates studying for
qualifying examinations with sample Level I, II, and III questions. The questions are similar to the types of questions one
might encounter on a certification examination and should be used for review and for practice examinations only.
Though this book is intended to cover the body of knowledge in ANSI/ASNT CP-105: ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for
Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel (2011), it is not intended to comprehensively cover all possible technical
issues that may appear on a certification exam.

Whot ls New
The main changes between the second and third editions are that the references have been updated, many questions have
been updated, and every question is multiple choice with four unique answers to more closely match the ASNT exam format.

Additionol Informotion
Because ASNT is an International System of Units (SI) publisher, throughout the text both SI and imperial units are used.
Level I and Level II questions use imperial units first. Level III questions use SI units first. For simplicity, many equations in
this book use 25 mm equals 1 in. Where SI units are not used in the original text of a standard or code, conversions to SI
units were not made.
All figures are from ASNT sources unless otherwise indicated.
 Recommended References
The follou,ing references u,ere used in formulating the ques-
tions contained in this book.
Reference A
Bossi, R.H., F.A. Iddings, and G.C. Wheeler, tech. ecls., p.O.
Moore, ed., Nondestructite Testing Handbook, third edition:
\blume 4, Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: American
Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002.
Reference B
Staton. l. Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book
(PTP Series). Columbus, OH: American Societl, for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.
Reference C
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Radiographic Testirtg Methort.
Columbus, OH: Anterican Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc. 2014.
Reference D
McCain, D., ASNT Study Guide: Industrial Radiography
Radiatiorr Safety. Colttmbus, OH: American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2009.
Reference E '
Radiographl, in Modern Industry, fourth edition. Rochester,
NY Eastman Kodak Co. http://wr,r,rv.kodak.com/eknec/
documents/87/0900688a802b3c87/Racliography-in-
Modern-h-rdustrv.pdf. 1 980.
Reference F Jbr l'{on-Destructiye Testing,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, \rolume 03.03.
Nondestructiye Testing. "standard Guide fbr Radiographic
Examinationi' Standard ASTM E 94, and "stanclard practice
for Design, Nlanufacture, and _Nlaterial Grouping
Classification of Hole-Type Image euality Indicators (Iei)
Used for Radiologyi' Standard ASTN,i E 1025. philadelphia,
PA: American Society for Testing and Nlaterials. l.atest
edition. (Reference numbers alier the questions contain
the standard number. Example: F.E94.)
Reference G
Becker, WT. and R.]. Shipteir Metals Handbook,ninth edi_
tion, rVorudeslructive Inspection and euality Control, \rolume
1 1. Metals Park, OH: American Societl, for Nttetals. 2002.
Additionol References
The follor,ving references are listed it Cp- j05-20 j1 as
recommencled references but rvere not used in building this
book. These references may be useful for additional study oi
the radiographic testing method.
Materials and Processes for ND'l' Tbclmology. Columbus,
OH: American Society lor Nondestructive Testing, inc.
i981.
McGuire, S.A. and C.A. Peabody. Working Safely in
Radiography. Columbus, OH: American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2004.
(
Mix, P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training
Guide, second edition. New york: /ohn Wiley & Sons. 2005.
Nondestructive Eyaluation and euality Control: ASM
Handbook, Voiume 17. Metals park, OH: ASM
International. 1 989.
Schneerr-ran, l.G. Industri al X-ray Interpretation Evanston,
IL: Intex Publishing Co. 1985.
Taylor, ].L., ecl., Basic Metallurgy
revised edition. Essex, England: WH. Houldershaw, Ltd.
(Britlsh Institute of Nondestructive Testing). 19gg.
Thielsch, H. Defects and Failures in pressure Vessels and
Piping. Nerv lbrk R.E. Krieger publishing. 1977.
W'elding Inspection Handbook. Miami, FL: American
Welding Society. Latesr edition.
a
L
 D

Reference Codes ReferenceClolol =33

Each question in this book is followed by letter(s) and page I (5)
Level
number(s) indicating the specific recommended reference II (5)
Level
where the answer may be found. For example: III (23)
Level

7. Co-60 used in nondeslructive testing emits: Reference D Toiol = 11

Level I (5)
. :, iffi$tstlii:.:ia;}:i:*::ilriiiri* Level II (0)
..::,tir,.:::at,rfdlt!..a.':l:
,lilf
-
g,rAaut!a,ar5. ::ilil*.:i!i::,alf $::$ii:f:il# Level III (6)
"'' '.i.11,.:i1i$.,,,,. ,I!tys.i,l,:',ii:i::i::,1]::ri*],r:ll,,r,;ai:.jii:llii:it:::,ilr::l:r:::,::iiir1:ri'i'i:j.ii;i
ReferenceETolol =168
il;:A;
ii::i::jiiij:,+ri.rii:if!f.:ii,.*ili ' 'Si*$if$ffi
a:.:: .::. :.::,::,t,, :.'. :':),,.1: tt:,| r:,ii:,r:r,_:l .r lli:i|:..1:::,li :i:r.!::
,, .": Level
Level
I (38)
II (34)
Level III (96)
In this example, the letter'A' refers to Reference A in the
list above and 44,74-75 arc the specific pages in Reference ReferenceFTolol =15
A where the answer to the question is located. Level I (3)
Level II (3)
Level III (9)
Reference Usoge
ReferenceATolol =210 ReferenceGTolol =5
Level I (48) Level I (0)
Level II (80) Level II (5)
Level III (82) Level III (0)

ReferenceBTotol =27
Level I (6)
Level II (8)
Level III (13)

)
vil
, I,. fl:j'iu,,'{' i;,,;,,,i,,,,, ,ji,

Review Questions

Although there may be other reasons for using 5. When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level,
calcium tungstate screens in industrial radiography, an ASTM IQI for 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) thick
they are most often used to: 2024 aluminum alioy has a thickness of:

a. improve definition and resolution in radiographic a. 0.5 in. (12.7 mm)

images.
b. 0.002 in. (0.051 mm)
b. improve contrast in radiographic images. c. 0.005 in. (0.127 mm)
c. decrease exposure time. d. 0.010 in. (0.254 mm)
d. make fiims respond to multimillion volt r ilfl:5
radiation. 6. The penetrating ability of an X-ray beam is
t ,; governed by:
2. An excellent radiograph is obtained under given a. kilovoltage.
conditions of exposure with the film located at a b. time.
distance of 36 in. (914.4 mm) from the target of the c. milliamperage.
X-ray tube. If the film ls now placed only 18 in. d. source-to-film distance
(457.2 mm) from the target, and all exposure
& 1d?
conditions except time are held constant, the new
7. Co-60 used in nondestructive testing emits:
exposure time will be:

a. unchanged. a. alpha particles.

b. longer by approximately 80%. b. neutrons.
c. shorter by approximately 55%. c. gamma rays.
d. only about 25% as long as the original exposure d. X-rays.
I ime' 4.44 ?4 7i

E *. 8. A densitometer is an instrumerit for measuring:

J. An excellent radiograph is obtained under given a. X-ray intensity.
exposure conditions with a tube current of 5 mA and b. film density.
an exposure time of 12 min. If other conditions are c. density of a material.
not changed, what exposure time would be required d. tube current.
if the X-ray tube current could be raised to 10 mA?
.f{.1 *,$

a. 24 min 9. Three liquids which are essential to process an

b. 12 min exposed film properly are:
c. 6 min
d 3 min a. stop bath, acetic acid, and water.
b. developer, stop bath, and HrO2.
[.{? c. deveioper, fixer, and water.
4. In film radiography, image quallty indicators (IQIs) d. acetic acid, fixer, and stop bath.
are usually placed:

a. between the intensifying screen and the film.

b. on the source side ofthe test object. 10. The two most common causes for excessively
c. on the film side ofthe test object. high-density radiographs are:
d. between the operator and the radiation source.
a. insufficient washing and overdevelopment.

I b. contaminated fixer and insufficient washing.

c. overexposure and contaminated fixer.
d. overexposure and overdevelopment.
A.141,243

1
 Which dose would be most dangerous, if not fatal, if
11. The time required for one-half of the atoms in a t7. I
particular sample of radioactive material to applied to the entire body in a short period of time? t

disintegrate is called: a. 0-25 R (0-250 mSv).

a. the inverse square law. b. 25-100 R (250-1000 mSv).
b. a curie. c. 400-600 R (4000-6000 mSv).
c. a half-life. d. 600 R or more (6000 mSv or more)'
d. the exposure time. *.?.1: lj. i *
&.d3 18. When doing gamma-ray radiography with
What does R/h refer to? high-intensity emitters, the sources are best handled:
t2.
a. directly by personnel equipped with special
a. Radiation limits for humans.
protective clothing'
b. Roentgen per hour.
c. X-rays per hour. b. by remote handling equiPment.
d. Radiation in hYdrogen. c. directly by personnel with special protective
clothing except when radiographs are being
D"83
made.
13. The ability to detect a small detail is called d. by the same methods used for low-intensity
radiographic: emitters.
p,.s{J
a. contrast.
b. sensitivity. 19. If a film is placed in a developer solution and allowed
c. density. to develop without anY agitation:
d. resolution.
a. the radiograph may not show proper contrast'
4.',! 51. 17*
b. it will be impossible to fix the radiograph
t4. The term used to exPress the number of curies permanentlY.
(becquerels) ofradioactivity per ounce or gram of .. th... will be a general fogglng condition over the
source weight is: entire radiograPh'
a. decay. d. uneven development or streaking could occur'
b. emissivitY. r"8).1*l:
c. specific activitY. 20. The selection of the proper type of film to be used for
d. source outPut. the X-ray examination of a particular part depends
A"4S$ on:
15. The unit of measurement used for the output of a a. the thickness ofthe Part.
gamma-ray source is the: b. the material of the sPecimen.
a. curie (becquerel). c. the voltage range of the available X-ray machine'
b. roentgen (sievert). d. quality of radiograph or exposure time'
n ya
c. half-life.
d' Mev' 2L. A Co-60 source has a half-life of:
A.Br. q2
a. 1.2 years.
16. Exposure to X-raYs or gamma raYS: b. 6 months.
a. may have a cumulative effect which must be c. 5.27 years.
considered. d. 74.3 days.
,9'?4
b. u'iIl be beneficial since they build up an
immunitY to radiation Poisoning.
c. will have no effect on human beings' 22. X-ray tube current is controlled by the:
d. will have only a short-term effect on human
tissues. a. current passing through the filament'
b. distance from the cathode to the anode'
c. type of material used in the target'
d. voltage and waveform applied to the X-ray tube'
3.;11; {.1.i.}
 Review Questions

23. Lead tbil in direct contact with X-rav film: 28. Primary radiation that strikes a film holder or
cassette through a thin portion of the specimen
a. intensifies the scatter radiation more than the causes scattering into the shador.r,s of the adjacent
primary radiation. thicker portions, producing an effbct called:
b. decreases the contrast ofthe radiographic image.
c. intensifies the primary radiation more than the a. radiatjon imaging.
scatter radiation. b. spotting.
d. should not be used when gamma rays are emitted c. undercut.
by the source ofradiation. d. unsharpness.
i.: 1 ...1

1^ Lead intensifying screens are usually mounted in 29 Scattered radiatior.r caused by any material, such as a
pairs in rigid holders called: u,al1or floor, on the film side of the specimen is
referred to as:
a. filrr-r racks.
b. cassettes. a. primary scattering.
c. emulsifiers. b. undercut.
d. diaphragms. c. reflectedscattering.
d. backscattered radiation.
25 In order to decrease geometric unsharpness:
30. Which of the following materials is suitable for use in
a. radiation should proceed from as small a focal containers used to mix processing solutions?
spot as other considerations u.ill aliom
b. radiation should proceed from as large a focal a. Stainless steel.
spot as other considerations u.ill allow. b. Aluminum.
, c. the film should be as fhr as possible from the c. Galvanlzed iron.
object being radiographed. d. Tln.
d. the distance from the anode to the material i 'i i:4
examined should be as smal1 as is practical.
31. Of the follou,ing, rvhich would be especially sensitive
to injury by excesslve exposure to X-rays or gamma
26. As the kilovoltage applied to the X-ray tube ls raised: rays?

a. X-rays of longer wavelength and more a. White blood cel1s.

penetrating pol\rer are produced. b. Biood vessel ce1ls.
X-rays of shorter tvavelength and more c. Immature red blood cells.
penetrating power are produced. d. Digestive system lining cells.
c. X-rays of shorter rvavelength and less penetrating j.it,
power are produced.
d. X-rays oflonger rvavelength and less penetrating 32 Film clverexposure from X-ray radiography may be
power are produced. caused by:

a. lower kilovoltage radiations in the direct beam

27. In order to increase the intensity of X-radiation:
a. the tube current should be increased.
b. the tube current should be decreased.
c. the test specimen should be moved farther tiom
the film.
h-om the X-ray tube target.
scatter radiation arising fron-r objects in the direct
beam.
residual radiatior.r that exists for the first few
minutes after the X-ray machine has been
returned to the 'bff" position.

I d. a lower kilovoltage should be applied to the tube. d. high'speed films.

q te&-roi tno
Rodiogrophic Testing Meihod i LEVEL I

JJ. A general rule often employed for determining the If an exposure time of 60 s was necessary using a
kilovoltage to be used when radiographing a part is 4 ft (1.2 m) source-to-film distance for a particular
that: exposure, what time would be necessary if a 2 ft
(0.6 m) source-to-film distance is used and all other
a. the kilovoltage should be as high as other factors variables remain the same?
will permit.
b. the kilovoltage should be as low as other factors a. 120 s
will permit. b. 30s
c. the kilovoltage is alrvays a fixed value and cannot c. 15s
be changed. d. 240 s
d. the kilovoltage is not an important variable and I -i
'

can be changed over a wide range without

affecting the radiograph. 39. One ofthe generai rules concerning the application
a,3s of geometric principles of shadow formation to
radiography is:
34. If of lead 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) thick is placed in
a piece
the path of a beam of radiation emanating from a. the X-rays should proceed from as large a focal
Co-60, it will reduce the dose rate at a given location spot as other considerations will allow
by, b. the film should be as far as possible from the
object being radiographed.
a. one-third. c. the distance between the anode and the material
b. one-quarter. examined should always be as great as possible.
c. one-half. d. as far as the shape of the specimen will allow, the
d. three-quarters. plane of the maximum interest should be
&.1 3; perpendicular to the plane of the film.
l;.?3-:3
35. Excessive exposure offilm to light prior to I
development of the film wiil most likely result in: 40. As a check on the adequacy ofthe radiographic
technique, it is customary to place a standard test
a. a foggy film. piece on the source side of the specimen. This
b. improveddefinition. standard test piece is called:
c. streaks.
d. yellow stain. a. a reference plate.
.: i ;J. :.i: b. a lead screen.
c. an image quality indicator (IQI).
36. Reticulation resulting in a puckered or net-like film d. an illuminator.
surface is probably caused by: , :,r? :l-

a. crimping film after exposure. 41. An IQI is used to indicate the:

b. sudden extreme temperature change while
processing in the developer. a. size of discontinuities in a part.
c. water or developer on unprocessed film. b. density of the film.
d. excessive object-to-fi1m distance. c. amount of film contrast.
.*..t44 d. sensitivity ofthe radiographic technique.
fr.?*
J/. Frilling or loosening of the emulsion from the base of
the film is most likely caused by: 42. A fluorescent intensifying screen will:

a. water or developer on unprocessed film. a. emit light that may lessen the necessary exposure.
b. Iow temperature of processing solutions. b. result in reticulation.
c. developer solution contamination. c. decrease the graininess of the image when using
d. warm or exhausted fixer solution. gamma rays.
I
F tn? increase the definition in a radiograph.
i:.**, !**

4
 Review Questions

The three main steps in processing a radiograph are: 48. When manually processing films, the purpose for
{)43 abruptly tapping the hangers against the side ofthe
a. developing, frilling, and fixation. tank after the films have been lowered into the
b. developing, fixation, and washing. developer is to:
c. exposure, developing, and fixation.
d. developing, reticulating, and fixation. a. disperse unexposed silver grains on the film
A.::* surface.
b. prevent frilling.
44. Kilovoltage, exposure time, and source-to-film c. dislodge any air bubbles clinging to the emulsion.
distance are three of the most important X-ray d. secure uniformity of development over the whole
exposure factors that can be controlled. A fourth such area of the fiim.
exposure factor is: ,&.:*$

a. focal point size. 49. The activity ofthe developer solution is stabilized by:
b. temperature.
c. filament-to-focalspotdistance. a. constantly agitating it.
d. miiliamperage. b. heating processing solutions.
A.1$* c. avoiding contamination from the wash bath.
d. adding replenisher.
45. When the minute silver grains on which the X-ray &.14?
film image is formed group together in relatively
large masses, they produce a visual impression called: 50. The purpose of fixation is:

a. air bells. a. to carry away and diffuse fixer from the film.
b. graininess. b. to leave the developed silver as a Permanent
c. reticulation. image.
d. frilling. c. to deactivate the develoPment.
d. to transform the exposed silver halide crystal to
metallic crystal.
46. Static marks, which are black tree-iike or circuiar ,q.?:s
marks on a radiograph, are often caused by:
51. Water spots on films can be minimizedby:
a. film being bent when inserted in a cassette or
holder. a. the rapid drying of wet fiim.
b. foreign material or dirt embedded in screens. b. using a wetting agent solution.
c. scratches on lead foil screens. c. using a fresh fker solution.
d. improper film handling techniques. d. cascading water during the rinse cycle.
& 1114

4/. The purpose of agitating an X-ray fiim during 52. The small area in the X-ray tube from which the
development is to: radiation emanates is called the:

a. protect the film from excessive pressure. a. diaphragm.

b. renew the developer at the surface of the film. b. focal spot.
c. disperse unexposed silver grains on the film c. focusing cup.
surface. d. cathode.
d. preventreticulation. A.S*
Rodiogrophic Testing Method i LEVEL I

53. The radiation quality of a gamma-ray source is: 58. The exposure ofpersonnel to X-radiation and
gamma radiation can be measured by means of:
a. determined by the size of the focai spot.
b. determined by the isotope involved. a. geiger-miiller counters.
c. varied by the operator. b. radiationdetectors.
d. greater inlr-192 than in Co-60. c. ionizationchambers.
*.i4 d. thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs).
*.ts
54. The radiation intensity of a radioisotope:
59. Assuming that a good radiograph is obtained at a
a. increases with time. setting of 10 mA in 40 s, how much time would be
b. decreases with time. necessary to obtain one equivalent radiograph ifthe
c. is not affected as time elapses. milliamperage is changed to 5 mA (all other
d. increases with tube current mA. conditions remaining constant)?

a. 20s
55. A curie is the equivalent of: b. 10s
c. 80s
a. 37 B<1 d. 160 s
b. 37 GBq *.;i7
c. 37 000 000 TBq
d. 3 700 000 60. A graph showing the reiation between material
e 3* 3',I thickness, kilovoltage, and exposure is called:

56. With a given exposure time and kilovoltage, a. a bar chart.

a properly exposed radiograph is obtained with b. an exposure chart.
a 6 mA min exposure at the distance of c. a characteristic curve.
20 in. (508 mm). It is desired to increase the d. a logarithmic chart.
sharpness of detail in the image by increasing the 8.51
source-to-film distance to 40 in. (1016 mm). The
correct exposure to obtain the desired radiographic 61. A graph that expresses the relationship between the
density at the increased distance is: logarithm ofthe exposure applied to a photographic
material and the resulting photographic density is
a. 12 mA-min cailed:
b. 24 mA-min
c. 3 mA-min a. a bar chart.
d. 1.7 mA min b. an exposure chart.
Fd? c. a characteristic curve.
d. a logarithmic chart.
57. Very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation I53
produced when electrons travelling at high speeds
coliide with matter is called: 62. Short waveiength electromagnetic radiation produced
during the disintegration of nuclei of radioactive
a. X-radiation. substances is called:
b. beta radiation.
c. gamma radiation. a. X-radiation.
d. alpha radiation. b. gamma radiation.
c. scatter radiation.
d. backscatterradiation.

I
 Review Questions

63. A photographic image recorded by the passage of 68. Fluoroscopy differs from radiography in that:
X-rays or gamma rays through a specimen onto a
film is called a(n): a. fluoroscopy uses a much lower kilovoltage than
radiography.
a. fluoroscopic image. b. fluoroscopy is much more sensitive than
b. radiograph. radiography.
c. isotopicreproduction. c. the X-ray image is observed visually on a
d. photofluorograph. fluorescent screen rather than recorded on a film.
r.? d. fluoroscopy permits examination of thicker parts
than does radiograPhY'
64. In order to achieve uniformity of development over r.r*r
the area of an X-ray film during manual processing:
69. An advantage of the pocket dosimeter Qpe of
a. the film should be placed in a dryer after being ionization chamber used to monitor radiation
developed. received by personnel is:
b. the developer should be agitated by using
mechanical stirrers or circulating pumps. a. it provides a permanent record of accumulated
c. the film should be agitated while in the developer. dosage.
d. the film should be transferred directly from the b. it provides an immediate indication of dosage.
developer to the fixer. c. it is the most sensitive detector available.
r.r*? d. it should be charged and set to zero prior to the
begi nn i ng of the shift.
65. When referring to a 2T or 4T hole in the ASTM IQI, s.r*
the T refers to the:

I
70. The density difference between two seiected portions
a. part thickness. of a radiograph is known as:
b. plaque thickness.
c. time of exposure. a. unsharpness.
d. time for developing. b. radiographiccontrast.
A 45S rr$5 c. specific activity.
d. subject density.
66 A sheet of lead with an opening cut in the shape of &.]s*
the part to be radiographed may be used to decrease
the effect ofscattered radiation, which undercuts the 71. X-rays, gamma rays, and alpha particles all have one
specimen. Such a device is called a: thing in common; they are all:

a. mask. a. particulateradiations.
b. filter. b. electromagnetic radiations.
c. backscatter absorber. c. microwaveradiations.
d. lead foil screen. d. ionizingradiations.
8.5: a.7u 0;q

67. Two X-ray machines operating at the same nominai 72. When producing radiographs, if the kilovoltage is
kilovoltage and milliamperage settings: increased, the:

will produce the same intensities and qualities o1 a. subject contrast decreases.
radiation. b. film contrast decreases.
b. will produce the same intensities but may c. subject contrast increases.
produce different qualities of radiation. d. film contrast increases.
will produce the same qualities but may produce
different intensities of radiation.
d. may give not only different intensities but also
different qualities of radiation.
&..1S6
Rodiogrophic Testing Melhod I LEVEL I

73. The accidental movement of the specimen or film

during exposure or the use ofa focus-film distance
that is too small will:
78. Beta particles are:

a. neutrons.
t
h. electrons.
a. produce a radiograph with poor contrast, c. positrons.
b. make it impossible to detect large discontinuities. d. protons.
c. result in unsharpness ofthe radiograph. e..1,)
d. result in a fogged radiograph.
ti. I r"it: 79. The velocity of all electromagnetic radiation is:

74. Lead screens in intimate contact with the film during a. 186 000 miles per second
exposure: (299 338 km per second).
b. 18 600 miles per second
a. reduce exposure time and improve radiographic (29 934 km per second).
quality. c. 186 000 miles per minute
b. absorb the shorter wavelength scattered radiation (299 338 km per minute).
more than the long wavelength primary radiation. d. i860 miles per second
c. intensi$, the photographic effect ofthe scatter (2993 km per second).
radiation more than that of the primary radiation. *."6?3
d. cause film overexposure.
,$.. l s? 80. Unexposed boxes of X-ray film should be stored:

75. The sharpness of the outline in the image of the a. flat.

radiograph is a measure of: b. on edge or end.
c. in a pile.
a. subject contrast. d. in any arrangement.
b. radiographic definition. & ?* I
c. radiographiccontrast.
d. film contrast. 81. The iead symbol B is attached to the back of th. filrn
.&.': 7l: holder to determine:

76. An unshlelded isotope source gives a dosage rate of a. sensitivity.

900 mR/h at 10 ft (9000 pSv/h at 3 m). What r,r'ou1d b. whether excessive backscatter is present.
the unshieided dosage rate be at 30 ft (9 mX c. radiographiccontrast.
d. density.
a. 300 mRih (3000 pSv/h) r.fr94
b. 600 mR/h (6000 pSv/h)
c. 100 mR/h (1000 pSv/h) 82. Image quality indicators for _ are considered
d. 2700 mR/h (27 000 prSv/h) Group I Materials and do not need to have an
identification notch.

77. Which has the shortest wavelength? a. high-temperature nickel-chromium alloy

b. nickel
a. Visible light. c. stainless steel
b. Microwaves. d. aluminum bronze
c. 100 kV peak X-rays.
d. Infrared radiation.

B
 Review Questions

83. The purpose ofa dated decay curve is to: The reason a shim is used in a radiographic setup is
to:
a. determine the source size at any time.
b. calculateshieldingrequirements. a. improve the IQI image.
c. determine the source strength (activity) at any b. reduce diffraction.
time. c. simulate weld thickness.
d. mark the date and Iength of time for each d. intensify the image.
exposure. &.4$*

89. The density of a radiograph image refers to the:

84. Why is Co-60 used as a radiation source for
medium-weight metals of thickness ranges from a. thickness of the lilm.
1.5 to 9 in. (38.1 to 228.6 mm)? b. thickness of the specimen.
c. weight of the film.
a. Because of its short haitllife. d. degree of film blackening.
b. Because of the limited amount of shieiding li.'*q
required.
c. Because of its penetrating ability. 90. Which of the following is nof a common method of
d. Because of its weight and ease of handling. absorption of X-radiation and gamma radiation
. ::" :1 during their interaction with matter?

The cause for poor image definition could be: a. Photoelectricabsorption.

b. Compton effect.
a. too short source-to-film distance. c. Pair production.
b. screens and film in close contact. d. Rayleighscattering.
c. fine grain film. &,?:
d. smaller source sizelefTective focal spot.
;:r, L.'il 91. The image of the appropriate IQI and hole on the
radiograph indicates that the radiograph has the
86. During manual film processing, the purpose of the required:
stop bath is to:
a. contrast.
a. change the exposed silver salts to black metallic b. definition.
silver. c. sensitivity.
b. neutralize the developer and stop the developing d. Iatitude.
process. * *T
c. eliminate most water spots and streaks.
d. remove all of the undeveloped siiver salt of the 92. The primary parts of an atom are:
emulsion.
[..iS a. proton, neutrino, and electron.
b. proton, electron, and gamma ray,
87. A thin, metallic sheet (brass, copper, lead, etc.) placed c. photon, electron, and neutron.
at the soutce to reduce the effects of softer radiation d. proton, electron, and neutron.
is known as: e.1

a. an intensifying screen. 93. X-rays and gamma rays travel in:

b. a filter.
c. an electron inducer. a. pairs.
d. a focusing cup. b. orbital spheres.
A.1Si}.l il;: c. straight lines.
d. curved lines.

l.
Rodiogrophic Testing Method I LEVEL I

94. A large source size can be compensated for by: 98. What is sometimes used to change the alternating
current from a high-voltage transformer to direct
a. increasing the source-to-specimen distance. current for the purpose of increasing the X-ray
b. adding iead screens. machine output?
c. increasing the specimen-to-film distance.
d. increasing the penumbra. a. Rectifier.
S.14 S?"1*lir; *.3t''3f b. Cathode X-raY tubes.
c. Gas X-raY tube.
95. Radiation arising directly from the target of an X-ray d. Vacuum X-raY tube.
tube or an accelerator, or from a radioactive source, is *.1t"13
usually referred to as:
99. In X-radiography, the ability to penetrate the test
a. secondary radiation. object is governed bY:
b. primary radiation.
c. backscatter. a. source-to-filmdistance.
d. inherent radiation. b. time.
&.s*s c. kilovoltage.
d. milliamperage.
96. To produce X-rays, electrons are accelerated to a high *.3*
velocity by an electrical field and then suddenly
stopped by a coilision with a solid bodl'. This body is 100. Which of the following types of radiation is emitted
ca1led a: by Co-60 and used in nondestructive testing?

a. cathode. a. Neutrons.
b. filament. b. Gamma rays.
c. target. c. X-rays.
d. generator. d. Alpha particles. \
e..$.s, $t A.44

97. The best X-ray efficiency is produced rvhen the target 101. The term used to describe the loss ofexcess energy
material has a: by the nucleus of radioactive atoms is called:

low atomic number. a. decay (disintegration).

b. high atomic number. b. ionization.
c. low hardness. c. scintillation.
d. high hardness. d. activation.

Ansyvers,,,.,

tg: ., ,r.,1f, '4b, .5d ,6a:'. t7,i., 8b r'ga'. 10d, t1c !2b 13b,,t,r ,t,:::X4e:
',3c .i

,fr^,. ,L6r,. 'ita 18b a!,Cll 20d 21e 22a 23C, z4b !:bia,, 26h, 21ai, ;: :,',?BC'

2$4r,, 3os, 31d: 32d 55*i ,34c 35a 36b a;7d

..t.
3,Sc 39c, 4Oe A1d.', , ",:42a.
. Lr:
4?ib..:,44d 45b 46d 47b 4.8c, 4!,d, 50d 51b' ,;52'b,, 53b 54b 5$P,',1, , ;:'lr;,56b

,62b 63b 65b 66a 6,7d 68e 69b ,.. , r,,. 70h
57rd':.,:r'58dr: 59c,: 6Orb ,61e '64c
80b eib AZc 83C,:r. 'r.,',84c
' I'I IC. 79d,
',77d ,','7Za; 73c,,.. 74a 75h 76a 78b"
i.'
:93e' 95b 96c g7b:, t. rr:.r,- o8e
,e5i. 'a6b, 87b 88c 89d 90d v1c erd 94a
99c:rr lOOb 101a
I
10
 | LffiWffiil
Review Questions
KK

1. Low-voltage X-ray tubes are generally fitted with 5. A Co-60 gamma-ray source has an approximate
windows made of: practical thickness limit of:

a. plastic. a. 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) of steel or its equivalent.

b. beryllium. b. 4 in. (101.6 mm) of steel or its equivaient.
c. glass. c. B in. (203.2 mm) of steel or its equivalent.
d. lead. d. 11 in. (279.4 mm) of steel or its equivalent.
A.*?-*3: S.3** &?il
2. The projected area ofthe target ofan X-ray tube is The absorption of gamma rays from a given source
called the: when passing through matter depends on:

a. focal spot. a. the atomic number, density, and thickness of the

b. focus. matter.
c. effective focal spot. b. Young s modulus value of the matter.
d. geometricunsharpness. c. Poissont ratio value of the matter.
r..* d. the specific activity value of the source.

tr3 The general rnethod of producing X-rays involves the

sudden deceieration ofhigh-velocity electrons in a
solid body called a:
7.
" . :
The fact that gases, when bombarded by radiation,
ionize and become electricallv conductive makes
,,,

them useful in:

a. focus cup.
b. filament. a. X-ray transformers.
c. target. b. X-ray tubes.
d. cathode. c. masks.
A"*t d. radiation detection equipment.
s,.?*
If it were necessary to radiograph in.
a7
(177.8 mm) thick steel product, which of the The velocity ofeiectrons striking the target in an
following gamma-ray sources wouid most likely be X-ray tube is a function of the:
used?
a. atomic number of the cathode material.
a. Co-60 b. atomic number of the filament material.
b. Tm-170 c. voltage difference between the cathode and
c. k-192 anode.
d. Cs-137 d. current flow in the rectifier circuit.
l{./{}"13 e t1

5'
t1
 Rodiogrophic Testing Method I LEVEL II

The uneven distribution of developed grains r,vithin 13. The gamma ray intensity at I ft (300 mm) from
the emulsion of a processed X-ray film causes the
subjective impression of:
a 1 Ci (37 GBq) source of radioactive Co-60
is nearest to:
I
a. graininess. a. 15 R per hour (i50 mSv per hour).
b. streaks. b. 1000 R per hour (10 000 mSv per hour).
c. spots. c. 1 R per min (10 mSv per min).
d. white scum. d. 10 mR per day (100 pSv per day).
4.172 &.4*-4$

Nofe: lf queslions similor lo 10 or I'l ore used on o fesl, 14. The focal spot in an X-ray tube:
lhe exominee should be furnished wilh semilogorilhmic
coordinole poper. a. is inclined at an angle of 30o from normal to the
tube axis.
10. Co-60 is reported to have a half-life of5.3 years. By b. is maintained at a high negative voltage during
how much should exposure time be increased (over operations.
that used initially to produce excellent radiographs c. should be as large as possible to ensure a narrow
when the Co-60 source was new) when the source is beam of primary radiation.
2 years old? d. should be as small as possible without unduly
shortening the life of the tube.
a. No change in exposure time is needed.
fr.13-14
b. Exposure time should be about 119/o longer.
C. Exposure time should be about 37o/olonger. 15. In an X-ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are
d. Exposure time should be about 620/o to lO0o/o the two essential parts of the:
longer.
*,i4 a. anode.
11 A source of h-192, whose half-life is 75 days,
provides an optimum exposure of a given test object
ld. :::i;*
X-ray transformer.
(
today in a period of 20 min. Five months from now
&.&*
what exposure time would be required for the same
radiographic density, under similar exposure 16. The quantity of radiation that will produce, by means
conditions? ofionization, 1 electrostatic unit ofelectricity in
0.001293 g of dry air is known as a:
a. 10 min
b. 20 min a. millicurie.
c. t h and 20 min b. gamma.
d. 6h c. roentgen.
e.:r$ d. curie.
A.3',' -33
t2. Of the following, the source providing the most
penetrating radiation is: 17. The specific activity of an isotopic source is usually
measured in:
a. Co-60.
b. 220 kVp X-ray tube. a. million electronvolts (MeV).
c. 15 MeV X-ray betatron. b. curies per gram (Ci/g) [becquerel per gram
d electrons from Ir-192. (eq/g)1.
4.74.-7&; G"3S7 c. roentgen per hour (R/h) lcoulomb per kilogram
(c/kg)1.
d. counts per minute (cp-).
&..4$S: 8.37; e"?'[

I
12
 Review Questions

i8. Which of the following isotopes has the longest /.7. An X-ray tube with a small focal spot is considered
half-life? better than one with a large focal spot when it is
desired to obtain:
a. Tm-170
b. Co-60 a. greater penetrating power.
c. h-192 b. better definition.
d. Cs-137 c. less contrast.
A ,"{ '7 d. greater film density.
r.1?
19. The primary form of energy conversion when
electrons strike a target in an X-ray tube results in the 24. One method of reducing radiographic contrast is to:
production of:
a. increase the distance between the radiation
a. primary X-rays. source and the object.
b. secondary X-rays. b. decrease the distance between the obiect and the
c. short wavelength X-rays. film.
d. heat. c. decrease the wavelength ofthe radiation used.
I35.f1: d. increase development time within manufacturer's
recommendations.
20. The slope of a straight line joining two points of *.?&
specified densities on a characteristic curve of a film
is known as the: 25. Thin sheets of lead foil in intimate contact with X-ray
film during exposure increase film density because
a. speed ofthe curve. they:
b. latitude.
c. average gradient. a. fluoresce and emit visible light, which helps
d. density. expose the film.
b. absorb the scattered radiation.
c. prevent backscattered radiation from fogging the
2r. An X-ray film having wide latitude also has: film.
d. emit electrons when exposed to X-radiation and
a. poor definition. gamma radiation, which help darken the fi1m.
b. low contrast. Ji.l'4
c. high speed.
d. high average gradient. 26. X-ray tubes are often enclosed in a shockproofcasing
r l.{ in order to:

22. The purpose for circulating oil in some types of a. dissipate heat.
X-ray tubes is to: b. protect the operator from high-voltage shock.
c. shieid the tube from secondary radiation.
a. lubricate moving parts. d. increase the efficiency ofthe rectifier.
b. absorb secondary radiation. A.**
c. decrease the need for high current.
d. dissipate heat. 27. The slope of the characteristic curve of a
radiographic film is called:

a. speed.
b. latitude.
c. gradient.
d. density.

ld
A.2Zs4

r3
 Rodiogrophic lesting Mefhod i LFVEL II

28. In X-ray radiography, alternating currellt must be

changed to pulsating direct current in order to satisfy
the need for unidirectional cr.rrrent. This change mav
be accomplished by:
32. The adjustment of tube current in conventional X-ray
tube circuits is made by:

a. adjusting the current supplied to the filament.

t
b. adjusting the target-to-cathode distance.
a. transformers. c. inserting resistance in the anode lead.
b. rectifiers. d. opening the shutter on the X-ray tube port.
c. anodes.
' E, J.I
d. cathodes.

s. 12 JJ. In comparison with lower-voltage radiographs,

high-energy radiographs show:
29. When radiographing to the 2-2T quality level,
an ASTM IQI for 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) steel has a a. greater contrast.
thickness of: b. greater latitude.
c. greater amounts of scatter radiation relative to
a. 0.5 in. (12.7 mrn) primary beam intensity.
b. 0.0025 in. (0.064 mm) d. greater gradient.
c. 0.005 in. (0.127 mm)
, . .::
d. 0.05 in. (1.27 mm)
34. Filters used at the port of the X-ray tube:

30. A good Co-60 radiograph is made on a 3 in. a. intensify the X-ray beam by contributing
(76.2 mm) steel casting using an exposure time secondary radiation.
of 10 min and a source-to-tilm distance of 36 in. b. filter short wavelength X-ray beams to provide
(914.4 mm). If itis necessary to change tl.re sofier radiation.
c.
t
sor"rrce-to-film distance to 24 in. (609.6 mm), what provide the most readily adjusted means of
exposure time u,ould produce a sirnilar radiograph if moditying X- ray intensit1,,.
all other conditions remain the same? d. filter out soft radiation to provide a more
homogeneous X-ray beam.
a. 1.6 min
fi.li*
b. 4.4 min
c. 6.4 min 35. An ASTM IQI fbr use when inspecting a 0.5 in.
d. 8.8 min (12.7 mm) thick steel plate to the 2-2T quality level
.-:: using a 16 in. (406.4 mm) source-to-film distance
rvould be made of:
31. When sharp, black, bird-foot shaped marks,
rvhich are known not to correspond u,ith any a. 0.005 in. (0.127 mm) thick aluminum.
discontinuities, appear at random on radiographs, b. 0.05 itt. (1.27 mm) thick aluminum or steel.
they are probably caused by: c. 0.01 in. (0.254 mm) thick steel.
d. 0.002 in. (0.051 mm) strip of any metallic
a. prolonged development in o1d developer. material.
b. exposure of the film by natural cosmic ray i:.ll?4. r3*35
showers during storage.
c. static charges caused by friction.
d. inadequate rinsing after fixing.

I
14
 Review Questions

36. Filters placed between the X-ray tube and specimen 40 The amount of unsharpness or blurring of a
tend to reduce scatter radiation, undercutting the radiograph is:
specimen by:
a. directly proportional to the object-to-film
a. absorbing the longer wavelength components of distance and inversely proportional to the size of
the primary beam. the focal spot.
b. absorbing the shorter wavelength components of b. directly proportional to the size ofthe focal spot
the primary beam. and inversely proportional to the source-to-object
c. absorbing backscatter radiation. distance.
d. decreasing the intensity of the beam. c. inversely proportional to the object-to-fi1m
F *94. 3 distance and directly proportional to the
source-to-object distance.
37. Besides serving as a filter, screens of high atomic d. inversely proportional to the size ofthe focal spot
numbers, such as lead and lead antimony, also: and the object-to-film distance.
*.:y'" :.j4 i..l* ",:,-1 1" Jr;
a. decrease the source-to-film distance needed for a
proper radiograph. 4t. Images of discontinuities close to the source side of
b. provide some image intensifying action. the specimen become less clearly defined as:
c. permit the use of higher speed film.
d. decrease the graininess in a radiograph. a. source-to-object distance increases.
E.J3 b. the thickness of the specimen increases.
c. the size ofthe focal spot decreases.
38. The range ofthickness over which densities are d. the thickness of the specimen decreases.
obtained that are satisfactory for interpretation is a
-:a'd';':i
measure of the:
42. X-ray films with large grain size:
a. subject contrast ofa radiograph.
b. sensitivity of a radiograph. a. produce radiographs with better definition than
c. latitude ofa radiograph. film with small grain size.
d. definition of a radiograph. b. have slower speeds than those with a relativelr'-
,1 150 :$l small grain size.
c. have higher speeds than those with a relatively
39. Almost all gamma radiography is performed with: smail grain size.
d. take longer to expose properiy than film with
a. natural isotopes. relatively small grain size.
b. 1r-192, Co-60, or Cs-137. tirll 'i
7X
c. radium.
d. Tm-170. 43. As the effective energy ofthe radiation increases:

a. film graininess increases.

b. film graininess decreases.
c. radiographic definition increases.
d. film speed decreases.

44. The half-life of radioactive Cs-137 is nearest to:

a. 36 days.
b. 6 years.
c. 30 years.
\ d. 526 days.
,/

t5
l- Rodiogrophic Testing Method I LEVEL II

45. The most commonly used target material in an X-ray

tube is:
49. A gas-filled region located in an electrical field
created by electrodes across which a potential
difference is applied forms the major portion of:
t
a. copper.
b. carbon. a. a low-voltage X-ray tube.
c. carbide. b. a megger.
d' tungsten' c. a hot cathode X-ray tube.
;tr:- d. an ionization chamber.
&.e 1

46. The purpose for including a disk-shaped target that

rotates rapidly during operation in some X-ray tubes 50. Two serious obstacles to high-intensity fluoroscopy
is to:

a. increase the intensity of X-radiation. a. the inabiiity to reproduce results and the need for
b. decrease the voltage needed for a specific quality periodic replacement of screens.
of radiation. b. the limited brightness and iarge grain size of
c. increase the permissible load. fluoroscopic screens.
d. decrease the intensity of X-radiation. c. cost and slow speed.
&.*l d. the need tbr using long wavelength X-rays and
the lack of X-ray intensity associated with this
47. A device that is basically combination of magnet
a method.
and transformer designed to guide and accelerate s xsl
electrons in a circular orbit to very high energies is
called: 5i. In generai, the quality of fluoroscopic equipment is
best determined by:
a. an electrostatic belt generator.
b. a linear accelerator. a. densitometer readings.
c. a betatron. b. IQI sensitivity measurements.
d. a toroidal electromagnetic tlpe X-ray tube. c. discontinuityareameasurements.
&..** d. reterence standards.
A.;.;;'
48. Two isotropic soLlrces of a given strength have two
different specific activity values. The source with the 52. In fluoroscoplc testing, a fundamental difficulty is
higher specific activity value will: the relative 1ow brightness level of the images. One
method lor lnereasins briehtness Lrses
a. have a smaller physical size than the source with a that converts light energy from the initial phosphor
lower specific actir.,ity surface to electrons, r'l'hich are in turn accelerated
b. have a shorter half-life than the source with a and focused onto a smaller fluorescent screen.
lower specific activity.
c. produce harder gamma rays than the source with a. a betatron
a lower specific activity. b. an electron amplifier
d. have a iarger physical size than the source with c. an image amplifier or intensifier
the lower specific activity. d. an electrostatic belt generator

16
 Review Questions

A general rule governing the application ofthe
!,s3 geometric principles of shadow formation states that
the:
a. X-rays should proceed from as large a focal spot
as other considerations will a1lon.
b. distance between the radiation source and the
material examined should be as small as practical.
c. film should be as far as possible from the object
being radiographed.
d. central ray should be as nearly perpendicular to
the film as possible to preserve spatial
relationships.
58. X-rav exposure holders and cassettes often
incorporate a sheet of lead foil in the back, which is
not in intimate contact with the film. The purpose of
this sheet of lead foil is:
a. to act as an intensilying screen.
b. to protect the film from backscatter radiation.
c. to support the holders and cassettes.
d. not for specific use.
&.155
A lead sheet containinga pinhole may be placed
halfway between the X-ray tube and the film in
order to:

54. The der.eloper solution is: a. determine the approximate size of the focal spot.
b. measure the intensity of the central ray.
a. acidic. c. filter scatter radiation.
b. alkaline. d. soften the X-radiation.
c. saline. *.26
d. colloidal.
,i. ] l^': In certain cases, it may be advantageous to pack lead
shot around a specimen. The purpose for doing this
55. The radiographic absorption of a material will tend is to:
to become less dependent upon the composition of
the material when: a. preYent movement of the specimen.
b. increase the subject contrast.
[, a. the kllovoitage is increased. c. generate smaller wavelength X-radiation
b. the source-to-fihn distance is decreased. d. decrease the effect ofscattered radiation
c. the kilovoltage is decreased. undercutting the specimen.
d. a filter is used. d\.I 55
&.1 $}
6t. When performing radiography on steel with a
56. The formula (milliamperes x time) + distance2 is: thickness less than 1 in. (25.4 mm):

a. used to calculate fllm gradient. a. Co-60 would give greater radiographic sensitivity
b. the reciprocity 1aw. than a 250 kV X-ray machine.
c. used to determine radiographic contrast. b. a 250 kV X-ray machine would give greater
d. the exposure factor. radiographic sensitivity than Co-60.
".'t. c. the use offluorescent screens would result in a
radiograph of better quality than would lead foil
57. The capacity that can be handled by an X-ray tube screens.
focal spot is governed by: d. the use of lead foil screens wili require a shorter
exposure time than will fluorescent screens.
a. the composition of the cathode. 4.7*
b. the size ofthe focal spot and the efficiency ofthe
cooling system ofthe anode.
c. the distance frorn the anode to the cathode.
d. the high-voltage wavetbrm.
. " f :::

)d
17
 Rodiogrophic Testing Method j LEVEL II

62. A radiograph made with an exposure of 12 mA 66. For practical purposes, the shape ofthe characteristic
minutes has a density of 0.8 in the region of curve of an X-ray film is:
maximum interest. It is desired to increase the &
density to 2.0 in this area. By reference to a a. independent of the tlpe of film used.
characteristic curve of the film, it is found that the b. independent of the quality of X-radiation or
difference in log E, between a density of 0.g and 2.0, gamma radiation.
is 0.76. The antilogarithm of log 0.76 is 5.8. What c. drastically changed when the quality of X-ray
must the new exposure time be to produce a radiation is changed.
radiograph with a density of 2.0? d. primariiy determined by the subjec

a. 9.12 mA minutes *. $:
b. 21.12 mA minutes 67. The intervai between the time a film is placed in a
c. 69.6 mA minutes fixer solution and the time when the original diffuse,
d. 16 mA minutes yellow milkiness disappears is known as:
A.]*&"id*
a. clearing time.
oJ. The absorption of radiation by a material varies: b. fixing time.
c. hardening time.
a. directly with the square of the distance from the d. oxidation time.
source.
b. with the thickness of the material. fi,;11
c. inversely with the amount of scattering in the 68. Improper geometric factors, poor contact between
material. film and lead foil screens, and graininess offilm are
d. in an approximately exponential manner with the possible causes of:
thickness of the material.

&.s7. : s3 a. high fiim density.

64. The photoelectric effect involves:
b. poor definition.
c. fogged film.
d. low film density.
t
a. the visible electromagnetic spectrum.
b. an electric camera. &.1"trs. !5f " !**. 17*"'trl
c. complete absorption of a photon. 69. A radiograph of a steei weidment is made using a
d. photodisintegration. 15 MeV betatron. When the radiograph is developed,
,&.4* there is an overall film mottling. A possible cause for
such mottling is:
65. In order for a radiograph to have an IeI sensitivity of
2-2T or better: a. incorrect exposure time.
b. excessive object-to-film distance.
a. the radiographic procedure has to be able to c. failure to use a lead screen during exposure.
differentiate a 2o/o difference in specimen d. excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays.
thickness.
b. the radiographic procedure must be able to define
r&- 15t
the 2T hoie in an IQI that is 2a/o of the thickness 7n A basic difference between a radiograph and a
of the specimen. fluoroscopic image is:
c. the radiograph must be abie to distinguish a
discontinuity with a length equivalent to 2o/o of a. the fluoroscopic image is more sensitive.
the specimen thickness. b. the fluoroscopic image is a positive whereas the
d. all the holes on the IQI must be seen on the radiograph is a negative transparency.
radiograph. c. the fluoroscopic image is brighter.
t\.ttt d. negligible.

r.16'l

t
r8
 Review Questions

Ir7' A
a
1000 kVp X ray machine used in conjunction with
lead fbil screen has an approximate practical
thickness limit of:
75. The most important factor for determinir.rg the
amount of X-rav absorption of a specimen ls the:

a. thickness of the specimen.

a. 1.5 in. (38.1 mm) of steel or its equivalent. b. density of the specimen.
b. 3 in. (76.2 mm) of steel or its equivalent. c. atomic nature of the materlal.
c. 5 in. (127 mm) of steel or its equivalent. d. Youngt modulus of the material.
d. 16 in. (406.4 mm) of steel or its equivalent. i .:l
i;.ili
76 The approximate radiographic equivalent thctors for
72. Because ofgeometric factors such as source size, steel and copper at 220 kV are 1.0 ar-rd 1.4
source-to-specimen distance, and specimen-to-film respectively. Ifit is desirable to radiograph a 0.5 in.
distance, there can be a lack ofperfect sharpness at (12.7 mm) plate of copper, what thickness of steel
the edges ofindications. The unsharpness caused by would require about the same exposure
geometrical factors may be referred to as the: characteristics?

a. astigmatic effect. a. 0.7 in. (17.8 mrn) of steel.

b. penumbral shadorv. b. 0.35 in. (8.9 mm) of steel.
c. focus variation. c. 1.4 in. (35.6 mm) of steeI.
d. geometrlcal noise. d. 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) of steel.
,: r' ': i:l

ia Two factors r,vhich greatiy affect the suitability of the 77. Which of the follorving technique variables is most
target material in an X-ray tube are: commonly used to adjust subject contrast?

IJ a.
b.
tensile strength and yield strength.
melting point and magnetic strength.
c. electrical resistance and tensile strength.
d. atomic number and melting point.
b.
Source-to-film distance.
lvlilliamperage.
c. Kilovoltage.
d. Focal point size.
t. lr.) ,r, ll l

74. The reason the exposure time must be increased by a 78. Fllms that are left between lead screens too long in a
factor of lbur rvhen the source-to-film distance is high-temperature and high-humldity atmosphere
doubled is that: may:

a. the intensity of radiation decreases at an a. show increased speed but decreased qualitv
exponential rate rvhen the source-to-film characteristics.
distance is increased, b. become fogged.
b. the quality ofradiation is inversely proportionai c. become mottled.
to the square root ofthe distance from the source d. show tree-shaped iight areas in the finished
to the film. radiograph.
c. the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional &.1 i;1
to the square ofthe distance from the source to
the film. 79. The quantitative measure of film biackening is
d. the scattered radiation effect is greater as the referred to as:
source-to- filn distance increases.
S."?4S-147; 8.18: e.5 a. definltion.
b. photographic density.
c. film contrast.
d. radiographic contrast.

l
19
Rodiogrophic Testing Melhod i LEVEL II

80. A curve that relates density with the logarithm of 85. The slope (steepness) ofa characteristic curve is
exposure or of relative exposure is calied: measure of:
a
L
a. a sensitivity curve. a. subject contrast.
b. a density-exposure curve. b, radiographic delinition.
c. a characteristic curve. c. radiographiccontrast.
d. an X-ray intensity curve. d. film contrast.
&.; s7 r.s9

81. Subject contrast is nof affected by: 86. A special radiographic method requiring two
radiographs taken during separate exposures from
a. thickness differences in the specimen. two different positions to give the visual impression
b. radiation quality. of a three-dimensionai display when viewed in an
c. scatteredradiation. optical device simultaneously is called:
d. film size.
*,.13S-1f1 a. fluoroscopy.
b. xeroradiography.
82. Which of the foilowing instruments would exhibit c. stereo radiography.
the best sensitivity and most likely be used to detect d. parallel radiography.
small leaks in a radiation barrier? q 4:i rgrS

a. A film badge. 87. The depth of a discontinuity can be estimated by

b. A fountain-pen-type ionization chamber. making two exposures on a singie film from two
c. A geiger counter. different positions of the X-ray tube. The depth of the
d. A dosimeter. discontinuity is computed from the shift in the
A.?S shadow of the discontinuity with respect to the
images of fixed markers on the front and back of the
83. At voltages above 400 kV the use oflead to provide specimen. The method is called:
protection may present serious problems. If this is a
serious problem, which of the following materials a. stereo radiography.
would most like1y be used as a substitute? b. xeroradiography.
c. fluoroscopy.
a. Aluminum. d. the parallax method of depth iocation.
b. Concrete.
i:e ,*?
"&
c. Steel.
d. Boron. 88. Agitation of the developer during the development
&.1 3: process may:

84. A qualitative term often used to indicate the size of a. speed the developing cycle.
the smallest detail that can be seen in a radiograph is: b. help replenish the developer.
c. cause undesirable, preferential flow ofdeveloper
a. radiographicsensitivity. aiong certain paths.
b. radiographicdefinition. d. cause reticuiation.
c. radiographiccontrast.
d. subject contrast.
A t?l)

t
20
 Review Questions

89. The activity of the fixer diminishes after being used 94. A distinctive characteristic of high-voltage
for a period of time because the: radiography is that:

a. active ingredients evaporate. a. it results in comparatively high subject contrast.

b. active ingredients are absorbed by the radiograph. b. it results in comparatively high radiographic
c. fixer solution accumulates solubie silver salts. contrast.
d. active ingredients settle to the bottom ofthe tank. c. itis applicable to comparatively thick or highly
& ^]: I i:' absorbing specimens.
d. there is no contrast in high-voltage radiography.
90. In processing radiographs, the hourly flow of water in "i ":i
the wash tank should be:
95. Lead screens are used for almost all exposures vnhen
a. 2-3 times the volume of the tank. using:
b. 4-8 times the voiume of the tank.
c. at least 40 gal (151.4 L) per hour. a. lhe fluoroscopic technique.
d. varied continuously in proportion to the number b. low-voltage radiography.
of radiographs being developed. c. high-voltage radiography.
f;. il: d. xeroradiography.
s..; s? I *{}
91 The equation for determining geometric unsharpness
Us is UsiF = dlDo. Which change below will decrease 96. Which of the following glasses would most likely be
the geometric unsharpness? used as an X-ray barrier window on fluoroscopic
equipment?
a. Source-to-object distance decreases.
b. Object-to-film distance increases. a. Heat-resistantglass.
c. Size of radiation source decreases. b. Lead glass.
I d. Thickness of test specimen decreases. c. Optical glass.
.q.14$ d. Barium oxide glass.
i: ltl
92. Increasing the X-ray or gamma-ray energy will:
97. Radiographic undercutting is caused by:
a. significantly decrease the average gradient of a
characteristic curve. a. side scatter.
b. significantly increase the average gradient of a b. poor geometry.
characteristic curve. c. lead screens.
c. increase the slope of a characteristic curve. d. free electrons.
d. have little effect on the shape of a characteristic r-Iil
curve.
A"ild-r:s 98. When other operating conditions are held constant, a
change in tube current causes a change in radiation
93. As the development time increases: intensity emitted from an X-ray tube, the intensity
being approximately proportional to tube current.
a. the characteristic curve grows steeper and moves What is the primary factor that prevents this from
to the left. being exactly proportional?
b. the characteristic curve grows steeper and moves
to the right. a. The voltage and voltage waveform of an X-ray
c. the characteristic curve remains the same in machine transformer vary with load.
shape but moves to the left. b. Wavelength changes are not exactly proportional.
d. there is little effect on the characteristic curve. c. Current cannot be changed at a linear rate.
d. Scatter radiation does not vary at a proportional
rate.

I
21
 Rodiogrophic Testing Method i LEVEL II

99. When viewing a radiograph, an image of the back of

the cassette superimposed on the image of the
specimen is noted. This is most likely due to:
t04 If a specimen is radiographed at 40 kV and again at
50 kV with time compensation to give the
radiographs the same density, which of the foliowing
t
statements would be true?
a. undercut.
b. overexposure. a. The 40 kV exposure rvould have a lower contrast
c. the X-ray intensity was too high. and a greater latitude than the 50 kV exposure.
d. backscatter. b. The 40 kV exposure would have a higher contrast
,&.t $3. t a;4 and a greater latitude than the 50 kV exposure.
c. The 50 kV exposure would have a lower contrast
100. The half-value layer of lead for Co-60 is and a greater latitude than the 40 kV exposure.
approximately 0.5 in. (12.7 mm). If the radiation level d. The 50 kV exposure would have a higher contrast
on the source side of a 1.5 in. (38.1 mm) lead plate is and a greater iatitude than the 40 kV exposure.
64 R/h (640 mSv/h), the radiation level on the
?..
-."
*1)
opposite side is:
105. A 250 kVp X-ray machine used in conjunction with a
a. 8 R/h (80 mSv/h) lead foil screen has an approximate practical
b. 21.33 R/h (213 mSv/h) thickness limit of:
c. 10.66 R/h (106 mSv/h)
d. 32 R/h (320 mSv/h) a. 1.5 in. (38.1 mm) of steel or its equivalent.
A.Sl b. 2.0 in. (50.8 mm) of steel or its equivalent.
c. 6.0 in. (152.4 mm) of steel or its equivalent.
101. Which of the followi ng is not a factor in determining d. 7.5 in. (190 mm) of steel or its equivalent.
subject contrast?
r ]f;
a. The nature of the specimen. 106. The degree ofconcentration ofthe radioactive
b. The radiation quality used. material ina gamma-ray source is referred to as the:
c. The type of film used.
d. Intensity and distribution ofthe scattered a. specific activity ofthe source.
radiation. b. quality ofthe source.
&.t7s c. atomic weight of the source.
d. half-life ofthe source.
r02. If an exposure time of 60 s and a source-to-film
distance of 4 ft (1.22 m) is necessary for a particular
[.]$
exposure, what exposure time would be needed for t07 In million-volt radiography, filtration at the tube:
an equivalent exposure ifthe source-to-film distance
is changed to 6 ft (1.83 m)? a. increases the generation ofshort wavelength
X-rays.
a.27s b. decreases the generation ofshort rvavelength
b. 49s X-rays.
c. 135 s c. improves the radiographic quality by decreasing
d. 400 s
scatter radiation.
A"XS7 d. offers no improvement in radiographic quality.
tr_4S
103 Developer solution should be discarded when the
quantity of replenisher added equals: 108 Film seiection for an X-ray exposure does not depend
on:
a. the original quantity ofdeveloper.
b. 2-3 times the original quantity of developer. a. the thickness ofthe part.
c. 5-6 times the original quantity of developer. b. the material of the specimen.
d. 10 times the original quantity of developer. c. the voltage range of the X-ray machine.
r.t l* d. radiation absorption in the air.

22
 Review Questions

109. While using an X-ray tube for radiography, the i 13. With respect to quality, what three factors must be
operator wants to increase the radiation intensity. To considered in selecting a source-to-film distance?
do so, the:
a. Source activity, tlpe of fiim, type of screens.
a. kilovoitage should be lowered. b. Source activity, size of film, thickness of rnaterial.
b. tube current should be increased. c. Source size, source activity, specimen-to-fi1m
c. test specimen should be moved farther from the distance.
film. d. Source size, source side of object-to-film distance,
d. tube current should be decreased. required geometric unsharpness.
A.3* ," .1:'r' ..f.;

1 10. Lead screens are put in direct contact with the ll4. On a radiograph of a pipe weld, there is a very light
film to: irregularly shaped small image in the u'eld. This
image would most likely be due to the presence of:
a. limit the photographic action on the film.
b. absorb the shorter wavelength scattered radiation. a. porosity.
c. intensify the photographic effect of the primary b. slag inclusion.
more than the scattered radiation. c. tungslen inclusion.
d. protect the film from poor handling. d. inadequate buildup.
ts.119 A.?**

11 1. The main purpose of the X-ray generator controls on 115. A larger physical size source may produce an
the equipment is to: equivalent quality radiograph if:

a. maintain the direction and width of the X-ray a. the source-to-film distance is increased.
beam. b. more backing lead is used.
b. enable the operator to obtain the intensity, quality, c. a faster film is used.
and duration ofexposure desired. d. exposure time is decreased.
c. allow the operator to adjust film focal distance s .3 :4 !:i
remotely.
d. change alternating current to increase X-ray 116. A light image of a backing B on a processed
intensity. radiograph is probably caused by:
,4. i41
a. excessive density.
112. When X-rays, gamma rays, light, or electrons strike b. backscatter.
the photographic emulsion, a change takes place in c. kilovoltage set too low.
the silver halide crystals. This change is called: d. poor film handling.
r.fr?4
a. photographicdensity.
b. photographic sensitivity. 117. Co-59 becomes Co-60 when it is placed in a nuclear
c. latent image. reactor where it captures:
d. characteristiccurve.
&.t4s a. an electron.
b. a neutron.
c. a proton.
d. contamination.

23
 1:':r:-t:'

Rodiogrophic Testing Method i LEVEL II

118. When a faster speed film is substituted for a slower 122. The range of specimen thicknesses that can be
one to improve the economics of the exposure, which
of the following conditions occurs?
adequately recorded on the radiograph is called:
I
a. sensitivity ofthe radiograph.
a. The film must receive special processing. b. iatitude ofthe radiograph.
b. The definition will improve. c. accuracy ofthe radiograph.
c. The image resolution r.vill be reduced. d' intensitY of the source'
d. It will have no effect on the radiograph.
s.i*,!
li.{st
123. Approximately how long u,ould it take for a 10 Ci
119. For a given change in the radiation exposure, film (370 GBq) Co-60 source to decay to 2.5 Ci (93 GBq)?
contrast is the inherent abiiity to show:
a. 5.3 years
a. a difference in densitv. b. /.9 \'ears
b. no graininess. c. 10.6 years
c. graininess. d. 15.9 years
d. no appreciable change in density.
.ir. ,r.jj
*,.4,r
124. An exposure technique is established to obtain a 2.0
120. The ability of a material to block or partially block density using type D film and automatic processing at
the passage of X-rays and gamma rays is cailed: 81 "F (27 'C). In order to obtain comparable results
using manual processing at 68 'F (20 .C) and 5-min
a. penetration. development time, it rvould be necessary for the
b. absolution. original exposure time to be:
c. absorption.
d. latitude. a. reduced by approximately 30%.
1.3 I
b. increased by approximately 99o/o. (
c. increased by approximateiy 302o.
121. Source size, specimen thickness, and source-to- d. reduced by approximately 99o/o.
specimen distance are the three factors that
A"***"?SS
determine the:

a. density ofthe radiograph. Nole: The lwo chorocleristic curves of Figures I

b. exposure ofthe radiograph. ond 2 on poge 25 moy be used in solving
c. film size. problem I24.
d. unsharpness recorded on the radiograph.

I
24
 i\vv1.rYria'r. 11,
i;a.., ra.:iinncrJ
quuJll?t

NOTE: Using Figure 1, onswer queslion 124. NOTE: Using Figure 2, qnswer queslion 124.

l Exposure: 200 kVp Lead Screens

Developer: 81 'F (27.7 "C) with 11 min Dryto-Dry Cycle
Exposure: 200 kVp Lead Screens
Developer: 5 min at 68'F (-20 'C)

4.0 I 4.0

I
3.0
Automatic processing
I

I I
I I
I 2.5
I
Y 'a
=e. t.v I
o
o
t.5
I I/"1 # 62.0
a

1.0 I
/ I
,/
0.5

0
? 'r/
./

1.0 1.5 2.0 '1.0 1.5 2.0

I 0.5

Log Relolive Exposure

2.5 3.0 0.5
Log Relolive Exposure
2.5 3.0

Figure I Figure 2

Answeri , rr

Lb ), , ,-2e,, ',]:6; ,' ,':4a.,. , 5c 54,. , ,r. ,i r'-"7d .

', .r 8C. . 9ar:' ' 1Oc ; L2.c ' t3a
'71c,,, L4d
15b, r
,1-6cr,
t7b ,18d, 19d t2Ai:''," 21b,,:. . 22d: 23b
.'.i:.
' 24a 25d 26b 27c 28b
29d , ,'30n-' 31C,r , ,,,,32ar,, ,,;. r33b 34d,1 r,,r35c,, :r ,' 36a,, r37$ rr,. :36a 39b 4Ob 41b 42c
43a. 44c 45d.... .:,,{$c....:. .:.:. .;47.*. 48a. 49-d, r'50b' 5Lb, 52c' 53d 54b 55a 56d
57tr, rj- 58b .59a', ,r, ':.r60el',,r., 61h rQ2c:,:63d'I r64e 65b, 66b 67a' ' '6Bb' 69c ' r70b
71x,,.,,:7'2b. ,74C 75i
:,73dr ,i ..,r. 7Ea '77e ' ,i,78b,1 79b I 8Oc ,81dr , 82c 1 83b 84a
85c 86c ',87d i.88C 89c 9Ob.r '91c 92d ,93a r. , 94c 95c 96b 97a 98a
99d,,:196U 1O1a 'i.X02err1O3b 1Q4c 1O5b , lQBa 107d 108d 109b 110c 1,1,1b 7L2c
Lte,a ,1t4c tisa ' Li6b' "Lii.b, 118c1 119a 120c 127d 122ti 123c 724b
I
25
l,
Review Questions

Noture of Penetroiing Rodiolion lnteroction Between Penetroting Rodiqtion

1. Atoms of the same element that have different
ond Moller
numbers of neutrons are called of the 5. A consequence ofa series ofsingle events occurring
element. as a radiation beam passes through material is a
decrease in intensity. The process is called:
a. molecules
b. isotopes a. photoelectriceffect.
c. isotones b. ionization.
d. isomers c. absorption.
*,3 d. half-valuethickness.
*.?
2. The number of positive charges on the nucleus of an
atom equals the: 6. The number of ion pairs produced by particle per
unit path is called:
a. number of neutrons.
b. atomic number. a. secondaryionization.
c. number of photons. b. total ionization.
t d. atomic weight. c.
d.
speciflcionization.
roentgen.
/, "{! !l
J. Unlike beta and alpha particles, neutrons have no:
7. Pair production occurs when electromagnetic
a. charge. radiation consists ofphotons in what energy range?
b. mass.
c. spin. a. 0.025 to 0.1 MeV
d. half-life. b. 30 to 50 MeV
c. 1.02 MeV or greater
d. 0.1 to 1.0 MeV
Radiation scattering increases as: { .,,*. f ..d

a. the energy ofthe incident radiation decreases. 8. In the photoelectric interaction process:
b. the size ofthe radiation field decreases.
c. the angle of scatter increases. a. electrons are emitted.
d. pair production is eliminated. b. characteristic X-rays are emitted.
c. secondary photons are emitted.
d. an electron-positron pair is produced.
p.*s, L.d

!
a-7
 Rodiogrophic Testing Method I LEVEL III

9. The compton interaction process is characterized Film Rodiogrophy

by:

a. absence ofsecondary radiation. 14. According to accepted theory, the spots at

which the {
latent image is localized on the emulsion
b. no transfer ofenergy upon interaction. are local
concentrations of:
c. production ofan electron_positron pair.
d. partial transfer ofenergy upon colliiion.
a. silver sulfide.
*.?i; e .4 b. silver bromide.
10. The major component of scatter is the low_energy
c. siiver iodide.
electromagnetic radiation produced by photons
d. silver nitrate.
weakened in the: r.t47
lmoging by Fluorescenl Moleriols
a. photoelectricprocess.
b. compton process. 15. The bunsen-roscoe reciprocity law, which
states that
the developed fiim density depends only
c. pair production process. on the
product of radiation intensity times exposure
d. ionization process.
duration, fails for:
*.tlt e.d
11. The increase in radiation passing through
a. direct gamma-ray exposures.
to scatter in the forward direction is called:
matter due b. fluorescent screen exposures.
c. lead screen exposures.
a. buildup. d. direct X-ray exposures.
b. reduction factor. f .dS, 1 j}]
c. backscatter. 16. In photofluorography, where a fluoroscopic screen is
d. bremsstrahlung.
used for radiographic imaging, it is important
to
s.t4 choose a screen that has a visible light
emission that
12. High-energy photons of 1.02 MeV or greater
t)?icaily :l.J[T:,,
high at the X-ray wave[ngths to be used t
interact with matter by which one of the following?

a. Photoelectricprocess. a. matches the wavelength sensitivity of the

human
eye.
b. Compton process.
c. Pair production process. b. has a minimum decay time.

d. Thermionic process. c. can be viewed directly without the use of leaded

glass or mirrors.
*.$*.: *_?*; *..4 d. matches the wavelength sensitivity of the
13.
particular image detector being used.
In which of the foltowing processes will some
energy
ofthe interacting photon be used to dislodge the &"*57
electron from the K or L shell and the remiinder
be
used to give the electron kinetic energy?

a. Photoelectricprocess.
b. Compton process.
c. Pair production process.
d. Ionization process.
A.3Si; f.1*7

28
 Review Quesiions

t7. When comparing fluorescent intensi$ring screens 20. A fundamental difficulty of fluorescent imaging is the
L with lead foil screens, the primary advantage is: relatively low brightness level of the images.
Electronic fluoroscopy can heip to eliminate this
a. improved image resolution. problem by all but which one of the follon'ing?
b. markedly increased exposure times.
c. markedly decreased exposure times. a. Using X-ray tubes of lower operating potential.
d. relative insensitivity to scattered radiation. b. Using an image tube.
F. r?4 c. Using X-ray tubes of greater effective loading.
d. Using the X-ray television system.
18. Fiuoroscopy of a specimen using a 140 kVp 10 mA *. ?54
X-ray source results in an intensity of 660 mSvimin
(66 R/min) at the screen surface. Of the screen Rodiometry
brightness values and approximate screen colors 21. The roentgen is defined as the amount of:
below (for the stated radiation level), which
represents the most desirable screen for use in direct a. radiation emitted by 1 Ci of h-1.92 at a distance of
viewing fluoroscopy? 1 m (3.3 ft).
b. X- or gamma radiation of 0.1 prf ( 1 erg) of energy
a. brightness - 9.8 Ix (0.91 ftc); in 1 g of dry air at standard temperature and
color - green pressure.
b. brightness - 8.5 Ix (0.79 ftc); c. X- or gamma radiation that will produce
color - yellow 1 electrostatic unit of charge in I cmr of dry air
c. brightness - 7 lx (0.65 ftc); at standard temperature and pressure.
color - blue d. X- or gamma radiation absorbed by 1 cm3
d. brightness - 4.6lx (0.43 ftc); of water at 0'C (32 'F) and 101 kPa (760 mm
color - green of Hg).
* -:a; -'!.; ;1. ili2

L lmoging by Electronic Devices Generolors ond Tubes os on lnlegroled Syslem

19. Unlike other commercially available X-ray 22. X-ray generators built to provide X-rays at r.en'iorr'
intensification systems, the direct X-ray pickup tube: energy levels are used in special areas in
nondestructive testing. The single section X-rav tubes
a. has quantum energy losses exceeding a factor of in these low voltage units are usually bullt u.ith thin
500. windows of what material to permit soft X-ra1-s to
b. has extremely low sensitivity. emerge from the vacuum envelope?
c. converts the X-ray image directly into an
electrical signal. a. Beryllium.
d. converts X-rays to light and light to electrical b. Germanium.
signals. c. Selenium.
d. Heat-resistant glass.
A i!4 f?n

t u
29
Rodiogrophic Testing Method I LEVEL III

NOTE: Using Figure 3, onswer queslions 23 through 27.

23. The meter that typically shows the beam current ls:
26. The kilovoltage selector is shor,r'n by:

a.F
t
b.A
a.B c.D
b.D d.H
c.F
d.c 27 The timer is shown by:

11
The filament transformer is shorvn by: a. I
b.H
a.G c.F
b.r d.r
c.C
d.E 28. The focal spot should be as small as conditions
permit, in order to obtain:
25. The autotransformer is shown by:
a. the sharpest possible definition.
a.G b. the minimum size of the unit.
b.r c. the maximum energy density.
c.C d. the maxinrum grain size.
d.E

t
t/

Figure 3: Schemolic of o bqsic X-roy circuil. t

30
 Review Questions

Sources of Electrons JJ. In a betatron, electrons are acceierated bv rvhich of

29. The focusing cup of the cathode in an X-ray tube the following?
determines the size of the electron beam bv:
' a. Field emission.
a. surrounding the emerging beam with an b. High-frequency magnetic fie1d.
electronic field that repels the beam into a more c. High-frequency electrical wave.
Iocalized form. d. Acceleratingmagnets.
b. limiting the maximum amperage of the filament 1., r 't
current.
c. reducing the negative charge on the glass walls of 34. In a linear accelerator, the electror.rs are accelerated bv
the tube caused by secondary electrons scattered which of the following?
by the target.
d. controlling the electric field between the anode a. High-frequencyelectricalwave.
and the cathode. b. Acceleratingmagnets.
&,** c. Neutronbombardment.
d. Changing magnetic fields of an AC
30. Early X-ray tubes used a cold cathode from which electromagnet.
electrons were released bv: l.l i

a. reflection from the,ur*., rn the anode ofthe 35. In a high-voltage generator ofthe electrostatic
tube. van de graaff t1pe, by which rnethod are the particles
b. increasing the kilovoltage. accelerated?
c. positive ion bombardment.
d. heating a filament. a. Acceleratingmagnets.
& 6+ b. High-frequency electrical wa','es.
c. Static negative charges.
Electron Acceleroling Methods d. High-frequency radio waves.
L 31. The betatron accelerates electrons by:

a. radio-frequency energy. 36. Flash X-ray tubes are usually designed to produce
b. magnetic induction. electrons for acceleration by which or.re of the
c. use ofa nonconducting charging belt. following methods?
d. resonating the high voltage to the frequency of
the AC power. a. Hot emission.
.&.,$&: fi.'i4 b. Cold-cathode field emission.
c. Changing magnetic field of a transformer
32. What method is nof used for generation of X-rays in primary.
the multimillion volt range? d. High-frequency electrical rvaves.

a. Electrostaticgenerator.
b. Betatron.
c. Linear accelerator.
d. Selenium target generator.
*.61

t,
3l
 Rodiogrophic Testing Method i LEVEL III

Torget Mqteriols ond Chorocterislics

37. Tungsten is the preferred target material for X_ray
tubes used in industrial X-ray machines because it
provides a double advantage. One ofthe advantages
41. An important design consideration of X_ray tubes,
based on the low efficiency ofX_ray production, is:

a. target angle.
t
is that:
b. focal spot size.
c. acceleratingvoltage.
a. the efficiency of the tungsten material in the
d. heat dissipation.
production of X-rays is proportionai to its atomic
number. 3{.& I

b. it has a low melting point. 42. In choosing a suitable metal for an X-ray tube target,
c. the efficiency of the tungsten material in the which of the following is not a property that is
production ofX-rays is inversely proportionai to normaily considered?
its atomic number.
d. it has a high curie point. a. Atomic number.
r.7 b. Melting point.
c. Mass attenuation coefficient.
38. The efficiency of the target material in the
d. Thermalconductivity.
production ofX-rays is proportional to:
*,$9
a. kilovoltage. lsolope Sources
b. spacingofelectrodes. 43. Of the isotopes iisted below, which is a fission
c. atomic number. fragment from the induced fission of Ur-235?
d. Avogadro's number.
9.7, ? I a. Co-60
b. Cs-137
39. In choosing a suitable metal for a target material, the
c. Ir-192
principai properties to be considered are all but
d. Tm-170
which one of the following?
&76
a. High atomic number. 44. Because it is frequently supplied as a water_soluble
b. High melting point. compound, which of the following is considered to
c. High thermal conductivity. have an additional radiological hazard,potential
d. High vapor pressure. associated with it?
a3.ss

Equipmenl Design Considerolions a. Co-60

b. Tm-170
40. Another way to alleviate the localized heating of the
c. b-192
target is with a:
d. Cs-137
a. rotating anode. *.s$
b. hot anode. l

c. hooded anode.
d. line-focus anode.

A.*1

32
 Review Questions

rl 45. Which one of the following radioisotope sources

would be the best choice for radiography of a steel
specimen 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) thick from an energy
49. Co-60 emits gamma rays of:

a. 1.17 ard 1.33 MeV

b. 0.66 MeV
standpoint?
c. 1.09 and 1.29 MeV
a. Co-60 d. i.36 and 2.75 MeV
b. Tm-i70 .ri,{d,;ii
c. h-192
d. cf-252 50. The principal gamma rays emrtted by Ir-192 are:
*.3*
a. 0.66, 0.84, and 0.91 MeV
46. The half-life is a useful characteristic of a b. 0.31, 0.47,and 0.60 MeV
radioisotope. After 6 half-lives, the amount of c. 0.08, 0.05, and 0.66 MeV
decaying atoms is reduced to approximately what d. 0.15, 1.12, and 0.18 MeV
". ;-
-
percent of the amount at the beginning? . _i .

a. 2o/o 51. Which of the following is true for a smaller isotope

b. 3o/o source of higher specific activity?
c. 60/o

d. l%o a. It suffers more from self-absorption of its own

&.*Ir B.l:l gamma radiation.
b. There is more geometric unsharpness ln the
47. Generally, sources of high specific activity are radiograph.
more desirable because thev have c. It requires more safety margin.
d. It allows shorter source-to-film distances.

t,
seif-absorption.

a. higher
b. the same 52. Which of the following is an advantage of
c. lower radiography u'ith gamma rays as compared to
d. no X-rays?
!'t?
a. The complexity of the apparatus.
,18. Radiation output, aiso known as dosage rate or b. 'Ihe massi'ne size of the radiation source.
characteristic intensit,v, is usually expressed as c. Requires fewer safety measures.
effective output in what unit per curie? d. Independence from outside power.

a. RHM
b. Rhr
c. rms
d. mRih
*.23-2&

t,
33
 Rodiogrophic Testing Method I LEVEL III

Film Principles ond properties

54. The agent that actually exposes a photographic grain
53. Suppose a radiograph is made using film rvhose (film)is:
characteristic graph is shown in Figure 4. The film is
exposed for 12 mA per minute and has a density of a. gamma and/or X-ray quantum.
0.8 in the area ofinterest. It is desired to increase the b. alpha particles.
density to 2.0. What milliamperage per minute would c. electrons.
produce such a change? d. photon.
a. l9 .&.;: i
b. 62 55. Which of the following is governed by the source
c. 50 size, object-to-film distance, and source-to-obiect
d. It is impossible to determine from this data. distance?
c.s4
a. Geometricunsharpness.
b. Inherentunsharpness.
c. Radiographiccontrast.
d. Effective graininess.
&. 3 44. 6:3

56. Caution should be exercised to avoid removing film

too rapidly from cartons, exposure holders, or
cassettes. This would help to eliminate objectionable
circular or tree-like black marks caused by:
,6
a. crimps.
6
o
z.o
b. reticulation.
It
c. static electricity.
d. scratches.
tr,4t. qs
Solid-Stote Deleciors
57. The obtainable counting speed using a scintillation
counter is limited fundamentally by the:

a. energy level ofthe incident radiation.

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Log Relative Exposure
Figure 4: Chorocleristic groph.
2.5 b. intensity of the incident radiation.
c. delay between electron excitation and
de-excitation.
d. spatial distribution of the incident quanta.
&.'r**
58. The scintillations (iight photons) emitted by a
radiation detection phosphor are converted to
electrical pulses by:

a. a photomultiplier tube.
b. an ionization chamber.
c. a selenium photoelectric cell.
d. a light-pulse amplifier.
&.i$n

34

Reol-Time lmoging Other Nonfilm Devices
59. In comparing electronic image intensifier svstems 61.
that use TV presentation with those using solid-state
screens and high-sensitivity closed-circuit T\r
systems, which of the following statements is talse?
a. The or.erail gain of an image lntensitier/T\r
combination usually exceeds that of the
screen/TV combinations.
b. The overall resolution of the ir-rtensitier/TV
combination usually exceeds that of the
screen/TV combination.
c. As the area ofthe viewed screen increases for
either, the overall system gain must also increase.
d. The single-crystal scintillating screens and the
fine-grain fluorescent screens have better
resolution than the electronlc image intensifier
tubes but much lorver light output.
.4."lii*
TV ond OpticolSyslems
60. A fluoroscopic system for the inspection of welds in
25.4 mm (1 in.) thick steel has the following features:
* X-ray source-to-image plane spacing of 431.8 mm
(17 in.);
* X ray lbcal spot size of 3.8 mm (0.15 1n.); Goseous lonizotion Detectors
w steel (weld)-to-image plane spacing of 76.2 mm 62.
(3 in.);
m image plane length of 228.6 mm (9 in.) in vertical
scan direction of T\r system used to view image
plane; and
w TV system with 525 line scan, with image fully
focused on image tube.
During tests, it is found that this fluoroscopic system
does very poorly in resolving wire image quality
indicators (IQIs) and imperfections of less than
0.89 mm (0.035 in.) when they are oriented paraliel
to the horizontal scan lines of the TV. Assuming that 63.
the image screen, optical system, and TV frequency
response are capable of much better resolution than
this, which of the following will increase the
resolution of the system the most?
a. Increase the TV scan rate to 1029 lines, rvlth an
appropriate increase in frequency response.
Increase the X-ray source-to-image plane spacing
to 508 mm (20 in.).
Decrease the steel weld-to-image plane spacing to
50.8 mm (2 in.).
d. Change to an X-ray source having a 7.6 mm
b (0.3 in.) focal spot.
Review Questions
In the past, several companies have designed TV
cameras with large facepiates and phosphors that
directly convert the received X-rays to electron
scanning-beam variations. The thickness ofthe glass
faceplate is recognized to prevent use at lon'er
kilovoltage applications, but use at higher kilovoltages
has never gained acceptance either, compared with
other techniques. Which of the following is nof
correct for this type of system?
a. The quantum energy losses associated with
converting the X-rays to electrical signals is
improved over other systems by a factor of as
much as 500 times.
b. In comparlson to systems using image orthicons
with screens or with an image intensifier system,
the image presented is noisier.
c. The extreme simplicity of this system and need
for few controls or adjustments makes
maintenance easier than other types of systems
using intermediate conversion.
d. The extreme sensitivity of this system allows
display of 29lo IQIs over the range of 40-300 kVp.
*. :!?"j
One desirable property for a gas to be used in an
ionization detector is a:
a. low saturation potential at which recombination
of positive ions with electrons becomes negligible.
b. low ionization potential.
c. density approximately equivalent to the density of
the chamber lvalls.
d. density equivalent to that ofair at standard
temperature and pressure.
A.?:
The greatest problem that arises in the routine use of
a pocket dosimeter is:
a. its relatively flat response to radiation ofdifferent
energies.
b. its inherently inconsistent sensitivity.
c. electrical leakage that tends to discharge the
electrometer and give false high readings.
d. negative drift caused by changes in atmospheric
conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.).
;5..1 ?" 1
JJ
Rodiogrophic Tesling Method LEVEL III

64. As a portable radiation survey instrument, the main Goging ond Conlrol Processes
disadvantage of a geiger counter is its: 69. A system of X-ray thickness gaging in which X-rays
are coilimated and projected through a test item and
t
a. nonlinear response with changes in radiation the quantity of unabsorbed radiation is measured is
energy. referred to as:
b. large size and delicate construction.
c. poor sensitivity to low radiation levels. a. fluorescence method.
d. warm-up drift during the first few minutes of b. absorption differential method.
operation. c. attenuation buildup method.
,*..?*. t:$ d. transmissionmethod.
&.s7e
65. Air-filled proportional counters are used extensively
for monitoring: 70. Generaily, the sensitivity and accuracy of thickness
gaging of homogeneous materials by reflection
a. gamma-ray activity. methods is:
b. fast neutron activities.
c. slow neutron activities. a. superior to transmission gaging.
d. alpha/beta dose rates. b. superior to fluorescence methods.
"*,.?4-?.S
c. inferior to transmission gaging.
d. approximately the same as with transmission
lnstrumenlotion gaging.
66. An amplifier to be used in instrument
a survey
j&.573
designed to measure high levels of radiation should
have the following characteristics: 71. The two types of detectors used most commoniy in
X-ray thickness gages are:
a. a fast rise time and a linear response.
b. a fast rise time and an exponential response. a. fluorescent screens and ionization chambers. (
c. a slow rise time and a linear response. b. proportional counters and geiger counters.
d. a slow rise time and an exponential response. c. phosphor-photomultipliers and ionization
e.t:3 chambers.
d. fluorescent screens and phosphor-
67. Which of the following detectors would be most photomultipliers.
suitable for use with a gamma- or X-ray energy
,&.$ljt-SfS
spectrum analyzer?
Exposure Hozords
a. An ionization detector. 72. Sources of radioactive material used for radiography
b. A scintillation detector. are required by reguiation to be leak tested at
c. A proportional detector. interva\s not to exceed.l
d,. A geiger-mu\\er counter.
A.$14 a. 3 months.
b. 6 months.
68. Which of the following radiation measurement c. 12 months.
instruments does not employ gas detection as its d. 24 months.
operation mechanism?

a. Proportionalcounter.
b. Semiconductordetector.
c. Ionization chamber.
d. Geiger-muilercounter.
A.$7$

36
 Review Questions

Methods of Conlrolling Rodiotion Exposure Operolionol ond Emergency Procedures

73. Distance is an effective means of external radiation 77. Survey instruments used to monitor gamma
protection because: radiation must be capable of measuring radiation in
the range of:
a. air absorption reduces the radiation intensity.
b. radiation intensityvaries inversely as the square a. 1-2 mSv/h (100-200 mrem/h)
ofthe distance. b. 20-s00 000 pSv/h (2-s0 000 mR/h)
c. X-rays and gamma rays have a finite range. c. 0-2000 ;rSv/h (0-200 mR/h)
d. the wavelength ofthe photons is decreased by d. 0.02-10 mSv/h (2-1000 mrem/h)
their interaction with matter. c.29
*.,3*
78. A radiation area refers to the perimeter of any area in
74. X-ray photons differ from gamma photons of the which the radiation level exceeds:
same energy only in their:
a. 20 pSv (2 mrems)
a. biological effect. b. 1 mSv (100 mrems)
b. origin. c. 50 pSv (5 mR)
c. interaction. d. 5 mSv (500 mrems)
d. ability to produce an electron. .&.1t8
{:;
Sensitivity
75. The half-life of a radioactive substance is equal to the: 79. Radiographic sensitivity depends on the combined
effects of two independent factors. One is
a. reciprocal ofthe disintegration constant. radiographic contrast; the other is:
b. average iifetime of an atom in the substance.
c. time required for half of the original atoms to a. radiation quality.
disintegrate. b. density.
d. number of atoms present divided by the rate of c. IQI image.
decay. d. definition.
{-"..3 E.55

76. A tenth-value thickness for a specific gamma source

is 25.4 mm (1 in.) of iead. The radiation intensity is 80. Using the equation
5000 mSv/h (500 R/h) at 609.6 mm (24 in.) from
the source. How many miilimeters (inches) of lead o=1oo ^1rm
would be required to reduce the intensity to 50 ptSvih x
(5 mR/h) at 609.6 mm (24 in.)? where

a. 50.8 mm (2 in.) 0- 2o/o = percent equivalent IQI sensitivity

b. 127 mm (5 in.) x- 32 mm (1.25 in.) = section thickness to be
c. 254 mm (10 in.) radiographed
d. 101.6 mm (4 in.) 't- IQI thickness
A t ?{ h= 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) = hole diameter

determine IQI thickness:

a. 41mm (1.6 in.)

b. 0.5 mm (0.02 in.)
c. 0.4 mm (0.015 in.)
d. 0.8 mm (0.03 in.)

)
J/
 Rodiogrophic Testing Method I LEVEL III

81 Radiographic sensitivity is:

86. Radiographic sensitivity is rof affected by:

a. a general or qualitative term referring to the size a. subject contrast.

of the smallest detail which can be seen on a
b. geometric and film graininess factors.
radiograph.
b. c. film contrast.
only a measure of the contrast properties of the
d. ambienttemperature.
radiographic system.
c. a term usually applied to the contrast properties
of the radiographic system.
d.
87. The IQI shouid nol be used to:
a term that reflects fiim speed and contrast
properties.
a. judge the size or establish acceptance limits
of
&.1:r* discontinuities.
82.
b. judge the adequacy ofa radiographic exposure.
Radiographic sensitivity is totally controlled by:
c. determine the adequacy of film/screen
combinat ions.
a. fiim and screen combinations. d. judge the adequacy ofpart_to_film distance.
b. those factors that control radiographic contrast
and definition. . A ..1? 5_17 t
c. kilovoitage and milliamperage. Controsl ond Definition
d. kilorollage and lilm processing. 88. Which of the following.parameters does nof directly
,4.1:,r* affect radiographic definition ?

83. The visibility of a certain image quality indicator

a. Focal spot or source size.
(IQI) hole on the radiograph may mean that:
b. Density.
c. Type ofscreen.
a. a cavity of the same diameter will be visible. d. Radiation quality.
b. a cat ity of half the hole diameter witl be visible.
c. a cavity of the same diameter may be invisible.
d. the hoie and cavity will have equal detectability. 89. Using a filter at the X-ray tube, masking to lessen
.&.1 7*
t
rl{. l},:l-1.:$ the thickness range, and a multiple_filni technique
are ways ofcorrecting:
84. The IQI is used to:

a. Iow density.
a. determine the size of cracks and pores that can be
b. Iow latitude.
detected.
b. determine the crack depths that can be detected. c. poor definition.
d. Iow radiographic contrast.
c. determine critical discontinuity size.
d. indicate the quality ofthe radlographic technique. fl.$:-$5

&.17* 90. Poor definition can be improved by doing all but

which one of the following?
85. The sensitivity requirement 2_2T represents:

a. Increase source_to_film distance.

a. IQI thickness 2x the specimen thickness with the b. Use a smaller physical source size.
required IQI hole 2o/o of the specimen thickness.
b. IQI thickness 2% of specimen thickness rvith the
c. Change from tlass II to Class I film.
d. Change from lead to fluorescent screens.
required IQI hole 2x the IeI thickness.
c. IQI thickness 2o/o of the specimen thickness rvith A.;rid
the required IQI hole 2o/o of the specimen
thickness.
d. IQI thickness 2% of the specimen thickness \\.ith
the required IeI hole 4o/o of the IeI thickness.
4.172

3B
 Review Questions

9L Based on the characteristic curves of the films shown 94. Film contrast refers to:
in Figure 5, which film provides the highest contrast?
a. the density difference in two adjacent regions oi
a.X film.
b.Y b. the steepness (slope) ofthe characteristic curve.
c.Z c. the ratio of X-ray or gamma-ray intensities
d. Cannot be determined from the curves. transmitted by two selected portlons of a
specimen.
d. minimum perceptible density change.
iz i: il
4.0
95. In general, the contrast of radiographic films (except
those designed for use with fluorescent screens):

a. increases continuously with tiim density in the

usable density range.
b. decreases as the density is increased.
E
tr
2.0 c. remains practically unchanged for different
o Fitm Y density levels.
o Film X ,/
d. is inversely proportional to film density.
1.0
I
a I7t
ru^, 96. The graininess of all films:

0.0 a. increases as the kilovoltage is increased up to

0123 "/ approximately 200 kV.
Log Relollve Exposure (Exposure Time) + b. decreases as the kilovoltage is increased.
b c. is not dependent on kilovoltage.
d. is totally controiled by Lambertt lau'.
Figure 5: Choroclerislic curves.
,ll l:;

97. Specimens with uniform thickness and composition

92. Subject contrast depends on: by definition have:

a. mA, source strength, distance, and film type. a. high subject contrast.
b. film-screen type. b. good definition.
c. nature of the specimen, radiation quality (kV), c. high film contrast.
and the intensity and distribution of the scattered d. low subject contrast.
radiation. r rt
d' Lamberti law'
&.xr* 98 The sharpness of outline in a radiographic image is
called:
93. Which of the following is a factor in radiographic
contrast? a. definition.
b. sensitivity.
a. Film type. c. latitude.
b. Radiation quality. d. contrast.
c. Degree of film develoPment. A,&?
d. X-ray energy.
4.151; F,*?4

39
 Rcrdiogrqphic Testing Meihod i tE\lEL
ffiI

99. Poor radiographic definition is

related to:

a. focal spot size. "d" Pivot Line

Distance "t " " uo"
b. source_to_filmdistance. (in.)
Focal
Spot Thickness Geom6trical
c. poor film-screen contact. (mm) (in ) Unsharpness
(mm)
d. degree of film development.
100 10
90 9 100 10 . 1.0
4.r44 80 9 . 0.9
8
Geometric Foctors 70 7
8
7
. 0.8
.0.7
60 6
100. \\.hich of the foilorvi ng is not a factor to be 50
6 0.6
5
considered to reduce geometric 0.5
unsharpness? 40. 4
4. o.4
30-
a. Source-to-filin distance. J a
0.3
b. Object-to_film distance.
c. Source strength. o.2
d. Source size.
10 1.0
it.i.itl 9 0.9 0.10
8 0.8 0.09
101. Using Figure 6, detennine 7 0.7 0.08
the geometrical o.7 0.07
unsharpness under the followiig 6 0.6
Maximun.r specimen thickness
..r;r;;;;r. 5 0.5
OU 0 0.06
i.:s rn_ fl.s i, l, 4. 0.4
0.05
solrrce-to film distance is 1016 0.04
mm (40 in.), and the a- 0.3
focal spot size is 1 mm (0.04
irr.;. fir. g**.t.i.ut 0.03
unsharpness is:
0.02
a. 0.010 mm (0.0004 in.) 40
b. 0.102 mm (0.00a
in.)
0. 10
C. 0.051 mm (0.002 in.) 0. 0.010
0.09 0.
d. 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) 0.08 0.009
0.07 30 0.1 0.008
0.007
0.06 0
'lr, i,'li:
0.006
0.05 0. 0.005
102. In the.lbllowing equation for geometric unsharpness, 0.04
0.004
what does U, represent?
0.03
0.003

=-Ft
0.02
u8 0.002
d

a. Image size.
0.001
b. Penumbra.
c. Source-to_film distance. Figure 6: Nomogrom for
d. Specimen-to-film distance. solving the equolion U = !!
.i.,,j,i.1.i!iit,
103 The size.of the penumbral 10,{. Deviation from the true
shadorv can best be shape of an obiect as
reduced by: exhibited in irs shadow i_ug.
i. .oiiJr'"
using a larger diameter a. definition.
:b. rrsing source.
b. Iatitude.
a faster speed film.
increasing the source_to,film c. contrast.
: increasing
d. distance.
d. distortion.
tl-re specimen-to-fiim distance.

B.t3 7 ).

40
 Review Questions

105. Which of the following rules of shadow formation is 109. Geometric unsharpness (Ur) is obtainable tiom:
not true?

a. The effective focal spot or source size should be a. u =L where

as small practical.
as '' d F=sourcesize
b. The distance between the focal spot or source and
the test object should be as great as practicai.
b.,, ' : d d=source-to-objectdi:tance
Fr / = object-to-film distance
c. The central ray should be as nearly perpendicular
to the film as possible to preserve spatial c. utt =u
relations.
d. The test object's plane of ma-ximum interest d. U =t
should be perpendicular to the plane of the film. ' Frl
ri* A"SS, 457

106. Given an Ir-192 source 3 mm (0.13 in.) in diameter, a 1 10. Using the formula
geometrical unsharpness of 0.5 mm (0.02 in.), and a
material thickness of 63 mm (2.5 in.), determine the FI
minimum source-to-object distance.
Urd--

320 mm (12.6 in.)

b. 620 mm Qa.6 in.) if F = 3 mm (0.1 in.), t = t27 mm (5 in.), and
c. 4t2.7 mm (16.25 in.) d = 1090 mm (43 in.), U, is approximately:
d. 460 mm (18.1 in.)

fr.:d a. 0.5 mm (0.019 in.)

b. 0.7 mm (0.027 in.)
t07. Projection magnification resulting from increased c. 0.3 mrn (0.012 in.)
object-to-film distance is also useful in reducing d. 0.2 mm (0.006 in.)
scatter radiation because of:

a. increasing definition. 111. Image distortion refers to:

b. reducing physical source size.
c. the air gap. a. a combination of geometric unsharpness and
d. macroradiography. magnilication.
&.3*? b. deviation from the true shape ofthe object.
c. magnification minus geometric unsharpness.
108. Magnification and geometric unsharpness: d. a combination of graininess, unsharpness, and
magnification.
a. are actually the same thing.
b can be distinguished as follor,r,s: magnification
refers to the degree of enlargement, and lnlensifying Screens
unsharpness refers to the penumbra. ll2. Variation in the thickness oflead screens from
c. are not directly related. 0.1 mm (0.005 in.) ro 0.2 mm (0.01 in.):
d. can be combined to yield total unsharpness.

.;": a. has very slight effect on intensification.

b. has very significant effect on intensification.
c. actually has no effect on intensification.
d. only serves to increase geometric unsharpness.

l
41
Rodiogrophic Tesling Method I LEVEL III

1 13. The bunsen-roscoe reciprocity law states that the

product of a photochemical reaction is dependent
only upon the product of the radiation intensity and
118. The major component of scatter is the low-energy
rays represented by photons weakened in what
process?
I
the duration ofexposure and is independent ofthe
absolute values ofeither ofthese quantities separately. a. Photoelectric.
This law is invalid for which of the foilowing? b. Pair productive.
c. Compton scattering.
a. X-rays. d. Ionization.
b. Gamma rays. B.?*: *.4
c. Fluorescentscreens.
d' Lead foii screens' 119. The influence of low-energy scatter from the film
E.r?* holder is most noticeable just inside the borders of
the image. This condition is called:
114. The quality ofthe radiation necessary to obtain an
appreciable intensification from lead screens depends a. inherentunsharpness.
upon all of the following except: b. undercut.
c. geometricunsharpness.
a. film type. d. mottling.
b. kilovoltage. r.ss
c. milliamperage.
d. thickness and material of test obiect. 120. The difference in narrow-beam and broad-beam
fr.{* conditions is that:

115. An alloy of 69lo antimony and 94o/olead should be a. narrow-beam conditions imply that both
used for screens instead ofpure lead because it scattered and unscattered radiation reach the
provides:

a. greater definition.
detector, while broad-beam conditions impiy that
only the unscattered radiation reaches the
detector.
t
b. less mottling effect. b. narrow-beam conditions imply that only the
c. better wear resistance. unscattered radiation reaches the detector, while
d. a higher intensification factor. broad-beam conditions imply that both scattered
r.4 ! and unscattered radiation reach the detector.
narrow- and broad-beam conditions relate only to
116. In comparison to radiographs made with lead source size.
screens, radiographs made using fluorescent screens d. both terms depend on a film and screen
would show: combination.
&.: 33
a. better contrast.
b. good definition. Source Foctors
c. higher density. l2l. Short wavelength photons are normally used on thick
d. poor definition. sections of steel instead of long wavelength photons
because:

Scqtlered Rqdiotion a. short wavelength photons are hard rays and have
ll7. Which is generaily the greater source of scatter greater penetrating ability.
radiation? b. short wavelength photons create a greater
secondary radiation and help improve image
a. Lead foil screens. contrast.
b. Lead backing plate. c. long wavelength photons are hard rays and have
c. Floor or wall. greater penetrating ability.
d. The specimen under examination. d. :Y'
they both have equal penetrating abilit
5:*
r* t
42
 Review Questions

122. A lead sheet is usually placed behind the fl1m cassette 126. Exposure charts are fairly adequate for determining
to: exposures in the radiography of:

a. intensify the film image and shorten the exposure a. complicated structural items.
time. b. uniform plate.
b. prevent bending and crimping of the fi1m. c. step wedges.
c. reduce forward scatter and absorb unwanted d. IQIs.
radiation to prevent it from reaching the lihn. i: i'il;
d. minimize radiation scattered from the floor, r'r.a11s,
equipment, and other items from reaching the 127. A gamma-ray exposure chart differs from an X-ra,v
back of the fi1m. exposure chart in that there is no variable factor
ii r, li,
corresponding to:

123. The larger the activity (in becquerels or curies) and a. thickness.
the larger (physically) the source is, the emitted b. milliamperage.
gamma-ray intensity: c. kilovoltage.
d. film density.
a. becomes lower. :, .:i
b. becomes higher.
c. remains unaffected. 128. An exposure chart is a graph showing the relation
d. increases inversely to activitl.. between al1 &u/ which one of the tbllou,ing?
* 17
a. Exposure.
124. lVhen radiographing a specimen with a radiographic b. Density.
source, it is found that it is desirable to lengthen the c. Kilovoltage.
source-to-fi1m distance. With the source at the new d. Material thickness.
location, the amount of radiation reaching the film - iir
will:
Dorkroom Procedures
a. vary inversely with the square ofthe distance. 129. The frequency with which a developer solution needs
b. vary equally with the square of the distance. replacement is dependent on the rate and densitv of
c. not change. films processed, but as a rule the solution should be
d. vary inversely with the distance. replaced:
lr. Xl';
a. whenever the density of processed films is
Exposure Curves consistently too great.
125. Which one of the follou,ing is not a specific conditlon b. rvhen the quantity ofder.eloper replenisher used
which applies to a given exposure chart? equals 2 to 3 times the original quantity of
developer, or every 3 months, whichever is
a. X-ray machine used. shorter.
b. Film type. c. every 6 months.
c. Processingconditions. d. whenever the processed films show streaking due
d. Radiationintensitv. to uneven development.
't'i
": "

) l
43
Rodiogrophic Testing Method I LEVEL III

130. In manual processing, the ideal temperature is 20 "C

(68 "F). At what temperature would the chemical
action be slowed, resuiting in underdevelopment?
135. Certain materials cause contamination and result in
fog in the radiograph. Which one of the following
should nof be used as a material for holding
t
processing solutions?
a. 2l'C (70'F)
b. 16 "C (60'F) a. AISI Type 316 stainless steel.
c. 32 "C (90'F) b. Enamelware.
d. 30'c (86 "F) c. Aluminum.
r.1 *? d. Plastic.
*.7&
131. The shape ofthe film characteristic curve is relatively
insensitive to changes in X- or gamma-radiation 136. Processing tanks should be periodicaliy cleaned and
quality, but is affected by changes in the: sterilized. Which of the following agents in solution
is recommended?
a. geometric factors.
b. film graininess. a. Sodiumhlpochlorite.
c. subject contrast. b. Acetone.
d. degree of development. c. Householddetergent.
fl.'t 3$" l 39 d. Hydrochloric acid (diluted).
*.s*
132. Light crimp marks appearing on a developed
radiograph are the result of: 137. The most commonly used acid in preparing stop
baths to arrest the development process is:
a. static marks.
b. scratches on lead foil screen. a. sulfuric.
c. poor handling before exposure. b. glacial acetic.
d. poor handling after exposure. c. muriatic.
fi';i I d. hydrochloric.
r_tr 3
133. Physical damage to the film emulsion caused by
sudden extreme temperature change is called: Film Processing
i38. Holding all other parameters constant, an increase in
a. reticulation. time of development of a given film will result in a
b. frilling. characteristic curve showing:
c. blisters.
d. streaks. a. increased contrast and increased speed.
fi.*,q b. increased contrast and decreased speed.
c. decreased contrast and increased speed.
Dorkroom Equipmenl ond Chemicols d. decreased contrast and decreased speed.
134. When using acid to make the stop bath mixture, the s.:s1
acid is added slowly to the water for which of the
following reasons? 139. In manual processing, if it is not possible to use a
stop bath, films should be:
a. To produce a more uniform mixture.
b. To prevent rapid oxidation resulting in a cloudv a. placed directly in the fixer solution.
stop bath. b. placed directly in the fixer solution with a 1 min
c. To prevent a rapid rise ofthe solution reduction in development time.
temperature. c. rinsed in running water for at least 2 min before
d. To prevent the acid from spattering. fixing.
d. rinsed in running water for at least 2 min with a
I min reduction in development time before fixing.

44
 Review Questions

140. The primary reason why visual (under saielight 1ll. The most important function of the fixer is to:
conditions) development of radiographs should be
avoided is: a. neutralize alkali from developer.
b. remove undeveloped silver sa1t.
a. it ls difficuitto discern the image \\.ith the light c. increase density.
output provided by a safelight. d. harden the emulsion.
b. the appearance ofa developed but unfixed *.1 ;l
radiograph will be different in the dried state.
c. removal of the film from the developer u.il1 aifect 115. \Vetting agents are used primarily as a deterrent for:
the development time.
d. film type and speed affect the appearance of a. reticulation.
images when exposed to a safelight. b. changes in density.
I )ti.i c. \{ater spots.
d. fril1ing.
141. Better quality radiographs can be obtained when r.t r3
expertly done by manual processing rather than by
automatic processing, but most processing is 146. Ideally after processing, radiographs should be stored
performed automatically because: at a relative humiditv of:

a. manual processing is time consuming and a. 10o/o.

automatic processing produces consistency and b. 30 to 50%.
control. c. 70 to 80o/o.
b. it is difficult to train and keep manual processing d. any percentage, since relative humidity is not an
personnel. important consideration.
c. automatic processors are easier to maintain. *.1 ?*
d. chemical temperatures and solutions are difficult
to maintain in darkrooms where manual 147 . In manual processing, the cascade method of washing
processing is practiced. film is desirable. To be effective, the hourly flow of
rvater should be:

142. The tunction of the developer is to: a. 1-2 times the volume of the tank.
b. any amount, since the water flow rate has no
a. stop the process. bearing on film washing.
b. harden the emulsion. c. 12-16 times the volume of the tank.
c. recover silver. d. 4-8 times the volume of the tank.
d. change exposed silver halide crystals to metallic *.*3r S l'1*
silver.
H. i*s llluminolor Requirements
148. Which of the followingis not a requirement for
143. The best method of arresting the development illuminators used in the interpretation of
process is to place the film in: radiographs?

a. an acid stop bath. a. A light source ofsufficient intensity to view the

b. a fixer solution. area of interest of the radiograph.
c. a water rinse. b. Sufficient masking to avoid glare from the edges
d. a wetting solution. ofthe radiograph.
c. A foot-operated ON-OFF switch.
d. Diffuse the light evenly over the viewing area.

45
 Rodiogrophic Testing Melhod I LEVEL III

149. For the routine viewing of high-density film, a 154. When reviewing film, background lighting should:
high-intensity illuminator with an adjustable light t
source should be used. Such a vierver should aliow a. be virtually eliminated.
viewing of densities at least up to _ on a b. not reflect on the film under examination.
characteristic cune: c. be carefully filtered.
d. be approximately 20 1m.
a. 1.5
{.Ivt l.Il1}4
b. 2.s
c. 4.0 OpticolAids
d. 10.0 155. A stereoscope is a de.,,ice that:
i:, rti
a. projects the contents of a pair of stereo
150. When viewing radiographs, the film viewer should radiographs on a screen, giving spatial resoiution
provide light of an intensity that is evenly distributed to indications in the radiographs.
i,vith an adjustment to vary the intensity. In addition, b. permits each eye to see only one of a pair of
the film viewer should have: stereo radiographs.
c. by exposing two film cassettes simultaneously
a. a viewing surface at a 90o angle. from difterent angles, enables the production of
b. fresh bulbs. radiographs.
c. a diffusing medium. d. allows accurate measurements of the shift of an
d. a light green color. image in a set of stereo radiographs made for the
,dl.l .i ] purpose ofparallax.

151. To prevent damage to films, which of the following

f,it4
should be provided when viewing radiographs? Judging Rodiogrophic Quolity Density
156. radiographic irnage is prirrrarily
a. Masks or screens.
b. Foot switch.
ffi.i:::l[:any l
c. Heat filter. a. the kilovoltage ofthe source ofradiation.
d. Opal glass. b. the amount of radiation absorbed by the emulsion
&.i?1 of the film.
c. the scintillator detector.
Bockground tighting d. the autonratic processing.
152. The contrast sensitivity of the human eye is greatest
,4.. | .{ I
when the surroundings compared to the area of
interest on a radiograph have: 157. Incident light ofan inrensity of2.2 klx (200 ftc) on an
area of film of 1.3 density transmits an intensity of
a. about the same brightness. 107.6 lx (10 ftc). What is the intensity transmitted in
b. a lower brightness. the area of the film measuring 2.3 density?
c. a higher brightness.
d. any brightness, since brightness is not a factor in a. 53.8 Lx (5 ftc)
contrast sensitivitv. b. s.4 Ix (0.5 ftc)
'r"7t:) c. 10.8 Ix (1 fic)
d. 1.1 ix (0.1 ftc)
153. For best contrast sensitivity, the film viewing room
A.'3 &4
should have lighting:

a. as dark as possible.
b. approximately 38 lm.
c. approximately 70 lm.
d. as light as the area of interest in the film being
reviewed. a
L
E.73; F.E94

46
 Review' Questions

Controst Definiiion
158. Which of the following is independent, for most 163. By increasing the source,to-fllm distance in a gir en
practical purposes, ofthe rvavelength and exposure, the image sharpness is:
distribution of the radiation reaching the film?
a. increased.
a. Subject contrast. b. decreased.
b. Radiographiccontrast. c. not affected.
c. Film contrast. d. decreased by a negligible amounr.
d. Definition.
r"$7
L64. What is the effect of the sensitir-itr of a radrosrap:
159. The relationship between film exposure and the when the physical size of I gJntntJ .uur,( l.
resulting film density of any particular filn is: increased without changing anv other -\;re:u..
factors?
a. the unsharpness.
b. the film contrast. a. Sensitivity and geometric unsharpness are
c. the subject contrast. increased.
d. the source-to-film distance. b. Geometric sharpness and detjnition are increased.
*.44: f .*t c. Physical source size does not affect sensitivity.
d. Geometric sharpness is increased and sensitivity
160. As the kilovoltage is increased, the subject contrast: is decreased.

ll. i,il.rl
a. increases.
b. decreases. 165. The image sharpness of an object is nol affected by:
c. remains the same.
d. increases directly with E2. a. the type of film.
&.t ?* b. the tlpe of screen.
c. radiation quality.
161. Radiographic image quality may be adversely affected d. masking.
by poor subject contrast; this may be caused by:
ii.t1,j. iil
a. time. 166. When a lead screen radiograph of an object shorvs a
b. source strength. poorly defined image of the object, one course of
c. source distance. action to correct this may be to:
d. insufficient absorption differences in the
specimen. a. change to a coarse-grain fi1m.
il,*6: fl.I?d b. use an X-ray tube oflarger focal spot.
c. increase source-to-filmdistance.
t62. The film contrast for the specimens being d. change to fluorescent screens.
radiographed may be determined from:
lir. ir :' . 'i il
a. the size of film. Artifocts
b. the radiation quality. 167. When using lead foil intensifying screens, a fuzz:1
c. the siope of the characteristic curve for the film. radiographic image is a sign:
d. wavelength of the radiation.
$.*7; F.ff9*$ a. of oil or grease on the screens.
b. that tin coating was used on the screens.
c. ofpoor screen-to-fi1m contact.
d. of foreign material betrveen the screen and the
film.
a...

47
Rodiogrophic Tesfing Method i LEVEL III

168. A mottled radiograph is caused by: 172. Prolonged washing of film in water above 20 'C
(68 "F) has a tendency to: t
a. removing the paper interleaving before the
exPosure. a. crystallize the gelatin.
b. using tin-coated lead screens. b. soften the gelatin.
c. X-ray diffraction effects. c. cause a yellow stain.
d. exposure geometry. d. cause the image to fade.
r,*.i. ISr t.fiSd fl,1 13"1 ] 3

169. During the loading of a film cassette, the lead foil lmoge Quolity lndicolors
screens are scratched. The resulting radiograph
lvould show: 100
Given 0- 'lThl2
a. no change since deep scratches are related to the -
film.
b. broad. fuzzl \ightlines cottespondingto itre rx\ere x -- rN&e\:*$\tkr\rss $rrr\es\
scratches. T = IQI thickness (inches)
c. defined dark lines corresponding to deep h = essential hole diamter (inches)
scratches. o = equivalent sensitivity (percent)
d. random film indications due to scatter caused by
scratches. 173. Using the formula given above, calculate the
*..&2 equivalent sensitivity of an ASTM #20 IeI showing
the 2T hole on a 1.25 in. thick specimen.
170. The appearance ofcolored stains on a processed
radiograph could be caused by: a. 2.0o/o
b. l.60/o
a. neutralization of the acid in the fixer solution. c. 78o/o
(
b. neutralization of the alkaline content in the fixer d. t.40/o
solution.
c. acidification ofthe fixer solution. r.r1**s
d. underder.,elopment. 174. Using the formula given above, calculate the
fi.1: r specimen thickness if the equivalent sensitivity is
2.60/o based on seeing the 4T hole in an ASTM #40
I7l. Deep scratches in lead screens result in dark lines on IQI.
the radiograph. These are due to:
a. 1.35 in.
a. the loss ofabsorbing characteristic ofthe lead b. 3.i7 in.
foil, resulting in more of the X-ray source c. 2.56 in.
reaching the film. d. 2.17 in.
b. the scratch resulting in a greater surface area of
lead, causing a larger electron emission area, r.fr]*:s
which affects the exposure of the film. 175. The DIN type IQI is which rype of image quality
c. the air gap between the deep scratch and film. indicator?
d. lack of emulsification.

,t.43 a. A plaque tr,pe.

b. A stepped t1pe.
c. A rr.ire t1.pe.
d. An indirect imaging type.
fl. fi

48
 Review Quesiions

Couses ond Correclion of Unsolisfoclory 180. The mathematical rule of exposure that gor.erns the
Rodiogrophs time-distance relation of the basic exposure
176. Omission of the stop bath or rinsing of the filn.r n.rar- calculator is:
cause:
a. the exposure time (7) required for a gir.en
a. streaking of the film. exposure is directly proportional to the square of
b. yellow staining of the film. the source-to-fihn distance (D).
c. fogging of the fi1m. b. the exposure time (T) required for a gir.en
d. frilling of the emulsion. exposure is inversely proportional to the square of
[11fi 1t i the source-to-film distance (D).
c. the exposure tirne (7) required tbr a given
177 . In automatic processing, poor drying of film can be exposure is inversely proportional to tl.re
attributed to which of the fbllowing if the drying milliamperage (M).
temperature and air circulation in the drying section d. the exposure time (O required for a given
are found to be acceptable? exposure is directly proportional to the
milliamperage (M).
a. Underreplenishment of the fixer solution.
b. Infrequent use of the processor.
c. Roller alignment in the r,vash section. Blocking ond Fillering
d. Overdevelopment. 181. Filtering an X-ray beam ls analogous to:
[ ] i*'1r1
a. decreasing the kilovoltage.
178. A milky appearing flxer solution could be caused by: b. increasing the kilovoltage.
c. decreasing the milliamperage.
a. the fixer being too warm or exhausted. d. increasing the milliamperage.
b. a sudden change ilr temperature.
c. use ofa carbonate developer.
d. use of fine-grained film. 182. The primary function of a filter is to:
t.il1
a. reduce the penetrating ability ofthe radiation.
Exposure Colculotions b. absorb longer wavelengths, which can produce
179. If an exposure time of 1 min was necessary using a increased scatter.
1.8 m (6 ft) source-to-film distance for particular
a c. reduce exposure time.
exposure, what time would be necessary if a 0.9 m d. eliminate most of the undercut caused bv scatter.
(3 ft) source-to-film distance is used and all other .i . l:: ;, t.
variables remain the same?
i83. Which of the following materials are typically used
a. 2 min for filtration purposes in industrial radiography at
b. 15s energies of 150-400 kV?
c. 4 min
d. 30s a. Aluminurnimagnesium.
b. Lead/copper.
c. Stainlesssteel/steel.
d. Cadmium/zinc.

49
Rodiogrophic Testing Method I LEVEL III

184. A filter in the X-ray tube beam has the eftect of: 188. If the thickness range of a specimen is too great for a
single exposure, a multifilm technique may be used.
a. hardening the radiation beam. If trvo films of different speeds are selected for this
b. softening the radiation beam. example, the log relative exposure range for these two
c. dispersing the radiation bearn. films is the difference in:
d. increasing the beam intensity.
E dl a. log exposure between the value at the
high-density end of the faster film and the
18,5. Scattered radiation originating in matter outside the low-density end of the slower film curve.
specimen is most serious for specimens which have b. 1og exposure between the vaiue at the low-density
high absorption for X-rays. One of the most end of the faster fiim and the high-density end of
satisfactory arrangements for combining effectiveness the slower film.
and convenience to reduce scatter when c. 1og exposure between the value at the low-density
radiographing steel is to: end of the slower film and the high-density end of
the faster film.
a. cut out diaphragms from lead sheet. d. 1og exposure between the value at the
b. pack barium clay around the specimen. high-density end of the slower film and the
c. use a iiquid absorber. low-density end of the faster film.
d. surround the object with copper or steel shot. r.:?
,q,155
Speciol Rodiogrophic Techniques
Multifilm Techniques 189. A setup by which an arrangement of prisms or
186. The primary purpose of using two or more films of mirrors permits each eye to see but a single one of a
unequai speed in the same cassette is to: pair of radiographs is known as:

a. elimir-rate retakes due to incorrect exposure time. a. stroboradiography.

b. eliminate retakes due to artifacts on the film. b. paraliax radiography.
c. cover a wide range ofthickness in one exposure. c. stereo radiography.
d. reduce the scatter to the total image. d. autoradiography.
t. I 113: {.$$ r_.i'.4

187. When two different films are selected for a multifilm 190. Select the one adtantage stereo radiographs have over
technique, their speeds must be such that on their films produced by the parallax method.
characteristic curves there is:
a. They permit correct spatial relation.
a. some overlap on the density axis. b. They use inexpensive viewing devices.
b. no overlap on the density axis. c. They do not require special reading glasses.
c. some overlap on the log E axis. d. They use two films.
d. no overlap on the log E axis.
A.4l ?
!:- lY

50
 Review Questions

191. Using the parallax method for triangulation with the 1.9s. An electron emission radiograph shor,r,s surface
tilm in contact with the object and shifling the source details only; in this regard, it is similar to:
an equal distance in trvo directions lrom lts original
position for location ofa discontinuity, it is revealed a. a macroradiograph.
that the discontinuity shift is less than half the shift of b. a microradiograph.
the source side marker. The discontinuity is: c. a photomicrograph.
d. tomography.
a. nearer the film plane. 'i 1.7i
b. nearer the source side.
c. on the source-side surface. t96. The principle of electron emission radiographv is
d. on the lilm-side surface. based on:
l:.1 i{
a. differential absorption.
192 A discontinuity was found by radiography in a b. dlffraction caused by crystalline structure.
76 mm (3 in.) thick weld. The source-to-fihn distance c. differences in electron emission from an
was 510 mm (20 in.). A second exposure was made irradiated specimen, resulting from greater
with the source shifted 102 mm (4 in.) parallel to the emission from higher atomic number materials.
film plane. It was noted that the discontinuity image d. differences ir-r film density caused by the
moved 16 mm (0.625 in.) as compared with the dillerential penetrating ability of the various
original exposure. Determine the distance of the energy electrons.
discontinuity above the 1iIm. I I]il

a. 82 mm (3.2a in.) t97. Which one of the following is not a commonly

b. 32 mm (1.25 in.) accepted use of microradiography?
c. 69 mm (2.70 in.)
d. 7 mm (0.27 in.) a. Determination of segregation of constituents in
h" l l:t thin alloy sections.
b. Detection of minute discontinuities.
193. Radiography performed using high-inter-rsity X,ray c. The study ofbiological sections.
beams to produce a single stop-motion image or a d. The study ofcrystalline structure.
series of sequential images of high-speed dynamic
[.] i,.4
phenomena is:
198. X-ray devices used in microradiographv t1pically
a. microradiography. operate at potentiais up to:
b. autoradiography.
c. stroboradiography. a. 50 kV
d. flash radiography. b. 100 kv
s,,{*r c. 150 kV
d. 200 kv
t94. Electron radiography is primarily used for il l,r.i
radiographl, of:
Conlrol of Diffroclion Effects
a. high atomic number (Z) materials. 199. A method for distinguishing between diffractlon
b. thin metaliic specimens. mottiing and other causes of mottling is to:
c. rery thin nonmetallic specimens.
d. a combination of high and low atomic number a. re-expose the film using a much lower exposure
materials. factor.
r.1&8.3S? b. change the angle ofincidence ofthe beam by 1-5'
and re-expose.
c. Iower the kilovoltage and re-expose.
d. re-expose without using lead screens.

5l
Rodiogrophic Testing Method i LEVEL lII

200. Filters and screens are devices used by radiographers 204. Of the foliowing, which gaging application is most
to control diffraction effects. If spurious indications suitable for using gamma rays?
appear in the finished radiograph and diffraction is
suspect, what technique aids or corrections can be a. Cigarette density gaging.
made to the technique to eliminate suspect b. Thickness gaging ofthin foils such as condenser
diffraction patterns? paPers.
c. Paper thickness gage.
a. Raise the kiiovoitage. d. Liquid density gage.
b. Lower the kilovoltage. ,a $rs
c. Change the radiation center 127 mm (5 in.) from
the previous location. !moge-Object Relolionships
d. Change the class and type of film used from 205. Using geometric enlargement principles, determine
t,Ype 1 to type 2. the image size if the object is 150 mm (6 in.) in
t.s& diameter, the source-to-film distance is 910 mm
(36 in.), and the source-to-object distance is
20I. X-ray diffraction patterns appearing in a radiograph 760 mm (30 in.).
are typically observed in the radiography of:
a. 180 mm (7.2 in.)
a. thick castings at greater than 1 MeV. b. 130 mm (5 in.)
b. thin metallic specimens with large grain size. c. 370 mm (14.4 in.)
c. thin metallic specimens with fine grain size. d. 250 mm (10 in.)
d. thick metallic specimens with 1ow atomic t.t*
number (Z).
f;. $* 206. The focal spot should be as small as possible, because
there is a definite relationship between the focal spot
202. The radiographic appearance ofdiffraction patterns size and:
is mottled and may be confused with which one of
the following sets of indications? a. radiographiccontrast.
b. total radiation output.
a. Porosity or segregation. c. subject contrast.
b. Oxidation or burn-through. d. radiographic definition.
c. Porosity or burst. F?&
d. Misruns or porosity.
fi. s*
Moleriol Processing
207. A consequence of insufficient heat, or the presence of
Goging scale on the fusion face of the weld bevel, may be:
203. In routine thickness gaging setups using gamma-ray
sources, which one of the following radiation a. incompletepenetration.
detectors is most commonly used? b. root concavity.
c. excessive root reinforcement.
a. Anthracene crystal. d. iack of fusion.
b. Ionization chamber. &.rts / -4?$
c. Sodium iodide crystal.
d. Geiger-miillertube. 208. A weld made with an excessive number of passes, or
inadequate speed oftravel, could result in:

a. root concavity.
b. oxidation.
c. excessive root reinforcement.
d. incompletepenetration.

52
 Review Quesiions

Disconlinuities: Their Couses qnd Effects 214. An oval or circular dark spot with smooth edges
209. A definite discontinuity that exists because of appearing on the radiograph would most probably be
imperfect fusion of two streams of metal that have indicative of:
converged is:
a. burn-through.
a. a misrun. b. crater crack.
b. a cold shut. c. porosity.
c. rat tails. d. Iack of fusion.
d. buckles. c.1*s
*.1*d
215. An intermittent or continuous dark line lbund at the
210. A discontinuity in welds caused by gas entrapment in edge ofthe weld groove or bevel would probabiy be
the molten metal, moisture, improper cleaning, or classified as:
lack ofpreheat is called:
a. aligned porosity.
a. dross. b. slag line.
b. lack ofpenetration. c. root concavity.
c. porosity. d' crater cracking'
d' slag inclusion' &.-f7q
{.1*&
216. A narrow, dark line traveling in irregular directions
2ll. A discontinuity consisting ofone or seteral parallel would generally indicate the presence of:
fissures caused by the internal rupture or fracture of
material while in the hot semiplastic state is called: a. a crack.
b. slag line.
a. lack offusion. c. aligned porosity.
D b. tear.
c. unfused chaplet.
d' lack of fusion'
A.*s*
d. hot tear.
*. 1** 217. A very thin, straight, dark line, either continuous or
intermittent, located paraliel to and normally on one
Rodiogrophic Appeoronce of Disconlinuilies side of a weld would be indicative of:
212. A term used to describe the oxides and other solids,
which are shown radiographically as elongated or a. slag inclusion.
rounded inclusions, is: b. suck-up.
c. aligned porosity.
a. slag. d. lack of fusion.
b. porosity. A :O?
c. suck-up.
d. wormhoies. 218. The term used to describe a groove or depression
f .1t!$ located at the junction of the weld and base material
on the weld surlace is:
213. An indication appearing on a radiograph as a dark,
elongated area ofvarying length or width located at a. convexity.
the center of a weld would probably be classified as: b. undercut.
c. lack offusion.
a. aligned porosity. d. concavity.
b. slag line. A"3lC
c. wagon tracks.
d. Iack ofpenetration.
*. r86

(2
Rodiogrophic Testing Method i LEVEL III

Answers
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54
O reffiffircffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

level ll
Figures I & 2 Eastman Kodak Co.

level lll
Figure 3 General Dlmamics Co.

((
The Americon SocietY for
Cotolog Number: 2026
ISBN: 978-1 -57 1 17-335-5
Nondestructive Testing, lnc.