Table of contents

Chapter # 1 Introduction

1.1. Background of the study

1.2. Poverty
1.3. Types of poverty
1.3.1. Relative poverty
1.3.2 Absolute poverty
1.4. Causes of poverty
1.5. Impact of poverty on societies
1.6. Sociological Significance
1.7. Objectives of study

Chapter #2

Literature Review

Chapter #3

3.1. Research design

3.2. Population

3.3. Target population

3.4. Sample

3.5. Sampling technique

3.6. Tool of data collection

3.7. Research Technique

3.8. Field Experience

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Chapter # 4

Data Analysis and Results

Chapter # 5

Summary

References

Suggestion

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Chapter # 1

Introduction

1.1: Background of the study:

Poverty is a big issue of the world. This issue is increasing day by day in the
world and disturbing the world badly. Poverty refers to the concept, when people
have no basic needs like food, shelter and clothing is called poverty. This
condition also known as absolute poverty. Poverty is a complex social
phenomenon of the world. In 2007 it was estimated that 17.2% of the total
population lived below the poverty line. The recent estimation of poverty in
Pakistan, in Baluchistan mostly people living below the line of poverty. Poverty is
a dangerous situation in all over the world. No one can deny this fact.

1.2: Poverty meanings and definition

When people have no basic needs, food, shelter, clothing then it is called poverty.
The people who cannot fulfill their basic needs are called poor. Poverty is a
multifaced concept which includes political, social and economic factors.

1.3: Types of Poverty

There are two types of poverty.

1.3.1: Absolute poverty

1.3.2. Relative poverty

Absolute poverty

Absolute poverty refers to the concept, when people have no necessary means to
meet.eg food, clothing and shelter is absolute poverty. When people have
minimum amount of income to fulfill his or her basic needs. This includes

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 Food
 Safe drinking water
 Sanitation facilities
 Health
 Shelter
 Education

Absolute poverty is a dangerous harm for those who are facing the same problem.
Poverty is creating hurdles in the way of development.

Relative poverty

When people have minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain to

average standard of living in the society. It is considered the easy way to measure
the poverty in an individual country.

Relative poverty changes over time. As wealth of a society increase, so does the
minimum amount of income and resources that the society deems necessary for
proper condition

There are many causes of relative poverty.

 Unemployment
 Education
 Poor health
 Lack of access to affordable services
 Causes of poverty in Pakistan

Poverty is a serious issue to discuss and resolve. It is affecting the economy of the
country because it is the reason of inflation in Pakistan. We cannot define it in a
single way of hunger, it is lack of shelter, and it is a lake of disease.

Poverty is such thing when our children cannot go to school because of the fee;
Poverty is that our educated have no jobs. It is the fear of future what to do and
how to do.

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Poverty is everywhere in Pakistan and it is cutting the roots of the country and it
is the main issue that which cannot solve early and now it is the main reason of
Pakistan. The situation is that in Pakistan the rich becomes richest and poor
becomes poorest.

Poverty in Pakistan did not have a single condition. It is changing time to time so
w can simply say that poverty is a situation but everyone one is trying to escape
form that situation so that they could have enough to eat, have proper shelter to
live, can we have easy access to education, information, health and protection of
their lives.

Pakistan is a under developing country and no one can deny poverty .It is
effecting the country economy and the political leader of Pakistan is unaware of
real leadership this is why Pakistan is not progressing. Their policies are not good
enough to fulfill this gap. Political polices are just failure excuse and this situation
converting the nation into miserable condition.

Causes of Poverty

It is impossible to point out the all reasons of poverty in Pakistan but there are
some reasons that are given below.

Polices of Government

Our government is not aware of the exact problem of the nation and the people.
Our nation policies are not fulfilling the needs of the poor. Here is not complete
democratic system but still facing the status problem.

When policies are made by the politician and these implemented on the people, if
the result of these policies are not effective and progressing then it is mean it is
not good policy for the nations. So if the result is not good of the policy then the
Government introduces new policy.

Without thinking and reading why first policy is not good and they are still
continuing the same process. Heavy taxes imparted on the people but they do not

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have resources of employment so these are government policies which are forcing
people to live below the line of poverty.

Corruption

Corruption is another big cause of poverty and it is increasing rapidly. There is no

concept of moral values among the people of Pakistan so that is why everyone is
busy in earning and earning and no matter they are earning money fair and unfair
ways.

We did not care about our relations if they are friend or blood relations because of
this money. There is no law and order condition in Pakistan and government is
not providing equal justice for people. If you have money then you are free from
rules and regulation. If you are a poor man then you go to Hell, there is no
consideration for poor due to the corruption.

Division of agriculture land

In Pakistan most of the people belong to agriculture profession and no one can
deny the importance of agriculture in Pakistan. Mostly formers have a one land as
a source of income and they fulfill the need of their family through this land.

Such type of former are not able to purchase new land because of the hand to
mouth condition and when his children become adult he has to divide this land
into many parts and this situation is very difficult for the families and they have to
live below the line of poverty.

Lack of Education

Lack of education is main factor of poverty. Mostly rural people are ignorant and
uneducated so they are not fully aware of their rights and they cannot fulfill their
needs. The Literacy rate of Pakistan is very low. The people of Pakistan have no
concept of modern ways of earning which is used by the developed countries. We
have no quality education. But now political and government authorizes are

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working on this matter to remove the hurdles of the education among the people
of Pakistan.

Impact of poverty on societies

We can felt poverty at every level of society. Our political authorities are trying to
reduce poverty. There are many impact of poverty but some of these are given
below.

1. Health

Health is facing many threats from poverty. Poor people facing the problem of
poverty and diseases are common among them .poor people have no healthy
environment and they have lack of nutritious food. Sanitation system is also not
favorable for poor people. In short, people have no medical facilities.

2. Education

Poverty is affecting education very badly. The people who are living below the
line of poverty are not able to attend school in early age. Today the poor people
are facing many problems e.g. they have no basic needs. It is very difficult for
poor fulfill their basic needs and when they have no basic needs then how can
they think about education. The literacy rate in the country is also low. This low
literacy rate affect the country various way including child labor and politics.

Economy

Poverty is also affecting the economy of the country. Many people living below
the line of poverty. There is high level of unemployment rate among the people.
Without a quality of education w cannot get job. When the people cannot
contribute in the development of the country then this factor affect the economy
of the country.

Society

Poverty is affecting the social affairs. Many poor people are homeless because of
poverty. When people have no basic needs then poverty leads to crime. This

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create uncertain situation in the country. In order to fulfill their needs poverty
becomes the reason of theft. Homeless and crime makes a country people worst. It
is very important to combat the global issue.

Sociological significance

Poverty is a big issue of all over the world. It is a constant problem in the world,
we can eradicate it but we cannot finish it. It is frightful for the under
development countries. It is affecting the economy of the country. It is a big
hurdle in the way of development. It is very important to control this situation.

Objective of the study

1. To find out the causes of poverty in Mangrotha.

2. To sort out the effect of poverty.

3. To find out the solution of poverty.

4. To describe poverty rate in the country.

5. To show the poverty rate in country.

6. To find the solution of poverty.

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Chapter # 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Boone (1996) conducted a study on the topic of gender and oppression as a cause
of poverty and he find out that oppression ends if the benefits to oppressors
decline or if technological change raises the fighting power of oppressed groups.
Use indicators of human rights abuses in 101 countries to examine the empirical
determinants of gender, political and ethnic oppression along with the impact of
oppression of poverty. I find that oppression declines with income, and that it is
highly correlated with religious rules. I also find that oppression is positively
correlated with basic poverty indicators. My point estimates imply that shifting
from an oppressive equilibrium to a liberal equilibrium could reduce infant
mortality rates by up to 87% in low income countries. One policy implication is
that a system of international incentives and sanctions targeted to end oppression
could permanently reduce poverty.

Stimulation in the home, and (to a lesser extent) to parenting style, physical
environment of the home, and poor child health at birth, as mediating
development. This work was supported by the Department of Sociology and the
Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, by
grants to Guo from the National Academy of Education, the Spencer Foundation,
and the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) of the U.S.
Department of Education, under Grant R306F60081. We also factors that are
affected by lack of income and that influence children’s intellectual acknowledge
the support of the W.T. Grant Foundation to both Guo and Harris through their
Faculty Scholars Program. We thank Janne Abullarade for her extensive
assistance in an earlier stage of the project and Boyd Blackburn for his
programming work. We are grateful for the helpful comments of Karl Alexander,
Greg Duncan, Jane McLeod, and Jay Teachman on an earlier draft.

Gunn Brooks and Duncan (2000) they described the hundred studies about the
association of family poverty and health of children’s, achievement and behavior.

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This study explores the relationship between poverty and child outcome in depth.
This research described that the conclusion of that family is selective but in some
instances, quite sustainable affects child and adolescent well being. The children
who are living below the line of poverty and extreme poverty line multiple years
appears , all other things being equal, suffer the worst problem.

The children who suffer from poverty during preschool and early school years
have lower rate of school completion than children and adolescents who
experience only in later years. Although more researches needed on this topic.

Gou Guan go and Harris Mullen Kathleen (2003) conducted a report on the
mechanism mediating the effects of poverty on children intellectual development.
In this study they investigate multiple mechanism of poverty on the intellectual
development of children. They find two findings .First the influence of the family
poverty on child intellectual development.

Second their analysis to cognitive stimulation in the home and poor child health at
birth as mediating development is meditated completely by the intervening
mechanism mired bye their latent factors.

Fabre and Augersaud Verson (2004) estimated the effect of poverty and
educational policies on child labor growth. They explained that poor families are
not able to attain quality of education in private institutions. The education system
is not favorable for the poor and this gap is creating many hurdles in the poor
people life. This education system is the main reason of child labor. Here some
public policies are required to fulfill this gap between poor and the rich.
According to them high literacy rate is not sign for peace, prosperity in a society.
It is observed that many countries remain underdeveloped whereas they a great
literacy rate.

Garcia et, al.(2006) Nigerians facing many challenges including, reducing

poverty, diversifying its economy from the gas and oil sector toward more
intensive sectors, and improving health and education level. The oil crises
increase the economic volatatility and inflation. To add to it unrest situation of

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government revenues and the crowding of the agriculture (Which provide the
income of the poor) have made the situation version. Industry is also playing a
little role for reducing the poverty.

Ford (2007) talk about the oil crises in Nigeria and this area is famous for oil the
producing region of Nigeria. He explain that poverty has a linked to crime rates,
especially in the Niger Delta region.

It is the area where is a big difference between poor and the rich. The main cause
of this problem is an unequal distribution of wealth. In Nigerian society the
common way to get wealth is to participate in the political activities. Most of the
Nigerian politician involves in political activities. Many people have written
about the poverty trend in Pakistan. These people focus on the rural and urban
poverty. A number of studies explain the causes of poverty on provincial and
regional level. The first survey conducted in 1963/64 and the most recent in
2001/02. This study also helped the policy makers to reduce the poverty in
Pakistan.

Awan et, al. (2008) Explored the consequences of poverty in Pakistan by using
the household integrated survey of 1998-99 to 2001-02 they used different
methods for this purpose. They used different levels of education, gender of
employed person and experience as determinants of poverty. They explained that
educational achievements were inversely related to poverty.
Chaudhry Iqbal and Gillani (2009) used time series data to investigate the
causality between higher education and economic growth in Pakistan. They
applied Johansen co-integration approaches in a vector auto regressive framework
and Toda-Yamamoto (1995) causality technique in their experience for the period
of 1972 to 2005. The result of this analysis approach confirms the relation
between education, child labor and GDP.

A number of studies have been conducted to address poverty problems and its
dimension in Pakistan regarding poverty lines, inequality absolute verses relative
poverty, unemployment, and diverse policies, social welfare program, institution

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reforms, gender, and demographic factors during the three last decades. A brief
review of some studies are given below,

Ali and Nishat (2010) observed the effect of foreign inflows on poverty through
education, education, health and other human development indicators. They used
different approaches to cointigration a time series data for the period of 1972 to
2008 in case of Pakistan. Both found basic relationships between poverty, infant
mortality foreign inflows and female enrolment.

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Chapter # 3

Research Methodology

The present chapter aims to explain the tools, methods and techniques which are
being used to conduct the study in hand. The present chapter discusses the
research design, Population, Sampling and justification of sampling strategy,
research design, research technique, tool of data collection and the strategy of
analysis to find out the results.

Research design

In the present study the researcher used the quantitative research design to
formulate the research process.

Justification

The quantitative research design was used by the researcher for the following
reasons:

Because this type of research aims to make predictions, establish facts and test
hypothesis that have already stated, that support evidence about hypothesis.

Population

A population is the total of all the individuals who have certain characteristics and
are of interest to a researcher.

The researcher used layyah as a population for research purpose.

Target population

. The researcher used the housing as a target population.

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Justifications

The researcher selected housing colony as a target population it is because it is

badly affected of poverty .The people living below the poverty line.

Sample

Sample is a set or part of population. The researcher selected the twenty male and
female as a sample.

Sampling technique

The researcher used purposive sampling as a sampling technique. The researcher

used this technique because the respondents are easily available for this condition
of research.

Tools of data collections

Interview schedule used by the researcher as a tool of data collection.

Interview schedule

A set of questions with structured answers to guide an observer, interviewer,

researcher or investigator.A set of questions which are asked by an interviewer
and filled in on the spot in a face to face interaction with another person.(Good
and Hat) It is a name applied to a set of questions which are asked and filled in
by the investigator himself.(P.V.Young)

Justification

The main and useful characteristics of interview schedule for the researcher is that
the researcher take interview of educated as well as uneducated respondents .The
other characteristics of this type of interview is that the personal observation of
the researcher involves .

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Field experience

The field experience was very exciting for the researcher. All the respondents
were friendly and that experience increases the observational capacity of the
researcher .In short, all the respondents were kind, humble and simple. They were
very cooperative so it was better experience for the researcher.

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Chapter # 4

Data Analysis

Age

Child 0

Adolescents 14

Adult 6

Gender

Male 20

Female 0

Marital status

Married 6

Unmarried 14

Question no 1………………………………..10

1.Inflation as a cause of poverty?

All people says yes that inflation is cause of poverty. Pakistan is an

underdeveloped country .Today the people of Pakistan are facing poverty because
of inflation.

2.Lack of education is a cause of poverty?

All people says yes that lack of education is cause of poverty. Mostly people in
rural areas are not educated so this is the main and important factors of poverty in
rural areas.

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3.Political Instability is a cause of poverty?

All people says yes that political instability is a cause of poverty. After the
creation of Pakistan there is a instability in Pakistan. Many martial laws have been
taken by the pak army. These type of factors also a cause of poverty.

4.Lack of technical skills is a cause of poverty?

All people says yes that lack of technical skills is a cause of poverty. Lack of
skills is also a cause of poverty. Basically Pakistan is a agricultural country.
Today in this modern age Pakistan holds the position of agrarian society. There
are no new technical skills in Pakistan to fulfill the need of country.

5.Is poverty leads a person towards crime?

All people says yes that poverty leads a person towards crime. Unemployment is
also common in Pakistan’s society. Unemployment encourages people towards
crime. Because the people have no way to meet the basic needs.

6.Poverty effect on your health?

All people says yes that poverty effect on our health. when people have no basic
and proper food then factors become the cause of poverty..

7.Government policies is responsible for poverty?

The government policies are the reason of poverty. The government introduce
policies for the country. But when the government thinks these policies are not
generating the positive results, they change their policies except to think about the
failure of first policy.

8.Poverty lead family issue?

All people says yes that family issues occur due to poverty. Today poverty is
creating many issues in the family system it is because family cannot run without
better economic condition. It is creates tension, uncomfort, depressive and
oppressive situation for the family.

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Interview schedule
A sociological analysis of causes and effects of poverty

I am student of bs sociology7th semester. This research report is very important

part of my study. This research report is just for research purpose.

Thanks for your cooperation.

Age………………………… Gender………………………….Marital
status……………….

1. Do you think inflation is a cause of poverty?

Yes No

2. Do you think lack of education is a cause of poverty?

Yes No

3. What you think political instability is a cause of poverty?

Yes No

4. Do you think lack of technical skills is a cause of poverty?

Yes No

5. Do you think poverty leads a person towards crime?

Yes No

6. Did poverty effect on your health?

Yes No

7. Did poverty lead family issue?

Yes No
8.Goverment policies is responsible for Poverty?

Yes No

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Chapter No 5

Summary

After analyzing the data the researcher observed that poverty is a big problem of
the Pakistan. Natural disaster, political instability, lack of education, lack of
technical skills, lack of natural resources, government policies are the major cause
of poverty. But the researcher observed that lack of education, natural disasters
and inflation is the major cause of poverty.

The government is not fully aware about the problems of poor people in Pakistan.
The policy of government is not effective to fulfill the need of poor. After the
failure of one policy, the government introduces new policy before realizing the
failure of first policy.

Another cause of poverty is corruption .Everyone is trying to earn more and more
money by using fair and unfair means. Law and order situation is also bad in
Pakistan.

The literacy rate in Pakistan is not satisfactory. Most of the people in Pakistan do
not know about the modern way of earning. The main reason is dishonesty and
irresponsible behavior of the people.

Suggestion to reducing poverty

1. Introduce good policies:

It is very important for the government to introduce such policies which are
favorable for the people. Many policies of the government are not good enough to
fulfill the need of the poor people.

2. Reduce taxes:

Today the Pakistani people are facing the inflation and other main reason is the
burden of taxes. The poor people have no capability to face both problems so
taxes should be reduced.

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3. Control corruption:

Corruption is a course for every society but in Pakistan the situation is horrible.
Pakistani people have no morality regarding poverty. It’s reached its peak. It’s
pivotal for the government to control poverty.

4. Spread education in rural areas:

The rural areas are badly affected regarding lack of education. They just depend
on agriculture and some people living below the line of poverty. So it’s very
important for government to increase education in the rural areas.

5. Provide basic needs to poor:

In Pakistan some people are living below the line of poverty and they are not able
to fulfill their needs. Government should provide basic needs to the poor.

6. Equality for all:

In Pakistan some people have to face social stratification. They have no equal
rights but in fact the constitution of Pakistan assures equal rights for all. We can
reduce poverty through equality.

Develop technical skills among people:

It is very important for the government to introduce technical skills for the people.
If people were skilled then it is very important for the development of country.

7. Decrease import and increase export:

Our exports are not enough for the fulfilling needs of the country so it’s very
important to increase our imports for the development of country.

Reference:
ahsankhaneco.blogspot.com

www.poverty.ac.uk
https://en.wikipedia.org>wiki

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