Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Florea Dinu
Lecture 10: 21/02/2014
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Fixed base
For large moments at the base, stiffened base plates are recommended.
Principle:
- Anchor bolts outside the base plate
- Bigger tolerances of the bolts crossbeam
- Bending moment transferred through stiffeners
- Shear force may be transferred through
embedment
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
stiffened cleat
For smaller loads the base plate may be without stiffeners. In that case
bending resistance of the plate is limited.
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
M
N
V
bolts outside
the base plate
tolerances
± 50
shear connector
Plastic resistance:
ℓ 1. e ≤ 0,4 L No tension.
N Check condition: B(L - 2e)fjd ≥ N
e
2. e > 0,4 L eg. L≈ 2ℓ
T fjd L x
N e d C L d 0 x1,2
C = Bxfjd T 2 2
d x
L N T C 0 T (used for ø of bolts)
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Elastic resistance
Elastic behaviour approach may
be less conservative for design of the
ℓ anchor bolts. Less common procedure.
N
T e
Equilibrium conditions:
n Aa
fjd for elastic distribution
T
C
x x/3 and ratio due to the elastic behaviour:
d L
x Ld
f jd f T
jd
n Aa
Base plate
Choose thickness t effective width c
Calculated compressive reaction C (given by the effective area)
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 5
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T C
stiffeners may be
plates or UPN/UPE
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 7
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wall girder
Plan wiev (usually not used, carries the gravity load)
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Tall wall
Wiew 1 - 1'
longitudinal wind girder
wind girder
(horizontal)
transverse wind girder
1'
Rail design
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 9
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L L
SLS: max (glassed wall max )
250 300
rail
alternativelly t ≈ 8 ÷ 10 mm base
plate
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 10
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Lcr,y = L
Lcr,z = rails distance (connected to bracings)
base
• tall wall
purlin
roof
column
wind girder
base
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 12
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
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W1 W1
W2 B
W2 B
horizontal girder
e e
= B e (or W2 e )
M
horizontal girder
L
Eccentrically placed bracing
B L lead to an additional horizontal
load to the frame column.
M
L
e
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
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Cladding
• masonry filling: thickness 15 cm, area < 18 m2, not much used any more
• profiled sheeting (similarly for roofing): liner tray
inner trapezoidal sheeting thermal insulation
section
rail
thermal
insulation
spacer outer trapezoidal
profile sheeting
Z, ∏ insulation strip insulation
trapezoidal strip
sheeting
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 15
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(cr 3) No limitation
Frames
Cross sections of portal frames
One-bay (portal) frame: span up to 80 m
At present usually:
• pinned based columns (or ”erection stiff”),
• site connections mostly with end plates and pretensioned bolts (instead of splices),
• haunched rafters and columns.
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 17
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 18
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
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Analysis:
a) Space analysis of the building as a whole (demanding);
b) Approximate analysis using continuous girder on elastic supports:
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Requirements:
- during assembly the structure is non-stiff, secure by temporary bracings, props ...
- the cladding must be effective all the structure life (mind fire, rebuilding ...)
- suitable for short industrial buildings (L/B < 4), with stiff gables.
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Vaznicepurlin
(příčný prvek) Va
Example of b
shear field: b
Smyková spojka
shear connector
sheeting
Přípoje
connections
plech/plech Va Přípoje
shear connector
Přípoje
sheeting–purlin v b smykové spojky
V plech/vaznice
joint V joint
a
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
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Cranes
portal crane
rail
hinge
underslung crane
hoist
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Overhead cranes
Crane runway beam
beam supports:
rail most common:
horizontal ( , rail profile)
girder not sensitive for settling
in support, but deflection
is often limiting >> heavy
main beam
struts
I, H L/10 ÷ L/15
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
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stiffener
Z
not
supporting profile
L≤6m struts or truss
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Rectifying principles:
connection to
column filler plates
flange
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
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• variable:
- vertical action of cranes QH (hoist load given in crane tables)
- horizontal actions acts at rail vertex:
crab
Dynamic effects:
- introduced approximately by dynamic coefficients 1 up to 7:
e.g.: for vertical actions 1 up to 4, depends on hoisting speed, crane type ...
for drive horizontal actions 5 according to drive, etc.
SLS:
Generally is checked vibration.
Practical calculation consists in determination of deflections (max < L/600 ≤ 25 mm).
Global analysis
In case of moving loading the influence lines should be used. E.g. for Mmax in section x
the Winkler criterion is valid: x
Fi R
L
However, usually Mmax and Vmax within all girder length is required:
e.g. 4 forces
position for Mmax = M3 position for Vmax
1st crane 2nd crane (heavier)
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 28
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Example: V V
(necessary to try numerically)
s
y G
S truss may be replaced by a plate
with thickness teff of the same
z shear stiffenes
assign to upper
2. Approximate (conservative) introduction of H: flange
He
H HT H + HT
H h
e
G
= + h ≈ 15 tw
tw
HT
for design of bottom flange
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 29
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
∆ E,2 fat ∆
stress range caused by the fatigue loads acc. to EN 1991
max. 100
(buckling) DC 80
r
DC 112 (for manual weld DC 100)
DC 80
DC 112 (for manual weld DC 100)
acc. DC 80
need
For web to flange II → DC 80
fillet welds:
and → DC 36*
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B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Single storey Industrial buildings 31
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
The SUSCOS powerpoints are covered by copyright and are for the
exclusive use by the SUSCOS teachers in the framework of this Erasmus
Mundus Master. They may be improved by the various teachers
throughout the different editions.
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florea.dinu@upt.ro
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos