LIMIT STATE OF

COLLAPSE IN SHEAR
& BOND
MODES OF CRACKING
MODES OF CRACKING
MODES OF CRACKING
Flexural cracks
• In beams with High flexural stress and low shear stress
• Occur when maximum principal stress in outer fibre is flexural stress
Shear Cracks/ Diagonal tension cracks
• In short span deep beams with thin webs subjected to high shear
stress
• Maximum principal stress at neutral axis at an inclination of 45˚ to
the neutral axis
Flexure Shear Cracks
• Flexural crack in combination with diagonal tension crack
• Flexural crack forms first and due to increased shear stress at tip of
crack extends to diagonal tension crack
MODES OF CRACKING
Secondary cracks or splitting cracks
• Inclined crack propagates along the tension reinforcement
towards the support
• Due to wedging action of tension bar deformations
• Transverse ‘ dowel forces’ by tension bars resisting relative
transverse displacements between the two segments of the
beam
SHEAR TRANSFER MECHANISM
SHEAR TRANSFER MECHANISM

• Shear Resistance Vcz of the uncracked portion of concrete

• Vertical component Vay of the interface shear force Va
• Dowel force Vd in the tension reinforcement due to dowel
action
• Shear reinforcement Vs carried by the shear reinforcement

V = Vcz + Vay + Vd + Vs
SHEAR TRANSFER MECHANISM

• In the noncracked stage applied shear is resisted entirely by

concrete
• At the instance of flexural cracking, redistribution of stresses
and some interface shear and dowel action develops
• At the stage of diagonal tension cracking, shear reinforcement
contributes significantly to resist shear. All four mechanisms
are effective at this stage.
• Increased longitudinal reinforcement in flexural tension
enhances dowel action, controls the propagation of flexural
cracks and increase the depth of neutral axis
• Higher the percentage tension reinforcement, greater the shear
reinforcement up to limit
SHEAR TRANSFER MECHANISM

Beams without shear reinforcement

• Stirrups not enclosed by stirrups, little restraint against splitting
failure
• Dowel force is small
• Rapid crack propagation resulting in fall in Va
• Reduction in area of uncracked concrete
• Breakdown of any of the mechanisms may cause immediate
failure
• Behaviour of beams without shear reinforcement cannot be
predicted beyond the stage of diagonal cracking
• Members should be designed so that the shear capacity is
high enough to ensure ductile flexural failure
Beams with shear reinforcement
• Shear resistance continues to increase even after inclined
cracking
• Until the shear reinforcement yields in tension
• Vs <= Vus
• Additional shear resisted by increments in Vcz, Vd and Vay
• With increasing crack width, Vay decreases forcing Vcz, Vd to
increase at a faster rate until splitting failure occurs or concrete in
compression zone gets crushed
• Due to pronounced yielding of shear reinforcement failure is
gradual and ductile
• If excessive shear reinforcement, shear compression mode of
failure
Web Shear

Flexural Tension Shear

Flexural Compression Shear

 Vertical stirrups

Inclined stirrups

Bent up bars
TYPES OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Shear reinforcement/ Web reinforcement/ Transverse

reinforcement
• Stirrups perpendicular to beam axis
• Stirrups inclined to beam axis
• Longitudinal bars bent up (not more than 2 at time) inclined at
45˚ to 60˚ to beam axis
• Most common type is the two legged stirrup
• Stirrups most effective in enhancing overall shear resistance
• Improved dowel action of longitudinal tension bars by
restraining them from undergoing transverse displacements
• U shaped open stirrups sufficient for shear
• Closed stirrups resist torsion and confine compression
reinforcement
BENT UP BARS
• Direction of bending of tension bar or inclined stirrup should be
such that it intercepts the potential inclined crack nearly at right
angles thus restraining opening up and propagation of crack
• Bent up bar must be properly anchored
• Bent up bars alone should not be provided. Stirrups should be
provided to ensure aqequate dowel action of longitudinal bars
• Cl 40.4 :