Determination of Modification Factor R For Seismic Design of Pressure Vessels Using ASME and Eurocodes

Proceedings of PVP2005
2005 ASME Pressure Vessels andProceedings of Conference

Piping Division PVP2005
2005 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference
July 17-21, 2005, Denver, Colorado USA
PVP2005-71372
PVP2005-71372
DETERMINATION OF MODIFICATION FACTOR R FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF
PRESSURE VESSELS USING ASME AND EUROCODES
N. Kokavesis Ch. Botsis

Asprofos Engineering S.A., 284 El. Venizelou Asprofos Engineering S.A., 284 El. Venizelou
17675 Kallithea Athens, Greece 17675 Kallithea Athens, Greece
ABSTRACT design philosophies and structural design codes is

established.
The design of pressurized equipment such as
columns, towers and reactors, heaters subjected to INTRODUCTION
external loads is important from a safety point of
view. Pressure vessel design codes provide The design of pressure equipment such as columns,
guidelines for the combination of membrane stresses towers, reactors, and fired heaters, subjected to
due to external loads and hoop stress. Customarily external loads, is important from a safety point of
the seismic loads imposed by pressure vessel design view. Pressurized process equipment form an
codes are functions of allowable stress. integral part of chemical, refinery plants, and nuclear
The factor R is a modification factor of the design power plants. They are used to realize the chemical
response spectrum. Its numerical value is based the processes and energy transfer in these plants and
capacity of a structural system to resist seismic they operate under high pressure and or temperature.
actions in the nonlinear range. It generally reduces It is therefore important they do not fail in operation.
the seismic design forces to be smaller than those This may lead to loss of life and enormous property
corresponding to a linear elastic response. damage. To avoid such failures the design,
The Uniform Building Code (UBC) has been used construction, inspection, and testing of pressurized
extensively for the seismic design of pressure equipment is based on codes and standards required
vessels. With the advent of EUROCODES [2], the by State and the additionally by the Owner of the
values proposed by UBC for factor R (usually 3 or 4) equipment.
are not automatically accepted by local authorities. Several codes and standards are used today for their
The pressure vessel mechanical designer must select design such ASME, API, CODAP, and AD-
a factor R that satisfies both the requirements of the Merkblatter. These Codes establish basic rules upon
pressure vessel code and the structural design code which the design is based. These rules provide
(local code) where the vessel is installed. This general guidelines to calculate the thickness of each
problem has also been acknowledged by several part of the vessel such as shell, heads, and nozzles.
collogues in the past PVP conferences. Design pressure and temperature are the primary
design parameters. Pressure vessel Codes also
In this paper the factor R is examined using require that external loads are considered in
ASME [10] codes and the guidelines provided by determining the thickness of the vessel components.
EUROCODES. A common basis for the selection of Allowable stress design codes or pressure vessel
the factor R that satisfies both allowable stress Codes provide rules for combining the stresses
1 Copyright © 2005 by ASME
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PVP2005-71372
arising from external loads with hoop stress. unsafe (i.e. a violation of the strength limit state) or
External loads are due to wind, earthquake, and unsuitable for its intended function (i.e. violation of
impact and depend on the location where the vessel the serviceability limit state). In a limit state design,
is installed. The stresses due to external loads the structure or structural component is designed in
calculated and compiled by the vessel designer. accordance to its limits of usefulness, which may be
External loads due to earthquake and wind are most strength, serviceability or economy related.
important for sizing process equipment in addition to Serviceability refers to the proper functioning of the
internal pressure. In Greece seismic events are structure as related to its appearance, maintainability,
frequent. Therefore it is necessary that seismic and durability under normal, or service load,
design are seriously considered. In countries of high conditions. Deflection, vibration, permanent
seismicity, external loads imposed to design deformation, cracking, and corrosion are same
structures in energy related installations can be 100 design considerations associated with serviceability.
times larger than those imposed by wind. When an Economy is concerned with the overall material,
earthquake event takes place, the ground undergoes construction, and labour costs required for the
accelerations mainly in the horizontal directions and design, fabrication, erection, and maintenance
to a lesser degrees in the vertical direction. When the processes of the structure. The advantage of this
ground accelerates, it pulls the base of a structure method is that it permits the definition of direct
along with it and depending on its flexibility, its criteria for strength and serviceability taking into
upper sections have the tendency to remain at rest account the uncertainties of loading, strength and
[12][14]. However, all sections due to structural structural analysis as well as questions such as the
continuity must eventually move. When the upper consequences of failure.
sections of the structure begins to move, its base The Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method,
moves in a different direction. This relative motion both load effects and resistance are treated as
between the equipments base and its upper parts, random variables. Their variability and uncertainties
produced by the inertial forces. As a result bending were represented by frequency distribution curves. A
stress develop along the vessel’s shell. The design is considered satisfactory according to the
maximum bending moment occurs at the base and it strength criterion if the resistance exceeds the load
is sustained by the vessel’s skirt, legs, or saddles. effects by a considerable margin.
The problem reduces to finding the total horizontal Considering the ultimate limit state of a particular
force acting as shear at base. structure, for failure to occur r-s ≤ 0, where r=rk/γm is
the design strength of the structure and s=f(γf qk) the
Structural design codes provide general structural design loading effects. Here γm and γf are partial
design requirements that have been used in the safety factors; rk and qk are characteristic values of
seismic design of process equipment. Customarily resistance and load options, generally chosen such
the seismic loads imposed by structural design codes that 95% of samples representing rk will exceed this
are a probability of failure function. value and 95% of the applied forces will be less than
qk. The partial safety factor is applied to the nominal
STRUCTURAL –LIMIT STATE DESIGN resistance of the structural component to account for
any uncertainties associated with the determination
Consideration of levels of safety in structural design of its strength. A load factor is applied to each load
has been applied through the concept of limit state type to account for the uncertainties and difficulties
design which is a probability based limit state design associated with the actual load magnitude. Different
procedure. A limit state is defined as a condition in load factors are used for different load types to
which a structure or structural component becomes reflect the degree of uncertainties associated with the
PVP2005-71372
determination of load magnitudes. In general a lower 1.25 for design of connections (bolts,
load factor is used for a load that is more predictable, welding).
and a higher load factor is used for a load that is less
predictable. This also means that the constant value In 1990 the new Greek seismic regulation imposes
of safety factor used in the allowable stress design all seismic loading to be multiplied by 1.70. This
approach does not mean that there is the same means that concrete members from this point on
probability of failure. have to be designed by the LRFD method where the
The probability of failure is then : p(r-s ≤ 0)=p. if the allowable stress design method was applicable.
value of p, say 10-6 , is prescribed, it is possible to
calculate values of the partial safety factors, γm and EAK 2000 AND EUROPEAN SEISMIC
γf, for the limit state equation consistent with this REGULATIONS
probability of failure. In order to do this, however, it
is necessary to define the load effects and structural EAK 2000 [1](the Greek Seismic Regulation) is
resistance in statistical terms. This is rarely possible based upon Eurocode 8 which is the European
is in practice. The partial safety factors, therefore, seismic regulation. This regulation which is based
cannot be calculated in a precise way. They have to upon an LRFD approach, is defined as a function of
be determined on the basis of construction the following parameters :
methodology, experience and laboratory testing - a, which is the effective peak ground
based on a background of statistical theory. acceleration which is defined on the basis
The limit state design approach have been that 90% probability of the ground motions
introduced in Germany in 1954 by Din 4114 shall not being exceeded in 50 years.
“Stability of Steel Structures”. The structures have to - βο, the spectral acceleration amplification
be checked by the 2nd order theory increased by the factor, which generally depends on the
factor of γtot=1.70 for h loading and 1.50 for hz following factors : the frequency content of
loading. the motion, the ratio between the duration of
The “Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design the motion and the structure’s fundamental
of Petrochemical Facilities”, task committee on period, the selected probability of not being
seismic evaluation and design of petrochemical exceeded, and the peak ground acceleration.
facilities, ASCE, defines the load factor for the An amplification factor of 2.50 is usually
gravity load to be between 0.9 and 1, while for the assumed giving a probability of not being
seismic loading (as defined by UBC) 1.4 and for the exceeded lying between 70 and 80% in 50
wind loading 1.3. years.
Eurocode 8 and EAK 2000 (Greek Seismic - η, the damping correction factor which has a
regulation) defines load factors to be unity for the value of 1.0 for 5% damping.
earthquake load combination. The live load factor - I, the importance factor with values between
which is taken as 0.3. For the non earthquake load 1 and 1.6. buildings are generally classified
combinations the dead load factor is taken as 1.35 in various categories depending on the size of
and the live load factor as 1.50. The following the building, its value and importance for
material factors are also used: public safety and the probability of human
losses in the case of a collapse.
γm = 1.50 for concrete design - s, the soil parameter with a reference value of
1.15 for steel reinforcing bars 1.0 which also defines the shape of the
1.10 for steel structures spectrum.
PVP2005-71372
- θ, the foundation factor with a reference qo= coefficient which shows the ability of the
factor of 1.0. structure to redistribute the force after the
- q, the behavior factor development of the first plastic hinge and take
further loading.
The last factor which is probably the most
important in defining the design seismic
spectrum is analyzed below. UBC DESIGN CODE
The capacity of structural systems to resist
seismic actions in the nonlinear range generally According to UBC design code the design
permits their design for forces smaller than those seismic forces depend upon the following
corresponding to a linear elastic response. To parameters :
avoid explicit nonlinear analysis in design, the - I, the building importance factor
energy dissipation capacity of the structure is - Z, the zone factor with values from 0.1 to 0.4
examined. The ductile behavior of its elements, - C, numerical coefficient determined upon the
is taken into account by performing a linear structures fundamental period and the type of
analysis based on a reduced response spectrum, soil.
henceforth called design spectrum. This - R, the response modification factor similar in
reduction is accomplished by introducing the nature with the q factor used in EAK 2000.
behavior factor. UBC, 1997 introduces Z factors for many areas
The behavior factor expresses generally the outside USA, including Greece. For the
ability of a structure or a structural component to coefficients given, however, for the various parts
absorb earthquake energy with plastic of Greece there is clearly a contradiction with the
deformation. Its strength is not drastically seismicity map of Greece given in EAK 2000.
reduced. The conditions that affect the behavior
factor are the available plasticity, structural VESSEL CODE AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN
redundancy, hysteretic damping and others. EAK PHILOSOPHY
2000 and Eurocode 8 [5] provide simple
guidelines that define the behavior factor q in As mentioned earlier, pressure vessel code design
systems having variable systems either in the criteria are the basic rules upon which the design is
horizontal or in the vertical sense. based. These rules establish design methods, design
Elastic response corresponds generally to q=1. In loads, allowable stresses, permitted materials,
general the behavior factor is defined as: construction details, fabrication techniques,
q = fe* / fe = (fe* /fy) (fy /fe ) = qd qo, where : inspection testing, certification and quality control.
fe* = the maximum elastic response of the system Such an elaborate design philosophy is used, because
(corresponding to q=1) pressure vessels are constructed from several welded
fe = the design force of the structure parts such shell courses, heads, nozzles and flanges.
corresponding generally to the appearance of the In pressure vessel Codes, the allowable stress design
first hinge method is used for proportioning the pressure parts
fy = maximum force that the structure can elements of a pressure vessel. The hoop stress that
accept to become a plastic mechanism. occurS in the pressure membrane is equal to the
qd = coefficient which depends upon the ability allowable stress. When the hoop stress is combined
of the structure or the structural component to with the stresses due to external loads the primary
deform and absorb energy through inelastic stresses are way below yield. This also due to the
deformation.
PVP2005-71372
fact that allowable stress is further reduced by using stress. The combined stress in the structure is
weld efficiency factors. allowed is up to yield point by proper sizing each
component. The load factor is calculated for each
In structural design codes the strength design method equipment depending on its ability to withstand
(LRFD) [4] is used for proportioning the structural plastic deformation without failure. The structural
elements. The computed stresses, produced in them factor R determines the structural redundancy of a
by factored load combinations, do not exceed the structure based on the point of support. For
yield of the material of construction. Such design equipment designed according to ASME VIII,
approach is common in the design of concrete and Division 1 for pressure, and EUROCODES for
masonry structures. The ultimate capacity of seismic design, the calculated shear forces are twice
structure is related to design load by a safety factor when UBC is used for seismic design. UBC provides
often referred to as load factor. A structure is then special seismic design requirements for pressure
proportioned based on its ability to operate at its vessels. However the inconsistency at the concrete
ultimate strength using a load factor. The safety base exists because the anchor bolts and concrete are
factor is realized in the calculated load. sized using EUROCODES.
The other case where the forced merge occurs when

PRESSURE VESSEL AND STRUCTURAL installation license and compliance with local
CODE FORCED-MEETING POINTS regulation of State government are required. This is
especially true when a pressurized spherical tank is
There are two cases where a process equipment to be installed in a refinery or chemical plant. With
mechanical designer is forced to merge pressure the advent of EUROCODES in the European
code and structural design code in his design. community for the in a member State to install and
In the first case the merge is due to the fact that operate such a tank both codes are to be used for the
process equipment are heavy and need to be design due to pressure and external loads. Due to the
anchored. The anchor points such as bolts and inconsistency of the loads at the base from the two
concrete base rings are in the scope of structure codes, design using both codes is a formidable task.
design codes. The process equipment or pressure
vessel is in the design scope of vessel code or STRUCTURAL DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS
allowable stress design philosophy code. Pressure OF PRESSURIZED EQUIPMENT
vessel codes such as ASME do not provide
guidelines for the calculation of seismic loads. The Vessel codes do not cover all the design criteria or
external loads in equivalent static analysis are design aspects of design. Structural design codes such as
loads. This means that the loads are based on UBC, ASCE and EUROCODES can be used to
empirical parametric design considerations and cover the seismic design of pressure vessels.
penalty functions and they are not necessarily the However, structural redundancy, design parameters
ones the equipment will be subjected to. In vessel such allowable stress design, pressure stiffening and
code the external loads especially the seismic loads dynamic response, actual field experience, and
are functions of the allowable stresses. The safety material over strength must be considered by the
factor is realized by allowing the combined stress vessel designer.
due to contained pressure and bending stresses from
seismic loads to reach only a portion of yield in the
material of construction. In structural codes the FACTOR R-STRUCTURAL REDUNDANCY
seismic loads are increased load factors of yield AND DUCTILITY FACTOR
PVP2005-71372
In order to account for dynamic effects when an
As discussed earlier the structural factor R in equivalent static analysis is performed for the
EUROCODE represents both the structural seismic analysis of process equipment, a penalty or
redundancy and a structure’s ability to sustain plastic intensification factor is used to account for the
deformation without failure. Its value ranges from 1 effects of higher vibration modes [12].
to 4. This is similar to UBC, Rw. Multiple node This intensification factor is usually about 2.5 or
structural system as a truss undoubtedly would be higher. This means that the shear forced calculated
assigned a R value of 4. There is enough structural for a given seismic profile, and a process equipment
redundancy built into such structural systems. installed in given seismic location, would be 2.5
Applying the same philosophy to a pressure vessel, a higher should the equipment behaved as a rigid
value of 1.5, most likely, would be used for R. body.
However, a pressure vessel due to allowable stress
design has a margin of safety of 1.8 to yield for For vertical pressure vessels, as it was mentioned
membrane stresses which includes the seismic before the modal frequencies are spaced apart and
stresses, for vessels built according to ASME VIII the only the first mode is significant. This makes it
division 1. Such vessel has a ductility reserve. The difficult for “neighbour” modes to become activated
factor R could be doubled to 3.0 before the vessel simultaneously as the vessel goes through a time
even starts to sustain any plastic deformation. history event at progressing frequencies. Therefore
the intensification factor of 2.5 is very conservative
one for vessels up to 50 meters tall.
FREQUENCY SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
A frequency sensitivity analysis was performed to
simulate a range of vertical pressure vessels using The factor R was discussed as a function of the
the finite element method. The modal frequencies allowable stress design philosophy and ultimate
and mode shapes were calculated for several models design. Seismic loads in pressure vessels are design
using the ANSYS finite element code. The length L, loads that allow elastic post earthquake behaviour.
varied from 10 meters to 60 meters, the outside This holds true for pressure vessels designed
diameter OD, varied from 1 meter to 4 meters, and according to ASME VIII division 1. Such vessels
the thickness t, varied from 0.00635 meters to 0.0762 have sufficient ductility to allow such behaviour.
meters. The results are shown on the table 1 below. The factor R can take a numerical value of three
The results show that the modes are spaced apart. without such vessels having failure by yielding or
The taller the vessel the more the modes become flange buckling. Factor R however is not a constant.
“closer”. Futhermore the mode participation factors Pressure vessels built to higher allowable stress
show that the first mode is significant with all of values than ASME VIII Division 1 will have a
the mass of the vessel participating. Only as the smaller ductility reserve, and the factor R needs to be
vessels were more than 50 meters taller the second reduced.
mode had a mass participation of about 60 percent.
That was true for vessels with diameter of less than 2 The modal analysis showed that the intensification
meters. factor (usually 2.5) used in equivalent static design
can be relaxed such that forces derived from the
analysis are yet “elastic”.
DYNAMIC RESPONSE
PVP2005-71372
In further work the amount of ductility built in the plated structures without transverse loading, ,
design shall be examined as a function of the design European Committee for Standardization
code.
[9] Eurocode 3, Design of steel structures, Part 1-
7 : General rules – Supplementary rules for planar
REFERENCES plated structural elements without of plane
loading, European Committee for Standardization
[1] EAK 2000, Greek Seismic Regulation (2000).
[10] “Rules for Construction of Unfired Pressure
[2] Eurocode 3, design of steel structures – part 4- vessels”, Section VIII, ASME Boiler and Pressure
2 : silos, tanks and pipelines – tanks, european Vessel code, 1995 Edition
committee for standardization (1999).
[11] “Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and
[3] Eurocode 3, Design of Steel Structures – Part Other Structures,” A58.1-1945, American
1-6 : General Rules – Supplementary Rules for Standards Association, New York, N.Y., 1945
the Shell Structures, European Committee for
Standardization (1999). [12]“The Design of Vertical Pressure Vessels
Subjected to Applied Forces”, E.O.Bergman,
[4]Eurocode 1, basis of design and actions on ASME Transactions, 195
structures – part 2-4 : actions on structures – wind
actions, european committee for standardization [13] K.C Karamchandani, N.K. Gupta, Evaluation
(1995). of Percent Critical Damping of Process Towers”,
Hydrocarbon Processing , May 1982.
[5] Eurocode 8, Design Provisions for Earthquake
Resistance of Structures – Part 4 : Silos, Tanks [14] C.E.Freese, “Vibrations of Vertical Pressure
and Pipelines, European Committee for Vessels”, Journal of Engineering for Industry,
Standardization (1998). page 77, Feb. 1959
[6] Egorov, K.E., Konovalov, P.A., Kitaykina, [15] Eli Czerniak “Foundation Design Guide for
D.V., Salnikov, L.F., and Zinovyev, A.V., (1977), Stacks and Towers”, , Hydrocarbon Processing,
“Soil deformation under circular footing”, Proc. June 1969.
9th JCSMFE, Tokyo, Vol.1, pp. 489-492

1 : Silos, tanks and pipelines – Silos, European
Committee for Standardization

5 : General rules – Supplementary rules for planar
Table 1. Modal Frequencies
PVP2005-71372
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
[t] [Hz] [Hz] [Hz] [Hz] [Hz] [Hz] [Hz] [Hz]
meter
s
OD=1m
L=10m .00635 9.85
.0381 9.55
.0762 9.21
OD=1m
L=20m .00635 2.49 15.25
OD=1m 0.0635 1.11 6.89 18.9 26.37

L=30m
0.0762 1.03 6.43 17.74 26.37
OD=1m
0.0635 0.626 3.89 10.8 19.8 20.86
L=40m
0.0381 0.59 3.73 10.4 19.8 20.0
0.0762 0.584 3.64 10.1 19.5 19.8
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
meter
s
OD=1m
L=50m .00635 0.4 2.5 6.96 13.5 15.8 22.05 25.5
.0381 0.38 2.4 6.74 13.1 15.8 21.4 25.5
.0762 0.37 2.3 6.5 12.6 15.8 20.66 25.5
OD=1m
L=60m .00635 0.279 1.74 4.84 9.43 13.1 15.4 21.3 22.87
.0381 0.269 1.68 4.7 9.45 13.1 15.0 21.25 22.20
.0762 0.26 1.62 4.52 8.82 13.1 14.5 21.25 21.43
PVP2005-71372
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
meter
s
OD=2m
L=10m .00635 18.8
.0381 18.57
.0762 18.26
OD=2m
L=20m .00635 4.94
.0381 4.86
.0762 4.78
OD=2m
L=30m 0.0635 2.21 13.3 26.4
0.0762 2.18 13.1 26.37

OD=2m
L=40m
0.0635 1.25 7.64 19.7 20.6
0.0381 1.23 7.53 19.7 20.32
0.0762 1.21 7.4 19.7 19.98
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
meter
s
OD=2m
L=50m .00635 0.8 4.94 13.5 15.8 25.51 25.55
.0381 0.79 4.87 13.3 15.8 25.51 25.51
.0762 0.77 4.78 13.1 15.8 24.8 25.51
OD=2m
L=60m .00635 0.55 3.45 9.5 13.1 18.1 21.25
.0381 0.54 3.4 9.4 13.1 17.9 17.9
.0762 0.54 3.3 9.2 13.1 17.6 17.6
PVP2005-71372
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
meter
s
OD=3m
L=10m .00635 26.34
.0381
.0762 26.13
OD=3m
L=20m .00635 7.3
.0381 7.19
.0762 7.11
OD=3m
L=30m 0.0635 3.3 18.8 26.4
.0381 3.26 18.6 26.4
0.0762 3.22 18.4 26.4
OD=3m
L=40m
0.0635 1.86 11.1 19.8
0.0381 1.85 10.98 19.77
0.0762 1.82 10.8 19.77
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
meter
s
OD=3m
L=50m .00635 1.2 7.25 15.8 19.3 25.51
.0381 1.18 7.2 15.8 19.1 25.51
.0762 1.17 7.1 15.8 18.9 25.5
OD=3m
L=60m .00635 0.83 5.1 13.1 13.75 21.25 25.6
.0381 0.82 5.05 13.1 13.6 21.2 25.4
.0762 0.81 4.99 13.1 13.4 21.25 25.1
PVP2005-71372
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
meter
s
OD=4m
L=10m .00635 32.3 79.2
.0381
.0762
OD=4m
L=20m .00635 9.4 39.6
.0381 9.3 39.6
.0762 9.2 39.56
OD=4m
L=30m 0.0635 4.34 23.4 26.4
.0381 4.31 23.25 26.37
0.0762 4.27 23.1 26.37
OD=4m
L=40m
0.0635 2.47 14.1 19.8
0.0381 2.45 14.0 19.8
0.0762 2.43 13.9 19..8
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
meter
s
OD=4m
L=50m .00635 1.6 9.4 15.8 24.2 25.5
.0381 1.58 9.3 15.8 24.0 25.5
.0762 1.56 9.2 15.8 23.8 25.5
OD=4m
L=60m .00635 1.1 6.65 13.1 17.5 21.25
.0381
.0762 1.09 6.55 13.1 17.26 21.25

Determination of Modification Factor R For Seismic Design of Pressure Vessels Using ASME and Eurocodes

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Determination of Modification Factor R For Seismic Design of Pressure Vessels Using ASME and Eurocodes

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Proceedings of PVP2005

2005 ASME Pressure Vessels andProceedings of Conference

N. Kokavesis Ch. Botsis

ABSTRACT design philosophies and structural design codes is

1 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

2 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

3 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

4 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

The other case where the forced merge occurs when

5 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

6 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

[7] Eurocode 3, Design of steel structures, Part 4-

[8] Eurocode 3, Design of steel structures, Part 1-

Table 1. Modal Frequencies

7 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

OD=1m 0.0635 1.11 6.89 18.9 26.37

8 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

0.0762 2.18 13.1 26.37

9 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

10 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

11 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

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