Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Muhammed Emin BAŞAK, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
Department
Yildiz Technical University
E-mail: mebasak@yildiz.edu.tr
eminbasak@gmail.com
Room: T-404
Magnetic Field
• 10 facts about The Force
– Known for Hundreds of Years
• If free to rotate, permanent magnets point approximately
north-south.
• Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
• Permanent magnets attract some things (like iron and steel),
but not others (like wood and glass). Magnetic forces attract
only magnetic materials.
• Magnetic forces act at a distance, and they can act through
nonmagnetic barriers.
• Things attracted to a permanent magnet become temporary
magnets themselves.
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– Known only since the 19th Century
• A coil of wire with an electric current running through it
becomes a magnet.
• Putting iron inside a current-carrying coil greatly increases
the strength of the electromagnet.
• A changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a
conductor (like copper).
• A charged particle experiences no magnetic force when
moving parallel to a magnetic field, but when it is moving
perpendicular to the field it experiences a force perpendicular
to both the field and the direction of motion.
• A current-carrying wire in a perpendicular magnetic field
experiences a force perpendicular to both the wire and the
field.
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Single Phase, Three Phase Circuits
Three-phase four-wire
system
A Three-phase Generator
Voltages having 120 phase
difference
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Balanced Three Phase Voltages
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Three Phase Circuits
An AC generator designed to develop a single sinusoidal voltage for each rotation
of the shaft (rotor) is referred to as a single-phase AC generator.
If the number of coils on the rotor is increased in a specified manner, the result is
a Polyphase AC generator, which develops more than one AC phase voltage per
rotation of the rotor
In general, three-phase systems are preferred over single-phase systems for the
transmission of power for many reasons.
1. Thinner conductors can be used to transmit the same kVA at the same voltage,
which reduces the amount of copper required (typically about 25% less).
2. The lighter lines are easier to install, and the supporting structures can be less
massive and farther apart.
4. In general, most larger motors are three phase because they are essentially self-
starting and do not require a special design or additional starting circuitry.
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Input-Output Variables of an Ideal Transformer
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Single-phase transformer cross section with concentric HV
and LV coils on one core limb.
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The general expression for such impedance transformation of
impedance Z at voltage level V to Z at voltage level V is
V1 1 V2 2.
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Non Ideal Transformers
An ideal transformer has no power loss; all power applied to the primary is all
delivered to the load. Actual transformers depart from this ideal model. Some
loss mechanisms are:
Winding resistance: Causing power to be dissipated in the windings.
Hysteresis loss: Due to the continuous reversal of the magnetic field.
Core losses: Due to circulating current in the core (eddy currents).
Flux leakage: Flux from the primary that does not link to the secondary.
Winding capacitance: It has a bypassing effect for the windings.
The ideal transformer does not dissipate power. Power delivered from the
source is passed on to the load by the transformer.
The efficiency of a transformer is the ratio of power delivered to the load (Pout)
to the power delivered to the primary (Pin).
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Three-phase Generator
The three-phase generator has three induction coils placed 120° apart on
the stator.
The three coils have an equal number of turns, the voltage induced across
each coil will have the same peak value, shape and frequency.
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