Table of Content

S.No Topic/Module Page No.

1 Tips for trainees 2

2 Introduction Job Description 3-4

3 Soft Skill 5-9

4 Basic Computer 9-18

5 Hardware 18-20

6 Software 20-35

7 MS- Word 35-46

8 MS – Excel 47-84

9 MS – Access 84-124

10 Mining 124-132

11 Health & Safety 133-170

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 Tips for Trainees
1. Be punctual

2. Pay attention

3. Ask questions, no question is stupid question

4. Greet your teacher

5. Greet your peers and stay on friendly terms

6. Oblige with faculty and the Institute’s rules and regulations at all times

7. It pays to be regular to your classes

8. Practice makes you perfect, so practice as much as you can

9. Complete all tasks assigned to you, specially filling up this workbook as and when your
teacher says so

10. Participate and do not stay as a mute spectator

11. Be presentable, you may have a surprise outside faculty visit

12. Cooperate

13. Always get back to your trainer with all your doubts, do not hide behind them.

Who is a Data Entry Operator?

A data entry operator is a person who manages the incoming and outgoing statistical data of a
company.

A data entry operator types information into a computer program using a

keyboard and/or a computerized 10-key pad. These workers may enter names,
addresses, statistical information, business information, account numbers, or
other data. They are hired by companies and organizations that need to have
large quantities of data processed quickly, and on a regular basis.

Introduction – Job Description

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Module Overview – The module shall aid to introduce the new participants to the entire batch
and help express the participants’ expectations. This shall also introduce the new trade to the
participants and help them understand what to expect throughout the programme.

Module Objective – By the end of this module, the participants shall be able to:

a. State the job of a Domestic Data Entry Operator clearly

b. State highlights of the industry

c. State the importance of this industry

Session Plan

Session Objectives: Students get acquainted with each other; get to know the rules and
regulations at the Institute get to know the industry and the type of job they can get post
completion of course

Underpinning Theory: The students get settled with each other and are able to build a comfort
zone for a better classroom experience later on. They also get to know the rules which help
them perform in the desired manner. They also know about the job opportunities outside
Institutes so they know how they need to perform in classrooms.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF DUTIES:

Operates an alphanumeric keyboard to transcribe data

from a source document directly into a computer and verifies previously transcribed or entered
data; does related work as required.

DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF THE CLASS:

Under supervision, an incumbent of this class

audits documents/information to be entered, operates an alphanumeric keyboard to transcribe
and enter data and verifies previously entered information. Data is retrieved in the form of
routine records and reports. Assignments are received in the form of written or typed material
and become a part of a variety of database systems. In addition, the incumbent may be
required to perform routine clerical tasks associated with departmental assignment.

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This position is distinguished from the Office Assistant (Automated Systems) in that this
position is not responsible for using internally stored systems and procedures to produce
correspondence,
and a wide variety of reports, etc. Supervision is not a responsibility of this class.
EXAMPLES OF WORK: (Illustrative Only)

Receives and audits documents/information to be entered;

Transcribes, enters, and verifies data from a variety of source material including financial,
personnel, police and other records or reports;

Receives source documents from various departments, public, agencies, etc. and verifies
accuracy of material, prior to input;

Transcribes selected data into a computer and scans source documents in accordance with
specific program instructions;

Compares transcribed data, as displayed on a visual screen, with the source document and
corrects any errors;

Determines the cause of error message while entering data and makes appropriate corrections;
Maintains files of source documents or other information (i.e., bank deposit slips, complaint
Cards, work history, traffic infractions, criminal offense, etc.) relative to data entered;

Answers phone or assists at counter and provides information, as required;

Performs various related functions to insure that the computer is maintained in a neat and
orderly manner;

Assists in (or performs) the filing and storage of security and back up data files;
May perform various back-up or relief clerical duties as needed (i.e., switchboard, receptionist,
fingerprinting, etc.).

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Soft Skill

Soft Skills are broadly, developing/inculcating hidden dormant attributes in a Human

being, which is essential for happily living in a society, much most in an Organization. These
skills are multifold such as attitude, personality development, communication, leadership, team
playing.

Soft skill for successful career

Soft skill is the ability required and expected from persons

for finding a suitable job, its maintenance and promotion.

Importance of soft skill

Soft skill are very important :
 To handle interpersonal relations.
 To take appropriate decisions.
 To communicate effectively.
To have good impression and impact to gain professional development

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Discipline :

In its natural sense, discipline is systematic instruction intended to train a person,

sometimes literally called a disciple, in a craft, trade or other activity, or to follow a particular
code of conduct or "order". Often, the phrase "to discipline" carries a negative connotation.
This is because enforcement of order–that is, ensuring instructions are carried out–is often
regulated through punishment.

Discipline is not a course of actions leading to certain goal or ideal. A disciplined person
is one that has established a goal and is willing to achieve that goal at the expense of his or her
individuality.

Discipline is the assertion of willpower over more base desires, and is usually
understood to be synonymous with self control. Self-discipline is to some extent a substitute for
motivation, when one uses reason to determine the best course of action that opposes one's
desires.

Some simple workplace disciplines are:

1. Keep your cell phone on silent mode and take private calls at break.
2. Always keep your work station clean.
3. Formal dress should be worn in office.
4. Always wear clean clothes to office.
5. Nails must be neatly done.
6. Male members should be nicely shaved and groomed.
7. Always try to sit strait.

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Team Work :

Teamwork is "work done by several associates with each doing a part but all
subordinating personal prominence to the efficiency of the whole".

Benefits

1. Problems solving: A single brain can’t bounce different ideas off of each other. Each
team member has a responsibility to contribute equally and offer their unique
perspective on a problem to arrive at the best possible solution. Teamwork can lead to
better decisions, products, or services. The quality of teamwork may be measured by
analyzing the following six components of collaboration among team members:
communication, coordination, balance of member contributions, mutual support, effort,
and cohesion. In one study, teamwork quality as measured in this manner correlated
with team performance in the areas of effectiveness (i.e., producing high quality work)
and efficiency (i.e., meeting schedules and budgets).
2. Healthy competition: A healthy competition in groups can be used to motivate
individuals and help the team excel.
3. Developing relationships: A team that continues to work together will eventually
develop an increased level of bonding. This can help people avoid unnecessary conflicts
since they have become well acquainted with each other through team work. Team
members’ ratings of their satisfaction with a team are correlated with the level of
teamwork processes present.
4. Everyone has unique qualities: Every team member can offer their unique knowledge
and ability to help improve other team members. Through teamwork the sharing of
these qualities will allow team members to be more productive in the future.

Important tips of team work

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  The team should understand the central goal and their own goals.
 The team members should trust each other.
 The communication should be open, honest and respectful.
 Team members should feel like one group.
 Creativity, innovation and different viewpoints should be heard and discussed.
 High quality decisions are made when the team believes in the decisions taken.
 Try to learn from other team members.

Essential Skills for Teamwork

This list is used during the research cycle to observe how well a team is working together

1. Listening:

The students in this team listen to each other's ideas. You will observe the students "piggy-
backing" (or building) off each other's ideas.

2. Questioning:

The students in this team question each other. You will observe the students interacting,
discussing, and posing questions to all members of the team.

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3. Persuading:

The students in this team use persuasion. You will observe the students exchanging, defending,
and rethinking ideas.

4. Respecting:

The students in this team respect the opinions of others. You will observe the students
encouraging and supporting the ideas and efforts of others.

5. Helping:

The students in this team help each other. You will observe the students offering assistance to
each other.

6. Sharing:

The students in this team share. You will observe the students offering ideas and reporting their
findings to each other.

7. Participating:

The students in this team participate. You will observe each student contributing to the project.

Basic Computer
A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set
of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the
computer can solve more than one kind of problem.

Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically

a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out
arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of

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operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved
from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.

The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the
United Kingdom and United States. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as
much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). In this era
mechanical analog computers were used for military applications.

The Zuse Z3, 1941, considered the world's first working programmable, fully automatic
computing machine.

Classification of Computer by Size

1. Microcomputers (personal computers)

Microcomputers are the most common type of computers used by people today,
whether in a workplace, at school or on the desk at home. The term “microcomputer” was
introduced with the advent of single chip microprocessors. The term "microcomputer" itself is
now practically an anachronism.
These computers include:

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 Desktop computers – A case and a display, put under and on a desk.

 In-car computers (“carputers”) – Built into a car, for entertainment, navigation, etc.
 Game consoles – Fixed computers specialized for entertainment purposes (video games).
A separate class is that of mobile devices:
 Laptops, notebook computers and Palmtop computers – Portable and all in one case.
Varying sizes, but other than smartbooks expected to be “full” computers without
limitations.

 Tablet computer – Like laptops, but with a touch-screen, sometimes entirely replacing the
physical keyboard.
 Smart-phones, smart-books and PDAs (personal digital assistants) – Small handheld
computers with limited hardware.

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 Programmable calculator– Like small handhelds, but specialized on mathematical work.
 Handheld game consoles – The same as game consoles, but small and portable.
2. Minicomputers (midrange computers)

A minicomputer (colloquially, mini) is a class of multi-user computers that lies in the

middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the smallest multi-user
systems (mainframe computers) and the largest single-user systems
(microcomputers or personal computers). The contemporary term for this class of system
is midrange computer, such as the higher-end SPARC, POWER and Itanium -based systems
from Oracle Corporation, IBM and Hewlett-Packard. E.g.- Laboratory computers.

3. Mainframe computers

The term mainframe computer was created to distinguish the traditional, large,
institutional computer intended to service multiple users from the smaller, single user
machines. These computers are capable of handling and processing very large amounts of data
quickly. Mainframe computers are used in large institutions such as government, banks and
large corporations. They are measured in MIPS (million instructions per second) and respond to
up to 100s of millions of users at a time.

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4. Supercomputer

A supercomputer is focused on performing tasks involving intense numerical

calculations such as weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical
astrophysics, and complex scientific computations. A supercomputer is a computer that is at
the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. The term
supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and the speed of today's supercomputers tends to become
typical of tomorrow's ordinary computer. Supercomputer processing speeds are measured in
floating point operations per second or FLOPS. An example of a floating point operation is the
calculation of mathematical equations in real numbers. In terms of computational capability,
memory size and speed, I/O technology, and topological issues such as bandwidth and latency,
supercomputers are the most powerful, are very expensive, and not cost-effective just to
perform batch or transaction processing. Transaction processing is handled by less powerful
computers such as server computers or mainframes.

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Computer memory

The computer memory is a temporary storage area. It holds the data and instructions that the
Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs. Before a program can be run, the program is loaded from
some storage medium into the memory. This allows the CPU direct access to the program.

A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer
memory is the storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions
required for processing are stored.

Memory is primarily of three types

 Cache Memory
 Primary Memory/Main Memory
 Secondary Memory

Cache Memory
Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up CPU. It acts as
a buffer between the CPU and main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and

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program which are most frequently used by CPU. The parts of data and programs are
transferred from disk to cache memory by operating system, from where CPU can access
them.

Advantages
The advantages of cache memory are as follows:

 Cache memory is faster than main memory.

 It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.

 It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.

 It stores data for temporary use.

Disadvantages
The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows:

 Cache memory has limited capacity.

 It is very expensive.

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Primary Memory (Main Memory)
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently
working. It has limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally
made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and
instruction required to be processed reside in main memory. It is divided into two
subcategories RAM and ROM.

Characteristics of Main Memory

 These are semiconductor memories

 It is known as main memory.
 Usually volatile memory.
 Data is lost in case power is switched off.
 It is working memory of the computer.
 Faster than secondary memories.
 A computer cannot run without primary memory.

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 Comparison chart

RAM ROM

Random Access Memory or RAM is a Read-only memory or ROM is also a

form of data storage that can be
accessed randomly at any time, in
Definition any order and from any physical
location. Allowing quick access and
manipulation.
form of data storage that cannot be
easily altered or reprogrammed. Stores
instructions that are not necessary for
re-booting up to make the computer
operate when it is switched off. They
are hardwired.

Random Access Memory Read-only memory

Stands for

RAM allows the computer to read ROM stores the program required to
Use data quickly to run applications. It initially boot the computer. It only
allows reading and writing. allows reading.

RAM is volatile i.e. its contents are It is non-volatile i.e. its contents are
Volatility lost when the device is powered off. retained even when the device is
powered off.

The two main types of RAM are The types of ROM include PROM,
Types
static RAM and dynamic RAM. EPROM and EEPROM.

Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main
memory. These are used for storing data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not
access these memories instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of
secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU can access it. For
example: disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc.

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Characteristic of Secondary Memory

 These are magnetic and optical memories

 It is known as backup memory.
 It is non-volatile memory.
 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
 It is used for storage of data in a computer.
 Computer may run without secondary memory.
 Slower than primary memories.

Hardware and Software

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Computer hardware is any physical device, something that you are able to touch and software
is a collection of instructions and code installed into the computer and cannot be touched. For
example, the computer monitor you are using to read this text on and the mouse you are using
to navigate this web page is computer hardware. The Internet browser that allowed you to visit
this page and the operating system that the browser is running on is considered software.

Hardware
***** The physical parts of a computer*****

CPU

Central processing unit; the brain of the computer; controls the other elements of the
computer

Disk Drive

A peripheral device that reads and/or writes information on a disk

Hard Drive

A device (usually within the computer case) that reads and writes information, including
the operating system, program files, and data files

Keyboard

A peripheral used to input data by pressing keys

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Modem

A peripheral device used to connect one computer to another over a phone line

Monitor

A device used to display information visually

Mouse

A peripheral device used to point to items on a monitor

Printer

A peripheral device that converts output from a computer into a printed image

Software

Software Types

The term 'software' refers to the set of electronic program instructions or data a computer
processor reads in order to perform a task or operation. In contrast, the term 'hardware' refers
to the physical components that you can see and touch, such as the computer hard drive,
mouse, and keyboard.
Software can be categorized according to what it is designed to accomplish. There are two main
types of software: systems software and application software.

Systems Software

Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself,
such as theoperating system, file management utilities, and disk operating system (or DOS).
The operating system manages the computer hardware resources in addition to applications
and data. Without systems software installed in our computers we would have to type the
instructions for everything we wanted the computer to do!

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Applications Software

Application software, or simply applications, are often called productivity programs or end-
user programs because they enable the user to complete tasks such as creating documents,
spreadsheets, databases, and publications, doing online research, sending email, designing
graphics, running businesses, and even playing games! Application software is specific to the
task it is designed for and can be as simple as a calculator application or as complex as a word
processing application. When you begin creating a document, the word processing software has
already set the margins, font style and size, and the line spacing for you. But you can change
these settings, and you have many more formatting options available. For example, the word
processor application makes it easy to add color, headings, and pictures or delete, copy, move,
and change the document's appearance to suit your needs.

System Software have direct control and access to your computer hardware , and memory
locations . They perform I/O operations on various memory locations , and control the
hardware , to make the application software do a task . Operating systems , are the main
examples for system software .

Exampls :
1) Microsoft Windows
2) Linux
3) Unix
4) Mac OSX
5) DOS
6) BIOS Software
7) HD Sector Boot Software

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8) Device Driver Software i.e Graphics Driver etc
9) Linker Software
10) Assembler and Compiler Software

Application software run under System Software , and are made to do a specific task i.e ( Word
Processing etc) , which have indirect access to the hardware (i.e Behind System Software) .

Examples :
Web browser, word processing software, spreadsheet software, database software,
presentation graphics software.

1) Opera (Web Browser)

2) Microsoft Word (Word Processing)
3) Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software)
5) MySQL (Database Software)
6) Microsoft Powerpoint (Presentation Software)
7) iTunes (Music / Sound Software)
8) VLC Media Player (Audio / Video Software )
9) World of Warcraft (Game Software)
10) Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)

VLC Media Player: Installation Instructions

1. Open downloaded VLC executable (*.exe) file. Can be downloaded from TigerWare or
from VideoLAN.org.

2. Select your Language.

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3. Click Next when the Setup Wizard appears.

4. Read the License Agreement & click Next.

5. Check the components you wish to install and click Next.

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 6. Choosing a folder to install the VLC media player in & click Install.

7. Click Finish to begin the installation of VLC media player.

How to use Scanner

You might find yourself in the situation where you need to scan a photo before you can use it
on your computer. You'll need to do this if you only have a hard copy of the photo (i.e. not a
digital copy).

Before you scan a photo, you need the following equipment:

 A scanner
 Scanner software

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The Scanner

Scanners typically come in two types - flatbed, and sheetfed. A flatbed scanner is one where
you to open the lid and place the photo on the glass platen. Flatbed scanners allow you to scan
all sorts of things such as paper, photos, leaves, fabric etc. A sheetfed scanner is one where you
feed the photo into the scanner via a slot. A sheetfed scanner is more limited to what you can
scan as it needs to fit into the slot.

The Scanner Software

Most scanners come with their own software. This usually contains the scanner driver as well as
a basic image editor to assist you with scanning and touching up your photos. You will need to
install the software before you use the scanner for the first time. This is usually very easy - just
run the CD that came with the scanner and follow the prompts.

As long as the scanner software has been installed, you can also use your own software to
initiate each scan. Most photo editing applications allow you to access the scanner via their
"File" menu. Examples of photo editing software include Adobe Photoshop, Corel Paintshop
Pro, and The Gimp.

Scanning a Photo

Assuming your scanner has been set up and it's connected to your computer/network, the
actual steps you use to scan a photo (or anything else) will depend on your scanner. Typically, it
will be one of the following:

Method 1 - Automatic

Some scanners will automatically start scanning as soon as you place the photo in. It doesn't get
much easier than this! Once it has been scanned, the prompts usually make it easy for you to
touch up the image and save it.

1. Position the photo in the scanner

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 2. The photo will automatically be scanned (or previewed) and will appear within the
scanner software. From here, things should be quite intuitive - just follow the onscreen
prompts.

Method 2 - Semi-Automatic

Similar to the first method. The only difference is that you need to push the "Start Scanning"
button on the scanner itself before it starts scanning.

1. Position the photo in the scanner

2. Press the "Start Scanning" (or similar) button on the scanner.
3. The photo will automatically be scanned and will appear within the scanner software.
From here, things should be quite intuitive - just follow the onscreen prompts.

Method 3 - Scanning via the Scanner Software

Scanner software is usually quite intuitive - all you need to do is open it up and follow the
prompts.

1. Position the photo in the scanner

2. Open the scanner software (i.e. via an icon on your desktop or from the "Start" menu
depending on your computer).
3. Once you've opened the scanner software, it will usually give you some options such as
"Scan Photos", "Preview" etc. Follow the prompts and you should be OK. If you make a
mistake it won't matter - just delete the first scan and start another scan.
4. Once you select "Start Scanning" (or similar), the photo will automatically be scanned
and will appear within the scanner software. From here, things should be quite intuitive
- just follow the onscreen prompts.

Method 4 - Scanning via your Graphics Software

This is the most involved out of all methods. Once you've done it a few times, you'll realize that
scanning photos is actually quite easy.

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Generally, to initiate a scan, go "File > Acquire > TWAIN" and select your scanner from a list.
From there, it's usually quite intuitive.

Because this method is a bit more involved, here's a detailed example. In this example, I'm
going to use a photo editor called "The GIMP" to initiate the scan. These steps are pretty typical
of what you need to do when scanning via graphics software.

Now, assuming you have your graphics software open, do the following (or similar):

1. Via the "File" menu, select "Acquire", then "TWAIN". If you don't see these options, you
might need to select "File > Scanner > Import" or something similar. The terminology
sometimes changes between software, but they all do the same basic thing.

2. Select the scanner you're using from the list. You may only have one scanner - just select
that. As you can see, I have two scanners. If you don't see your scanner here, it may be
that you still need to install the driver. Check the CD that came with the scanner.

3. At this stage, my graphics software has accessed the scanner software using the TWAIN
standard. As you can see, the scanner software makes it pretty easy from here on. You
can click "Preview" to check that your photo is positioned correctly etc. You can also
change the scan quality. Note that if you're only going to use the image on the web, 72
dpi is fine. Having said this, by increasing the resolution, the more detail you capture
(and the bigger the image becomes). Higher resolution will often result in a much larger
file size, so if you use anything other than 72 dpi for the web, check the file size once
you've scanned it.

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 4. So, after clicking the "Scan Now" button, the scanner starts making noises, and after a
few seconds, the image pops up on my screen. Note that this image has been
transferred to my graphics software (The GIMP).

So, now that the photo has been scanned, you can save it just as you would any other file (i.e.
via the "File > Save As..." menu). Once you've saved it you don't need to do anything more.
Having said this, you can make changes to the image as you wish. For example, you might want
to resize it, use a filter such as "sharpen", "despeckle" etc.

How to take backup

Imagine if you lost every file on your computer in 10 minutes. Would you be able to recover
your data from a backup, or would you spend the next several days trying to track down all of
the information that you had stored on your hard drive? Windows Vista and Windows 7 make it

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easy to schedule backup sessions that will create copies of your most important data and
transfer it to a secure place.

Before You Start

1. Select which files are most important. Certain things, such as computer games and
applications, don't usually need to be backed up. You can easily reinstall these files from the
original source in the event of a system failure. The most important documents to back up are
items that you have created, like documents and photos.

2. Consider creating multiple backups. Having one backup may seem like enough, but a problem
that you were unaware of could be present on a backup copy. In this event, recovering your
data without experiencing the same problem may be impossible. Maintaining a cycle of two or
three different backups is usually a good policy.

3. Decide how often you want to back up your files. If you use your computer daily for business,
a daily backup of important files is a good idea. If you are a more casual user, a weekly backup
may suffice.

Step by Step: Using Windows or a Backup Program

Step 1 Open the Start menu and click Control Panel.

Step 2 From the Classic View, open Backup and Restore Center. Using the new control panel,
click Back up your computer under the 'System and Maintenance' heading.

Step 3 Click the Back up files button from the Backup and Restore Center menu.

Step 4 Select where to store the backed up files. The first drop-down menu allows you to
choose from local drives such as a second hard drive, a DVD, or a recovery partition on your
current hard drive. The second drop-down menu lets you select a location that you can connect
to via a network. If you do not see your desired backup destination, try selecting
the Refresh option from the drop-down menu.

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Step 5 Click the Next button after selecting your desired location.

Step 6 Select which types of files to back up, and then click the Next button to proceed.

Step 7 Assign a schedule to your backup so that Windows will know how often to create a
new backup of your files. Click Save settings and start backup when you are ready to create
your backup.

Step by Step: Manual Backups

Step 1 Open Windows Explorer.

Step 2 Select the files to back up, and copy them to the Clipboard by right-clicking them
and selecting Copy, or by pressing Ctrl+C. You can also drag and drop folders.

Step 3 Open the destination folder where you wish to back up the data. This folder should
be on an external hard drive or on a DVD. This method is less precise than using a program
like Windows Backup and Restore, but it will allow you to select exactly which files to back
up.

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Applications

Complete, self-contained programs that perform a specific function (ie. spreadsheets,

databases)

Bit

A computer's most basic unit of information

Boot

The process of loading or initializing an operating system on a computer; usually occurs

as soon as a computer is turned on

Browser

A program used to view World Wide Web pages, such as Netscape Navigator or Internet
Explorer

Bug

A part of a program that usually causes the computer to malfunction; often remedied in
patches or updates to the program

Byte

Small unit of data storage; 8 bits; usually holds one character

Click

Occurs when a user presses a button on a mouse which in turn, generates a command
to the computer

Database

A large structured set of data; a file that contains numerous records that contain
numerous fields

Diskette

A small flexible disk used for storing computer data.

Double Click

Occurs when a user presses a button on the mouse twice in quick succession; this
generates a command to the computer

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Download

Transferring data from another computer to your computer

Drag

Occurs when a user points the mouse at an icon or folder, presses the button and without
releasing the button, moves the icon or folder to another place on the computer where the
button is released

Driver

Software program that controls a piece of hardware or a peripheral

FAQ

Frequently asked question; documents that answer questions common to a particular

website or program

File

Namable unit of data storage; an element of data storage; a single sequence of bytes

Folder

A graphical representation used to organize a collection of computer files; as in the

concept of a filing cabinet (computer's hard drive) with files (folders)

Freeware

Software provided at no cost to the user

Gigabyte

1,073,741,824 bytes or 1,024 megabytes; generally abbreviated GB

GUI

Graphical user interface; uses pictures and words to represent ideas, choices, functions,
etc.

Icon

A small picture used to represent a file or program in a GUI interface

Internet

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 A network of computer networks encompassing the World Wide Web, FTP, telnet, and
many other protocols

IP number

Internet protocol; a computer's unique address or number on the Internet

Kilobyte

1,024 bytes; usually abbreviated KB

Megabyte

1,048,576 bytes or 1,024 kilobytes; enough storage to approximately equal a 600 page
paperback book; generally abbreviated Mb

Memory

Any device that holds computer data

Menu

A list of operations available to the user of a program

Network

A collection of computers that are connected

Peripheral

Any of a number of hardware devices connected to a CPU

RAM

Random access memory; the type of storage that changes; when the computer is turned
off, the RAM memory is erased

ROM

Read-only memory; the type of storage that is not changed even when the computer is
turned off

Scroll Bar

Allows the user to control which portion of the document is visible in the window;
available either horizontally or vertically or both

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SCSI

Acronym for Small Computer System Interface.

Shareware

Software provided at a minimal cost to users who are on their honor to send in payment
to the programmer

Spreadsheet

A program arranged in rows and columns that manipulates numbers

Tool Bar

A graphical representation of program activities; a row of icons used to perform tasks in

a program

URL

Uniform resource locator; the address of a site on the World Wide Web; a standard way
of locating objects on the Internet

Virus

A deliberately harmful computer program designed to create annoying glitches or

destroy data

Window

A screen in a software program that permits the user to view several programs at one
time

Word Processor

A program that allows the user to create primarily text documents

Data Entry Operation

Alphanumeric Keyboard:

The alphanumeric keypad contains the alphabet and numbers as well as special keys such as
pause break and print screen. It is very similar to the standard typewriter keyboard.

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Use of Alphanumeric Keyboard:

Because once you learn to type numbers on the numeric keypad, you can type them much
faster, good for people who have to do a lot of calculations on their computers. When the
standard QWERTY keyboard was introduced there were “text” type applications and data type.
The keypad was added for the speed of entering numeric data into fields and cells as in the case
of spreadsheets. The number keys across the keyboard above the QWERTY were to slow for
many data punchers so the numeric pad was added.

MS – Word

How to install Office 2007

Step 1: Insert the Microsoft Office 2007 Enterprise CD. If the Setup Wizard does not
automatically begin, then click Start > Run > D:\setup.exe

Step 2: Enter the Product Key from the back of the CD jacket. Note: This is a unique code.
Please keep in a safe place!

Click Continue.

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Step 3: Check the box "I accept the terms of this agreement" and click the Continue button.

Step 4: Choose an installation option, Upgrade (removes Office 2003) or Customize (keeps
Office 2003 installed and adds Office 2007, allowing you to use them both).

Note: Outlook 2003 will be uninstalled in either option. Outlook will be updated and your user
settings and mail will migrate to the new version.

If you click Upgrade, go on to Step 5.

If you click Customize, go on to Step 4a.

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Step 4a: Click the radio button for "Keep all previous versions."

Click the Installation Options tab, left-click the first drop down box and click Run all from My
Computer

Click Install Now.

Step 5: Installation will begin. It may take 15-30 minutes to finish.

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Step 6: Click Close to complete the installation.

Step 7: The first time you launch any Office program, you will be prompted to activate the
software. As long as you have an active Internet connection, choose the default option and
click Next.

Step 8: When the activation finishes, click Close.

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Step 9: Click OK to finish.

What can you use MSWORD for?

Many organisations now use computers to produce and organise written material,
correspondence, membership lists and so on. This guide deals with the most common
programme, MSWORD, that is used on most computers. It is written for people who have not
used the programme before and has very basic information about the keyboard and MSWORD.
If you have taught yourself to use MSWORD, it may also be useful to you.

Your MSWORD programme is called a word-processing package. This means that it is useful for
typing and storing letters, articles and anything that consists mainly of words. It is basically a
fancy typewriter with a built in filing-system.

The more you use your computer the more you will learn about what it can do. This guide
contains a few basic things to help you get started.

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If you have not used a computer much, print the next section out and look at your keyboard
and MSWORD programme with it. Try to do everything as you read it.

1. How to use MSWORD

Switch on your computer and wait until a whole lot of picture symbols appear with a Start
button on the bottom left of the screen. Use the left button on the mouse to click on the Start
button. Then click on programmes and then double-click on the MSWORD programme. Some
computers have a MSWORD symbol that will come up when your computer is on and you do
not have to go to start – simply double click the left button of the mouse on the symbol.

The Microsoft word programme will appear on the screen.

There will be a blank screen called Document 1. Every thing you type is called a document.
Above the blank screen there are various terms and signs you should know about.

 The first line has a list of titles called commands - File, Edit, View, etc
 The second and third lines are called the toolbar and have different blocks that you can
use to give quicker commands to the computer.
 The fourth line [if there is one] shows your page margins – it is called the ruler.

The File title

Click on this and a box with different sections will appear. This is your file organiser and you use
the first section:

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  To start a new document (click on new) You can use the block with a folder on it on the
toolbar to do this more quickly. Use your mouse to click on it.)
 To open an old document (click on open) and then click on the name of the document
you want to open
 To close a document. The computer will ask you if you want to save it before you close it
and then you click on Yes or No.

The next section is to do with saving documents.

If you press save, the document will be saved under its heading in the general folder called My
Documents. You can do this with the block on the toolbar showing stiffy disk. Click on it with
your mouse.

Save As allows you to save a document under a new name in the folder of your choice. When
you click on Save as, a new box will open on screen. First go to the Save In square. It should say
My Documents. In the block below yellow folders will appear if you have made them. (See Step
2 in Using MSWORD as an Office) Click on the folder you want to save the document in. Click on
Open. Then check that you like the name of the document. If you like it press save. If you don’t
like it delete the file name and type a new name. Then click save.

If your document is an update of an old document but you want to save it as a new version click
on Version in the Save box under file. Type in your comments and click Save. (I don’t use this
much as I just give the document a new date and use Save As to save it under a new name.)

The next section is to do with how the document looks (Page Set Up) and Print Preview and to
print documents.

Page set up allows you to change the margins of the page so that you can get more (or less)
typing on a page. If you click on Paper Size it allows you to change the page into Portrait
(normal A4) or Landscape (sideways A4)

Print preview allows you to see what the document will look like on a printed page. You can
also to this by using the block on the toolbar with a page and magnifying glass on it.

Print allows you to print the document if your computer is connected to a printer. You can also
print quickly by using the block with a printer on your toolbar.

The next section allows you to Send your document either to another computer via email or to
a fax machine. Your computer has to be set up for this. You can also email your document by
using the block on the bottom toolbar with an envelope on it.Properties allows you to store
information about your document.

The next section is a list of the last four documents you worked on. Clicking on the right file
name is a quick way of opening the any of these documents.

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The last section says Exit. If you click on this the MSWORD programme will shut down and you
can return to Windows. If you have forgotten to save any documents the computer will ask you
if you want to Save. Click on Yes or No. You can also exit or close down MSWORD by clicking on
the X in the last square on the top right hand side of the screen.

The Edit title

This section allows you to change or edit your work.

The most useful tools in the list are Cut, Copy and Paste.

Cut: this allows you to delete a section but not to throw it away completely in case you need it
later. Use your mouse and drag it over the section you want to delete. Then go to Edit. Click
Cut. If you want to use it again you can add it in later or move it to another section. You use
the Paste command to move the section to a new place. Take your cursor to where you want to
place the section. Click on Edit. Click Paste and the cut section will be pasted or put in this new
place. We call this Cutting and Pasting.

You can also Copy a section of your work and use it again. Highlight the section with your
mouse. Click on edit. Click on Copy. Then take your cursor to the new place you want to put it.
Click on Edit. Click Paste and the section will be repeated.

If you want to do it quickly, you can use the scissors symbol on your toolbar to cut, the two
pages next to it to copy and the clipboard next to that, to paste.

WARNING: Your computer will only keep the last section that you cut or copied. As soon as you
cut or copy another section, the first one will be deleted.

The View title

When you type a document the view on screen is in Normal mode – or as it appears on the
screen. You can look at it in Layout (as it would appear) printed or in other ways. A quick way of

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looking at your page layout is to use the toolbar and click on the blank page with a magnifying
glass on it.

You can also change your Toolbar using View. Just click next to the tools you want displayed on
the screen. Do not open too many since the part of your screen that you type on will become
very small. It is best to leave this until you know your computer well, as it is not really
necessary!

If you have poor eyesight you can change the size of the letters you see on screen. Use
the Zoom command at the bottom of View and set your view to 100% or more – just click next
to 100% if that is big enough or go down to the box at the bottom and type in 110%.

The Insert title

This is useful for inserting Page Breaks (that is, beginning a new page), page numbers,
footnotes, pictures and so on.

You can also use this box to insert page numbers. Click on Page Numbers and then click on OK.
If you want to copy documents on both sides of a page, it is best to put your page number in
the middle of the page at the bottom. To do this click on the box called Alignment and then
click on Centered.

Play with this box on a practice document to see what you can do with it.

The Format title

This is useful for layout or making your document look attractive. There are various headings.

Font: This is the type of print or shape of print you are using. Your MSWORD programme comes
with a few options like Arial, New Times Roman, Century Gothic and so on. You can set the font
type and the size of letters for a document before you start working. The format also appears in
the second white block on the toolbar below the titles, with an arrow next to it and followed by
a block with a number in it and another arrow. You use these to quickly change the font and the
size of the font. So you can write big or small and in different styles. For normal typing is best to
use a font size of 11 or 12. For headings you can use a bigger size or make the headings in bold.
Just highlight the heading and then click on the B at the top of your screen. Fonts are fun to
play with.

Paragraph: The paragraph section allows you to change the margins of a paragraph. It also
allows you to change your line spacing to single, or bigger. You can also make the gaps between
paragraphs a bit bigger – just click on Paragraph and then on Spacing Before – change the 0 to
0.6.

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Bullets and Numbers: Bullets allow you to mark points in different ways, using dots, or arrows
or blocks and so on. Highlight the section you want to bullet and then click on Format, then on
Bullets and Numbering and then on the type of bullets you like. A new bullet will appear
wherever you pressed enter to make a new paragraph. Numbers allow you to number your
sentences or paragraphs in different styles (a, b, c, 1, 2, 3 and so on.)

The quick way to do this is by clicking on the little blocks with numbers or the little block with
dots (bullets) on your toolbar.

Borders and shading: allows you to put a border around your whole document or to put a box
or border around a paragraph. Highlight the piece you want to border. Go to Format. Go to
Borders and click on the kind of border you want. You can also put in a background shade. Play
with this until you find the style you like best.

The quick way to place a border around a section is to highlight it and then to click on the
square on the top toolbar near the right end.

Columns: allow you to arrange your whole document into columns. Normally it is in one
column, but you may want to make it look like a newspaper and have different columns. I think
it is easiest to do this before you begin typing, but you can do it afterwards. Decide on how
many columns you want. Go to Format. Click on Columns. Click on the style you like and then
type.

Change case: Sometimes one types in capitals by mistake. Rather than retyping the whole
section you can highlight it. Go to Format. Go to Change case. Click on Sentence case and it will
correct it for you.

The Tools title

This has a helpful button to check the spelling in your whole document.

Miss-spelt words are underlined in red as you make the error. It is quicker to correct all the
errors at the end, rather than do them one by one. You do this by going to Tools. Click
on Spelling. The spell-check will give you options – click on the correct spelling and the click on
Change. If the word is correctly spelt, but not in their dictionary click on Ignore or Add.

You can also highlight a word you are not sure of and the click on the ABC symbol on your
toolbar.

The Table title

Often we want to arrange information in tables. Decide whether you need a table. Decide how
many columns you want. Then go to Table before you type the information you want in the
table.

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Insert Table allows you to make a new table. Click on the number of lines and columns you
need. You can change the numbers by clicking on the little black arrows next to the number.
Then click on OK. The computer will put in a table for you. You can change the size of the
columns by using your mouse to drag the downward lines closer or further apart. Then type in
your

information in the columns you want. If you want lines and borders to appear on the table
when it is printed click on the borders box on the toolbar. A new toolbar will open. Go to the
border box on that toolbar and click on the arrow next to it and then on the box with gridlines
on it.

The Window title

I never use this but it allows you to work on two documents at once.

The Help title.

Play with this. It will tell you how to do things. The contents are arranged alphabetically and
you find out more about what you want your MSWORD to do.

The toolbar

Look at your toolbar. On the top left it will show the font and size in white boxes. You can
change your font and its size by clicking on the arrows next to each and selecting what you
want.

These are a quick way for you to make some words or headings Bold (B), to type some words
in italics (I) or to underline them (U).

Then there are 4 blocks with lines in them. These can align your typing in different ways. Get to
know them by typing a paragraph and highlighting it. Then try what each looks by clicking each
of the 4 blocks. The first one is the normal way your text will be aligned. The second one
centres your typing in the middle of the page. It is most useful to make headings if you want
them in the centre of the page. The third one is not used often since it aligns the right side of
page and the left side is uneven. The fourth one is used to align both sides – this makes your
document look nice, but it sometimes stretches out the spaces between words and can make a
line look strange

Then there are the numbers and bullets tools. Highlight the section you want numbered or
bulleted and click on the right tool. If you do not like the type of bullets or numbers you will
have to go to format and change the bullet type and then click on Reset [if you want to use this
type for bullets in your whole document] and OK.

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The next two tools have stripes and an arrow. The are useful for indenting a paragraph.
Highlight the paragraph and the click on the first one to move it to the left and the second one
to move it to the right.

A square box is the next tool. This can help you arrange your borders quickly. Click the mouse
button on the arrow next to it and it will give you the options. Choose the one you like and click
on it.

If you go to any other tool on the third line with your mouse, it will light up and tell you what it
is for. We covered most of them already. A very useful tool is the curved blue arrow. This is
called the undo button and it reverses an action you have taken that you don’t like. So if you
deleted something and want to put it back – click undo immediately.

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 MS – Excel
Excel is an excellent tool for keeping track of data and for data analysis. The information can be
typed by the user or retrieved from other sources. It is a spreadsheet application that enables
users to organize their data into lists and do lots of wonderful things with it, such as summarize
data and make charts and graphs. You can apply mathematical formulas allowing you to sum
and average, find the minimum and maximum, calculate percentages – all with minimal effort –
allowing you more time to analyze your data and spend less time manually calculating and
presenting the information.

Excel is primarily a number cruncher. It is very good at doing math. If you have a group of cells
that need adding up, it’ll do it just fine. If you change one of the cells, Excel will automatically
recalculate the result! (Word, for instance, doesn’t do that!) If you have a group of cells that
could best be exemplified by a chart, Excel makes it simple to present those cells as a chart,
making it easier for you or your audience to more quickly assess their value or meaning. If you
collect large amounts of data about things, Excel can be used to narrow the focus of large
quantities of data (filter), down to a few rows.

However, like most tools, it is best to have an understanding of how Excel works, how it acts,
how it “thinks” and what is required of the user in order to best take advantage of the tools.
This workshop is geared to getting users started using Excel. From a blank worksheet to
printing, basic formulas to charts, this workshop is designed to familiarize end users with the
basic tools that come with Excel, as well as tips and tricks and some tools usually taught at the
2nd level.

Objectives:

Upon completion of this workshop users will be able to:

 Create, Save and Print workbooks

 Enter/Edit data in Excel
 Understand Undo and Redo
 Understand and use basic formulas
 Understand and use the AutoSum function
 Move and Copy cells/formulas
 Fix their toolbars (move/relocate)
 Format data (including Paintbrush)
 Print a worksheet
 Send a workbook via Outlook

Upon completion of this workshop users will be exposed to:

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  Charting Data (demo only)
 Sorting Data (demo only)
 AutoFilter (demo only)

Getting Started
Each time you open Excel, it automatically displays a blank spreadsheet document. You can
begin entering text, formulas, etc., or you can Open a document that already exists. Either way,
you are ready to begin! Below is a blank Excel document (called a Workbook) with the
significant parts labeled. Two new features of Excel XP are the “Ask A Question” box and the
Task Pane. If the Task Pane becomes a “pain”, close it with the X in the top right corner of the
Task Pane. You can open or close it by navigating to View (in the Menu Bar) and choosing Task

Ask A Question Box Sizing Tools

Title Bar
Menu Bar
Standard
Formatting
Toolbar
Formula Bar
Toolbar

Select All Task Pane

button

Workbook Area

Sheet Tabs
Status Bar
Pane.

There are 256 columns and 65,536 rows in an Excel worksheet. A cell is the intersecting point
between a row and column (A1, B4, etc.) and is displayed in the formula bar. Excel starts each
new document with three (3) worksheets, as a default. You can have up to 256 worksheets in
an Excel document, which is referred to as a Workbook. A cell with a formula in it will display
the result of the formula in the cell and the formula itself in the Formula Bar. To easily select
the cells in all rows and columns, use the Select All button.

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 Cursor symbols:

The large plus sign is used to select cells.

The left pointing arrow is used to move the contents of cells

The thin plus sign is used to copy the contents of cells

Let’s begin a new document by closing the Task Pane (click the “x” or select View, Task Pane
from the Menu Bar).

Entering Text

Click in cell A1 and follow the Instructor’s lead to enter the data as shown below.

Enter text by clicking in any cell, type, and then press [Enter]. The cursor will move to the cell
below where you typed to allow you to type again or move to another cell. You can also enter
text and press one of the arrow keys or the [TAB] key to move the cursor off the cell the text
was entered in.

Notice that the title “Apex Candy Company Sales” is not confined to cell A1 – actually it is, but
because there is no information in B1 or C1, Excel allows the information in A1 to “merge”
through those other cells. If you were to type something into cell B1 or C1, the title in A1 would
be truncated.

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You can navigate around a worksheet using the [Enter] key, the mouse, the arrow keys and the
[TAB] key. You can enter numbers using the numbers keypad, but you have to make sure the
[Num Lock] key is on.

Handy Tip!

Notice that text is left aligned, whereas numbers are right aligned. In Excel, by default,
numbers always line up along the right side of a cell, (you can change this), and text always left
aligns. It’s a great way to tell if a number you are looking at is a number or text format. For
instance, we never add up the Sum total of employees’ SSNs, so SSNs are usually are formatted
as text, even though they look like numbers. More on formatting later.

Saving a Workbook
People often ask “What’s the difference between Save and Save As?” Save is used to save a
document for the first time or to update a document you’ve made changes to. If you are
updating an already existing workbook, the Save command will not allow you to change the
name and/or location. Save As allows you to change the name and/or location of a document.
That’s true in all Microsoft applications. Whether you choose Save or Save As, the dialogue box
that opens will always be titled “Save As”.

To save a workbook, simply click File (in the Menu Bar) and select Save or Save As; name your
file, and then tell it where to live. Once you’ve selected Save or Save, the Save As dialogue box
opens as shown below:

Tell it where to live

Give it a name

Verify the type

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 Name this file Apex Candy Company Sales. Accept the default Save as Type. Click the drop
down arrow Save in and choose Desktop. This will place your workbook on your PC’s
desktop.

Fixing Your Toolbars

When Microsoft introduced the Office 97 Suite of packages (Word 97, Excel 97, etc.) they
changed the way toolbars are presented to end users. Unfortunately, many users did not know
about this and wrongly assumed their toolbars now had fewer tools than before.

Microsoft claims they heard from end users that toolbars were too numerous and took up too
much space on the screen. To alleviate this, they instituted a new toolbar protocol: instead of
a Menu Bar that was stationary, with the Standard Toolbar and Formatting Toolbar under the
Menu Bar, Office 97 products would have a non-stationary (floating) Menu Bar and the
Standard and Formatting toolbars would be combined into one, with a tool to view the tools
that used to be visible!!! This led to mass user confusion/frustration which persists to this day!

Toolbar Anchors

The Old Way: Standard and Formatting toolbars were on separate rows.

The New Way: Standard and Formatting toolbars are merged into one - separated by an
anchor. The anchor allows you to relocate a toolbar.

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The New Way “Fixed”: The toolbars are on separate rows. Now all you have to do is drag and
drop the anchor along that row to line it up on the left.

To “fix” your toolbars:

 Find the anchor for the formatting toolbar

 Press and hold the right mouse button down on the anchor bar line, and drag the toolbar to
below the standard toolbar
 Relocate the toolbar by dragging the anchor

Once “fixed”, your toolbars will stay like that every time you open Excel.

Basic Formulas
A formula is a mathematical expression that performs calculations on your data. You can total
the inventory items, salaries, etc. You can find the highest or lowest values (Max and Min). The
nice thing about formulas is that if you change the data in one of the cells referenced in the
formula, Excel will automatically recalculate the expression (formula).

To write a formula, you MUST begin with the equal sign (=). When Excel sees an equal sign at
the beginning of a cell, it knows that what follows is a mathematical expression. You use the
cell reference (C2), not the data in the cell to write the formula. If you want Excel to total the
contents of C4 and D4, the formula would be: =C4+D4. You can use the minus sign (-), multiply
(*), divide (/). There are several ways to write formulas::

 writing the formula (typing)

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  clicking the formula (using the mouse)
 using the arrow keys

With each of the above, the = sign must precede the formula. Revise formulas by clicking on
cell, edit the contents, and press Enter (or click the green check mark in the formula bar).

For our example, we wish to minus our Sold from our Stock.

Writing a formula:

 In cell D5 type: =B5-C5

 Press Enter or click the green check mark in the formula bar (answer is 65)

Clicking a formula:

 In cell D6, type the = sign (or click the = sign in the formula bar), then
 Click on B6
 Type a minus (-) sign
 Click on C6
 Press Enter or click the green check mark in the formula bar (answer is 54)

Using the arrow keys

 In cell D7, type the = sign (or click the = sign in the formula bar), then
 arrow to B7 (Excel will place dashed lines around the cell)
 Type a - sign (Excel will type B7 and return to the formula call)
 Arrow to C7 (Excel will place dashed lines around the cell)
 Press Enter or click the green check mark in the formula bar (answer is 38)

 Use any of the above techniques to create formulas for D8 and D9

 Save (update) your document

AutoSum
The AutoSum tool (Sigma) is used to automatically create a SUM (total) formula for a range of
cells that Excel proposes. You can go with the range that Excel proposes, or change it. You can

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also create a basic SUM formula and then edit the formula with a different function (Average,
COUNT, etc.).

To use AutoSum:

 Click on the cell where the formula will reside (B10)

 Click the AutoSum button
 If the range is acceptable, click AutoSum again. If not, use you mouse to select
a new range, then click the AutoSum button again.

Excel looks straight up the column from where you are entering the formula and proposes to
SUM all the cells above, up to the point it finds a blank cell or a cell with text (as shown above).
If you like what you see, click AutoSum again and Excel will write the formula and display the
result. If not, use your mouse to manually select cells that need to be summed. It’s that easy!

 Click on cell C10 and create an AutoSum for the range C5 through C9
 Use Auto Fill to copy C10 to D 10

If you select a range of cells that need to be totaled, you can do so. Then, when you click
AutoSum, Excel will automatically create SUM formulas in each of the cells. You can also use
the AutoFill to make relative formula copies to other cells. (See page 9.)

Handy Tip!

Once you create an AutoSum, you can then edit the cell to make it an Average, Count, MIN,
MAX, etc. Just double click the cell with the formula and edit the contents. Delete the word
SUM and replace it with AVERAGE or COUNT, etc. Click the green checkmark or press Enter.
Your formula will now perform the new function!

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 Handy Tip!

Auto Calculate
The Auto Calculate feature is very cool!. Try highlighting a few cells that contain numbers.
Now, observe the lower right corner of the status bar. Right Click on blank area (or the number
displayed) and choose SUM, Average, Count, etc. The operator you select will stay in Auto
Calculate. Highlight other cells to see the calculation change in the Auto Calculate area.

Handy Tip!

Use the Control + Click trick to

Auto Calculate nonadjacent
cells!

Right click the Status Bar to get the Quick

Menu for Auto Calculate

 Select cells D5 through D9 (use the big plus sign or use Click + shift click to select)
 Observe the status bar to see if Auto Calculate is invoked)
 Right click in the Status Bar (near the NUM indicator as shown above)
 Observe Choices and select SUM
 Highlight other cells and observe Auto Calculate – change options if desired
 Use Control + click to select non-adjacent cells and observe Auto Calculate

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Using AutoFill
Once you’ve created a formula, you may want to repeat that formula in the adjoining cells. The
AutoFill tool does just that!. It’s a thin, black plus sign that appears when you place your mouse
on the bottom right hand corner of a cell or range. When you hold down and drag the mouse
using this tool (called the pull handle, or fill handle), Excel will copy the formula to the next cell
– AND – will change the reference of the formula correctly. This is called a relative formula
copy. It is a copy of a formula that takes into account that you want the same basic formula,
only on a different set of cells.

You can also double click the fill handle to

automatically copy the formula along the
st
column. Excel will stop at the 1 blank cell
it finds

 Click on cell D5
 Place your mouse on the bottom right hand corner of the cell (as shown above)
 When you see the thin black plus sign, hold down the right mouse button and drag to
your mouse to cell D9 and let go of the left mouse button

Relative vs. Absolute Formula References

Typically, users wish to add or subtract cells that are right next to each other. When they copy
the formula, they want Excel to automatically change the formula relative to the cell(s) they are
copying from. This is called a Relative Reference. When we used Auto Fill, we took advantage
of this Excel feature.

Other times, users wish to create a formula that has, as one part of its formula, a cell whose
reference cannot change, yet the rest of the formula can. The is referred to as an absolute cell
reference. If, for example, you wanted to see what percentage of all On-Hand items were just
Twix and then wanted to copy that to the other items, you would need to tell Excel that cell
D10 cannot change, when the formula is copied. To create an absolute cell reference, simply
type (or click) the cell reference and then press the F4 Function Key. The F4 Function Key will
place dollar symbols ($) around the cell reference (e.g., $D$10), indicating that cell D10 cannot
change if the formula is copied.

 Click on cell E5

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  Type =D5/D10
 Press the F4 Function Key
 Observe the formula Bar ($ signs now precede the D and the 10)
 Use Auto Fill to copy the formula to the other items
 Click to observe each formula – notice that D10 does not change in each formula)

Complex Formulas

If you have a range of cells that need to be totaled, it can be a headache typing that many
references (for instance =C4+D4+E4+F4). Excel has Functions that allow you to apply formulas
to a range of data. Examples are: SUM, MIN, MAX, COUNT, AVERAGE. Auto Sum takes
advantage of just one of these functions (SUMS). See the Handy Tip on page 8. You can also
use the Function Wizard to create complex formulas (not covered in this course).

Editing Data
As in all Microsoft applications, there are always two or three ways to do the same thing.
Below are different ways to edit data (text, numbers, dates, etc.).

 To replace the entire contents of a cell, simply click on a cell, then type new information and
press [Enter].
this will replace the data in the cell with your typing

 Double click on the cell or press the F2 Function Key, navigate to and edit the data and press
[Enter]
this will allow you to edit all or some of the data

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 Click in the Formula Bar, navigate to and edit the data and press [Enter] or click the green
checkmark symbol in the formula bar

this will allow you to edit all or some of a cell

The red X equals cancel (“never mind”, like escape), the green checkmark equals *Enter+
and the = is one way to begin formulas.

Handy Tip!

If you accidentally begin to edit something that you don’t wish to edit, simply press the Escape
[Esc] key on your keyboard. That’s a great way to tell Excel “never mind”.

In the bottom left corner of the Status Bar, Excel will display either: Ready, Enter or Edit. If
there is no information in a cell, Excel is Ready to enter data. If information already exists in a
cell and you double click the cell (or use F2), Excel thinks you want to Edit the contents of the
cell, and if you double click on a
cell that has no data in it, Excel
thinks you want to Enter data.

 Click on cell A1 and type hello

 DO NOT PRESS ENTER
 Press Escape

 Edit Cell A1 to use your last

name as the company name
 Change Baby Ruth to Kit Kat
 Delete the dash (-) from D4

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Be careful – if Excel thinks you are in Edit or Enter mode, there are many things (commands)
you won’t be able to do, such as Open, Print, Sort, Insert Rows, etc. That’s because Excel thinks
you are in the middle of doing something inside a cell and it can’t, for instance, insert a row
inside a cell! Try it once (double click a cell) and look at your toolbars – many tools become
inactive (unavailable). Once you press Escape, Excel returns to Ready mode.

On Your Own

 Click on Sheet 2 in the document you are in

 Enter the information below starting at cell A1
 Enter a formula for Inventory Minus Sales
 Copy to the other candy items
 Enter an AutoSum for each column
 Copy the formula to the other columns
 Check the formulas
 Save As: My Own Sales
 Close the workbook

My Own Candy Company Sales

Candy Inventory Sales On-Hand

Good & Plenty 120 60

Mounds 95 32

Nutrageous 162 122

Totals

Handy Tip!

Shift + Click selects a range, Control + Click lets you be picky (select non-adjacent cells – cells
that aren’t right next to each other).

To increase or decrease the size of a selected range, use Shift + arrows.

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Note – Microsoft Press publishes a number of excellent reference books for Microsoft
applications and are available at an excellent discount to UMB employees and students.
Contact Kent Buckingham at 6-0343 to get your copy.

Move Data
Excel makes it easy to Move data from one cell to another. You can relocate data either by
moving it, which we’ll cover now, or by cutting and pasting it, which we’ll cover next. To move
data from one cell to another, simply point the cursor to the boundary of a cell. When you do,
the cursor will change shape – into a left pointing arrow – this is the tool used to drag and drop
the contents of a cell. You can use the same technique to move a group of cells (called a
range), but you first have to select the range, using the large plus sign indicated below.

Cursor symbols:

The large plus sign is used to select cells.

The left pointing arrow (when the cursor is on a cell or range border) is used to move
the contents of cells

The thin plus sign (when the cursor is pointed at the bottom right corner of a cell or
range) is used to copy the contents of cells and to invoke AutoFill (see copy).

To Move the contents of cell A1 to C1:

 Click on cell A1 (using the large plus sign)

 Point at the border of cell A1
 Hold down your left mouse button
 While holding down the left mouse button, drag the contents to cell C1
 Release the left mouse button (this is called drag and drop)

Practice moving the contents of other cells and putting them back.

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Moving a Range of cells:

 Use the big plus sign to select cells A4 through D10

 Point the cursor at any border of the selected range
 Hold down the left mouse button and drag and drop the range to G4.
 Release the left mouse button

The selected range now begins at cell G4

Click anywhere away from the selected range.

Reselect the range and Move it back starting at A4.

Cut &Paste
Another way to Move data from one location to another is to Cut it. Sometimes the location of
where you want your data to reside isn’t on the same screen as where it came from. The
difference between Cut and Move is that cutting places the data into the Clipboard before it
moves it, forcing you to Paste it to a new location, whereas Move relocates it when the
technique is used.

To Cut something and Paste it to another location:

 Select the cell or range of cells to be relocated
 Click the Scissors toolbar button (or choose Edit, Cut from the Menu Bar, or use
the Quick Menu and choose Cut). This will place your selection into the Clipboard.
Note: Flashing dashed lines will surround your selected area
 Click or navigate to the first cell of the area you wish to relocate the data to
 Click the Paste toolbar button (or choose Edit, Paste from the Menu Bar, or use the
Quick Menu and choose Paste)
The data will now be relocated.
Note: The flashing dashes surrounding the selected cells indicate that information is in the
Clipboard. The Clipboard is an internal storage area for information users Cut or Copy. In Excel,
this information is immediately available until the flashing dashes stop flashing.

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To Cut the contents of cell A1 to C13:

 Click on cell A1 (using the large plus sign)

 Use the Scissors to Cut the contents and place it in the clipboard.
 Click on cell A13 and Paste.

Undo/Redo
The Undo button (a.k.a. the “oops” button), is used to reverse the last action – in most
Microsoft applications (Excel, Word, etc.).

 Click the Undo button to reverse the Copy you just performed. Press Escape

The Redo button can be used to reverse your reversal (redo) – or to repeat your last
action.

The Quick Menu

The Quick Menu provides users with the commonly used commands
for whatever you have selected – be it a single cell, a range of cells, a
worksheet, toolbar, etc. You invoke the Quick Menu by right clicking
on something, then use the left mouse click to select the command,
such as Cut, Copy, etc. The illustration on the right shows the list of
Quick Menu commands available when you select a range of cells.

Be careful, it is very easy to select something, move your mouse away

from that area and then right click. If you do, the commands listed
will be associated with the area your mouse has moved away to, not necessarily the area you
wanted.

Copy &Paste
There are several ways to copy data from one cell to another. The easiest way is to select a cell
or range and use the Edit, Copy command from the Menu Bar. Then simply navigate to where
you wish to have the data copied and choose Edit, Paste from the Menu Bar. Like Cut, there is
a toolbar button you can use to Copy, and you can use the Quick Menu.

To Copy something and Paste it to another location:

 Select the cell or range of cells to be relocated

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 Click the Copy toolbar button (or choose Edit, Copy from the Menu Bar, or use the Quick
Menu and choose Copy). This will place your selection into the Clipboard.
Note: Flashing dashed lines will surround your selected area
 Click or navigate to the first cell of the area you wish to relocate the data to
 Click the Paste toolbar button (or choose Edit, Paste from the Menu Bar, or use the
Quick Menu and choose Paste)
The data will now be located here as well as the prior area.
To get rid of the flashing dashed lines, simply press the Escape key.

To Copy the contents of cell A1 to C13:

 Click on cell A1 (using the large plus sign)

 Use the Copy tool to Copy the contents and place it in the clipboard.
 Click on cell A13 and Paste. Press Escape

Control + ‘ (apostrophe key)

To quickly Copy data from one cell use Control + “. Hold the Control key down with one hand
and press the “ (apostrophe) key with the other hand. Excel will copy the contents from the
cell directly above the cell you are on into that cell.

Control + Drag (Copy Tool)

If the information you want to copy is not directly above the cell you wish to copy the data to,
you can use the Control + Drag technique. This tool allows you to copy the contents of one cell
to another cell that is not adjacent to the source cell. This is an expansion of the Move
technique on page 7.

To use Control + Drag:

 Use the big plus sign to select cell A13

 Point the cursor at any border of the cell
 While holding down the Control key, hold down the left mouse button and drag and drop
the range to A1.
 Let go of the mouse.
The selected range is now copied to a nonadjacent cell. The content is NOT in the clipboard.

 Delete Cell A13

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Insert/Delete Columns and Rows
To insert an entire column, right click the column heading (A, B, C, etc.) and choose Insert from
the Quick Menu. Excel will insert a new column and move the existing columns to the right.
The same technique is used for rows. Select the row heading (1, 2, etc.), right click and choose
Insert. Excel will insert a row and move existing rows down. An alternative to the Quick Menu
To adjust columns or rows, drag and drop the lines
between the column/row. Double click between them to
“auto fit” them. You can also select multiple
columns/rows and double click between one of them to
auto-fit all. The Select All button is helpful.

is to select a single cell, and choose Insert, Columns, from the Menu Bar.

To insert a column using the Quick Menu:

 Point to and right click on Column C and Choose Insert

To delete a column, point at and right click a column and select Delete from the Quick Menu.
 Delete the new Column C

To adjust the width of a column (or row, place your mouse between
the headers and drag right or left (or up or down)

To insert a row using the Quick Menu:Point to and right click on row 9
 Choose Insert

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To delete a row, point at and right click a row, then select Delete from the Quick Menu.
 Delete the new row 9.

Format Cells – Making it Look Pretty

Formatting a cell or cells changes the appearance, not the contents. It’s a way of making data
either more presentable (bold, italics, borders), or making it look the way we normally associate
a given type of data (November 1, 2003 rather than 11/01/2003). Many of the tools used are
similar to ones found in Word, PowerPoint, etc. However, because in Excel, we use many
different types of data (numbers, text, dates, percentages, etc.), we have many more
formatting options to choose from. Here are the basics and beyond.

Formatting Text:

 Select the text (one cell or more)

 Use the toolbar buttons (Bold, Italics, Underline, Center, etc.)
or use the Menu Bar (which always gives you more choices)

 Select the text (one cell or more)

 Choose Format, Cells from the Menu Bar
 Choose one or more of the tabs (font, alignment, etc.), select your choices
 Click OK

Let’s first use the toolbar buttons and start with our Title. Since it’s Text, we wish to make it
bold, italic and 16 point font.

 Click on cell A1

 Click the toolbar button for Bold

 Click the toolbar button for Italics
 Click the toolbar button for Center
Notice that each of these was a separate operation.

If you use the Menu Bar, you can apply multiple formatting changes, in one operation. The nice
thing about this is that Excel thinks of it as one change. Clicking the Undo button (oops),
reverses all of the changes, because Excel thinks they were one change!

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 Font Style Font Size Alignment tools Indent tools Fill Color

Bold, Italic, Numeric Formats Borders Font Color

Underline

The Formatting Toolbar

Now, let’s do the same thing using the Menu Bar

 Click on cell A1
 Click Format, Cells from the Menu Bar
 Select Bold, Italic from the Font Tab
 Select 14 for Size
 Click OK

Format Options

As you can see the picture above, there are several areas (tabs) you can apply formatting to.
They are: Number, Alignment, Font, Border, Patterns, Protection. Each of these tabs has
several options available. The key is that Excel will format whatever Excel thinks is selected!
For instance, if you are on a single cell, only the contents of that cells will be changed with
whatever format(s) you choose. If you select a range of data, the format(s) will affect only the
cells selected. This idea, that Excel does things to that which it thinks is selected, is a key part of
understanding and working with Excel.

At the beginning of this manual it was suggested that you enter your data, spell check it, save it,
and then do your formatting. Understanding the idea of how Excel works with selections, you

66 | P a g e
can reduce the time you spend “making it look pretty”, while ensuring the consistency of the
presentation of the information you are creating.

Formatting a Range – The Click, Shift + Click Technique

To format a range, one must understand how to select the range. The most common way is to
use the large plus sign to select the 1st cell and then, while holding down the left mouse
button, drag the mouse until the area you desire is highlighted. Sometimes your data is too
large to do this easily. An alternative is the Click, Shift + Click technique. Click on the cell that
begins your desired area, then scroll down to view the cell that ends your desired selected area.
Hold the Shift key down and then click on the last cell in the area you want selected. Excel will
automatically select the area between the 1st and 2nd clicks – only if you hold the Shift key
down before pressing the 2nd click! Once you have selected a range, the same techniques used
for formatting a single cell are available for a range.

Remember: Shift + Click selects a range, Control + Click lets you be picky (non-adjacent). To
increase or decrease the size of a selected range, use Shift + arrows.

Printing and Print Preview

When you are ready to print, do yourself a big favor and first do a preview. Oftentimes what
we think is a one page document is really a two-page document. And it only gets worse. That’s
because of the default settings for the way the document is setup, hence Page, Setup. So,
when we’re ready to Print, there are really four areas that are of concern to us:

1. File, Print from the Menu Bar (or the toolbar button)
2. File, Print Preview (or the toolbar button)
3. File, Page Setup from the Menu Bar (also accessible from within Print Preview)
4. View, Page Break Preview from the Menu Bar

1. The File, Print command allows you to set the “Properties” of a print job before
sending. Properties include: the printer, number of copies, paper size, etc. The Print
toolbar button

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skips this and sends a document directly to a default printer. It also has a “trap door” to the
Print Preview tool, which has a “trap door” to the Page Setup tool.

2. File, Print Preview lets you “try it before you buy it”. It provides many tools for setting up
and previewing a document before sending it to the printer.

Next, Previous, Zoom, Print, Setup, Margins, Page Break Preview, Close and Help are the
choices you have with Print Preview.

Next and Previous allow you to view multiple pages (if any)

Zoom allows you to “zoom in or out” your preview (use the magnifier to zoom in or out)

Print opens the Print dialogue box

Setup allows you to change Page, Margins, Headers/Footers and Sheet options

Close will close the preview

Help opens the Help dialogue system

Page Setup

Whether you open Page Setup through the Menu Bar or through Print Preview, it works the
same way. Here are the different options you have:

68 | P a g e
 Change to Legal size for
bigger print jobs

Page Break Preview

Another quick and easy way to change see what you will print before you print it is to use the
Page Break Preview feature. This feature allows you to drag and drop your print margins
quickly and easily. Simply turn on the feature, click OK at the prompt and then drag the blue
border lines to the appropriate column and/or row and let go. It’s that easy.

 Click on View, Page Break Preview, in the Menu Bar

 Read the dialogue box that appears and click OK
 Drag and Drop the column margin indicator line (colored blue) to the column and/or
row desired
 What you see is what will print!
Sending to Others via Outlook

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You can send an Excel document (workbook) to other users while in Excel. It’s easy – IF you are
using MS Outlook. You can send the document either as an attachment or in the body of your
message. Most people choose as attachment. Here’s how.

 Save your document (in Excel, Word, etc)

 Click on File on the Menu Bar (while in Excel, Word, etc.)
 Move your mouse down to the Send To command
 When you see the arrow to the right of the Send To command, move your mouse to the
right
 This will display the Send To options

 Choose (click on) Mail Recipient (As Attachment)

 An Outlook email will automatically open with the document as an attached file and your
cursor in the To part of Outlook – ready for you to address the email
 Address the email using the To button or by typing the recipient’s name (for the class,
choose citsinstructor)
 Press [TAB] to get to the Subject area and type a subject line
 Type Excel Class document.
 Press [TAB] to get to the message area and type any message you wish to send along with
the document
 Click Send – it’s on its way!

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That’s it!

Be careful – it you do not save the document first, it will be sent in the body of your message
and NOT as an attached file.

Freeze Panes
Sometimes, not all the data you want to look at can be viewed at the same time. Freezing
Panes is a technique that allows users to "freeze" certain columns and rows to allow one to
scroll to other areas of the sheet without losing site of the columns or rows desired.

To Freeze Panes, click in the cell below and to the right of the columns and rows you wish to
keep in view (cell C2 in the example above). Then click on Window, Freeze Panes and Excel will
keep the rows above and columns to the left in view. To Unfreeze Panes, simply click on
Window in the Menu Bar and select Unfreeze Panes from the list.

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Renaming Sheets
To rename a sheet tab, simply double click on the sheet tab, type the new name and then press
the Enter key. Make copies of the original sheet tab and use them to perform any of the
techniques described in this workshop, naming them with the tools used (e.g., Filtered Data,
Sorted Data, etc.). Then, if you want to use another of the tools, copy the original again,
rename it, and use that tool. This way, each tool used has a dedicated working copy of the
information. This will be especially helpful when you wish to chart subtotals.

Another way to copy a sheet tab is to Right Click the sheet tab (opens the Quick Menu) and
select Rename from the list. Type the new name and press Enter.

Basic Filtering
AutoFilter is by far the coolest, easiest to learn and use tool in Excel’s toolbox! It works just like
the Sort tool. Excel "searches" your database for the perimeters or boundaries of your data
and assumes that the first row refers to the names of your data elements, fields, or columns.
Simply click on a single cell in your data area, and then click on Data, Filter, AutoFilter. Use this
same command to turn off AutoFilter.Excel will place down-pointing arrows in each of your

column headers, allowing you to click the arrow and get a "pick list" of the data found in that
column. When you click on one of the values in the list, Excel displays only rows that have that
value in that column, “hiding” all other rows from view. The down arrow for a column’s pick list
will turn blue where the filter has been applied – that way you know which column you’ve
filtered on. You can filter on multiple columns. The Status Bar (at the bottom left of the
screen, below the sheet tabs) will indicate the number of records selected (e.g., 12 of 265
records found). This is great if all you need is an answer! And the best part about this is what

72 | P a g e
 Press and hold the
First, use you
Control key and
mouse to
select, with the
select your
mouse, the cells
data - be sure
that represent the
to include the
numbers you are
column header
charting. Include
(title).
the header. Notice
the header cell is
white,
you see is what you print! To get the original data not click
back, black the
- down arrow and select All
that's OK. Now
from the pick list, or choose Data, Filter, Show All from the Menu Bar. Try it! You’re gonna like
press F11.
the way you look…

Create and Work with Charts

Like the other advanced features of Excel (sort, filter, etc.), we rely on "selecting" in order to
perform charting. Unlike the other features though, charting requires the user to select the
data to be charted. Excel needs to know what information you wish to graphically represent.
The bottom line is, if you do not select a group of cells, or have a blank cell selected when you
execute the chart command, Excel will give you exactly asked for - nothing! Usually in the form
of one big column or a chart with nothing in it!

For the purpose of this presentation, we will use the results from subtotaling to create a chart,
apply formatting, and then save that format so we can apply it to other charts - saving us
valuable time formatting in the future and creating consistency in the presentation of our
charts.

Charts typically represent summary data. Instead of charting every student’s admission
decision, we tend to chart admissions decisions by program, school, etc. So somewhere along
the line, we need to summarize data in order for a chart to be visually useful.

To chart the results of a subtotaled datasheet, simply select the first set of cells you want to
chart. Then, hold the Control key down with one hand and select, with the mouse, the cells
that represent the corresponding data. It is vital that you select the same number of rows from
each column, and you do not select the grand total! Otherwise you will get yuck!

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Now press the F11 Function Key and Excel will create a new, separate sheet tab called a "chart
sheet.” The chart sheet is nothing more than the graphical representation of the selected data,
on a separate sheet tab, and is tied directly to the data in the sheet you selected the data from.
Changes made to the data will automatically update the chart! You can also use the Chart
Wizard toolbar button to create chart sheets or charts within the data sheet.

As a default, Excel creates a standard two-dimensional Chart Type (from its list of available
chart styles). You can modify the chart type, add or modify titles, formatting and style of the
chart. Use the Chart Toolbar to access the most common tools for formatting a chart. Please
note that this toolbar initially may appear in the chart area and can be relocated by dragging it
to the toolbar area. Once "docked" in the toolbar area, the chart toolbar will always come up in
the same location. Use the line at the end of a toolbar to relocate it when docked.

You can change the chart to three-dimensional, pie or any of the standard styles of charts. You
can do this via the Chart Toolbar or by clicking on Chart in the Menu Bar and selecting Chart
Type or Chart Options. Make sure you have clicked on a part of the chart before using the
Menu Bar. The easiest way to format a chart is to Right Click on any part of the chart and select
Format from the Quick Menu. This menu will verify what part is to be formatted (i.e., Format
Chart Area as shown below).

Chart Toolbar in "docked"

position.

Choosing Format or Chart lets

you change individual area of
the chart, or the entire chart.

Right clicking gives you the

Quick Menu. The first
choice is Format and will be
specific to that which you 74 | P a g e
right clicked on.
Sort Data with Toolbar Buttons
Sorting data is very simple. Click on a single cell in the column you want the information sorted
by, then click one of the two Sort toolbar buttons as shown below (ascending or descending).

In the example, a descending sort was applied to date of birth (DOB).

Sort Data the Menu Bar

The Sort Menu Bar allows you to apply more than one sort at the same time, up to three (3)
levels. It also assumes that the first row of your data is a "header row", namely, the names of
the fields or columns of your data.

To use the Sort Menu Bar, simply click in a single cell in your data area, then click on Data, Sort
from the Menu Bar. When the Sort dialogue box appears, choose the column name for each
column (header) desired and whether it should be sorted in ascending or descending order.

Note that Excel defaults to your data having a header row and you have the option to change it.

Page 75
This example shows how Excel selects the data area. Notice the first row is not selected - that's
because it is considered a header row. It will not be sorted with the rest of the rows.

If you want to sort more than three, here’s a tip: write out the columns you wish to sort – left
to right (on a sheet of paper). Then sort the fields, 3 at a time, right to left!

Reports in excel 2007 using Pivot Table:

Use a Data Model in another PivotTable, PivotChart, or Power View report

An Excel workbook can contain only one Data Model, but that model can be used repeatedly
throughout the workbook.

1. In Excel, click Insert > PivotTable.

2. In Create PivotTable, click Use an external data source, and then click Choose
Connection.
3. In Existing Connection, click Tables.
4. Under This Workbook Data Model, Tables in Workbook Data Model is selected by
default. Click Open, and then click OK. A PivotTable Fields list appears, showing all of the
tables in the model.

Add existing, unrelated data to a Data Model

Suppose you’ve imported or copied lots of data that you want to use in a model, but did not
check the Add this data to the Data Model box during import. Pushing new data into a model is
easier than you think.

1. Start with the data that you want to add to the model. It can be any range of data, but
using a named range works best.
2. Highlight the cells you want to add, or if the data is in a table or named range, place the
cursor in a cell.
3. Use one of these approaches to add your data:
4. Click Power Pivot > Add to Data Model.
5. Click Insert > PivotTable, and then check Add this data to the Data Model in the Create
PivotTable dialog box.

The range or table is now added to the model as a linked table. To learn more about working
with linked tables in a model, see Add Data by Using Excel Linked Tables in Power Pivot.

Refine and extend the Data Model in the Power Pivot add-in

In Excel, Data Models exist to amplify and enrich the reporting experience, particularly when
that experience includes PivotTables or other report formats that are intended for data

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exploration and analysis. While important, Data Models are purposely kept in the background
so that you can focus on what you want to do with them.

But suppose working directly on the model is exactly what you want to do. Knowing that the
Field List is based on a model, maybe you want to remove tables or fields because they aren’t
useful in the list. Perhaps you want to view all of the underlying data that the model provides,
or add KPIs, hierarchies and business logic. For all of these reasons and more, you’ll want to
modify the Data Model directly.

To modify or manage the Data Model, use the Power Pivot add-in. The add-in is part of the
Office Professional Plus edition of Excel 2013, but not enabled by default. More about Start
Power Pivot in Microsoft Excel 2013 add-in.

Differences between a table in Power Pivot and a table in a sheet

In Power Pivot, you cannot add a row to a table by directly typing in a new row like you can in
an Excel worksheet. But you can add rows by using Paste commands and by refreshing data.

Data in an Excel worksheet is often variable and ragged: that is, one row might contain numeric
data, and the next row might contain a graphic or string of text. In contrast, a table in Power
Pivot is more like that in a relational database, in which each row has the same number of
columns and most columns contain data.

Use the Data Model in Power View

A Data Model is used as the basis of a Power View report. Using the Power Pivot add-in, you
can apply optimizations to the model that improve Power View reporting. Optimizations
include: specify a default field list, choose representative fields or images to uniquely identify
specific rows, or specify how rows with repeating values (such as employees or customers with
the same name) are handled in a reporting application.

1. Create a Data Model by importing several related tables.

2. Click Power Pivot > Manage to open the Power Pivot window.
3. Select a table and apply optimizations:

a. Click Advanced > Default Field Set. Choose the fields that should appear automatically
on a Power View report when you click on the parent table. See Configure Default Field
Set for Power View Reports for details.
b. Click Advanced > Table Behavior. Optimize for report layouts that group data. Grouping
is subject to default behaviors that sometimes produced unintended results, such as
consolidating rows that should be listed separately. See Configure Table Behavior
Properties for Power View Reports for details.

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 c. Click Advanced > Data Category. Some report visualizations are specific to types of data.
For example, if you have a time or date based table, you can assign a Date category that
helps Power View with time-based visualizations.

4. Repeat for other tables.

5. In Excel, click Insert > Power View to start a new report. See Power View: Explore,
visualize, and present your data for more information.

Windows Tips and Tricks

 As a general rule: type it first, spell check, save it and then make it look pretty!
 Windows loves selections:
When you select something in Windows, you tell the computer to ignore everything except
that which is selected. You select something and do something to whatever is selected.
This works in Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook.

 So, select the information and then apply the trick/technique (copy, format, etc.)
 In Word, use the formatting toolbar, the ruler and the show/hide toolbar as a substitute for
Reveal Codes (for those suffering from Reveal Codes Withdrawal).
Alternative Keyboard techniques

Control + C, X, V Copy, Cut, Paste a selection

Control + A Select All (in a document)

Click + Shift/Click To select a range (Excel or Word)

Shift + Arrow keys To increase or decrease a selection

Control + Click To select non-adjacent cells (in Excel)

Control + D Duplicate a drawing object

Control + P To open the print dialogue box

Control + F To open the Find dialogue box – this works on the Internet,
and eUMB as well

Control + S Save a document (Quick Save)

Control + “ Copies the data from the cell above (Excel only)

Control + Arrow Keys Move a drawing object (nudge)

Control + Delete To delete the word in front of the cursor

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 Control + Backspace To delete the word in back of the cursor

Control + F4 To close a document

Control + F6 Toggle between open documents

Control + Home Go to the top of the document

Control + End Go to the bottom of the document

F7 Starts Spellchecker

Shift + F7 Open the Thesaurus

F4 Repeat last action

Double click gray area of ruler Opens Page Setup Dialog box
in Word

Alt+Tab Toggle between open applications

Tab or Shift + Tab Move to the right or left between cells

Data Validation [Microsoft Word] – to be able to prevent invalid data from being entered into a
cell.
Data Validation is only one of the wonderful functionalities of Microsoft Excel 2007. Data
Validation allows the creator of an Excel file to limit the values that may be entered into any
cell.

The Data Validation function is found in the Data Ribbon of any Excel 2007 workbook. Once in
the Data Ribbon, look in the Data Tools group to find Data Validation.

Data Validation Dialog Box

The following is a picture of a Data Validation dialog box.

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 Values can be set to allow:
Any Value
Whole Number
Decimal
List
Date
Time
Text Length
Custom

The Data can then be set to be:

Between
Not Between
Equal To
Not Equal To
Greater Than
Less Than
Greater Than or Equal To
Less Than or Equal To

Once you have set the previous criteria, you have to

set the Minimum and Maximum amounts. For this, you
can either select a range of data within your
worksheet, or you can simply input numbers [select a
list of data for the List option; select a start and end
date for the Date and Time options; select a formula
for the Custom option].

List Data Validation

The List Data Validation is useful when there are only a few valid inputs and the cell is used as a
reference. In our project, we used the List Data Validation in our inputs section for many cells.
We used some of them to signify either a "Yes" or "No" answer, and others as specific
percentages. The following pictures show these two types of lists.

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Once the settings for your Data Validation have been set, you are able to set any input
messages and/or error alerts.

Input Message

An input message is a message that appears when a cell is selected. This message is optional,
but strongly advised if your workbook will be used by more than one person.

You can write a message that allows the user to see the valid inputs, or valid input
requirements, before they enter a value. The following is an example of an Input Message being
shown on our Excel project.

Title: Positive Dollar Value

Input Message: Enter cash shortages as a negative
number.

We have chosen to put an Input Message on this cell to

clarify to the user of this Bonus Calculator that the value
in B9 must be a negative number.

Error Alert

The Error Alert can be set to stop, warn, or inform the

user if they inserted an invalid value.

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 A little dialog box will pop up if they did not follow the
restrictions.

Activities

I)

• Open an Excel workbook

• In column A write the names of your five friends. Name the topmost cell of that
column as “Friends”
• In the next column write the birthdays of those friends. Name the topmost cell of
that column as “Birthdays”
It may look like this…

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II)

• Open an Excel workbook

• In column A write your family members that are at home. Name the topmost
cell of that column as “Family”
• In the next column write the age of your family members. Name the topmost
cell of that column s “Age”
• In column C write any one hobby of your family members. Name the topmost
cell of that column as “Hobby”

It may look like this…

ii)

• Open an Excel workbook

• In column A, enter the first 5 months of the year. Name that
column as “months”
• In the next column, enter the number of days in each month.
Name this column as days.
It may look like this….

III)

• Open an Excel workbook

• Enter the names of five chocolates in a column. Name
the topmost cell of that column as “chocolates”
• In the next column, enter the price of these chocolates.
Name the topmost cell of this column as “price in Rs.”

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 It may look like this…

IV)

• Open an Excel workbook

• Write the names of your various body parts in one column. Name that column as “body
parts”
• In the next column, write “functions” of each body part

It may look like this……….

Microsoft Access

Microsoft Access1 is a Windows Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). It is the

University Computing Service's recommended product in this application area and is available
on the Managed Windows Service. Access is part Microsoft Office and is available to members
of staff from the Helpdesk.

This document assumes a basic familiarity with relational database management systems and
with Microsoft Windows. It describes, in broad terms, the facilities offered by Access and
demonstrates how some of the common tasks can be carried out.

A database based on the operation of a bank is described in Appendix I of this document and
will be used in examples throughout.

1
The version of Access referred to throughout this document is Access 2007

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Fundamentals
An Access database is made up of a collection of tables, queries, forms, reports, macros and
modules (programming code). All of the information connected with a database is stored in a
single file. The file will have a name of your choice and extension ACCBD (or MDB for
compatibility with older versions of Access).

Access enables its users to:

 Create a database
 Create tables within a database
 Insert, delete and modify data
 Validate data
 Display wanted data (run queries)
 Create web pages from data in the database
 Import data from other database systems and from ordinary files
 Export data
 Sort data
 Produce simple graphics
 Create forms
 Create reports (and mailing labels)
 Create macros
 Create programs (to operate on the data stored)
 Manage concurrent access to data
 Obtain on–line help

Data Types Supported by Access

The following data types are supported by Access:
 Text — up to 255 alphanumeric characters
 Memo — up to 64000 characters
 Number
 Byte: integers in the range 0-255
 Integer: range -32768 - +32767
 Long Integer: range -2147483648 - +2147483647
 Single precision floating point: range +-3.4 * 1038 (7 sf)
 Double precision floating point: range 1.79 * 1038 (15 sf)
 Currency
 Date/Time
 Autonumber (An automatically incremented long integer)
 Yes/No

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 Hyperlink
 OLE Object (binary data)

Restrictions Imposed by Access

Many of the restrictions imposed are not restrictions in any practical sense. The only maxima
likely be approached in practice are:

 Number of tables in a query: 32

 Number of sorted fields in a query: 255 characters in one or more fields
 Form/Report — Width: 22", Section Height: 22", Overall height: 200"
 Number of levels of nested Forms/Reports: 7
 Number of group headers/footers in a report: 10

2 Running Access
To run Access double–click the Access Icon2. Microsoft Access starts and
options to Open a recent database or create blank database will then be
displayed. Choose the appropriate option.

The figure below shows a typical Access window after an existing database
has been opened.

Figure 1 Access Window

2
You will need to install Access 2007 on the Managed Windows Service.

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The user interface to Access has changed with version 2007. The Office Button provides
functions such as Open, New and Print. The major change is the file menu and toolbars have
been replaced by the ‘ribbon’. The ribbon contains a series of command tabs; Home, Create,
External Data, Database Tools. Additional tabs such as Design can appear depending on the
context of the task chosen. Each tab contains groups of related commands. A ‘Navigation Pane’
displays objects such as Tables, Queries and Forms. The interface can be summarised as

 A set of tabs corresponding to major tasks - selecting one will reveal a set of sub tasks
and buttons.
 Buttons in the ribbon provide shortcuts to performing certain common tasks.. When the
mouse is moved over a button, an indication of what will happen when it is clicked on appears
near the mouse pointer,
 A Status Bar is used to display messages.

Help
The Help menu gives access to a very comprehensive help system. Press the F1 function
key or click the help button

Figure 2 The Help menu

 Microsoft Office Access Help starts with a set of common database tasks

 Table of Contents gives access to the help pages through a hierarchical sequence
of headings. This also gives facilities to search (displays a dialog box3) in which you can

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 Figure 3 The Open Database Dialogue Box

enter a term: Access will display a list of applicable topics from which a selection can
subsequently be made.

Creating a New Database

To create a new database select New after clicking the Office Button.

Access has a set of templates for databases for different tasks. For the moment ignore
these and choose the Blank Database icon from the form (not shown). Specify a Drive,
Directory and File Name in the window and click the Create button. A new database will
be created.

Opening an Existing Database

To open an existing database select Open after clicking the Office Button. A
dialogue box similar to in Figure 3 will display in which the Drive, Directory and File
Name can be specified.

Alternatively a list of recently opened databases appears when you click the Office
Button.

Creating Tables within a Database

To create a new table, click the Create tab and then click the Table Design button (figure
4).

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 Figure 4 Create New Table in Design View

A window like that illustrated in figure 5 will appear.

Figure 5 The Table Window (Design View)

Selecting Table Design causes an empty grid to display in which structure of the new
table can be specified as illustrated in figure 5. Each field is given a Name and a Data
Type, and an optional Description.

Selecting Table Templates enables the creation of a table starting from one of a number
of predefined designs.

Field Properties
Once a field has been given a name and data type, further properties can be specified in
the Field Properties box which displays in the bottom left hand corner of the Table
Window. That displayed in the figure above shows the properties for a field with data
type Number — a shorter list will display for some of the other types. The role of each

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property is outlined in the Hint box when that property is clicked, and context
dependent help is available. Briefly:

 Field Size determines the maximum amount of text for Text fields and the type
of number (Byte, Integer, Long Integer, Single or Double Precision Floating Point
decimal) for Number fields.

Format determines how the data is formatted for display — a number of options are
provided together with the ability to specify custom formats for some data types.

Decimal Places applies to Number or Currency fields and determines the number of
digits displayed after the decimal point: it does not affect the underlying data.

Input Mask defines a pattern to which input data must conform.

Caption determines the label used with the field on forms and reports, and what
appears at the top of a column in queries (the default is the Field Name).

Default Value determines a default value for this field when new records are created.

Validation Rule4 can be used to specify a condition or conditions that data must satisfy.

Validation Text displays on the Status Line when data breaks the Validation Rule.

Required means that the field must be filled with valid non-null data before a record can
be inserted (or updated).

Indexed determines whether an index is built for the field — see also Indexes below.

Indexes

Indexes5 are used by Access when tables are queried to speed that process. They
can result in dramatic performance gains on large tables. The indexes that are currently
associated with a table can be viewed and modified by clicking the Index button on the

toolbar. The Primary Key6 of a table can be defined by selecting a field, or a set of
fields and pressing the key button which appears on the tool bar — alternatively the
primary key can be specified or modified through the Index dialogue box.

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 Although there is a cost in indexing — disk space is required and the index has to be
updated whenever the data in that field changes — it would be generally advisable to
index if the table contains a large number of records (thousands) and if the field will be
used frequently in queries.

Table Properties

The Table Properties dialogue enables a Description to be associated with a table

and table wide (as opposed to field specific) validation rules to be specified.

Saving and Naming a Table

Figure 6 Prompt for Table Name

Having completed the table definition click the Office Button and choose Save - you
will be prompted for a table name.

Overtype the suggestion with a name of your choice.

Modifying the Structure of a Table

The structure of a table can be modified after its original definition 7.

Adding extra fields8 and increasing the length of a character field, or the field size of a
number field is straightforward.

Changing the name of a field will require you to alter any references to it in Queries,
Forms, Reports, Macros and Modules — so try and get the name right first time!

Deleting a field will require you to delete all references to it.

Decreasing the size of a field or the field size of a number field, or converting from one
format to another may result in data loss: you will be warned and given the option of
quitting, if you attempt it.

Viewing Data

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To display the contents of a table in a Table Window, locate the table in the Navigation
Pane (see figure 1) and double click with the mouse. A window, like that in the figure
below, will appear displaying several records. This is referred to as Datasheet View.

Figure 7 Viewing data in a table

The Resize Handles on each corner of the window can be used to resize it.

The Scroll Bar on the left, which appears when there are too many records to fit into the
window, can be used to control which block of records currently displays, as can the
Navigation Controls at the bottom9.

The area to the left of each record is known as the Record Selector. The Record Selector
corresponding to the current record (that most recently clicked) contains a symbol: a
blank denotes an unchanged record, a pen indicates a record currently being changed,
and a no–go sign (a crossed circle) may display to indicate that you have attempted to
change a record which is currently locked (and being changed) by another user — see
Inserting, Deleting and Modifying Data below. An asterisk appears in the record selector
of an empty record at the bottom of the table.

The Column Selector can be used to resize or re–order the columns.

 To resize a column move the mouse to the right hand edge of the column that
you wish to resize (the cursor displays as a two headed arrow), click and hold
down the mouse and drag the column separator left or right, then release the
mouse button.

 To re–order columns, select a column by clicking in the Column Selector, the

column will highlight, click and hold down the mouse button and drag the small

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 rectangle which appears, dropping it into the column to the left of which you
wish the selected column to appear.

Sorting

The information displayed in a table window can be sorted in ascending or

descending order based on a single field by clicking one of two Sort Buttons. If a more
complicated sort is required a query can be used.

Finding a Record in a Table

The Binoculars button appears on the tool bar when a table is opened in datasheet
view. It can be used to find a record which contains some specified string or pattern.

Figure 8 Finding a Record

In locating a record the search term (characters or pattern) specified in the Find What
box is matched against data in records in the table in which the cursor was positioned
when the binoculars were clicked. The specified characters are matched against the
contents of the current field if the Search Only Current Field option is selected or
against all fields if All Fields if it was not selected. The match can be made against the
Whole Field, the Start of the Field or Any Part of the Field depending on the option
specified in the Match box. The direction of search can be specified as Up or Down and
either the First or Next record found depending upon which button is clicked to initiate
the search. Specifying Match Case requests a case sensitive search. Specifying Search
Fields as Formatted10 compares the search term against the data as formatted,
otherwise it is compared against the data as it is stored in the field(s).

Special Characters (Wild cards)

Patterns as well as words or phrases can be looked for. Special characters enable a
pattern to be specified:

* Means any sequence of characters.

? Means any single character.

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 # Means any digit.
[abc] Enclosing several characters in square brackets means any one of those
characters. A range (or ranges) can also be specified [a-z] and negation ! used: [!abc] is
taken to mean any character except those specified.

Inserting, Deleting and Modifying Data

It is often preferable to alter data through forms (detailed later in this document),
however, a new record can be entered by filling in the blank record (an asterisk appears
as its record status).

Existing records can be changed by appending information to fields, or by deleting or

modifying the contents of fields11. Data can be deleted by highlighting it and cutting (or
by pressing the Del key) or by positioning the cursor and backspacing over it. Data can
be copied and pasted in the normal way12. Changes to the current field can be undone
by pressing the Escape key — a second depression will undo any other changes that
might have been made to the current record. Alternatively select Undo Current Field,
Undo Current Record or (if you have moved away from it) Undo Saved Record from the
Edit menu.

A record can be deleted by clicking selecting13 it and then pressing the Delete key, or by
choosing Delete from the Edit menu (by default you will be prompted to confirm
deletions).

Using Existing Data

One of a number of choices can be exercised if data already exists and you wish to use it with
Access.14
Access is capable of importing data from a number of other systems. 15
Access can also import data from ordinary text files provided:
Each record occupies a single line.16

Fields are delimited by a special character, or alternatively, occupy fixed column

positions.Database tables in other systems, or in another Access database,
can be attached to an Access database. In this case the data can be altered
by Access but are maintained outside the Access database file.

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Exporting to Other Systems
Data can be exported to all of those systems from which it can be imported.

Queries
One of the principal tasks of a database system is to enable wanted information to be
retrieved. Access queries are designed for this purpose. They can be used to:

 Display records in a table which satisfy stated criteria.

 Join related information from two or more tables.

 Sort information.

 Alter data: perform global inserts, appends or updates.

Displaying Wanted Data from a Single Table

The simplest sort of query involves displaying information from a single table that satisfies
specified criteria. The example that follows shows how to create a query which when executed
displays the Account Id, Type, Branch Id and Balance of all current accounts.

To create a Query, click the Create Tab and then click the Query Design button . See figure
9.

Figure 9 New Query

Selecting Design View and clicking on the OK button causes a Query Window to display
containing a Dialogue box entitled Add Table, which can display a list of all the tables and
queries17 that currently exist in the database.

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 Figure 10 Query creation: selecting the information source(s)

Add the tables and/or queries upon which the query is to be based then Close the Add Table
Dialogue box. The following figure shows the Query Window with one table (Accounts) added.

The Query Specification determines the condition(s) records must satisfy to be output, which
fields are output, and how output is sorted.

Figure 11 Query Specification

The Fields appearing in the top row of the query specification are those which are needed
because they contain data that needs to be queried and/or displayed. They are most easily
specified by dragging and dropping from the table.18

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The Show boxes are crossed to indicate that the corresponding field should appear as output -
if one is blank the corresponding field will not appear.19

The Criteria are simply typed in (Access will automatically add quotes if they are omitted). Wild
card characters (see above) can also be used.20

To run a query after composing it, click the Datasheet View button on the
ribbon.

To return to the design click the Design View button.

Editing Through a Query

Information can be edited through a query if certain conditions are met. A query is run and
displays a set of records. Alterations can then be made to the underlying information in the
tables upon which the query is based by altering the information displayed.

Sorting Information
The output records can be sorted in ascending or descending order on specified fields. The sort
order is determined by entries in the Sort row of the Query Specification.

Figure 12 Sorting

The output resulting from the above Query Specification would be sorted in ascending order
according to branch Id: where records have the same branch Id they would appear in
descending order of balance.

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 Figure 13 Output

Operators
The comparison operators (<, <=, >, >= , =, and <>(not equal)) can be used in the usual sense.
e.g. Criteria: >2

The like operator is used in conjunction with wild card characters — it will be automatically
added by Access if omitted.

The Is operator can be used with the Null keyword to find missing information e.g. Criteria: Is
Not Null excludes records with no information in the corresponding field.

AND, OR and NOT

The AND, OR and NOT (Boolean) operators can be used (in conjunction with brackets if needs
be) in specifying criteria. Complicated OR expressions can be entered by filling in more than one
of the Criteria rows. The following query will display details of Accounts which satisfy (at least)
one of the following conditions:

 Managed at Branch Id 1, have type Savings or Current, and have a balance between
£100 and £1000.

 Managed at Branch Id 2.

Figure 14 A query using comparison and Boolean operators

Expressions
In the examples above, fields have been queried and displayed. However Access allows an
expression as well as a field to be specified in the Field row of a query specification. The
expression is treated in exactly the same way as a field. Access contains a comprehensive list of

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functions that can be applied to data in fields21. The query below outputs the Account Id, Type
(in upper case), Branch Id, and 5% of the balance labelled as 5pc_balance

Figure 15 A Query using expressions

Similarly a field (or expression) specified in the Field row can be compared against another field
or expression specified in the Criteria Row22.

Groups and Summary Statistics

Records can be grouped and simple summary statistics output on a per group basis.

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 Figure 16 Query using Group By and
Sum
The query outputs the sum of the
Account balances for each Branch at which Accounts are managed. Clicking in a cell on the Total
row will display the list shown on the right hand side of the query (which is not part of the
query proper but serves to illustrate some of the choices). Select from it by clicking one of the
items.

Joining Information
In the examples above queries have been directed at a single table. It is frequently the case,
however, that queries need to be directed at more that one table which contain related
information.

Two tables, table1 and table2 say, may be joined over a pair fields23 — one from each table —
which are defined over the same data domain24. For each record in table table1, records in
table2 are sought which have the same values in the join fields. A composite record is build
from the pairs of records. The collection of all such records is the so–called natural join of
table1 and table2 (often referred to as simply the join). This is illustrated by the example below
where table1 and table2 to be joined — the join fields are field2 from table1 and field1 from
table2.

In database theory, a number of different sorts of join have been identified as useful. For
example, note that the last record of table1 does not contribute a record to the natural join
because z does not appear as a value in table2 field1: we may want such an entry. A so—called
outer join would generate a record (with a null entry in third column of the output).

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100
 Figure 17 Joining two tables

Access uses queries to join tables and supports both natural and outer joins. This is best
illustrated by example: to find out details of Accounts including the address of the Branch at
which they are managed it is necessary to join information in the Branches and Accounts tables.

Figure 18 A join in Access

Start by adding the Accounts and Branches tables to a new query. The join columns are
identified in the diagram above by the line running between them. To draw the join line, click

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101
on the Branch Id field in the Accounts table, drag it over to the Branches table and drop it over
the Branch Id field25. Release the mouse button and the line appears.

Double clicking the join line displays the Join dialogue box (left) through which a natural or
outer join can be requested.

Figure 19 Output from the Query specified in previous Figure

Query Properties

Associated with each query are a number of properties, the settings of which
affect the way it runs and what data is displayed. With the query in design view click the
property sheet button and then click the graphical representation of the query. Those most
commonly used properties are detailed below.

Output All Fields: outputs all fields irrespective of all other specifications.

 Top Values: restricts the number of records displayed.

 Unique Values: set to Yes to display unique rows only. You can use the UniqueRecords
property to specify whether to return only unique records based on all fields in the underlying
data source, not just those fields present in the query itself.

 Run Permissions: Run either with the permission set of the user running the Query or
with that of the Query creator.

25
Tables will be joined automatically if a Relationship has been defined (see below).

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102
 Figure 20 The Query Properties Window

Field Properties
Each field on the query specification has a number of properties which vary depending on its
datatype. The Format (and Decimal Places perhaps), Input Mask, and Caption properties are
analogous to those for fields in a table documented above.

Parameters
Query parameters enable a query to be specified in general terms. For example, you may
routinely wish to look at Accounts managed at a particular Branch but want to vary the
specification of the Branch. Specifying a parameter rather than an absolute value in the Criteria
will cause Access to prompt for a value when the query is run.

To display the Query Parameters Dialog box choose Parameters when in the
Query design view. (see Figure 21)

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103
 Figure 21 Query parameters

Global Editing
In all the examples above queries have been used to select information - these are termed
select queries. Queries can be used to insert, modify or delete information in database tables
— these are so–called action queries. Use the Query Type Buttons to specify the type of query.

Figure 22 Action Query Types

The format of the Query Specification varies according to the sort of query chosen. The
following is an example of an update query which, when executed, will change the Account
type from Savings to Current for all Accounts.

Figure 23 An Update Query

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104
 To execute an action query click the Run button on the Tool Bar.

Relationships

Figure 24 The Relationships Window

Access enables relationships between pairs of tables to be declared.

The primary purpose of a relationship is to enforce referential integrity stopping reference

being made to a non existent object. By way of example, in the figure above, there is a
relationship defined between the tables Branches and Accounts and referential integrity is
enforced26. Any attempt is made to create an Accounts record which references a Branch Id
which does not exist will fail with an error.

The Cascade Update Related Fields and Cascade Delete Related Records options appear when
referential integrity is enforced and control how Access responds when the primary key of a
record, that is referred to by a Related Table, is updated or when such a record is deleted.
Given the relationship in the figure above: an attempt to alter the Branch Id of a Branches
record would fail if an Accounts record existed with Branch Id field referencing the old value. If
Cascade Update Related Fields was selected, the update of the Branches record would succeed
and Accounts records referencing the old value of Branch Id would be updated to reference its
new value. Similarly, given the relationship above, an attempt to delete a Branches record will
fail if it is referenced by an Accounts record. If Cascade Delete Related Records was selected,

26
Enforce Referential Integrity is selected.

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the deletion of the Branches record would succeed and any Accounts records referencing it
would also be deleted.

To create or alter relationships, click the Database Window and choose Relationships... from
the Edit menu - the Relationships Window will display and a Relationships menu will appear on
the Menu Bar. New Tables can be added through Relationships Menu, and relationships
specified in the Relationships Window by dragging a field from the referenced table and
dropping it over a field in the referencing table e.g. to create the relationship between
Branches and Accounts, the Branch Id of Branches was dragged and dropped over the Branch Id
field of Accounts. A dialogue box appears when a relationship is created enabling its
specification to be modified and default Join Properties27 set — this dialogue box can be
recalled by double clicking an existing relationship.

Forms
Access Forms28 are primarily used as a means of viewing or editing data in tables — they offer
an alternative to viewing or editing using a Table Window as discussed above. The information
appearing on a form may be from either a table or a query. A form can also contain sub-forms
which typically display related information from other tables.

Creating a Form for a Single Table

Access provides a number of ways of manipulating forms. Perhaps the easiest method is to use
as ‘wizard’. To create a form click on the Create tab and then click More Forms to start the

Figure 25 New Form Dialogue Box

Form Wizard (figure 25).

Select the table (or view) upon which the form is to be based, then select the fields that will
appear on the form — the > button moves the currently highlighted field to the list that will

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appear on the form. The >> moves all of the fields. The < and << buttons work in the opposite
sense. Click the Next> button when you have selected all of the fields you want.

The next panel from the form wizard (not shown) asks how you want to display your data, for
example ordered by one of the available variables. This facility can automatically produce
form/subform layouts (which reflect the 1-to-many relationships implied in the query used for
the table). When you have decided on the order click the Next button

Figure 26 Form Wizards Dialogue 2

Form Wizards gives you a choice of a number of styles of form. In this example Columns was
chosen. Having chosen a style, click the Next button.

The style affects the appearance of fields on the form. The example uses Standard style. To get
some idea of what the style will produce, click the various options and look at the picture on
the left hand side. When a style has been chosen, click Next>.

Figure 27 Form Wizards Dialogue 3

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Selecting

Figure 28 Form Wizards Dialogue 4

Open the Form to view or enter information and clicking the Finish button displays data
through the form

Figure 29 Data Viewed Through a Form

Alternatively electing Modify the Form's design allows the design of the form to be altered

Figure 30 A Form in Design View

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Anatomy of a Form
The form illustrated above consists of three sections: a Header, Detail and Footer29. Data
appears in the Detail section, the Header contains descriptive text and the Footer is empty. In
fact you can put anything anywhere (for example, data can appear in the Header) but as a
general rule restricting the display of data to the Detail section is recommended. The Header
and Footer might contain descriptive information, buttons (explained later) or summary
information if the Detail section displayed a table of records rather than a single record as in
the example above.

Form Attributes
A Form has a number of properties which affect how it looks and behaves: these can be
altered to suit a specific purpose. For example the Default Editing property determines
whether, by default, the form can be used to edit information and/or add records or
whether it displays information read only, and the Allow Editing property determines
whether a form with a Default Editing property of read only can be used to edit at the
discretion of the user. Other properties affect what happens when you use the form in a
particular way.30

Controls
Each section contains a number of controls. Only two sorts appear on the form
generated above (Labels are used for annotation, and Text Boxes display information
from the table upon which the form is based). Other sorts of control are available. Each
control has a (large number) of properties, which will not be listed here, which affect
how it looks, its position, and in the case of some types of control, how it behaves in
response to events.

When adding a control the designer of a report specifies its type using the Toolbox which
displays in design view.

The following items are shown in the diagram of the Toolbox:

A Label is used for annotation.

A Text box is used to display data from the table or query the form is based on.

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 An Option group is made up of two or more Option buttons, Toggle buttons or
Check boxes. By clicking one of the options in the Option group, the value of a field can be
set to an integer.

Figure 31 The Toolbox

An Option button, Toggle button or Check box sets the value of a field to -1
(Yes/True) or 0 (No/False). They are used with fields with data type yes/no.

A Combo box31 or List box is used when the value of a field is one of a number of
choices stored in a table or accessible through a query.

Tab control is used to create a tabbed form with several pages.

A Sub–form enables a master/detail form to be built (see below).

An Object Frame enables the display of an OLE object such as a picture.

Lines and Rectangles are just simple graphics which can enhance the appearance
of the form.

A Page break enables vertical navigation with the Page Up and Page Down
keys - useful where there are many fields on a form.

A Command button is associated with a code segment, function (see Module

below) or macro which executes when it is clicked.

The rest of the tools determine the behaviour of the Form editing process. Pointer enables
controls to be selected rather than added. Control Wizards activates or deactivates Control

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Wizards which can be used for the specification of Combo boxes, List boxes, Option groups and
Command buttons.

Altering the Design of a Form

Once created a form can be altered. Controls can be added, deleted, resized and their
properties can be altered.

In the form created above, for example, it would be better to replace the Text box associated
with the Account type with a Combo box which showed all the allowable types (stored in the
table Account Types) and allowed the user to pick off the list. To do so the designer would:

 Open the form in Design View

 Click on the type field and delete it (press the Del key)

 Display the list of fields —

 Click on the Combo box button in the ribbon

 Click on the type field in the Field List and holding the mouse button down drag and
drop it into position on the form

Click the Property Sheet button select the type Combo Box. Alter the Row Source32
property to Account Types (a table name).

As an alternative, the designer might activate the Control Wizards, in which case, rather than
setting properties by hand they would be set as a result of a dialogue.

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 Figure 32 A Combo Box

Aesthetics (Tips)

To move a control, select it, click on the large rectangle in its top left hand corner 33
and, holding down the mouse button, drag it to a new position.

To resize a control click on any of the smaller rectangles on its borders34 and, holding down the
mouse button, drag the boundary of the control.

To select a set of controls either:

 Select the first and then select subsequent controls with the shift key depressed.

 Click and hold down the mouse close to one control and drag the mouse over the form
— all of the controls within, or partly within, the rectangle that appears will be selected
when you release the mouse button.

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Once selected, the common properties of a set of controls can then be displayed and set
through the property sheet and the controls themselves can be aligned, sized or positioned
relative to each other using the Format menu.

To move a group of controls select them, click in one of the selected controls and hold down
the mouse button (a rectangle appears) which can be dragged into a new position.

A section of a form (or report) can be resized in much the same

_
_
 way as a control. Position the cursor close to a bounding
horizontal or vertical line and (if a two headed arrow appears)
drag the line to its new position.

Use colour.

Filters

By default, when a form is opened all of the information in the Record Source —
underlying Table or Query — can be viewed through it. It is possible to restrict which records
display by applying a filter — a query is associated with the form and only those records
satisfying the query are displayed on the form. The three Filter buttons above enable (from left
to right) the filter to be altered, turned on and turned off.

Sorting

The information displayed through a form can be sorted in ascending or descending

order based on a single field by clicking one of two Sort Buttons. A more complicated sort order
can be specified in the query filter.

Creating a Form for Related (Master Detail) Tables

A form can contain another form, so related information from more than one table can be
displayed through a single (master) form. For example when displaying Account details the
designer might want to display details of the Account Owners and of the Transactions
associated with it, as shown below.

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 Figure 33 A Master–Detail Form

To display the Account Ownership List the designer might create a query — (Account Owner
Summary) which contains the Address of a Person as well as Account Owner details (see Figure
34) ...

Figure 34 Account Owner Summary Query

...then create a form to display information from the query in tabular form. 35 The form has a
Combo Box associated with the Person Id field (with properties set as shown in the diagram
below36) and a Text Box associated with the Address field.37 The form is called Account
Ownership (Embed).

Figure 35 A Form for the Query Account Ownership Summary

To embed this form as a sub–form in the master form illustrated in figure 36:
 Open the master form in design view.

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  Display Form Objects in the Database Window and drag and drop the relevant icon
into the body of the master form.

Figure 36 Embedding a Sub–Form

Two properties of the sub-form need to be set to ensure that the information that displays in
the sub-form is related to information in the master form - Link Child Fields and Link Master
Fields38. In this case the value of Account Id field in the Accounts table (upon which the master
form is based) and the Account Id field in the Account Owner Summary query (upon which the
sub–form is based) determine which records display in the sub–form.

A sub–form for transactions can be embedded in much the same way.

Expressions and Totals

In the above example Text Boxes contain information that comes directly from a table or query
— the Control Source property of these controls is a field name. The Control Source39 can
however be:

 An expression (calculation)

 A summary statistic calculated over the set of records currently displaying (for example
average, count, sum)40

Reports
Access Reports are primarily intended to generate paper output, but they can also be used
effectively for on–screen display. As with a form, the information appearing in a report may be

38
If there is more than one field, separate successive names with semicolons

39
Search for ControlSource under the Help menu for more information.
40
The form in question would have its Default View property set to datasheet and so would display (typically) several
records.

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from either a table or a query. A report can also contain sub–reports which typically display
related information from other tables.

Creating a Report
To create a report click on the Create Tab and click the Report Wizards button.
Report Wizards is to reports what Form Wizards is to forms: a series of dialog boxes, very
similar to those displayed by Form Wizards, determine what information will appear on the
form and how it is sorted.

By way of example a report which contains Branches and Accounts information will be created.
The report is to contain information about each Branch and details of Accounts managed
(including information about the Account Owners and Transactions carried out). To do this the
designer can either:

Create a report for the Branches table.

Embed within that a linked sub–report containing for Accounts within which are
embedded linked sub–reports for Transactions and Account-Ownership.

or as in the example below:

Create a query which joins the Branches and Accounts tables.

Embed within that linked sub–reports for Transactions and Account–Ownership.

Figure 37 The Query Branch Account Summary

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 Figure 38 Report Generated by Report Wizards

The report (Figure 38) was generated using Report Wizards, specifying the query (Figure 37) as
the source table/query, requiring a single–column style, with all fields appearing, and a sort
order of Branch Id followed by Account Id

Figure 39 Sorting and Grouping in a Report

In the diagram shown above, a Group Header has been created for both Branch Id and
Account Id (using the Sorting and Grouping Button on the Toolbar) in order to highlight those
fields as they change, and Text Boxes and Labels have been moved into the appropriate Header
from the Detail section.

Just as a form can be included as a sub-form in a master form, so a report can be included as a
sub-report of a master report.

Figure 40 The Report Account Owner Summary

The illustration (above) shows a report based on the query Account Owner Summary (see
Figure 34). It will display the Person (identifying number) and Name of Account Owners.

To embed this report in the master report shown:

 Open the master report in Design View.

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  Display Report Objects in the Database Window and drag and drop the relevant icon for
the embedded report into the body of the master report.

 Specify the Link Child Fields and Link Master Fields.

Figure 41 Embedding a Sub–Report

In the figure above, the Branch Id and Account Id Headers41 have been filled
with black and grey respectively (point to the object and right click the mouse botton) to make
them stand out, and a sub–report detailing Transactions has been added.

The View button on the Tool bar can be used to look at the output at any time in the
design process. The output from the report above is illustrated in figure 42.

Figure 42 Report Output

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Expressions and Totals
In the above example Text boxes contain information that comes directly from a table or query
— the Control Source property of these controls is a field name. The Control Sourcei can
however be:

 An expression (calculation)

 A summary statistic calculated over a group or overall (for example average, count, sum
and running sum)

For example, to display the sum of all balances of Accounts for each Branch, the designer could
create a Branch Id Group Footer42 and put in it a Text Box with its Control Source property set
to =Sum([Balance]).

Macros
Access has a macro language. Macros and functions (see Modules below) can be executed in
response to events generated by the user43. A description of macros is beyond the scope of this
document - refer to the Help within Access.

Modules
Access has a programming language — Access Basic. A module (Database Object) is a collection
of functions (and/or subroutines) which can be executed in response to events generated by
the user or called from other functions or subroutines. A description of Access Basic is beyond
the scope of this document — the interested reader should refer to the Access Help for more
information.

Concurrent Access to Data

An Access database can be accessed by a number of different users concurrentlyii. Each user
must have opened the database in shared mode (the alternative is exclusive mode).

Security
The Access security scheme is built around Users, Groups and Permissions. Users and Groups
can be created and users assigned to groups. Permissions can then be given to users or groups
permitting certain types of access to database objects44. The permissions that can be applied to
a given database object is given in the table below.

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In addition there are:
Database privileges Open/Run and Open/Exclusive.

The ownership45 of database objects can be changed.

An Access database file can be encrypted; select the Database Tools tab then
click the Encrypt with Password button (open a database for exclusive use
– search help for further details).

For a full explanation of Access security refer to the Help system and search for topics starting
with the word Security.

Object  Table Query Form Report Macr Module

Permission  o

Open/Run Y Y Y

Read Design Y Y Y Y Y Y

Modify Design Y Y Y Y Y Y

Administer Y Y Y Y Y Y

Read Data Y Y

Update Data Y Y

Insert Data Y Y

Delete Data Y Y

Figure 43 Database Object/Permission Matrix

Locked Records
When a database is being accessed by more than one concurrent user, records may, whilst they
are being changed by one user, appear locked to another user. The locking strategy employed
by Access is determined by the Advanced Options46 within Access Options – see below. A

46
The default can be varied if editing through a form — via its RecordLocks property.

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locked record is visible but cannot changed. When an interactive user attempts to change a
locked record a no–go sign appears in the record selector and no changes can be made.
Similarly, if an action query is run which attempts to alter a locked record, it will not succeed —
the user will be given the option of cancelling the query.

Deleting Database Objects

To delete an object (Table, Query, Form, Report, Macro or Module), display the list of such
objects in the Database Window, highlight the object in question and press the Del key or select
Delete from the File menu47.

Renaming Database Objects

To rename an object, display the list of such objects in the Database Window, highlight the
object in question, right click with the mouse and enter the new name in the dialog box which
displays48.

Options — Changing Access's Behaviour

Many aspects of the behaviour of Access can be changed to suit individual users. For example,
the default database sort order, whether a user is prompted to confirm deletions or action
queries, how Access locks records in a multi-user environment, what fonts and font sizes are
used by default, and aspects of the screen display. For more information search for Options

command under the Help menu. To change an option, click the Microsoft Office Button
and then click the Access Options button.

Converting from other Access versions

To convert a database from an earlier version of Access open the database click the Microsoft

Office Button and select Save As. You will be prompted for the name of the database to be
converted and a new name and/or location for the converted database. Once converted the
database must be used with Access (it cannot be converted back).

Documentation
 This document is intended to give the reader an idea of what Access can do and how to
do some of the commoner tasks. It is not intended to document the system or indeed to
mention everything that can be done.

 A main source of information is the Help menu within Access.

 Books on Access are available in the main University Libraries

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A number of databases are distributed with Access and these can be copied to your own file
space by clicking on the Copy Sample Databases icon in the Microsoft Office window. They are
interesting in themselves and may give someone contemplating setting up a database in a
controlled environment some useful ideas.

Appendix 1 Example Database

To illustrate the sort of problem that lends itself to solution using an RDBMS, consider the
example of a bank that wishes to maintain details of its branches, staff, customers and accounts
(including details of investment and withdrawal).

Four entities can readily be identified:

1. Branches of the bank
2. Persons
3. Accounts
4. Transactions

Relationships exist between these entities

 A Branch is managed by an employee of the bank (a person).
 An Account is owned or partly owned by a customer (a person).
 A Transaction is carried out on an account.
 A Transaction is overseen by an employee of the bank.
 A Transaction is carried out at a branch of the bank.

This is represented in the following Entity–Relationship Diagram

Figure 44 Entity Relationship Diagram for a Theoretical Bank

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 Figure 45 Table Design for Bank

Operating System

The operating system is the most important program that runs on computer. Every general-
purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs and applications.
Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard,

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sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and
controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a
traffic cop -- it makes sure that different programs and users running at the same time do not
interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for security, ensuring that
unauthorized users do not access the system.

Introduction of Mining: - खनन धयती से फहुभल्

ू म खननजों मा अन्म बव
ू ैऻाननक भार की
ननकासी है , आभ तौय ऩय एक अमस्क शयीय से, शशया मा (कोमरा) सीभ. कोई साभग्री कृषष
प्रक्रिमाओॊ के भाध्मभ से हो नहीॊ क्रकमा जा सकता, मा एक प्रमोगशारा मा कायखाने भें कृत्रिभ
रूऩ से फनामा है , आभतौय ऩय खनन क्रकमा जाता है .

INTRODUCTION TO MINING

What is mining?
Mining is extracting ore or minerals from the ground
Mining may well have been the second of humankind’s earliest endeavours granted
that agriculture was the first.

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State wise distribution of production in India

Karnataka MH Others
3%Goa 3% 6%
4% Bombay
AP MP high
5% 5% 28%
Assam
5% Odisha
Gujrat Rajasthan CG Jhdk 12%
7% 7% 7% 8%

OPENCAST

OPENPIT
SURFACE
STRIP SHRINKAGE

CONTOUR CUT & FILL

MINING SUB-LEVEL CAVING

METAL

UNDERGROUND BOARD & PILLAR

COAL HYDRAULIC

LONGWALL

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Surface mining
 Mine working open to the surface.
 Operation designed to extract minerals that lie close to the surface
 It is used when the ore body is near the surface and little overburden (waste rock) needs
to be removed.
 It is usually employed to exploit a near-surface deposit or one that has a low stripping
ratio.

 Waste is first removed, then the ore is broken and loaded.

 Generally low grade, shallow ore bodies.
 Non-selective all high and low grade zones mined
 Mining rate > 20,000 tons mined per day (tpd).
 It often necessitates a large capital investment but
generally results in high productivity, low operating cost, and
good safety conditions.

 Strip Ratio (SR) When speaking of an open pit mine, the

term strip ratio is used. This is simply. Strip Ratio (SR) is the
mass of waste to be mined to obtain one unit mass of ore.
 SR = Waste/Ore
1. Syncrude Tar Sands: SR = 1.2 - 1.4
2. Highland Valley: SR ~0.5
3. Bagdad mine: SR ~1.2
4. Cortez mine: SR = 1.6
 Different OC Machinery
1. Shovel + Dumper
2. Dragline
3. Surface Miner
4. Bucket Wheel Excavator

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 Underground Mining

 Stopes are openings from which ore is mined. They may be backfilled with cemented
waste materials.
 Drifts are horizontal passageways used for access.
 Ore passes are sub-vertical chutes for movement of ore.
 Declines or ramps are spiral or inclined drifts.
 Levels include all the horizontal workings tributary to a shaft station. Ore excavated in a
level is transported to the shaft to be hoisted to the surface.

 Very expensive and the most dangerous , but has the least impact environmentally on
the earth’s surface.
 Underground mining is done when the rocks, minerals, or gemstones are too far
underground to get out with surface mining.
 Entry into underground mines is by vertical shafts, or by a sloping tunnel.

FORMATION OF DEPOSIT

 Concentration of Minerals during Cooling of Molten Rock Materials

 Formation of Mineral Deposits by Evaporation of Sea-Water
 Formation of Deposits by Action of Intense Heat and Pressure

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  Concentration of Minerals during Weathering, Transport and Sedimentation
 Formation of Mineral Deposits due to Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
 Formation of Mineral Deposits by Microbial Activity

Minerals can be classified into 4 categories

Metallic minerals
 Associated with intrusive igneous rock
 These deposits can consist of valuable metals such as nickel, copper , zinc , lead,
and gold
 Metallic minerals must be broken apart and chemically processed to extract the
useful metal from the mineral.
 At one time magma containing dispersed minerals was forced up towards the
earth’s surface through fissures.
 Super heated brines dissolved metallic elements, which flowed into some of
these cracks. As they cooled they solidified and formed veins. Associated with
intrusive igneous rock

2. Fuel minerals
 Found in sedimentary rock
 Formed from the remains of living
organisms that were transformed over time by heat and
pressure into coal, oil, or natural gas. Associated with
intrusive igneous rock

3. Industrial minerals (gypsum, potash, rock salt)

 Found mainly in sedimentary rock.
 Formed in shallow seas in regions with hot dry climates.
 As water evaporated, it became more and more salty
 Eventually the salt began ti build up in layers
 In some cases the seas dried up .

4. Structural minerals
 Associated with all types of rocks
 Are the products of river, wind, and glacial deposition

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  Include sand, gravel, and clay
 Used mostly as construction materials

Stages of mine

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Mining Process Flow Chart

1. Exploration Geologists (Resource Model):-

I. Diamond Core Drilling,
II. Reverse Circulation
III. Drilling
IV. Surface Grab Samples
V. Geological Mapping
2. Mine Planning Engineers
3. Mine Production Engineers
4. Mine Geologists:
I. Grade Control Plan & Drilling
II. Design Ore Blocks
5. Drill and Blast Engineer
6. Process Engineer

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CYCLE OF OPERATIONS

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Surface Miner

Cycle of Operation in underground mine

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 Health and safety in mining

Safety Cardinal Rules

 Safety Provisions
- Do not override or interfere with any Safety Provision nor let anyone else override or
interfere regardless of seniority.
 Protective Equipments
- Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs) applicable to the given task must be adhered to.
 Lock Out Procedures
- Always follow isolation and lock out procedure.
 No Alcohol nor drugs
- No person will be allowed to work if under the influence of alcohol or drugs
 Reporting Culture
- Report all injuries and illness

What Is A Near Miss?

A Near Miss is an opportunity to improve

safety, health and environmental concerns
of an operation based on a condition or an
incident with potential for more serious
consequences.

Note: Security can also be a potential area of concern

Importance of Safety, Health & Hygiene

What is First Aid ?

• The Encyclopaedia Britannica states First Aid as "measures to be taken immediately

after an accident not with an idea to cure but in order to prevent further harm being
done". It uses the available human and material resources at the site of accident to
provide initial care to the victim of injury or sudden illness until more advance care is
provided.
• First Aid has the following main objectives:
• (i) To preserve life
• (ii) To prevent the victim's condition from worsening
• (iii) To promote recovery

Goals of First Aid

• 1. To restore and maintain vital functions. The ABC of basic life support (Airway,
Breathing, and Circulation) are always the first priority.
• ● Airway must be open so that air containing oxygen enters the body

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 • ● Breathing must take place so that oxygen passes through the lungs into the blood
stream
• ● The heart must circulate the oxygen carrying blood

2. To prevent further injury or deterioration.

3. To reassure the victim and make him or her as comfortable as possible.

First Aid Kit

Following are the contents of a First Aid Kit :

 Cotton wool
 Adhesive tape
 Crepe bandage
 Sterile Dressing
 Bandage
 Thermometer
 Scissors
 Glove
 Soap
 Pain reliever
 Antacid
 ORS Packets

General Safety Rules:

 Do not enter the workshop without permission.

 Do not work on the machine unless instructed by superiors.

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  Always use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE),Like goggles, Safety shoes

 Never wear jewelry or loose clothes while working on machine tools.

 Always report any defective equipment to the technician in charge.

 Any oil spillage, grease must be cleaned up immediately.

 In the event of fire, report to the supervisor immediately and leave the building
immediately and assemble at assembly point.

1. सरु ऺा सन्दे श:
सुयऺा एफोंग उत्ऩादकता एक ही शसक्के के दो अरग अरग ऩहरु है . षवश्व की अरौह धातु कृत
खान अफोंग स्भेल्तेयों भें त्रफक्षऺत दे शों के सुयऺा भाऩदॊ डों अफोंग उत्ऩादकता का स्तय त्रफकसशीर
दे श के सुयऺा भाऩदॊ ड एफोंग उत्ऩादकता स्तय से फहुत ऊऩय है . आज हभ हहॊदस्
ु तान जजॊक
शरशभटे ड की खानों एफोंग स्भेल्तेयों के गत 30 फषों की उत्ऩादकता एफोंग सयु ऺा भाऩदॊ डों को
दे खें तोह ऩाएॊगे की फषष प्रनत फषष उत्ऩादकता एफोंग सयु ऺा के स्तय भें फषृ ि हुई है . एफोंग वह
हदन दयू नहीॊ जफ हभ त्रफक्षऺत दे शों की खानों एफोंग स्भेल्तेयों के सभतुल्म उत्ऩादकता को कामभ
कय ऩाएॊगे.

प्रनतमोगगता की इस दनु नमाॊ भें सुयऺा एफोंग उत्ऩादकता का स्तय फढ़ाने हे तु खानों एफोंग
स्भेल्तेयों भें अत्माधनु नक तकननकी का उऩमोग एफोंग मॊिीकयण (भेकानैसेसन) क्रकमा जा यहा है .
मॊिीकयण के ऩण
ू ष कड़ी भें से एक बी कड़ी भें खयाफी होने से सम्ऩण
ू ष ब्मफस्था गड़फड़ा जाती है .
उत्ऩादन ह्राश होता ही है , दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ बी फढ़ जाती है .

खनन ब्माब्सम एफोंग अमस्क सज्जीकयण के दौयान साधायणत् होने वारे दघ

ु ट
ष नाओॊ को अगय
दे खें तोह मह ऩाएॊगे की 40% दघ
ु ट
ष नाओॊ का भौर ननम्न कायन है एफोंग इन कायणों को दे खें
तोह ऩाएॊगे की मेही कायन ही फाधक है उद्मोगगक उत्ऩादन/उत्ऩादकता फढ़ाने के___
 जस्ऩरेज
 अमस्क (ओय), तेर, ग्रीज़, सीभें ट, स्रायी आहद.
 फोल्डय
 डडये रभें ट

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  ट्रै क डाउन/भें टेनेंस
 भटे रयमर हैंडशरॊग
 आधे आधयु े आधनु नकयण

स्पऩऱेज:- बूशभगत खदान हो मह खर

ु ी खदान, खदान हो मह अमस्क सज्जीकयण शभर, िेशय,
कन्वेमय, फर शभर, जस्कऩ रोडडॊग ब्मफस्था. अमस्क जस्ऩरेज के कायन फहुभल्
ू म धातु को हभ
खोते हैं. सपाई के शरए श्रभ शजक्त का उऩमोग कयना ऩढ़ता है . सपाई नहीॊ होने ऩय उत्ऩादन
ऩय असय ऩढ़ता है . कबी कबी सपाई के शरए उत्ऩादन योकना बी ऩढ़ता है .

जस्ऩरेज के कायन दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ होती है . जैसा की खदान त्रफबाग भें जस्कऩ भें जस्ऩरेज होना, शभर
त्रफबाग भें फर शभर से जस्ऩरेज होना आहद.

इसीप्रकाय तेर, ग्रीज़, सीभें ट, स्रायी के त्रफखयाव, जस्ऩरेज से इनका आगथषक हानन उठाना तो
ऩयता है . साथ ही साथ कबी तेर, ग्रीज़ की कभी से भशीनों को योकना ऩयता है . दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ
अफस्म होगी जहाॉ तेर, ग्रीज़, सीभें ट, स्रायी का त्रफखयाव है . सीभें ट का उऩमोग सऩोटष के शरए
क्रकमा जाता है . अगय इसका जस्ऩरेज होगा तोह सऩोटष कभजोय हो जामेगा. ऩानी का जस्ऩरेज
बूशभगत खदान एफोंग शभर भें होता ही यहता है , ऩयन्तु इस अनभोर फस्तु का भूल्म कभ है
जजस कायन इसे योका नहीॊ जाता है . I.S.O. भान्मता प्राप्त शभर एफोंग खानों भें जस्ऩरेज नगण्म
होना अफस्मक है .

बोल्डर:- खर
ु ी खान हो मा बूशभगत खान अमस्क बॊडाय को डिशरॊग, ब्राजस्टॊ ग कय ऩत्थयों के
टुकये कय उन्हें खान से फहाय राने की क्रिमा भें फोल्डय एफोंग पाइन भक फनते हैं.
उत्ऩादकता का स्तय सवषश्रेस्ट तबी होगा जफ तोड़े गए अमस्क न तो फोल्डय के रूऩ भें हो न
पाइन के रूऩ भें फ्रेगोंटे सन सही का भतरफ 80% से 90% ऩत्थय 3" से 24" साइज़ के हों.
ब्राजस्टॊ ग के फाद फोल्डय आने से रोडडॊग भशीन का उत्ऩादकता कभ होता है . फोल्डय का फाय
फाय ब्रास्ट कयवाना ऩढ़ता है . मह फोल्डय जजन जजन भशीन प्राॊट से होकय गुजये गा उससे ऺनत
ऩोहुॊचाता हुआ जामेगा. बशू भगत खानों भें L.H.D. के फकेट शसशरॊडय/फकेट/टामय सबी को ख़याफ
कयता है . सूट भें डारने ऩय सूट का गेट तोड़े गा, हौरेज के सूट भें पसने से सूट यन-डाउन
कयता हैं, भाइन काय (G.B. काय) को असॊतुशरत कयता है . एफोंग असॊतुशरत G.B. काय चरने से

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एफोंग डॊषऩॊग ऩॉइॊट ऩय उससे डडये र कयता है /िेशय भें ब्राजस्टॊ ग कयना ऩयता है . फेल्ट कन्वेमय भें
आॊफेरेंस चरेगा एफोंग कन्वेमय को पाड़ दे ता है . उऩयोक्त जजन जजन स्थानों ऩय मह आऩनी
ऩहचान कयवाता है , उन स्थानों ऩय खान कभषचारयमों को इन फोल्डयों को ननमॊत्रित कयने के
प्रमास भें दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ होती है . फोल्डय भर
ू कायन है इन सबी स्थानों ऩय हुई दघ
ु ट
ष नाओॊ का.
बशू भगत खान भें रागे िेशय से ननकरे हुए ऩत्थय की साइज़ 6" से कभ होने चाहहमे. अगय
इनभें साइज़ फढे आने रगे तो जस्कऩ से जस्ऩरेज फढे गा. सूट जाभ होंगे, कन्वेमय ऩय फड़े ऩत्थयों
को उतय कय पोड़ना ऩयता है . इतना ही नहीॊ मह फोल्डय शभर भें सूट जैभ कयता है . एन्फोंग
प्रत्मेक जाभ सूट को चारू कयने भें दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ होती हैं. उत्ऩादन रुकता है .

फोल्डय ऩय ननमॊिण कयने हे तु डिशरॊग ब्राजस्टॊ ग सही होने चाहहए. जजस जगह शशमय मा अन्म
कायणों से फोल्डय गगय सकते हैं उनऩय ननमॊिण कयना अनत अफस्मक हैं. बशू भगत खान भें रागे
िेशय का गैऩ फड़ने नहीॊ हदमा जाना है .

डेरेऱमें ट:- भाइन काय का ऩटयी से उतयना. दे खा गमा है की प्रत्मेक बायती G.B. काय का
डेयेरभें ट के फाद उसे यी-ये शरॊग के दौयान एक दघ
ु ट
ष ना होती है . उसी प्रकाय प्रत्मेक बती गाड़ी के
डेयेरभें ट के फाद उसे यी-ये शरॊग भें ऩूयी शशफ्ट चरी जाती है एफोंग प्रत्मेक खरी गाड़ी यी-ये शरॊग भें
चाय घॊटे रागते हैं. अत् प्रत्मेक डडये रभें ट दघ
ु ट
ष ना फढ़ता हैं एफोंग उत्ऩादकता घटाता है . डडये रभें ट
योकने के शरए हौरेज का यख-यखाव सही होना चाहहए एफोंग गाड़ी, रोको का यख-यखाव उछ
स्तय का होना चाहहए. जजस प्रकाय हभ दघ
ु ट
ष नाओॊ का शरखा जोखा यखते हैं उसी प्रकाय प्रत्मेक
डडये रभें ट का बी शरखा जोखा यखना चाहहए.

ब्रेकडाउन/में टेनेंस:- ब्रेकडाउन एफोंग भें टेनेंस टाइभ डाउन टाइभ का उत्ऩादकता से सीधे सॊऩकष हैं .
ब्रेक डाउन होते ही उत्ऩादन भें फाधा हो जाती है , कबी कबी रुक जाता है . ब्रेक डाउन से सुयऺा
का बी सीधा सॊऩकष है . प्राॊट, भशीन, उऩकयण ब्रेकडाउन होते ही दघ
ु ट
ष ना की सम्बावना फड
जाती है . जैसे की बशू भगत खान भें ऩानी फहाय पेकने के ऩॊऩ का ब्रेक डाउन होना, वेंडय (भैन
षवजन्डॊग) का ब्रेक डाउन होना, ब्रेकडाउन के कायन फम-ऩास कय प्राॊट चरने भें खतया फढता है .
ब्रेकडाउन को रयऩेमय कयने भें बी दघ
ु ट
ष नाओॊ की सम्बावना फहुत फड जाती है . याजऩुया-दयीफा

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खान भें हुई कुर दघ
ु ट
ष नाओॊ का 24% दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ भशीन प्राॊट को भें टेनेंस मा अटें ड कयने के
दौयान हुई है . ब्रेकडाउन भें टेनेंस के फजाम प्रेवेंनतव भें टेनेंस ऩय ध्मान ज्मादा हदमा जाना चाहहए.

मटे ररयऱ हैंडलऱॊग:- मह दे खा गमा है की खान एफोंग प्राॊट भें कयीफ 20% जनशजक्त का
उऩमोग भटे रयमर हैंडशरॊग भें क्रकमा जाता हैं एफोंग इस ऺेि भें 12 से 15% दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ होती है .
भटे रयमर हैंडशरॊग को हभ दो तयह से जाने. प्रथभ भेकेनाइज्ड भटे रयमर हैंडशरॊग, द्षवतीम
भैन्मुअर भटे रयमर हैंडशरॊग. प्रथभ प्रकाय की भटे रयमर हैंडशरॊग भें दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ फहुत ही कभ नगण्म
होती है क्मूॉ की इस तयह के कामष ननमोजजत एफोंग ब्माफजस्थत तयीके से क्रकमे जाते हैं. भैन्मुअर
भटे रयमर हैंडशरॊग ननमोजजत एफोंग ब्माफोजस्थत नहीॊ है . श्रभ शजक्त का उऩमोग सही नहीॊ हो ऩता
है . एफोंग 12% से 15% दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ इस ऺेि भें ही होती है . दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ कभ कयने श्रभ शजक्त का
ऩण
ू ष रूऩ से उऩमोग कयने एफोंग उत्ऩादकता फढ़ाने हे तु हदन प्रनत हदन होने वारे भटे रयमर
हैंडशरॊग को ननमोजजत, ब्माफोजस्थत एफोंग भेकेनाइज्ड कयवाना होगा.
आधे आधयु े आधनु नकयण:- आधनु नकयण/मॊिीकयण भें ऩूॊजी ननवेश भुख्मा सभस्मा है . बायतीम
चारू/यननॊग उद्मोगों की अवस्था सफषत्रफहदत हैं. नमें उद्मोगों भें आधनु नक तकननकी का उऩमोग
होयहा है . ऩयन्तु यननॊग उद्मोगों के आधनु नकयण/मॊिीकयण को ऩूणष कयने भें जो असुत्रफधामें है वो
है ____
I. ऩूॊजी
II. स्ट्रक्चय
III. स्थान
IV. प्राॊट साइज़
V. बायतीम ऩरयफेश भें ग्रहण कयने की ऺभता
VI. ट्रे ननॊग

उदहायण के शरए मातामात भें आधनु नकयण हुए आजकर हाईवे ऩय आऩ 20-30 टन ऺभता के
ट्रक ऩाएॊगे ऩयन्तु हभाये हाईवे क्मा इन ट्राकों के चरने रामक है ____
I. इनकी ऺभता का ऩूणष उऩमोग नहीॊ हो यहा है . ii. असुयऺा का फाताफयण फना यहता है .
20-30 टन ऺभता के ट्रक आऩनी गनत को बी फड़ा नहीॊ सकते. नतीजन ननधाषरयत सभम से
दग
ु न
ु ा भार ऩरयफहन नहीॊ हो ऩयाहा है . अथाषत उत्ऩादन कभ एफोंग सयु ऺा बी कभ.

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बायतीम उद्मोगों भें त्रफदे शी भशीनें आमा कयरेते हैं , रेक्रकन उनके स्ऩेमय नहीॊ शभर ऩते हैं, भहॊ गे
होते हैं, एफोंग सभम ऩय उऩरब्ध नहीॊ हो ऩते हैं.
ऩरयफतषन के दौय भें हभें हय ऺेि भें ऩरयफतषन/अधनू नकयण/मॊिीकयण कयना होगा. स्ऩेमय बायत भें
ही प्राप्त हो मह ब्मफस्था कयना होगा तबी हभ उत्ऩादन एफोंग सयु ऺा दोनों को ही ऩा सकेंगे.

2. सरु ऺा के बबषई में कुछ गऱत धारणाएॊ:-

सुयऺा के त्रफषम भें काभ गायों भें कुछ गरत धायणाएॊ फन गमीॊ हैं. उनभें से कुछ को दयू कयने
का प्रमत्न वाताष भें कयें गे, वे हैं____

 “दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ तो होती ही हैं, वे तो होगी ही”. “अगय क्रकसी के बाग्म भें दघ
ु ट
ष ना ग्रस्त

होना शरखा है तो उसे कोई भानवीम प्रमत्न टार नही सकता”. “जहाॉ बी त्रफशार भशीनें तेज
उत्ऩादन भें रगी है वहाॊ दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ अफस्मम्वाफी है ”. “उत्ऩादन व सुयऺा साथ साथ नहीॊ चरते”
सुयऺा को एक तयप कयके ही उत्ऩादन का रक्ष्म प्राप्त कय सकते हैं”.

दनु नमाॊ बय भें त्रफषवन्न सॊस्थानों द्वाया क्रकमे गए दघ

ु ट
ष नाओॊ के अध्मन तथा त्रफश्रेसन के ऩश्चात
मह शसि हो चक
ू ा है की उत्तभ उत्ऩादकता वारे कायखानों भें सुयऺा का बी उच्च स्तय होता है .
सयु ऺा व उत्ऩादकता का सीधा सम्फन्ध है __ उत्ऩादन अच्छा है तो सयु ऺा के शरए क्रकमे गए
प्रफॊध बी उत्तभ है . उत्ऩादन फढ़ाने के शरए जो उऩाम अऩनाने होते हैं वोही सयु ऺा को सनु नजश्चत
कयने के शरए बी होते हैं.

 सयु ऺा के ननमभ नमें काभगायों एफोंग अनाडड़मों के शरए होते हैं. इसके त्रफऩयीत हभ

अक्सय दे खते है की फहुत सी दघ

ु ट
ष नाओॊ भें सीकय अनुबाफी काभगाय होते हैं. अनुबव जैसे जैसे
फढता है काभगाय भें झट
ू ी सयु क्षऺतता का आबास फढ़ता जाता है . उसे भहसस
ू होने रगता है की
“भैं जनता हूॉ की भेये साथ ऐसा नहीॊ होगा- भैं इसी तेयह से काभ फहुत दपे कय चक
ू ा हूॉ, भें
सदै फ सावधान यहता हूॉ”- औय क्रपय एक हदन दघ
ु ट
ष ना भें व आऩने ऩुये अनुबव के फाफजूद उसभें
पॊस जाता है .

 काभ कयने वारा ब्मजक्त ही दघ

ु ट
ष नाग्रस्त होता है - अरसी मा ब्मथष सभम फफाषद

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139
कयने वारा नहीॊ. आऩने दे खा की एक काभ गय जो कुछ कदभ चर कय सीढ़ी चड़ने के फजाम
ऩुयाने फक्सों को एक के ऊऩय एक यख कय काभ चरता है , मा एक साथ जो थोड़ी दयू जाकय
स्टोय से मा उगचत स्थान से सही औजाय न राकय गरत मा खायाऩ औजाय का उऩमोग कयता
है , मा क्रपय एक साथी जो षवद्मत
ु ् का काभ कयने से ऩहरे फ्मज
ू ननकारना बर
ू जाता है , मा
वह साथी जो गैस ऩाइऩ के सहाये मा ऐसे ही खतयनाक क्रकसी ऺेि भें ऊॉघता यहता है वह आऩने
आरस्म से दघ
ु ट
ष ना को आभॊत्रित कयता है . आऩनी इकाई के दघ
ु ट
ष ना त्रफश्रेसन से मह सषवत
होता है की काभ कयने वारे ब्मजक्त को चोट कभ रगती है . क्मूॉ की वह सुयऺा ननमभों का
ऩारन कयता है . काभ कयने से कोई दघ
ु ट
ष ना का सीकय नहीॊ होता है - सुयऺा ननमभों को तोड़ने से
ही दघ
ु ट
ष ना होती है .

 दघ
ु ट
ष ना को कोई फीय ऩुरुष ही झेर सकता है , दघ
ु ट
ष ना से डयना वह फचाव के साधनों

का उऩमोग कयना कामयता है . कामय फन्ने की अऩेऺा फहादयु ी की भौत फेहतय है . एक वीय
शसऩाही सदै फ रड़ाई भें दश्ु भन के साभने हगथमाय रेकय ही जाता है , दश्ु भन से त्रफना हगथमायों के
रड़ाई न तो फीयता है औय न फुषिभानी. रड़ाई के शरए आऩके ऩास अफस्मक हगथमाय औय ढार
होनी चाहहए. काभगाय को उसके काभ ऩय जाने के शरए आऩके ऩास अफस्मक हगथमाय औय ढार
स्वरुऩ है - कामष मा उसभें के खतयों का ऻान, सुयऺा वह दघ
ु ट
ष ना फचाव के उऩामों भें त्रफस्वास,
सुयऺा उऩकयणों तथा साधनों का सभोगचत उऩमोग, खतयों को ऩहचान कय उनकी सुचना दे ने की
सतकषता, पारतू खतया न उठाने का दृढ़ ननश्चम तथा तन्भमता ऩुफक
ष काभ कयना – इन
हगथमायों को रेकय ही सुयऺा की रड़ाई सपरता ऩुफक
ष रड़ी जाती है .

 सुयऺा के ननमभ प्रफॊधकों द्वाया फनामें गएॉ हैं, हभें उनसे कुछ रेना – दे ना नहीॊ है .

कुछ काभ गय बाइमों भें सुयऺा के ननमभों के प्रनत आिाभक मा उदासीनता की बावना दे खख जा
सकती है . इसका कायन है की सुयऺा ननमभों को वे प्रफॊधकों की आऻा के रूऩ भें दे खते हैं.
रेक्रकन अगय आऻा बी सभझे तो बी है तो आऩके फचाव के शरए. कोई बी गाडष भशीन की
सुयऺा के शरए नहीॊ ऩयन्तु उसऩय काभ कयने वारे की सुयऺा के शरए रगामा जाता है . उसको
प्रमोग भें न रेने से काभगाय को ही तकरीप होती है .

 सुयऺा फनामें यखना प्रफॊधकों का कतषब्म है . मह फात एकदभ सही है , ऩय आऩ उनके

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कतषब्म ऩारन भें भदद कय सकते हैं औय आऩकी भदद से वे इस कतषब्म का औय बी फहतय रूऩ
से ऩारन कय सकते हैं. काभगाय होने के नाते आऩ वहाॊ के खतयों को जानते हैं , जैसे टूट-पूट
हारत भें गगयावट औय असुयक्षऺत फाताफयण दे खते हैं औय आऩ ही उसभें काभ कयते हैं. प्रफॊधन
आऩनी तयप से कतषब्म ऩारन कये गा ही ऩय अगय आऩ इन फातों की तयप उनका ध्मान
आकषषषत कयने से चक
ु ें गे तो अगय उनका बी ध्मान इस तयप न आमा तो नक
ु सान क्रकसका
होगा? आऩ ही का न.

काभगाय को सयु ऺा – प्रथाओॊ की उऩेऺा कयने भें फहुत फड़ा हाथ उनकी गरत भनोबावना का
होता है . औय फहुत दपे उसका ऩरयणाभ बमॊकय ननकरता है . ऐसी कुछ भनोबावनाएॉ ननम्नाॊक्रकत
है ___

I. सुयऺा उऩकयण व गाडष को काभ भें रेने के प्रनत उदासीनता कुछ काभगाय सुयऺा

उऩकयणों तथा गाडष का प्रमोग उनके कायन होने वारी थोड़ी असुत्रफधा के कायन नहीॊ कयते. ऩय
एक पूटी हुई आॊख, कटा हुआ हाथ, मा ऩैय औय भत्ृ मु अगय ऩरयणाभ स्वरुऩ आवे तो एक थोड़ी
सी असुत्रफधा जो चस्भा, भोजा, मा डस्ट भास्क ऩहनने भें होगी – क्मा सही नहीॊ जाती? दस
ू यों
द्वाया आरोचना की सुयऺा टोऩ अथवा डस्ट भास्क ऩहनने से हास्मास्ऩद रगते हैं मा हास्मास्ऩद
फस्तु सीय/चहये ऩय चढ़ामे हुए हैं, हभें उनके प्रमोग से योकने भें सपर नहीॊ होना चाहहमें. जफ
चोट रगेगी औय दघ
ु ट
ष ना के ऩश्चाद ऐसे रोग क्मा भदद कय सकते हैं? क्मा तकरीप कभ होगी
मा अॊग – बॊग जो हुआ है वह ठीक हो जामेगा?

II. दस
ू यों की सुयऺा के प्रनत राऩयवाही कोई क्रकरों सभेत तख्ता क्रकसी फक्से भें से खखॊच

कय छोड़ते सभम मह न सोचते क्रक यस्ते भें ऩड़े हुए उस तख्ते की कीरें क्रकसी के ऩैय भें घाव
कय सकती है , मा शसगये ट जरा कय भागचस की तीरी उछरकय पेंकते हुए मह न सोचते की मह
भशीन के कयीफ ऩढ़े हुए तेर बयी गचॊहदमों भें आग रगा सकती है तो वह दघ
ु ट
ष नाओॊ को
आभॊत्रित कयता है . इसतयह के कायणों से फहुत दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ होचक
ु ी है . अगय क्रकसी काभगाय भें
सुयऺा सभाप्त कयने ऩय मा आऩना कामषस्थर छोड़ते सभम जो क्रकसी बी कायनवस ् हो, यखकय
चयों औय दे ख कय इस तयह के खतयों को दयू कयते हुए ही आऩना कामषस्थर छोड़ेगा.

III. कामष भें ध्मान न यखना (absent mindedness)- कामष से ध्मान को इधय – उधय

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बटकने दे ना खतयनाक होता है . एक ऺण की षव असावधानी मा ध्मान का डोरना दघ
ु ट
ष ना कय
सकता है तथा इसतयह के कायन से वमॊकय दघ
ु ट
ष ना हुई बी है .

IV. जल्दफाजी कयना अधीय होना:- कई दपे काभगाय आऩने काभ भें जल्दफाजी कयते हैं
ताक्रक उसको सभाप्त कयके थोड़ी दे य आयाभ कय सके. वह काभ के प्रनत अरुगच व इसतयह का
बाव दशाषते हैं. जैसे कोई भुसीफत है औय भज़फूयी से बुगतना ही है . जजतनी जल्दी ननऩटाया
होजमे अच्छा है . औय इसके शरए भशीन को तेज चराना, अगधक बारयत कयना मा सुयऺा
उऩकयणों को हटाना आहद काभ कयते हैं. ऩय मह कुछ शभनट आयाभ कयने की काभना उसको
दघ
ु ट
ष ना ग्रस्त कय सकती है जजसभें उसका अॊग-बॊग मा कुछ नुकसान हो सकता है जजसके कायन
ऩूयी जज़ॊदगी योना ऩड़े मा दस
ु ये बी इस दघ
ु ट
ष ना से प्रबाषवत हो सकतें है .

अन्तभें हभ मेही जोय दे ना चाहें गे की काभगाय का ही दघ

ु ट
ष ना भें सफसे अगधक नक
ु सान, कास्ट
आहद होता है औय उसकी बूशभका इसको योकने भें अहभ ् है . अगय ध्मान से काभ क्रकमा जामे तो
दघ
ु ट
ष नाओॊ की सॊख्मा ऩय काफू क्रकमा जा सकता है .

सुरऺा ननयोमों की अनुऩाऱना हमारा नैनतक दानयत्व

उत्ऩादन भें सॊग्राग्न कभषचारयमों, बवनों, उत्ऩादनों आहद की सुयऺा सुननजश्चत कयने के शरए
हभायी इकाई की कामष त्रफगध के अनुरूऩ कुछ ननमभों का ननधाषयण क्रकमा है जजन्हें हभ सुयऺा
ननमभों के नाभ से जानते हैं.

I. कामष स्थर ऩय फजजषत फस्तुएॊ जैसे फीड़ी, शसगये ट, तम्फाकू, भागचस आहद न रामें.
II. समॊि ऩय कामष कयने से ऩूफ/ष ऩश्चात मह सुननजश्चत कयें क्रक सम्फॊगधत स्थाई आदे शों का
ऩूणत
ष ् अनुऩारन क्रकमा जा यहा है .

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 III. समॊिों भें कामष कयते सभम प्रदान क्रकमे गए ननधाषरयत फस्िों को ही ऩहने, चारू भशीनों के
नजदीक ढीरे ढारे फस्ि ऩहन कय कबी न जाएॉ.
IV. मॊिों भें अनाफस्मक हस्तऺेऩ कयना दघ
ु ट
ष ना को आभॊत्रित कयना है .
V. मॊिों के ऩरयचारन से सम्फॊगधत ऩण
ू ष जानकायी के अबाव भें ऩरयचारन कयना खतयनाक
है .
VI. काभ चराव ब्मफस्था खतयनाक हो सकती है सुयक्षऺत/स्थाई ब्मफस्था का ही प्रमोग कयें .
VII. उगचत यख-यखाव फनामें यखे.
VIII. सुयऺा हे तु सुयऺा उऩकयणों का प्रमोग कयें .
IX. एकाग्रगचत होकय कामष कयें . कामष कयते सभम ब्मथष गचॊतन न कयें .
X. एक साथ अनेक कामष न कयें .
XI. मातामात ननमभों का ऩारन कये .

 सऺम ननररऺण हे तु ननरऺकों की भूलमका:-

सुऩरवाइजर ऩररभासा:- ऐसा प्रत्मेक ब्मजक्त सुऩयवाइजय की श्रेणी भें आता है जो की आऩने
अगधनस्त कामषयत एक मा एक से अगधक कभषचारयमों/काभगायों को कामष- ननदे श दे ता है , उनके
कामष का ननरयऺण कयता है औय जो उस कामष मा कामों के एक से अगधक फगों से सयु क्षऺत रूऩ
से ननष्ऩादन कयवाने हे तु जजम्भेदाय होतें हैं.

सऩ
ु यवाइजय भख्
ु मतामा काभगायों औय प्रफॊधन के त्रफच सेतु का काभ कयता है . वह साभान्मता दो
अरग अरग स्तय के ब्मजक्तमों के त्रफच का आदभी होता है अत् उसकी बशू भका फहुत
सम्फेदॊशीर होती है . अत् सुऩयवाइजय क्रकसी बी प्रनतष्ठान भें फहुत भहत्व का कामष कयता है
क्मूॊक्रक वह काभगायों औय प्रफॊधन दोनों से ही नजदीक जुड़ा ब्मजक्त होता है . प्रत्मेक कामष का
सुयऺा, क्रकफ़ामत, औय सभम से ऩूणष होना फहुत कुछ उसऩय ही ननवषय कयता है . मेही वो ब्मजक्त
है जो प्रफॊधन की नीनतमों को कमाांत्रफत कयता है . सऩ
ु यवाइजय आऩने सेक्शन से उत्ऩादन कयवाने
के शरए आऩने अगधनस्त काभगायों को रगाताय प्रेरयत कयता है , उनकी हदन प्रनत हदन की
सभस्माओॊ का ननयाकयण कयता है . उन्हें कामष के नमें तयीकों की जानकायी दे ता है औय उस कामष
भें सॊबाषवत खतयों काभगायों को सचेत यहना शसखाता है . सॊक्षऺप्त भें सुऩयवाइजय ऩय, प्रवॊधन

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द्वाया काभकाज ऩय शरखे मा नक्से द्वाया दशाषए गए सबी कामष को काभगायों द्वाया भूतष रूऩ
दे ने की जजम्भेदायी होती है .

उऩयोक्त फखणषत कामों को औय अन्म त्रफशबन्न कामां को सुयऺा ऩुफक

ष , सभमानुसाय कयवाने के
शरए प्रत्मेक सुऩयवाइजय ननम्न गून होने चाहहमें-

I. प्रफॊधन
II. सही ननणषम रेने की ऺभता
III. सही तयीके से सॊऺेप्त भें आऩनी फात कहने की ऺभता
IV. कामष की प्राथशभकता तम कयना
V. सही रूऩ भें टीभ का अगआ
ु फनने की ऺभता
VI. आदभी की कामष ऺभता जाॊचने की ऺभता
VII. अगधनस्त काभ गायों को प्रेरयत कयने की ऺभता
VIII. ऐसा ब्मजक्त जजसऩय उसके अगधनस्त काभगाय ऩूणष त्रफस्वास यखते हों. उसके ननजी कामष
कराऩ बी अनुसयाननम होने चाहहए.
IX. उसे नए तयीकों औय नमी नमी कामषशैरी का ऻान होना आवश्मक है .

उऩयोक्त फखणषत गुणों के अरावा ननम्न शरखखत औय कामष बी ध्मान दे ने मोग्म है .

I. उसे उछ अगधकायीमों को आऩने कामों की ऩूणष जानकायी दे ते यहना चाहहए.

II. उसे अच्छा वक्ता होने के साथ साथ अच्छा श्रोता बी होना चाहहए.
III. उसे आऩने दयवाजे प्रत्मेक ऐसी फात सुनने औय कयने के शरए खर
ु े यखने चाहहए जजससे
काभ सयर औय सयु क्षऺत हो औय उत्ऩादन भें फषृ ि हो.
IV. उसे ऐसा कोई वादा मा आश्वासन नहीॊ दे ना चाहहए जजससे की वह ऩयू ा नहीॊ कय सकें मा
जजसके शरए वह अगधकृत नहीॊ है .
V. उसे आऩने अगधनस्त काभगायों से ही ननष्ठा की अऩेऺा नहीॊ कयनी चाहहए वयण खद
ु बी
उनके प्रनत ननष्ठावान यहना चाहहए.

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 VI. आऩने अगधनस्त काभगायों की न्मामोगचत भाॊगों के ऊऩय सहानुबनत ऩुफक
ष त्रफचाय कय
आऩने उछ अगधकायीमों को जोय दे कय उसका सभाधान कयने का आग्रह कयना चाहहए.
VII. बूर कय बी उसे आऩने कभषचारयमों के त्रफच बेद बाव नहीॊ फयतना चाहहए.
VIII. माद यहें सजा हदराना, रयऩोटष कयना, ननचा हदखाना, प्रताडन कयना, सऩ
ु यवाइजयी सभस्मों
का सभाधान नहीॊ है . इन तयीकों को कभसे कभ औय फहुत ही असाधायण ऩरयजस्थनतमों भें
अॊनतभ औजाय के रूऩ भें ही उऩमोग भें रेना चाहहए. क्मूॉ की न तो उन सभस्माओॊ का
ऩूणष सभाधान सॊबव है औय न ही उछ अगधकायी इसे ऩसॊद कयें गे.
IX. अच्छा काज कयने वारे ही प्रसॊसा कयना जरुयी है - ऩयन्तु इससे अन्म काभगायों भें हीनता
की बावना उत्ऩन्न नहीॊ हो, अत् प्रसॊसा उसी स्तय तक शसशभत यखनी चाहहए.

3. सुरऺा उऩकरण (पवयॊ के बचाव के उऩकरण):-

कामष के दौयान सम्बात्रफत घटना/दघ

ु ट
ष ना/नुकसान शायीरयक ऺनत. रम्फे सभम तक सुचारू रूऩ से
त्रफना तकरीप के कामष कयने हे तु स्वमॊ के द्वाया उऩमोग भें शरए गए साधनों को “स्वमॊ के
फचाव का उऩकयण कहते” (Personal Protective Equipments) हैं.

याजऩुया दयीफा खान इकाई एक खननज आधारयत उद्मोग है . महाॉ का भुख्मा उत्ऩादन है . इस
इकाई भें कामष भें आने वारे सयु ऺा उऩकयण ननम्न है ---

I. सेफ्टी हे रभेट ---- सय भाथे एफोंग शायीय के फचाव हे तु

II. सेफ्टी गोगर ---- आॉखों के फचाव हे तु
III. ईअय भफ़/ईअय प्रग --- श्रवन शजक्त के फचाव हे तु
IV. केऩ-रैंऩ एफॊ फैटयी ---- अॉधेये भें दे खने के शरए
V. है ण्ड ग्रव्स (दस्ताने) --- हाथों के फचाव के शरए
VI. केऩ-रैंऩ फेल्ट --- कैऩ रैंऩ को सही तयह शायीय भें रगे यहने हे तु
VII. सेफ्टी जट
ु े --- ऩाॊवों के फचाव के शरमे
VIII. ये नकोट – शायीय को ऩानी से फचने हे तु.
IX. डस्ट भस्क --- एमय फोनष डस्ट से फचाव हे तु
X. िेस – शायीरयक सुयऺा हे तु.

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 XI. एप्रन --- शायीय के फचाव हे तु
XII. सेल्प ये स्कुएय – अचेत/दघ
ु ट
ष नाग्रस्त का ये स्क्मू कयने के शरए
XIII. सेफ्टी फेल्ट – शायीय का फजन सम्हारने हे तु.

 सेफ्टी हल्मेत:- मह तीन तयीके का होता है___

I. ड्मयू े राइट प्राजस्टक का जजसका IS: 2929:1964 के तहत फनामा गमा है .
II. िाउन पाइफय ग्रास – इनको फनाने की प्रक्रिमा IS: 2925:1964 के तहत होती है .
III. पाइफय ग्रास.
सेफ्टी हे रभेट आई. एस. स्टै ण्डडष के अनुसाय फनामे जाने वारे सबी हे रभेटों की उम्र शसपष तीन
सार भन गमा है . तीन सार के अॊतय भें इसे फदरना चाहहए, ऩयन्तु इन हे रभेटों भें रगे जारी
हनेस हे तु वें ट औय जस्ट्रऩ को सॊबवता छह भहीने भें फदर दे ना चाहहए. इसऩय D.G.M.S. ने
37.7.74 को एक सकषु रय नॊ 32 हदमा हुआ है . आजकर पाइफय ग्रास के हे रभेट जजनऩय ईअय
भफ़ रगा यहता है , फाजाय भें आयहा है एफॊ भेकेनाइज्ड खदानों के शरए मह फहुत ही उऩमोगी हो
यहा है .

 सेफ्टी गोग्गऱे – D.G.M.S. ऩरयऩि नॊ 29 हदनाॊक 29.7.74. के अनुसाय ऩत्थय

तोड़ने, “ओय” को िेशसॊग कयने. वकषशॉऩ भें जहाॉ कहटॊग, ग्राइॊडडॊग व डिशरॊग कामष क्रकमा जाता है .
वेल्डय ऐफों हे ल्ऩय औय जहाॉ बी आॊख को क्रकसी धर
ु , शभटटी का टुकया उड़ कय रगने का खतया
यहता है , ऐसी सबी जगहों ऩय सेफ्टी गॉगल्स ब्माफाहय भें शरए जा यहे हैं.

I. वेल्ड़ेयों के शरए
II. जरी दय, ग्राइॊडडॊग व कहटॊग कामष के शरए
III. प्राजस्टक का फॊद गॉगल्स – सीभें ट गयौहटॊग कामष के शरए

 ईअर मफ़/ईअर प्ऱग:- हय भशीन से ध्वनन होती है तथा ध्वनन भाऩक मन्ि db भें

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नाऩा जाता है . बायत भें इसकी सीभाएॊ ननधाषरयत की गमी है . जो 85 dba- 8 hrs. का उऩयी
स्टै ण्डडष भाना गमा है . अत् जो बी भशीन 85 dba से ज्मादा ध्वनन दे ती है , उसऩय कामष हे तु
हभें ईअय भफ़/ईअय प्रग रगाने अफस्मक है . use of bar muff 115 to 130 dba तथा 140
से ज्मादा ध्वनन होने ऩय उस ऺेि भें जाना फजजषत है . ईअय भफ़ ऐफों ईअय प्रग रगाने से
ध्वनन कभ होकय हभाये कान भें जाती है , जजस से श्रवण शजक्त की यऺा होती है . ऩयन्तु ईअय
प्रग से फहतय होगा अगय हभ ईअय भफ़ का ब्माफाहय कयें . ध्वनन प्रदस
ु ान आजकार षवश्व भें
चचे का षवषम है .

 कैऩ-ऱैंऩ:- मह राइट के शरए है ऐफों मह बूशभगत खान के शरए आॊख का कामष कयता
है . IS: 2596:1964 के अनुसाय इसके फल्फ 35 रुभेन दे ना चाहहए एफॊ इसका राइप 100 घॊटा
है . 100 घॊटा ऩय इसका फल्फ फदरना चाहहए.

 है ण्ड ग्ऱव्स:- षवद्मत

ु ् कशभषमों को षवद्मत
ु ् से सावधानी के शरए है ण्ड ग्रव्स का
ब्माफाहय कयना चाहहए. साधायण कामष के शरए रेदय है ण्ड ग्रव्स IS: 6994 Part I-1973 जो
िोभ रेदय का फना होता है , कामष भें शरमा जाता है . एशसड एफॊ अल्करी सीभें ट कामष के शरए
यफय के है ण्ड ग्रव्स ब्माफाहय भें रेना है . मह IS:0994: Part I – 1973 के अनुसाय फनामा
जाता है जो IOL स्टै ण्डडष का होता है .
अस्फेस््स है ण्ड ग्रव्स – गभष जगह ऩय कामष कयने हे तु मह ब्माफाहय भें रेना है . भाइॊस भें
ट्रे शरॊग केफर शशफ्ट कयते सभम है ण्ड ग्रव्स का ब्माफाहय कयना चाहहए.

 सेफ्टी जूते- सेफ्टी नी फूट मा गभ फूट मह IS: 5557-1969 के अनुसाय फनामा

जाता है , जजस ऩय DGMS द्वाया अनुभनत शरमा जाना अफस्मक है .

 सेफ्टी ऱेदर शू- मह दो तयह का होता है - एक यफय शोर औय दस

ू या रोउय शोर.
उद्मोगगक इकाइमों के ब्माफाहय भें शरए जाने वारे जूतों भें स्टीर टो मा PVC टो होना ज़रूयी
है . तथा मह ISI एफॊ DGMS द्वाया प्रभाखणत होना अफस्मक है .

 सेफ्टी बेल्ट- हभें DGMS द्वाया प्रभाखणत/अनुभोहदत सेफ्टी फेल्ट ही प्रमोग भें राना

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चाहहए, इसकी जाॉच के शरए फेल्ट ऩय DGMS की छाऩ होना अफस्मक है . इसकी यस्सी की
रम्फाई अरग अरग ऩाई जाती है अत् कामष अनुसाय यस्से को काभ भें रेना चाहहए. इसके
प्रमोग भें ननम्नानुसाय सावधानी फयतना अफस्मक है ___
I. कामषस्थर के भत
ु ात्रफक यस्सी रम्फी यखें , अन्मथा मह खतयनाक हो सकती है .
II. एॊकरयॊग ऩॉइॊट सही होना चाहहए.
III. मह ध्मान यखें की यस्सी क्रकसी धायदाय ऩत्थय आहद के सॊऩकष भें नहीॊ आमे.
IV. छह भाह से ऩुयाणी फेल्ट न हो तथा इसकी हारत सही हो, का प्रमोग कयें .

 डपट मपक:- मह हवा भें तैयते हुए धर

ु कानो को नाक से पेपयों भें जाने से योकने
के शरए प्रमोग भें रामे जाता है . खननज ब्माब्सम के डस्ट भें शसशरका ऩामा जाता है , जजससे
शसशरकोशसस नभक फीभायी होने की सम्वाब्ना यहती है . चॉक्रू क डस्ट गाडष भें एक जरी होती है जो
हवा भें तैयते हुए धर
ु कणों को योकती है . परारेन कऩडे से बी डस्ट भस्क फनामा जा सकता
है .

 एप्रन ऐबों ड्रेस:- मह हभाये शायीय को त्रफशाक्त ऩदाथों के सीधे सॊऩकष भें आने से
योकता है .
 रे नकोट:- गगरे स्थानों ऩय कामष कयते सभम प्रमोग भें रामे जाने हे तु मह एक
अफस्मक सयु ऺा साधन है .

4. कायय प्रारॊ भ करने से ऩहऱे काययपथऱ को सरु क्षऺत करना:- कामष स्थर को सयु क्षऺत
यखना ऩमषफेऺक (भीननॊग भेट) अथवा सहामक पोयभैन का कतषब्म है . याजऩुया दयीफा खान भें
तीनो ऩरयमों भें कामष होता है अत् कामष प्रायॊ ब कयने से ऩूफष प्रथभ ननरयऺण भीननॊग भेट को
कयना होता है , कामषस्थर सुयक्षऺत फतामे जाने के फाद ही काभ गय कामष ऩय जामेंगे. चॉक्रू क मह
कानून प्रथभ ऩॊजक्त के सुऩेषवषसोयों के साथ रागू है जो शभर, माॊत्रिक, षवद्मुत ् सबी त्रफबागों भें
कामषयत सऩ
ु ेषवषसोयों के शरए है . कामष प्रायॊ ब से ऩफ
ू ष कामषस्थर को सयु क्षऺत घोषषत कयना अननफामष
है . षवद्मुत ् त्रफबाग भें कामष वकष ऩयशभट प्रणारी से क्रकमा जाता है जो कामष प्रायॊ ब कयने से ऩहरे
कामषस्थर को सुयक्षऺत कयने से सम्फॊगधत है . खान भें बी कुछ कामषस्थरों ऩय सुऩयवाइजय कामष
आफॊटन के सभम मह ननदे श दे ते हैं क्रक “आऩ स्थान ऩय ऩोहुॊच,े भैं आउ तफ कामष प्रायॊ ब कयें गे”

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इस प्रकाय के ननदे श कामष स्थर मा भशीन को सुयक्षऺत कयने के उद्देश्म से हदमा जाता है . तीसये
प्रकाय के ननदे श भें कामष आफॊटन के दौयान सुऩयवाइजय भशीन, कामषस्थर भें सम्बात्रफत खतयों
को अवगत कयाकय कामष के ननदे श दे ते हैं, ऩयन्तु इस तयह का कामष ननदे श साभान्म कामषस्थर
के शरए होते हैं. एक अच्छा सऩ
ु यवाइजय दो तयह से कामष का आफॊटन कयता है ____

I. कामषस्थर की ऩण
ू ष जानकायी दे ना. महद काभगाय को ऩता है क्रपय बी फाय फाय
सॊबाषवत खतयों के फाये भें चेतामेगा.
II. कामषस्थर की ऩूणष जानकायी दे गा तथा मह ननदे श दे गा की कामष सुऩयवाइजय की
उऩजस्थनत भें ही प्रायॊ ब कये गा.

कामष आफॊटन के सभम कामष स्थर के त्रफषम, इसकी सुयऺा से सम्फॊगधत त्रफषई ऩय चचाष न कय
प्रत्मेक गैंग को मा प्रत्मेक काभगाय को शशफ़ष कामष के त्रफषम भें फताना. सुयऺा ऩहरुओॊ ऩय
त्रफचाय नहीॊ कयना, सुयऺा ननदे श नहीॊ दे ना, मह कतषब्मों की अफहे रना है .

अत् सबी ऩमषफेऺक (सुऩयवाइजय) कामष आफॊटन के दौयान प्रत्मेक गैंग को उनके कामाषनुसाय ऩूणष
कामष की जानकायी दें गे. कामष भें आने वारे सबी सुयऺा ऩहरुओॊ के फाये भें फताएॉगे/चचाष कयें गे.
ननरयऺण के दौयान मह दे खेंगे की कामष सुयक्षऺत हदए गए ननदे शों के अनुरूऩ होयहा है . अॊत भें
आऩनी रयऩोटष भें मह जरूय शरखें क्रक मह सयु ऺा ननदे श हदमा गमा. जजससे अगरी ऩायी भें मा
आगरे हदन कामष आफॊटन के सभम इन्हें दोहयामा जा सकें. मा आऩकी अनुऩजस्थनत भें सुयऺा
ऩहरुओॊ मा ननदे शों भें ऩरयफतषन हो. कामषस्थर को कामष प्रायॊ ब कयने से ऩहरे सुयक्षऺत कयने हे तु
यख-यखाव कय त्रफशेस ध्मान दे ना होगा. त्रफशेषत: जहाॉ तीनो ऩरयमों भें कामष हो यहा है वहाॊ
कामषस्थर, भशीन, टूल्स ऐफों टे कल्स, मन्ि औय जुगाड़ सबी से सम्फॊगधत सुयऺा से है .

सबी सुऩयवाइजय स्वमॊ खड़े हो कय कामषस्थर को सुयक्षऺत कयें गे. भशीन मा अन्म सुयऺा ऩहरुओॊ
को स्वमॊ ठीक एफॊ ब्माफजस्थत कयवाएॊगे. महद सुऩयवाइजय उऩयोक्त फातों का ननष्ठा से ऩारन
कय कामष कयवाएॊगे, तो हभ ननजश्चत रूऩ से “शन्
ु म” दघ
ु ट
ष ना के रक्ष्म को प्राप्त कय सकेंगे.

5. रख-रखाव (हाउस – कीपऩॊग):- खान, शभर एफॊ धयातर ऩय होने वारी दघ

ु ट
ष नाओॊ का
त्रफश्रेसन कयने ऩय मह ऩामा गमा है क्रक –
I. 50 से 60 प्रनतसत चोट हाथ मा अजन्ग्रमों भें होती है .

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 II. 25 से 30 प्रनतसत चोट ऩाॊओॊ भें रागती है .

इन दघ
ु ट
ष नाओॊ के कायणों से ऩता चरता है की साभान इधय उधय कयने के दौयान चोट रगती है .
साभान इधय उधय कयते सभम चोट रगने का भुख्मा कायन साभान सभुगचत यख-यखाव नहीॊ
होना ऩामा गमा. खान भें मा दस
ु ये ऺेि भें 20 से 25 प्रनतसत दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ स्वमॊ मा साभान के
क्रपसरने से होती है . इन सबी का भूर कायन यख-यखाव भें कभी हों ऩामा गमा है . दघ
ु ट
ष नाओॊ से
फचने के शरए हभें ननम्नानुसाय सावधाननमाॊ फयतनी चाहहए___

I. कामषस्थर ऩय ऩोहुॊचने के भागष का यख-यखाव.

II. कामषस्थर का यख-यखाव.
III. ननजी सुयऺा उऩकयणों का यख-यखाव.
IV. भशीनों का उगचत यख-यखाव.
V. टूल्स औय टे कल्स (औजाय औय जूगाय) का यख-यखाव.
VI. फाताफयण का यख-यखाव.

6. रसायन सम्बन्धी सुरऺा:-

ऩररचय:- यसामन शबन्न शबन्न प्रकाय के तत्वा से शभरकय फानने वारे ऩदाथष होते हैं . जजनका
हभाये दै ननक जीवन भें फहुत भहत्वा है .

मह कई अफस्थाओॊ भें हो सकते हैं जैसे की ठोस, द्रव, गैस, धआ

ु ॊ, धर
ु , शभटटी, वास्ऩ आहद.

इन सबी यसामनों भें कुछ यसामन अत्मॊत ही घटक होते हैं जो क्रकसी न क्रकसी रूऩ भें हभाये
स्वस्थ को व हभाये आस ऩास के फाताफयण को प्रवात्रफत कयते हैं. महाॉ तक की इनसे आग राग
सकती हैं. तथा त्रफस्पोट बी हो सकती हैं.

हभाये महाॉ याजऩुया दयीफा खान के शभर प्राॊट भें बी अमस्क सज्जीकयण भें कई प्रकाय के
यसामन काभ भें आते हैं. जो भुख्मा रूऩ से ननम्न है ___

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 I. जेन्थेड
II. M.I.B.C.
III. चन
ु ा
IV. कॉऩय सरपेट
V. नाइग्रोशसन
VI. सोडडमभ साईंनाइड
VII. जजॊक सरपेट आहद

इन सबी भें सोडडमभ साईंनाइड अत्मॊत त्रफशैरा व खतयनाक यसामन है .

मह यसामन प्रथभ श्रेणी का त्रफशैरा ऩदाथष है .

मह यसामन जफ ननम्न प्रकाय से शायीय भें प्रफेश कयता है तो आऩना त्रफशैरा प्रबाव शीघ्र ही
डारता है .

I. जफ ठोस सोडडमभ साईंनाइड मा इसका वाशरमन हभाये ऊऩय गगय जामे मा ऩी शरमा
जाए मा
II. हभाये स्वाॊस द्वाया साईंनाइड धर
ु हभाये शायीय भें प्रफेश कय जामे मा
III. हभाये स्वाॊस द्वाया हाइिोजन साईंनाइड गैस हभाये शायीय भें प्रफेश कय जामे मा
IV. रम्फी अवगध तक जफ हभ सोडडमभ साईंनाइड के प्रफर षवरमनों के सॊऩकष भें यहते हैं
तो हभायी त्वचा इस यसामन को अवसोशसत कय रेती है .

इनके इराफा जफ मह यसामन क्रकसी अम्र व नभी के सॊऩकष भें आता हैं तो एक अत्मॊत ही
जहयीरी गैस हाइिोजन साईंनाइड फनता है जो हभायी स्वाॊसों के साथ हभाये शायीय भें प्रफेश कय
जाती है .

अगधक सभम तक सॊऩकष भें यहने ऩय त्वचा ऩय खज

ु री व काजस्टक टाइऩ जरन ऩैदा कय सकती
है .

मह यसामन आॉखों भें जरन ऩैदा कयता है .

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  साईंनाइड ऩोइसोननॊग के ऱऺण (Symptoms of cynide poisoning):-
I. इस यसामन के कायन ऑ ॊखें रार हो जाती है तथा चक्कय आते हैं वह हाथ-ऩैय सुन्न हो
जाते हैं.
II. गरे भें खायास व जरन होने रागती है .
III. शसय भें ददष होने रागता है
IV. हाथ व ऩैयों भें कभजोयी भहसूस होने रागते हैं.
V. अत्मगधक प्रबाव के कायन उरटी होने रागती है . व धीये धीये व बयी स्वासों के साथ
साथ फेहोशी छाने रागती है .
VI. ह्रदम को तेजी से कभजोय कय दे ती है व भौत हो जाती है .

 प्राथलमक चचककत्सा (First-Aid):-

I. इसकी प्राथशभक गचक्रकत्सा तुयॊत होनी चाहहए व सफोप्रथभ डॉक्टय को सूगचत कय दे ना
चाहहए.
II. महद कोई ब्मजक्त ठोस सोडडमभ साईंनाइड मा सोडडमभ साईंनाइड का षवरमन ऩी
जामे औय महद वह फेहोस न हो तो उसे तुयॊत एक टम्फरय ऩूया बयकय एॊटीडोट षवरमन षऩराना
चाहहए. वह एॊटीडोट षवरमन ननम्न प्रकाय से फनाते हैं_____

पवऱयन-A:- एक रीटय ठन्डे ऩानी भें 158 gm I.P. पेयस सरपेट क्रिस्टर तथा 3 gm I.P.
साईंहट्रक एशसड क्रिस्टर घोरे.

पवलऱयन-B:- एक रीटय ऩानी भें 60 gm ननजषर सोडडमभ काफोनेट घोरे

इस प्रकाय दोनों षवरामनों A व B को फयाफय भािा भें शभरकय एॊटीडोट षवशरमन तैमाय कयते हैं.

 सावधानी:-
I. सूमष की सीधी यौशनी से फचने के शरए पेयास सरपेट को डाकष फोतर भें यखना
चाहहए. मह षवरमन हय तीन भाह भें नए फनाना चाहहए.
II. सोडडमभ काफोनेट का षवरमन कैसे बी व कहीॊ बी यखा जा सकता है .
III. महद भयीज हाइिोऑक्साइड अम्र गैस सूॊघ रेता है तो___

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 a) उसे सफसे ऩहरे उस त्रफषैरे फाताफयण से हटाना चाहहए. फचाव कयने वारों को
उऩमुक्त स्वसन उऩकयण व सुयक्षऺत कऩड़े ऩहनने मा धायण कयनी चाहहए.
b) जफ तक भयीज़, फचाव कभषचायी वह वताफयण जहाॉ उन्हें यखा गमा हो, मह तम
न हो जामे क्रक वह सफ सोडडमभ साईंनाइड मा हाइिोसाईंननक अम्र से भक्
ु त हो गए हैं तफ तक
फचाव कयने वारों को आऩनी सयु ऺा के शरए रगाताय उऩमक्
ु त सयु ऺा उऩकयण ऩहने यहना
चाहहए.
c) सुयक्षऺत हो जाने के फाद प्रदषू षत काऩडे तुयॊत उतायकय खर
ु ी हवा भें छोड़ दे ना
चाहहए.
d) दषू षत शायीय के त्वचा को तयु ॊ त साफ़ ऩानी से कई फाय धोना चाहहए. महद
shwoer उऩरब्ध हो तो दषू षत कऩड़े उसके ननचे खड़े हो कय ही उतायने चाहहए.
IV. महद स्वॊसे रूकती हुई नज़य आमे व गगयने जैसी जस्थनत ऩैदा हो जामे तो कृत्रिभ
स्वसन तुयॊत दे ना चाहहए (मह भुह से भुह त्रफगध द्वाया नहीॊ कयना चाहहए)

a) इसके फाद भयीज़ को ऩें हट्रर नाइट्राइड एशभरनाइट्राइड सूॊघना चाहहए. इसके
शरए इसका एक कैप्सूर खोरकय हरके से एक कऩड़े ऩय मा गोज़ ऩैड ऩय यखना चाहहए. इससे
भयीज़ के भह
ु व नाक से एक इॊच से 30 sec के शरए यखना चाहहए. मह प्रक्रिमा दो से तीन
शभनट तक दोहयानी चाहहए जफ तक की ऩूयी दफाई नहीॊ हो जावे. इस प्रकाय दस
ू या कैप्सूर बी
काभ भें शरमा जा सकता है .

b) ओजक्सगें शसशरॊडय का उऩमोग कय पेस भस्क द्वाया ऑक्सीजन का उऩमोग

कयना चाहहए.
c) भयीज़ को आयाभ कयने दे ना चाहहए तथा डॉक्टय को वहाॊ फुरवाने मा भयीज़ को
हॉजस्ऩटर ऩोहुॊचा ने की ब्मफस्था कयवानी चाहहए.

V. महद आॉखों भें ठोस सोडडमभ साईंनाइड मा द्रव गैस चरी जाती है तो 10 से 15 शभनट
तक आई वाश षवरमन मा ठन्डे साफ़ ऩानी से आॉखों को फाय फाय धोना चाहहए. क्रपय उऩमुक्त
गचक्रकत्सा के शरए आॉखों के डॉक्टय से जाॊच कयवा कय दफाई डारनन चाहहए.

 चचककत्सकीय उऩचार:-

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 I. तुयॊत क्रकसी क्रपजजशशमन को सूगचत कयें
II. डॉक्टय व नसष को इॊट्राषवनस इॊजेक्शन दे ना होता है . इसभें 0.3 gm (3% षवरमन का
10 शभरी) सोडडमभ नाइट्राइड 2.5 से 5.0 शभरी प्रनत शभनट के हहसाफ से तथा उसके फाद 12.5
gm (25% षवरमन का 50 शभरी) सोडडमभ थामोसरपेट उसी दय से हदमा जाता है .
III. उसके फाद भयीज़ की 24 से 48 घॊटे तक ननगयानी यखनी चाहहए.
IV. महद रक्ष्मॊ दव
ु ाया हदखाई दे तो ऩहरे दी गई भािा से आधे भािा भें दव
ु ाया इॊजेक्शन हदए
जाते हैं. इसीशरए मह षवरमन तुयॊत तैमाय होने चाहहए.
V. एॊटीडोट काभ भें रेने के शरए इॊडडकेशन:-
a) जफ साईंनाइड का षवषैरा प्रबाव शायीय ऩय ऩड़ता है तो इसके रऺण फहुत
तेज़ी से हदखाई दे ती है .
b) महद 30 शभनट फाद तक बी मह रऺण नहीॊ हदखाई दें तो मह ऩयाभशष
हदमा जाता है की आफ कोई षवषैरा प्रबाव नहीॊ है .
c) महद घटना की जानकायी रेकय मह तम हो जाता है की क्रकसी ऩय साईंनाइड
ऩोइसोननॊग का प्रबाव है तो ननम्न शतों का ऩारन कयना चाहहए____

 महद भयीज़ ऩयू ी तयह से होस भें हो, ऩयू ी तयह से फोर यहा हो, उसकी ऩल्स
नाभषर हो, स्वॊसे ठीक प्रकाय से चर यही हो तो तफ तक एॊटीडोट नहीॊ दे ना चाहहए जफ तक की
भयीज़ की हारत गचॊता जनक मा ख़याफ नहीॊ हो जामे.
 भयीज़ को ऑक्सीजन दे नी चाहहए तो कयीफ एक घॊटे तक ननगयानी भें यखना
चाहहए.
 महद क्रपय बी भयीज़ की हारत अगधक गचॊता जनक है तो क्रपय उसे स्ऩेशसक्रपक
(खास) गचक्रकत्सा दे नी चाहहए.

VI. कुछ भयीज़ अरग प्रकाय के होते हैं जो न तो ऩूणष रूऩ से होस भें होते हैं औय न ही
ऩूणष फेहोस. ऐसे भयीज़ ऩागरों जैसी हयकत कयते हैं. उरटी सीधी फातें कयते हैं. उनकी स्वॊसे
कबी तेज़ होते हैं तो कबी धीभी होती है . कबी कबी वो गुस्से भें आकय भायऩीट, गाशर गारोज
कयते हैं. तो ऐसे भयीज़ को कयीफ एक डोज़, खास एॊटीडोट दे कय उससे होने वारे ऩरयणाभों को
ओब्सेवष कयते हैं.

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  चेतावनी:-
कोई बी ब्मजक्त को भयीज़ को एशभर नाइट्राइड का कैप्सूर तोड़ कय सुॊघाता है तो उस कैप्सूर
को आऩने भुह मा नाक से दयू यखना चाहहए अन्मथा उसे खद
ु को चक्कय आने रग जामेंगे. औय
वह भयीज़ को कोई भदत नहीॊ कय सकेगा. तथा मह कैप्सूर दो फषष से अगधक ऩुयाना नहीॊ होना
चाहहए.

 सुरऺा सावधाननयाॊ जो सोडडयम साईंनाइड को काम में ऱेते समय रखनी चाहहए:-
I. हभेशा उन्नत एफॊ अनभ
ु ोहदत क्रकस्भ के एॊटी डस्ट भस्क व ये जस्ऩये टय रगाने/ऩहनने
चाहहए. क्मूॊक्रक 100 ppm से 200 ppm सोडडमभ साईंनाइड व 300 ppm हाइिो साईंननक
अम्र गैस से भौतें होने जैसी घटनाएॉ हो सकती है .
II. यफय व pvc के दस्ताने, यफय के जूते, एप्रूव्ड यासामननक चश्भें , एप्रन ऩहन ने चाहहए
तथा ऩयू ा भह
ु ढाका होना चाहहए.
III. सोडडमभ साईंनाइड को अनछ सख
ु ी तथा अछे हवादाय जगह ऩय एकि कयना चाहहए.
IV. सोडडमभ साईंनाइड जे कॊटे नसष को खर
ु ा नहीॊ यखें व उसका ऩया अनाफस्मक रूऩ से
क्रकसी बी अनागधकृत ब्मजक्त को नहीॊ जाने दें .
V. केफर प्रशसक्षऺत ब्मजक्त को ही सोडडमभ साईंनाइड को हैंडर कयने की इजाज़त दें .
VI. सोडडमभ साईंनाइड को क्रकसी अम्र मा क्रकसी प्रफर ओजक्सकायक के सॊऩकष भें नहीॊ आने
दे ना चाहहए.
VII. सोडडमभ साईंनाइड टैंक के आस ऩास खाने ऩीने मा शसगये ट का उऩमोग नहीॊ कयना
चाहहए.
VIII. खाना खाने से ऩहरे हभेसा हाथ साफुत व साफ़ ऩानी से धोने चाहहए. महद क्रकसी
कभषचायी को रागे की साईंनाइड उसके भह
ु भें चरा गमा है तो तयु ॊ त उसे प्राथशभक उऩचाय रेकय,
डॉक्टय के ऩास ऩोहुॊचना चाहहए.
IX. महद कामषस्थर के आस ऩास फाताफयण भें हाइिो साईंननक अम्र की जाॉच कयनी हो तो
ननम्न प्रकाय से कयनी चाहहए___

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  सफसे ऩहरे एक रीटय ऩानी भें 100 gm ननजषर ऩोटाशसमभ काफोनेट तथा 10
gm ऩोटाशसमभ िोभेट का षवरमन फानाते हैं.
 इस षवरमन भें क्रफ़ल्टय ऩेऩय नॊ 1 को शबगोना चाहहए, क्रपय इसे सुखा रेना
चाहहए.
 इसके फाद डाईअशसटोन अल्कोहोर भें ऩी-नाईट्रो-फेन्जेल्डीहाईड का 5% षवरमन
फानाते हैं. इस षवरमन से सूखे क्रफ़ल्टय ऩेऩय ऩय 6 से 7 mm ब्मास का धब्फा फनाते हैं. क्रपय
इस क्रफ़ल्टय ऩेऩय को वताफयण भें 5 सेकॊड के शरए खर
ु ा छोड़ हदमा जाता है .
 महद 5 सेकॊड भें ऩूया धब्फा ऩऩषर ब्राउन हो जामे मा रयॊग फाण जाएॉ तो भानते हैं
की वताफयण भें 10 ppm से बी ज्मादा हाइिोसाईंननक अम्र भजद
ू है .

X. इसके इऱावा वताबरण की जाॉच:-

 कुछ रोगों को इसका ऩता सुगॊध से ही राग जाता है .
 साईंनाइड एॊटीडोट को ऐसे स्थान ऩय यखना चाहहए जहाॉ से इसे आसानी से उठामा
जा साके. वह स्थान सुयक्षऺत बी होना चाहहए.
 साईंनाइड हैंडशरॊग के शरए उऩमुक्त सावधाननमाॊ ऩूणष व साफ़ साफ़ शरख कय
स्टोय भें मा उस स्थान ऩय जहाॉ साईंनाइड स्टोय भें मा उस स्थान ऩय जहाॉ साईंनाइड को काभ
भें शरमा जाता है , यखनी चाहहए.
 साईंनाइड के टैंक भें साफ़ साफ़ भाकष क्रकमा होना चाहहए.
 इसे यखने के स्थान ऩय कापी जामगा, हवादाय होनी चाहहए. सुषवधा जनक िेनेज
एफॊ सपाई के ब्मफस्था होने चाहहए.
 ज़भीॊ ऩय फने प्रेटपाभष से कयीफ 3 ft ऊॉचा, टैंक का क्रकनाया होना चाहहए.
 ऐसे स्थान ऩय HCN गैस अगधक भािा भें ननकरने से एग्जॉस्ट की ब्मफस्था
अनछ होनी चाहहए.
 महद कोई षवजरी के ताय साईंनाइड टैंक के आस ऩास हो तो मह ज़रूयी है की वह
स्थान खर
ु ा हवादाय होना चाहहए तथा आस ऩास हाइिोजन गैस का रयसाव न हो अन्मथा
हाइिोजन गैस के साथ षवजरी भें स्ऩाक्रकांग के सभम त्रफस्पोट कय सकती है .
 कामष कयने वारे को साईंनाइड क्रकतना खतयनाक व षवषैरा है इसकी ऩूयी
जानकायी होनी चाहहए.

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 7. धऱ
ु कण (डपट):-

भनुष्म त्रफना बोजन कुछ भहीने तक यह्सकता है .

त्रफना ऩानी कुछ हदनों तक यह सकता है .

ऩयन्तु

त्रफना फामु कुछ शभनट बी नहीॊ यह सकता.

एक आभ इन्सान प्रनतहदन कभ से कभ 1-1/2 ऩौंड बोजन कयता है .

कभ से कभ 8 ऩौंड ऩानी/तयर ऩदाथष ऩीता है .

ऩयन्तु कयीफ 35 ऩौंड फामु ग्रहण कयता है .

इन सफ फातों से मह ऩता रागता है की फामु भनुष्म के जीवन भें क्रकतना अवश्मक हैं.

 स्वस्थ जीवन के शरए मह फामु प्रद्मुसन यहहत होना चाहहए. धर

ु कण फामु
प्रदस
ु ान का एक भुख्मा श्रोत है .
 खनन उद्मोगों भें धर
ु कण स्वसन मोग्म फामु भें यहने ऩय भानव जीवन के शरए
हाननकायक हैं. स्वसन मोग्म धर
ु कण को हभ भाइिोन साइज़ भें नाऩ ते हैं.
 एक भाइिोन 1/1000 mm साइज़ का होता है .
 भाइिोन साइज़ के धर
ु कण को हभ आॉखों से नहीॊ दे ख सकते हैं.
 धर
ु कण जो हभाये पेपड़े के शरए हाननकायक है , वह है 0.75 भाइिोन से 5
भाइिोन साइज़ है .
 सफसे छोटा धर
ु का कण जजसे हभ नॊगी आॊख से दे ख सकते हैं वो 50 भाइिोन
साइज़ मा उससे फड़ा होता है .
 मह एक गरत धायणा है की फामु भें धर
ु कण नहीॊ दीखता है . वह फामु धर
ु कण
प्रदस
ु ान यहहत है .
 प्रकृनत नें भनष्ु म के पेपड़े को फहुत भज़फत
ू फनामा है जजससे इसके गचऩके धर
ु
कण बी फहाय ननकर जाते हैं एफॊ पेपड़ा साफ़ यहता है .

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  क्मा धर
ु कण ऐसे होते हैं जो एक फाय पेपड़े भें गचऩकने के फाद वह आऩने
स्थान से नहीॊ ननकरते हैं. मह फहुत ही खतयनाक धर
ु कण श्रेणी भें आते हैं.
 कुछ टॉजक्सक डस्ट जैसा की भॊगनीज की डस्ट, रेड की डस्ट हो भनुष्म के शयीय
के केंद्रीम नवषस शसस्टभ को हनी ऩोहुॊचाती मे. मा क्रकडनी को ऺनत ऩोहुॊचाती है .
 कुछ अराजजषक टाइऩ डस्ट होती है जजससे भनष्ु म भें असथाभा, एजक्सभा आहद
ब्मागध होती है .
 कुछ पाइवोजेननक डस्ट होती है जजससे न्मूभोकोशसस होता है .
 खनन उद्मोग भें डस्ट से ननम्न प्रकाय की ब्माब्सनमक फीभारयमाॉ होने की
सम्बावना यहती है ___
I. ननभोकोशसस—मह भुख्मता पेपड़ो भें मा स्वसन तॊि भें कोइरे की डस्ट के जभने
से होती है .
II. शसरोकोशसस- मह शसशरका डस्ट जजसभें फ्री शसशरका शसशरकॉन-डाई-ऑक्साइड के
स्वसन से होता है . मह पेपड़े भें गचऩकने के फाद आऩने स्थान से नहीॊ ननकरती है .
III. अस्फेस्टोशसस – मह एस्फेस्टस पाइफय, एस्फेस्टस डस्ट के स्वसन से होता है .
IV. भॊगनीज ऩोइसोननॊग—मह भॊगनीज डस्ट होती है . मह टॉजक्सक होती है जजससे
जीगय, चभड़े ऩय बी असय कयती है .
V. रेड ऩोइसोननॊग – रेड डस्ट से होता है .
VI. सेडोये शसस – आमयन ओय के डस्ट से होने वारी फीभायी है .

 ऱेड स्जॊक:- खनन प्रक्रिमा भें शसशरकोशसस एफॊ रेड ऩोइसोननॊग की सम्बावना यहती है .

अत् ननम्न सावधाननमाॊ शरमा जाना अनत अवश्मक है —

I. गचक्रकत्सा जाॉच के शरए अफस्म उऩजस्थत होमें.

II. पेपड़े की जाॉच कयावे.
III. रेड ऩोइसोननॊग की जाॉच के शरए खन
ू का सैंऩर दें .
IV. प्राणामाभ एफॊ मोग को दै ननक जीवन का अॊग फनावे.
V. हाथ, नाखन
ू , खाने का स्थान, कऩड़े साफ़ यखें .
VI. सपाई ऩय ध्मान दें .

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 VII. डस्ट की उत्ऩजत्त के स्थान ऩय ही ऩानी का नछडकाव कयें , डस्ट करेक्टय से डस्ट
यहहत कयें .
VIII. डस्ट भस्क का इस्तेभार कयें .
IX. डस्ट भस्क अछे प्रकाय का है जजससे स्वसन मोग्म धर
ु कण रूक यहा है , मह
कैसे जाॉच कयें गे?

उत्तय:- अछे प्रकाय के डस्ट भस्क के उऩमोग के फाद हाथ, भुह, नाख साफ़ कयते सभम ध्मान
दें गे तो ऩता चरेगा की फरगभ, थक
ू के साथ कारा ऩदाथष नहीॊ ननकरता है .

X. भुह ऩय काऩड़ा फाॊध कय, रुभार फाॊध कय कामष कयना गरत है . हभेसा अछे प्रकाय
के डस्ट भस्क का उऩमोग कयें .
XI. डस्ट खदान मा प्राॊट ऺेि भें ही नहीॊ है , मह हय जगह ऩाई जाती है . ऩमषफयण की
यऺा कयें , हय एक ऩेड़ स्वसन मोग्म डस्ट को आऩने भें साभा रेते हैं . ऩेड़ ऩोधे रगामें एफॊ इनकी
यऺा कयें .

8. ध्वनन प्रदस
ु न:- सोय, एक अहद्रस्म प्रदस
ु ान है , अत्मॊत घातक भाध्मभ है औय इससे बरा
चॊगा ब्मजक्त बी भानशसक रूऩ से त्रफक्षऺप्त हो सकता है . मह कल्ऩना ही नहीॊ फजल्क एक
फैऻाननक सत्म है .
ध्वनन प्रद्मुसन से यक्त चाऩ फढ़ता है , जजस से रृदमाघात होने की ऩूयी
सम्बावना यहती है . इसके इराफा, तेज ध्वनन का सीधा असय दीभक ऩय ऩढता है . खनन
ब्माफसई भें सफसे ज्मादा घातक असय कान ऩय तेज़ हॉनष, हूटय के फाजने से औय ब्राजस्टॊ ग से
होता है , जजससे आभ आदभी जल्दी ही फहया हो जाता है .

खनन ब्माब्साई भें उऩमोग भें आने वारी कुछ कामष की जगहों ऩय ध्वनन
तेज़ होती है . इससे वहाॊ ऩय कामष यत ब्मजक्तमों की नीॊद भें कभी, कामष भें अरुगच, गचडगचडाऩन,
जी शभचराना, सीय ददष , सन
ु ने की शजक्त भें गगयावट, यक्त चाऩ भें फषृ ि, ऩाचन शजक्त भें
ऺीणता, गद
ु ों की खयाफी इत्माहद योगों के शसकाय हो सकते हैं.

अत् कामष के दौयान एमय भफ़ का रगाताय उऩमोग कयने से तथा इसे

रगाकय कामष कयने की आदत डारने से उऩयोक्त त्रफभारयमों से फचाव हो सकता है .

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 ध्वनन प्रदस
ु ान से ही सवाषगधक सड़क दघ
ु ट
ष नाएॊ होती है . इससे सुनने की ऺभता
कभ हो जाती है . औय हदभाग ऩय इसका सफसे ज्मादा असय ऩड़ता है . नतीजतन, हभे हो कामष
कयना चाहहए, उन्हें हभ नहीॊ कय ऩते हैं. ध्वनन प्रदस
ु ान से, आॉखों की जो नसे हदभाग की औय
जाती है , उनकी शजक्त धीये धीये ऺीण होती है , औय अॊतत् वे काभ कयना फॊद कय दे ती है . इससे
भनष्ु म की आॉखों की योशनी कभ हो जाती है . अत्मगधक ध्वनन अथवा सोय से धभननमाॊ शसकुड़
जाती है औय रगाताय सोय के कायन, यक्त भें कोरेस्ट्रोर फड जाने से हदर का दौया ऩड़ सकता
है .

अत् खदान ऺेि भें सबी कॊप्रेसय हाउस, ऩॊऩ हाउस, िेशय चैम्फय, सबी प्रकाय
की डिशरॊग भशीनों ऩय, वेंहटरेशन पेन, ब्रोअय हाउस, डी.जी. सेट आहद जगहों ऩय कामष यत
कभष चारयमों को एमय भफ़ का उऩमोग अफस्मक रूऩ से कयना चाहहए. एफॊ इसे ऩहन कय ही
कामष कयने की आदत डारनी चाहहए.

बूशभगत खदानों भें कॊप्रेस्ड एमय के रीकेज से बी कापी सोय होता है . इस

प्रकाय के रीकेज को, उजाष सॊयऺण हे तु एफॊ ध्वनन प्रदस
ु ान योकने हे तु तुयॊत प्रबाव से फॊद कयना
चाहहए.

ध्वनन प्रदस
ु ान ऺेि भें त्रफना एमय भफ़ का उऩमोग शरए कामष कयने वारे कभष
चारयमों के सन
ु ने की ऺभता कभ हो जाती है . नतीजतन, जोय जोय से फोरने की आदत ऩड़
जाती है . जजसका प्रबाव, कामष ऺेि के फाहय, आऩने ऩरयफाय एफॊ फछो के साथ जोय जोय से
फोरना, गचडगचडाऩन आना, नीॊद भें कभी, यक्त चाऩ भें फषृ ि आहद त्रफभारयमों को ऩरयफाय एफॊ
सभाज भें पैराता है .

गचक्रकत्सा ऺेि भें आफ कापी उन्ननत हो चक

ु ी है . सुनने की ऺभता की जाॉच
एफॊ उऩचाय महद अफस्मक हो, सॊबव है . अत् जाॉच कयवा कय उगचत ऩयाभशष रेवे एफॊ ध्वनन
प्रदस
ु ान ऺेि के कामषस्थर ऩय इअय भफ़ का उऩमोग अफस्म कयें .

9. गैस लसलऱॊडर का भण्डारण, ऩररबहन एबॊ उऩयोग में सरु ऺा:-

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उद्मोग भें त्रफशबन्न प्रकाय की गैस का उऩमोग क्रकमा जाता है . साधायणत् मह गैस शसशरॊडय भें
दवाफ से बयी यहती है . इनभें कुछ ज्वरन शसर एफॊ सम्वेदॊशसर गैस बी होती है . दवाफ भें यहने
से उनके ऩरयफहन, बण्डायण एफॊ उऩमोग भें ख़ास सावधानी यखा जाना चाहहए. असावधानी से
इन शसशरॊडय का त्रफस्पोटन हो सकता है . जजससे जान भार की ऺनत होने की प्रफर सम्बावना
यहती है . गैस शसशरॊडय के बण्डायण, ऩरयफहन एफॊ उऩमोग भें ननम्न सयु ऺा आऩनामा जाना
चाहहए___

 फ्रेश गैस शसशरॊडय की प्राजप्त ऩय ऩहरे मह जाॉच कयें की प्राप्त शसशरॊडय का यॊ ग

एफॊ रेवेर स्टै ण्डडष के अनुसाय हैं मा नहीॊ.
 प्राप्त शसशरॊडय भें प्रत्मेक भें कैऩ रागा होना चाहहए.
 शसशरॊडय को अनरोड कयते सभम इन्हें ऩटकना, टकयाना नहीॊ चाहहए, इसका
ऩूया ध्मान यखें.
 शसशरॊडय को अनरोड कयते सभम इनके फाटभ छोय से कोमय भट्रे स ऩय ननचे
उतयना चाहहए.
 वाल्व छोय/कैऩ छोय से कबी अनरोड नहीॊ कयें .
 एक एक शसशरॊडय को अरग अरग अनरोड कयें एफॊ ऩहरे वारे अनरोड
शसशरॊडय को शशफ्ट कय ननधाषरयत स्थान ऩय सयु क्षऺत यखें तबी दस
ु ये शसशरॊडय को अनरोड कयें .
 कबी बी शरजफ्टॊ ग भैगनेट मा चैन द्वाया शसशरॊडय को रोड/अनरोड नहीॊ कयें .
रोडडॊग/अनरोडडॊग के शरए पाइफय योऩ सीशरॊग का उऩमोग कयें .
 शसशरॊडय ऩरयफहन के शरए है ण्ड काय/ट्रारी जजसभें चैन मा फेल्ट रगा हो. भें ही
ऩरयफहन कयें .
 अशसनतशरन, अभोननमा, क्रोरयन के शसशरॊडय वजनी होते हैं एफॊ गैस तयर ऩदाथष
के रूऩ भें होते हैं. इनके ऩरयफहन एफॊ उऩमोग भें ज्मादा ध्मान एफॊ दे ने की ज़रूयत है .
 शसशरॊडय का बण्डायण हदवाय ऩय ब्रैकेट मा चैन द्वाया क्रपक्स कयें . अरग अरग
तयह के शसशरॊडय का एफॊ खरी औय बायती शसशरॊडय का बॊडायन अरग अरग क्रकमा जामेगा.
 अशसनतशरन शसशरॊडय को बण्डायण एफॊ उऩमोग के सभम हभेसा कड़ी अवस्था भें
यखें.

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  शसशरॊडय को बण्डायण आने जाने के स्थान ऩैसेज एफॊ अन्म स्थान जहाॉ आने
जाने वारों को असुषवधा हो, भें नहीॊ क्रकमा जामेगा.
 शसशरॊडय का बण्डायण स्थर का वेंहटरेशन अच्छा होना चाहहए. बण्डायण का
स्थर एफॊ अवस्था ऐसी होनी चाहहए की आग रागने ऩय इन्हें तयु ॊ त हटामा जा सके.
 अगय खरी शसशरॊडय का बण्डायण आड़े रूऩ भें क्रकमा जाना है तो उन्हें ज़भीन
ऩय चाक मा ऩट्टी यख कय जाभ रागा कय क्रकमा जाएगा जजससे (अ) शसशरॊडय ज़भीन ऩय नहीॊ
यहे गा (फ) रुड़कने की सम्बावना नहीॊ यहे गी.
 कबी बी शसशरॊडय का बण्डायण फैटयी चाजजांग रूभ, तेर, गोदाभ, ऩें ट, अम्रीम
वस्त,ु के गद
ु भ भें मा इनके साथ नहीॊ क्रकमा जाएगा.
 शसशरॊडय को बण्डायण/उऩमोग कयते सभम गभी एफॊ धऩ
ु से फचामा जाएगा.
अशसनतशरन गैस का प्रेशय प्रनत डडग्री सेंटीग्रेड ताऩभान के फड़ने के साथ साथ 5.5 ऩौंड प्रनत इॊच
फढती है जो त्रफस्पोटन का कायन फाण सकता है .
 शसशरॊडय वाल्व का ग्रीशसॊग, ओइशरॊग ना कयें . ये गुरेटय असेंफरी एफॊ इसकी
चडू ड़मों भें धर
ु शभटटी साफ़ यखें . थ्रेड/चडू ड़मों ऩय ग्रीशसॊग ओइशरॊग नहीॊ कयें .
 ऑक्सीजन, नाइट्रोजन, कॊप्रेस्ड एमय शसशरॊडय के जस्ऩॊडर की चडू ड़माॉ साधायण
होती है , जफक्रक अशसनतशरन, हाइिोजन आहद गैस जो ज्वरन शसर है , की जस्ऩॊडर चड़
ू ी रेफ्ट
है ण्ड होती है .
 वाल्व जजस शसशरॊडय एफॊ गैस का है उसे उस शसशरॊडय भें ही रगामें.
 शसशरॊडय को चारु त्रफजरी की राइन मा त्रफजरी के उऩकयण के सॊऩकष भें न
आने दें .

10. गह
ृ ब्यबपथा (रख-रखाव/हाउस कीपऩॊग):-

क्रकसी बी खान मा कायखाने की सत-प्रनतसत ऺभता के उऩमोग एफॊ सन्

ु म दघ
ु ट
ष ना का रक्ष्म
अनत उत्तभ प्रक्रिमा को आऩना कय ही प्राप्त क्रकआ जाता है . अनत उत्तभ प्रक्रिमा तबी आप्नाएॊ
जा सकती है , जफ उत्तभ गह
ृ ब्मफस्था को आऩनामा गमा हो. उत्तभ गह
ृ ब्मफस्था सुधयी
भानशसकता, कामष दक्ष्मता, उच्चतय उत्ऩादकता औय दघ
ु ट
ष नाओॊ भें कभी राने भें भहत्वऩूणष

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मोगदान है . मह ब्मफस्था का स्तय खदान/प्राॊट/कामाषरम प्रत्मेक त्रफबाग/अनुबाग की आऩनी
आऩनी कामष सॊस्कृनत को दशाषता है .

ननम्न स्तय की गह
ृ ब्मफस्था के सॊकेतक- फस्तुओॊ औय उऩकयणों का त्रफखया होना, औजाय एफॊ
जुगाय का आऩने स्थान से दयू त्रफखया होना, स्ऩेमय एफॊ स्िैऩ का बण्डायण अरग अरग न
होना. भार/फस्तु की गरत ढॊ ग से रगी टार, क्षऺदन, खारी डडब्फों, िभ औय ऩैक्रकॊग की फस्तुओॊ
का जभा होना. इॊडजस्ट्रमर वेस्ट का जभा होना, धर
ु बयी खखड़क्रकमों तथा दीवायें औय
गॊदे/क्रपसरने वारे पशष, बशू भगत खान भें ऩानी की नारी के साफ़ न होने से चरने के यस्ते भें
क्रपसरन, धर
ु बयी दीवाये आहद.

प्राम मे दे खा गमा है की प्रत्मेक प्रक्रिमा के कायन फस्तओ

ु ॊ का त्रफखयाव खास कय तेर, ग्रीस,
जूट, कहटॊग का उऩमोग होता है . मह त्रफखयाव सुन्म दघ
ु ट
ष ना एफॊ सत-प्रनतसत
प्राॊट/भशीन/उऩकयणों के उऩमोग भें फाधक है . अत्

 प्रक्रिमा इतनी साफ़ सथ

ु यी होनी चाहहए की त्रफखयाव नगण्म हो. एफॊ
 प्रक्रिमा के दौयान हुए त्रफखयाव को सभेटने के उऩयाॊत कामष सभाऩन हो.

खान एफॊ प्राॊट भें मह हदखा जाता है की प्रक्रिमा के दौयान अगधकायी/सऩ

ु यवाइजय/फारयस्ट
कभषचायी सबी उऩजस्थत होकय प्रक्रिमा को ऩूणष कयते हैं. ऩयन्तु प्रक्रिमा ऩूणष होते ही
अगधकायी/सुऩयवाइजय/फारयस्ट कभषचायी आऩने आऩने अगधनस्त कभषचारयमों को प्रक्रिमा के दौयान
हुए त्रफखयाव को सभेटने का आदे श प्रदान कय स्थान त्माग दे ते हैं. मह रुग्न भानशसकता का
ऩरयचम है . सुन्म दघ
ु ट
ष ना एफॊ प्राॊट/भशीन की ऩूणष ऺभता के उऩमोग भें रुग्न भानशसकता एक
फाधक है . सध
ु यी भानशसकता की अब्स्मकता है . जो उत्तभ गह
ृ ब्मफस्था की आदत फनाएगा.

ख़राब कायय ऩययबरण:- धर

ु बयी खखड़क्रकमों, टूटे फल्फों इत्माहद के कायन घटा हुआ प्रकाश,
यासामननक ऩदाथष एकत्रित धर
ु इत्माहद से त्रफना सॊयऺण के सॊऩकष द्वाया उत्ऩन्न स्वस्थ को
खतये .

काययदऺता:—क्रकसी बी प्रक्रिमा/रयऩेमय/भें टेनेंस के दौयान स्िैऩ/वेस्ट/षऩल्पये ज जेनये ट होते हैं. प्राम

मह दे खा गमा है की मह स्िैऩ/वेस्ट कामष स्थर ऩय ही ऩड़े यहते है . कायन अरग से भैन ऩॉवय
नहीॊ हदए जाने का फतामा जाता है . मह ननम्न स्तय की कामष दऺता को प्रतीत कयता है .

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प्रक्रिमा/रयऩेमय/भें टेनेंस के दौयान ननमुक्त क्रकमे गए गैंग/भैन ऩॉवय का ही कामष होना चाहहए की
जेनेयतेड स्िैऩ/वेस्ट को ननधाषरयत स्थान ऩय यखें तबी उत्तभ कामष दऺता को ऩरयबाषषत कय
ऩाएॊगे. इन ऩरयजस्थनतमों के शरए सुऩयवाइजय/पोयभैन/अषवमानता/प्रवन्धक की कामष
दऺता/भानशसकता ही उत्तय दाई है . उत्तभ गह
ृ ब्मफस्था के शरए इन अगधकायीमों को आऩना
दानमत्व ऩयू ा कयना है .

उत्तभ गह
ृ ब्मफस्था शशफ़ष उगचत मोगना फि ढॊ ग से ही ऩाई जा सकती है . इसभें हदन की
स्वच्छता तथा सब
ु ब्मफस्था फनामीॊ यखने के साथ साथ सन्
ु मोजजत प्रक्रिमा अशबन्मास,
ब्माफजस्थत उऩस्कय, भार का ब्माफजस्थत बण्डायण, टार तथा सॊचारन औय छीजन का ननफटन
बी सजम्भशरत है .

प्रत्मेक सुऩयवाइजय/पोयभैन/अषवमानता/प्रवन्धक आऩने कामाषरम अनुबाग/त्रफबाग भें चेक कयें धर

ु
बयी खखक्रकषमाॉ तथा दीवाये , गॊदे मा क्रपसरने वारे फ़सष, ऩानी की नारी/बूशभगत खान से िेशय
चैम्फय, डॊषऩॊग ऩॉइॊट, शभर भें िेशय सेक्शन मा स्िीननॊग हाउस, जफ प्राॊट चारू होता है धर
ु
बयी दीवायों से ज्मादा डस्ट उड़ती है . वाऩस उसी दीवायों ऩय डस्ट फैठ जाती है . वषष भें 3-4 फाय
दीवायों को ऩानी से धोमा जाम तो कामषस्थर के ऩमषफयण भें सध
ु य होगा साथ ही साथ स्वास्थ
सम्फन्धी खतयों फचा जामेगा.

खान हो मा कायखाना, उछ भानक के गह

ृ ब्मफस्था सनु नजश्चत कयने भें प्रत्मेक स्तय के कशभषमों
को आऩना दानमत्व ऩयू ा कयना है .

माद यखखमे___

उत्तम गह
ृ ब्यबपथा का अथय है प्रत्येक वपतु के लऱए ननधायररत पथान

और

प्रत्येक वपतु ननधायररत पथान ऩर.

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What is an Accident?

An accident is a specific, unpredictable, unusual and unintended external action which occurs in
a particular time and place, with no apparent and deliberate cause but with marked effects

Types of Accidents

Physical Activity Vehicle

Collision or fall Accidents during the Bike Accident
or Electrical execution of Work Car Accident

What is a Fire Extinguisher?

Fire extinguishers are a fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires.

How does a fire Extinguisher Work?

Fire extinguishers contain carbon dioxide, which is the chemical that creates the pressure over
the extinguishing agent. Once the lever is pushed, Carbon dioxide will push the agent and
project it through the hose.

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Types of Fire Extinguishers

Water and Foam

Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away
the heat element of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen element
from the other elements.

Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they should not be used on Class B or
C fires. The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B fire or
could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking away the oxygen element
of the fire triangle and also be removing the heat with a very cold discharge.

Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They are usually ineffective on
Class A fires.

Dry Chemical

Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting

thechemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multipurpose dry chemical
that is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier
between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires.

Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct
extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-ignite
after apparently being extinguished succesfully.

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Wet Chemical

Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of the
fire triangle and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between
the oxygen and fuelelements.

Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high efficiency
deep fat fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may also be used on Class A
fires in commercial kitchens.

Clean Agent

Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the halon agents as well as the
newer and less ozone depleting halocarbon agents. They extinguish the fire by
interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Clean agent extinguishers are primarily for Class B & C fires. Some larger clean agent
extinguishers can be used on Class A, B, and C fires.

Dry Powder

Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they extinguish the
fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by removing the heat element
of the fire triangle.

However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal fires, only.
They are ineffective on all other classes of fires.

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 Water Mist

Water Mist extinguishers are a recent development that extinguish the fire by taking
away the heat element of the fire triangle. They are an alternative to the clean agent
extinguishers where contamination is a concern.

Water mist extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires, although they are safe for use
on Class C fires as well.

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by
interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Like the stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers, the multipurpose dry chemical is
effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier
between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires.

Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct
extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-ignite
after apparently being extinguished successfully.

Fire extinguishers are classified based on the type of burning material

Class C

Electrical Fires

Class D Class B

Flammable metals Kerosene, oil, Paint

like Sodium, etc.,(Foam Type)
Magnesium

Class K Class A

Commercial Kitchens For extinguishing fire on

Cellulose (Like wood,
(Wet Chemical)
Paper)

(Dry Chemical)

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What is Health?

Traditionally, health is defined as the absence of illness. WHO defines health in this positive
way:

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being – and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.

Maintaining clean environment at work:

 Designate storage space for everything.

 Provide sufficient housekeeping tools, including brooms, clean rags, and spill absorbers.
 Define areas for scrap storage and schedule regular collection, removal, and disposal.
 Assign clean-up responsibilities and make sure work sites are cleaned and cleared
before quitting time.

Hygiene –

It is a set of practices performed for preservation of health. It is maintained in personal, home,

food and workplace.

Personal Hygiene - The cornerstone of hygiene. The body is the source and entry point of many
illnesses. Appropriate personal hygiene can prevent all sorts of diseases

Hygiene at home – When you spend your time at home you may as well maintain hygiene as
the air you breathe can affect your breath.

Food - Whether in the home, in industry or in catering, food hygiene should be second nature
at this time when new food risks are sharply on the increase

Instilling hygiene rules and basics - These should rapidly become second nature and act as a
safeguard for the health of the population at large. Setting an example, repetition and
education are most important in successfully applying personal, domestic, food or pet hygiene.
Likewise, vaccination is an invaluable preventive measure, and should be undertaken at the
appropriate time, and booster schedule adhered to.

Each of us has a contribution to make to health, and this starts with basic day-to-day ground
rules for hygiene.
Effective hygiene should be instilled in us from a young age so that it becomes second nature.
Hygiene is essentially a healthy attitude towards life in general, including a balanced diet, a well

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ordered lifestyle, balanced sleeping patterns and avoiding smoking, alcohol and drugs. Living
hygienically is the first step towards a healthier society.

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