CM 126 Model Answer Paper

Construction Drawing and CADD

Arun Ahuja

1. Representative Factor or Representative Fraction (R.F.) is defined as ratio of size or

dimension of element or part in drawing to the size of same element or part of the actual
object.
Representative Factor (R.F.)
= Dimension in Drawing / (Actual) Dimension of Object
= Length or Width or Height in Drawing / (Actual) Length or Width or Height of Object

E.g. the ground distance between two points is determined by measuring between the
same two points on the map and then multiplying the map measurement by the
denominator of the RF or scale

The map scale is 1:50,000

RF = 1/50,000

The map distance from point A to point B is 5 units

5 x 50,000 = 250,000 units of ground distance

2. Title block is the information block located at the bottom right hand corner of every sheet
and provides the technical and administrative details of the drawing. It is an important
feature on every drawing sheet.

The content of title box is divided into two zones

 Identification zone: In this zone the details like the identification number or part
number, Title of the drawing, legal owner of the drawing, etc. are mentioned.

 Additional information zone: Here indicative items lime symbols indicting the
system of projection, scale used, etc., the technical items lime method of surface
texture, tolerances, etc., and other administrative items are to be mentioned.

3. LVL – Level
FFL – Finish Floor Level
 RL – Reduce Level
PL – Plinth Level
C/C – Center to center
WL – Water level

4. Copy – co + spacebar
Move – m + spacebar
Line – l + spacebar
Offset – off + spacebar
Trim – tr + spacebar
Extend – ex + spacebar
Mirror – mi + spacebar
Layer off – layoff + spacebar

5. Tender Documents –
A tender is a submission made by a prospective supplier in response to an invitation to
tender. It makes an offer for the supply of goods or services. Tender documents are
prepared to seek tenders (offers).
Tender documents may be prepared for a range of contracts, such as equipment supply,
the main construction contract (including design by the contractor), demolition, enabling
works etc.

Tenders documents may include:

 A letter of invitation to tender.
 The form of the tender.
 Preliminaries: including pre-construction information and site waste
management plan (if required).
 The form of contract, contract conditions and amendments. This might include
a model enabling amendment for building information modelling (BIM), making
a BIM protocol a contractual document.
 A tender pricing document (or contract sum analysis on design and
build projects).
 Employer's information requirements for BIM.
 Design drawings, and perhaps an existing building information model.
 Specifications.
6. Significance of door and window schedule:
 A table in the contract documents listing all the doors by size, specifications, and
location.
 Construction drawings contain many types of doors and windows that comes with
a variety of sizes. For the ease of locating these doors and windows, they are often
organized in schedules.
 These are essential when planning a building in order to ensure their proper
installation and fit in the overall house building plan.

7. Oblique

An oblique drawing represents an object in all the three dimensions in the form of
drawings.

Oblique drawings are constructed on parallel lines of sight. The front face is presented in
its true shape on a horizontal or vertical plane. An axis angle leads away from the front
face. The angular axis is usually from 35° to 50°. The angular axis is usually shortened to
reduce distortion.

In oblique projections the front view is drawn true size, and the receding surfaces are
drawn on an angle to give it a pictorial appearance. This form of projection has the
advantage of showing one face (the front face) of the object without distortion.
Generally, the face with the greatest detail faces the front.

An oblique cube may incline to the left or the right.

Isometric
Isometric projection is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in
two dimensions in technical and engineering drawings. It is an axonometric projection in
which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between
any two of them is 120 degrees.
8. Different types of drawings in construction and their significance are as follows:

Preliminary drawing / concept drawing

Preliminary drawings are initial concept drawings these are prepared to convey the
designer’s idea to the client, It may include preliminary floor plans, elevation view and
other design ideas. These drawings can range from quick freehand sketches to measured
perspective drawings.

Working drawing
Working drawings are detailed drawing. Working drawings provide dimensioned,
graphical information that can be used; by a contractor to construct the works, or
by suppliers to fabricate components of the works or to assemble or install components.
They may include architectural drawings, structural drawings, civil drawings,
mechanical drawings, electrical drawings, and so on.

Shop drawing
Shop drawings are prepared by contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, manufacturers or
fabricators. They generally relate to pre-fabricated components, show how they should
be manufactured or installed. They take design intent drawings and specifications
prepared by the project design team and develop them to show in detail how the
component will actually be manufactured, fabricated, assembled or installed.

Shop drawings may also be used to check installation on site. Suppliers may wish to visit
the site before, or during the preparation of shop drawings to verify key dimensions are
accurate, particularly on refurbishment or renovation projects.

Good for Construction Drawing

 Good for construction or GFC drawing are those working drawing are checked and vetted
by the architect or the consultant and are issued to site for use in execution of the works.

As built drawing
On building projects it is common for changes to be made during construction because of
circumstances that emerge on site. These changes can be relatively minor or can be very
significant.

As a result, it is common for the client to require that as-built drawings are prepared,
either during the construction process or when construction is complete, to reflect what
has actually been built. The contractor will generally markup changes to the ‘final
construction issue’ drawings on-site using red ink, and these can then be used by the
consultant team to create as built drawings showing the completed project.

9. Specifications describe the materials and workmanship required for a development. They
do not include cost, quantity or drawn information, and so need to be read alongside
other information such as quantities, schedules and drawings.
Specifications should be developed alongside the design, increasing in level of detail as
the design progresses. They should not be left until the preparation of production
information. By tender they should describe every aspect of the building in such a way
that there is no uncertainty about what the contractor is pricing.

Importance and characteristics of a well written specification are:

An engineering specification contains detailed description of all workmanship and
materials which are required to complete an engineering project in accordance with its
drawings and details. The technical drawings of a structure will show the proportions and
relative positions of the various components of the structure. The data regarding the
drawings, quality of materials and workmanship is conveyed in a separate contract
document which is known as the “specifications” for the work. Thus the drawings with
the engineering specifications will completely define the structure. The specification is
furnished separately along with the drawings and is an essential part of all engineering
contracts.

The necessity of specifications are the following:-

1) The cost of the unit quantity of work is governed by its specification.

2) Specifications of a work are required to describe the quality and quantity of different
materials required for a construction work and is one of the essential contract documents.
 Thus a contractor can make a programme to procure the materials required for a project
and the owner can check the quality of materials conforming to the specifications.
3) This also specifies the workmanship and the method of doing work. Thus, specification
of a work serves as a guide to the supervising staff of the contractor as well as to the
owner to execute the work to their satisfaction.
4) A work is carried out according to its specification and the contractor is paid for the
same .Any change in specification tends to change the tendered rate.
5) As the rate of work is based on specification, a contractor can calculate the rates of
various items of works in a tender with his procurement rates of materials and labor.
6) Specification is necessary to specify the equipment’s, tools and plants to be engaged
for a work and thus enables to procure them beforehand.

10. Use of AutoCAD in construction industry:

a. Benefits of construction drafting - AutoCAD drawings are far more accurate and
precise.
b. Flexibility is one great advantage that comes with AutoCAD. So, it is now possible
to modify and alter drawings without any confusion.
c. Digitization and easy documentation
d. Drawings prepared on AutoCAD can be integrated with other software for analysis
e. Modeling, drafting, and designing projects are easily possible today with the help
of latest software like Micro Station, Inventor, Solid Works, Pro-E, 3D Studio Max,
Revit, and AutoCAD.

Double Doors
Casement Window

Staircase