PRESSURE

The human lung is a wondrous thing. Now you can demonstrate its working using a
balloon.

MATERIALS:
*plastic bottle, cutter, two balloons, straw, stick glue, rubber bands

PROCEDURES:
1.Use the cutter, under adult supervision, to chop off the bottom of the bottle.
2.Tie one end of one of the balloons in a knot. Snip off its other end with the scissors.
Stretch the cut end to cover the bottom of the bottle and secure it with a rubber band.
 3.Insert one end of the straw into the mouth of the second balloon and tie it with a
rubber band. Make sure air can still pass through the straw.
4.Push the balloon end of the straw into the bottle. Use the stick glue to completely seal
the mouth of the bottle around the straw.
5.Pull on the knotted end of the balloon at the bottom of the bottle.

RESULTS/OUTCOMES:
The secret is the relation between volume and pressure. Volume is the amount of space
occupied by an object. In this case, our ‘object’ is air. Air occupies a certain space
inside the bottle. No air can come in or go out as the bottle is sealed.
As a rule, when the volume of a gas increases, its pressure decreases and vice-versa. For
e.g. a gas tightly compressed into a small space (small space equals less volume) has
higher pressure because its molecules are all packed together and are struggling to push
out. But if the gas is released and allowed to spread to a larger area (more space, more
volume), its pressure falls because the molecules now have ample space.
When you pull the balloon at the bottom of the bottle, you increase the space available
to the air inside the bottle. That means its pressure falls because its volume rises.
Air tries to flow in from outside the bottle to equalize this pressure difference and the
only opening it finds is the straw. So, it goes through the straw and inflates the balloon
inside!
 MATTER
MATTER- is anything that occupy space and has mass .

Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being
liquid, gas, and plasma). In solids molecules are closely packed. It is characterized by structural
rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. As such, it is one of the four fundamental
states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite
volume but no fixed shape.
 A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state ofmatter of a dilute gas
of bosons cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero. Under such conditions, a large
fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum
phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference, become apparent.

A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as

atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds.

Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being
solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like
neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules
made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide).

A plasma is a hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal

numbers of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. The characteristics of
plasmas are significantly different from those of ordinary neutral gases so that plasmas are
considered a distinct "fourth state of matter."
DENSITY
A material's density is defined as its mass per unit volume. It is, essentially, a measurement of
how tightly matter is crammed together. The principle of density was discovered by the Greek
scientist Archimedes.

To calculate the density (usually represented by the Greek letter "ρ") of an object, take the mass
(m) and divide by the volume (v):

ρ=m/v

The SI unit of density is kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).

It is also frequently represented in the cgs unit of grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).

USING DENSITY

One of the most common uses of density is in how different materials interact when mixed
together. Wood floats in water because it has a lower density, while an anchor sinks because the
metal has a higher density. Helium balloons float because the density of the helium is lower
than the density of the air.

When your automotive service station tests various liquids, like transmission fluid, they will
pour some into a hydrometer. The hydrometer has several calibrated objects, some of which
float in the liquid. By observing which of the objects float, it can be determined what the
density of the liquid is ... and, in the case of the transmission fluid, this reveals whether it needs
replacing yet or not.

Density allows you to solve for mass and volume, if given the other quantity. Since the density
of common substances is known, this calculation is fairly straightforward, in the form:

v*ρ=m
or
m/ρ=v

The change in density can also be useful in analyzing some situations, such as whenever a
chemical conversion is taking place and energy is being released. The charge in a storage
battery, for example, is an acidic solution. As the battery discharges electricity, the acid
combines with lead in the battery to form a new chemical, which results in a decrease in the
density of the solution.

This density can be measured to determine the battery's level of remaining charge.

Density is a key concept in analyzing how materials interact in fluid mechanics, weather,
geology, material sciences, engineering, and other fields of physics.

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed
in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body
displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid.

GRAVITY/ DOWNWARD FORCE- is a downward force of an object.

BOUYANT/UPWARD FORCE- upward force of an object that being immerse in fluid.

SINK- it is increasing of gravity then the buoyant force will be decreasing.

FLOAT-equal in buoyant force and gravity.

RISING UPWARD- it is increasing of buoyant force then the gravity will be decreasing.

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

p
Pascal's Principle. Pascal's principle : Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every part of the fluid, as well as to the walls of the container. A common
application of this is a hydraulic lift used to raise a car off the ground so it can be repaired at a
garage.

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.
The principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in
1738.

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC

COMPOUNDS
 Proteins. Proteins, among the most complex of all organic compounds, are composed
of amino acids (see Figure 2-4), which contain carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, and nitrogen
atoms.

Examples of Inorganic Compounds: 1. H2O - Water is a simple inorganic compound, even

though it containshydrogen, a key atom (along with carbon) in many organic compounds. The
atoms in a molecule of water have formed very simple bonds due to this lack of carbon.

2 TYPES OF MIXTURES
Heterogeneous - A mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances in which the
original substances retain their chemical properties. In some mixtures, the initial substances
cannot be detected after they have been mixed.

Homogeneous -is a solid, liquid or gaseous mixture that has the same proportions of its
components throughout a given sample (or multiple samples of different proportion). ...
Conversely, a heterogeneous mixture is not uniform in composition, but proportions of its
components vary throughout the sample.

Mixtures can either be homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture is a type of

mixture in which the composition is uniform and every part of the solution has the same
properties. A heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the components can be
seen, as there are two or more phases present.

2 TYPES OF SOLUTION
Solvent - the component of a solution that is present in the greatest amount. It is the substance
in which the solute is dissolved. Examples: The solvent for seawater is water.

Solute - is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution may exist in any
phase. A solution consists of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance that is dissolved
in the solvent.
 2 TYPES OF CHANGES

There are several differences between a physical and chemical change in matter or
substances. A physical change in a substance doesn't change what the substance is. In
a chemical change where there is a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed and energy is
either given off or absorbed.