Loanword

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Borrowing (linguistics))
For loanwords in the English language, see Lists of English words by country or
language of origin.
A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word adopted from one language (the
donor language) and incorporated into another language without translation. This is
in contrast to cognates, which are words in two or more languages that are similar
because they share an etymological origin, and calques, which involve translation.

Contents [hide]
1 Examples and related terms
2 From the arts
3 Linguistic classification
4 Popular and learned loanwords
5 In English
6 In languages other than English
6.1 Transmission in the Ottoman Empire
6.2 Dutch words in Indonesian
6.3 Loan words in Japanese
7 Cultural aspects
8 Changes in meaning and pronunciation
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Examples and related terms[edit]
A loanword is distinguished from a calque (loan translation), which is a word or
phrase whose meaning or idiom is adopted from another language by translation into
existing words or word-forming roots of the recipient language.

Examples of loanwords in the English language include caf� (from French caf�, which
literally means "coffee"), bazaar (from Persian bazar, which means "market"), and
kindergarten (from German Kindergarten, which literally means "children's garden").

In a bit of heterological irony, the word calque is a loanword from the French
noun, derived from the verb calquer (to trace, to copy);[1] the word loanword is a
calque of the German word Lehnwort;[2] and the phrase "loan translation" is a
calque of the German Lehn�bersetzung.[3]

Loans of multi-word phrases, such as the English use of the French term d�ja vu,
are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings.[4][5]

Strictly speaking, the term loanword conflicts with the ordinary meaning of loan in
that something is taken from the donor language without it being something that is
possible to return.[6]

From the arts[edit]

Most of the technical vocabulary of classical music (such as concerto, allegro,
tempo, aria, opera, and soprano) is borrowed from Italian,[7] and that of ballet
from French.[8]

Linguistic classification[edit]
The studies by Werner Betz (1949, 1939), Einar Haugen (1950, also 1956), and Uriel
Weinreich (1953) are regarded as the classical theoretical works on loan influence.
[9] The basic theoretical statements all take Betz�s nomenclature as their starting
point. Duckworth (1977) enlarges Betz�s scheme by the type �partial substitution�
and supplements the system with English terms. A schematic illustration of these
classifications is given below.[10]

The expression "foreign word" used in the illustration below is, however, an
incorrect translation of the German term Fremdwort, which refers to loanwords whose
pronunciation, spelling, and possible inflection or gender have not yet been so
much adapted to the new language that they cease to feel foreign. Such a separation
of loanwords into two distinct categories is not used by linguists in English in
talking about any language. In addition, basing such a separation mainly on
spelling as described in the illustration is (or, in fact, was) not usually done
except by German linguists and only when talking about German and sometimes other
languages that tend to adapt foreign spellings, which is rare in English unless the
word has been in wide use for a very long time.

According to the linguist Suzanne Kemmer, the expression "foreign word" can be
defined as follows in English: "[W]hen most speakers do not know the word and if
they hear it think it is from another language, the word can be called a foreign
word. There are many foreign words and phrases used in English such as bon vivant
(French), mutatis mutandis (Latin), and Schadenfreude (German)."[11] This is
however not how the term is (incorrectly) used in this illustration:

Loanword classification tree 3.gif

On the basis of an importation-substitution distinction, Haugen (1950: 214f.)
distinguishes three basic groups of borrowings: �(1) Loanwords show morphemic
importation without substitution.... (2) Loanblends show morphemic substitution as
well as importation.... (3) Loanshifts show morphemic substitution without
importation�. Haugen later refined (1956) his model in a review of Gneuss�s (1955)
book on Old English loan coinages, whose classification, in turn, is the one by
Betz (1949) again.

Weinreich (1953: 47ff.) differentiates between two mechanisms of lexical

interference, namely those initiated by simple words and those initiated by
compound words and phrases. Weinreich (1953: 47) defines simple words �from the
point of view of the bilinguals who perform the transfer, rather than that of the
descriptive linguist. Accordingly, the category �simple� words also includes
compounds that are transferred in unanalysed form�. After this general
classification, Weinreich then resorts to Betz�s (1949) terminology.

Popular and learned loanwords[edit]

There is a distinction between "popular" and "learned" loanwords. Popular loanwords
are transmitted orally. Learned loanwords are first used in written language, often
for scholarly, scientific, or literary purposes.[12]

In English[edit]
See also: Lists of English words by country or language of origin

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template
message)
The English language has often borrowed words from other cultures or languages:

Spanish definition English definition

sombrero
"hat" "a wide-brimmed festive Mexican hat"
Other examples of words borrowed by English
from Hindi from Afrikaans from Malay
jungle
dacoit
loot
juggernaut (from Sanskrit 'Jagannath')
syce/sais
dinghy
chutney
pundit
wallah
bangle
cheetah
cot
blighty
shampoo
thug
karma (from Sanskrit)
sari
bungalow
jodhpurs

[from Persian origin]

pajama/pyjamas
bazaar
trek
aardvark
laager
wildebeest
veld orangutan
shirang
amok
[via Afrikaans from Malay]
sjambok
Some English loanwords remain relatively faithful to the donor language's phonology
even though a particular phoneme might not exist or have contrastive status in
English. For example, the Hawaiian word �a�a is used by geologists to specify lava
that is relatively thick, chunky, and rough. The Hawaiian spelling indicates the
two glottal stops in the word, but the English pronunciation, /'??.??/ or /'?????/,
contains at most one. In addition, the English spelling usually removes the �okina
and macron diacritics.[13]

The majority of English affixes, such as un-, -ing, and -ly, were present in older
forms in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the
English verbal suffix -ize (American English) or ise (British English) comes from
Greek -????? (-izein) via Latin -izare.

In languages other than English[edit]

Transmission in the Ottoman Empire[edit]
During more than 600 years of the Ottoman Empire, the literary and administrative
language of the empire was Turkish, with many Persian, and Arabic loanwords, called
Ottoman Turkish, considerably differing from the everyday spoken Turkish of the
time. Many such words were exported to other languages of the empire, such as
Albanian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Greek, Hungarian and Ladino. After the empire fell
after World War I and the Republic of Turkey was founded, the Turkish language
underwent an extensive language reform led by the newly founded Turkish Language
Association, during which many adopted words were replaced with new formations
derived from Turkic roots. That was part of the ongoing cultural reform of the
time, in turn a part in the broader framework of Atat�rk's Reforms, which also
included the introduction of the new Turkish alphabet.

Turkish also has taken many words from French, such as pantolon for trousers (from
French pantalon) and komik for funny (from French comique), most of them pronounced
very similarly. Word usage in modern Turkey has acquired a political tinge: right-
wing publications tend to use more Arabic or Persian originated words, left-wing
ones use more adopted from European languages, while centrist ones use more native
Turkish root words.[14]

Dutch words in Indonesian[edit]

Almost 350 years of Dutch presence in what is now Indonesia have left significant
linguistic traces. Though very few Indonesians have a fluent knowledge of Dutch,
the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch, both in words for everyday
life and as well in scientific or technological terminology.[15] One scholar argues
that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words.[16]

Loan words in Japanese[edit]

Main article: Gairaigo
Cultural aspects[edit]
According to Hans Henrich Hock and Brian Joseph, "languages and dialects ... do not
exist in a vacuum": there is always linguistic contact between groups.[17] The
contact influences what loanwords are integrated into the lexicon and which certain
words are chosen over others.

Changes in meaning and pronunciation[edit]

In some cases, the original meaning shifts considerably through unexpected logical
leaps. The English word Viking became Japanese ????? baikingu meaning 'buffet',
because Imperial Viking was the first restaurant in Japan to offer buffet-style
meals.[18]

See also[edit]
Cognate
Hybrid word
Inkhorn term
Language contact
Lists of English words by country or language of origin
Phono-semantic matching
Semantic loan
Neologism
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Calque, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth
Edition. 2000.
Jump up ^ Carr, Charles T. (1934). The German Influence on the English Language.
Society for Pure English Tract No. 42. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 75. Retrieved 25
February 2016.
Jump up ^ Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com
Jump up ^ Chesley, Paula; Baayen, R. Harald (2010). "Predicting New Words from
Newer Words: Lexical Borrowings in French". Linguistics. 48 (4): 1343�74.
Jump up ^ Thomason, Sarah G. (2001). Language Contact: An Introduction. Washington:
Georgetown University Press.
Jump up ^ Jespersen, Otto (1964). Language. New York: Norton Library. p. 208. ISBN
0-393-00229-2. Linguistic 'borrowing' is really nothing but imitation.
Jump up ^ Shanet 1956: 155.
Jump up ^ Kersley & Sinclair 1979: 3.
Jump up ^ Compare the two survey articles by Oksaar (1996: 4f.), Stanforth (2002)
and Grzega (2003, 2004).
Jump up ^ The following comments and examples are taken from Grzega, Joachim
(2004), Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu?, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 139, and
Grzega, Joachim (2003), �Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive
Historical Onomasiology�, Onomasiology Online 4: 22�42.
Jump up ^ Loanwords by Prof. S. Kemmer, Rice University
Jump up ^ Algeo, John (2009-02-02). The Origins and Development of the English
Language. Cengage Learning. ISBN 1428231455.
Jump up ^ Elbert, Samuel H.; Pukui, Mary Kawena (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary
(Revised and enlarged ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai�i Press. p. 389. ISBN 0-
8248-0703-0.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Geoffrey (2002). The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic
Success. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925669-1.
Jump up ^ Sneddon (2003), p.162.
Jump up ^ "A Hidden Language � Dutch in Indonesia [eScholarship]".
Repositories.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ Hock, Hans Henrich; Joseph., Brian D. (2009). "Lexical Borrowing".
Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to
Historical and Comparative Linguistics (2nd ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp.
241�78..
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
References[edit]
Best, Karl-Heinz, Kelih, Emmerich (eds.) (2014): Entlehnungen und Fremdw�rter:
Quantitative Aspekte. L�denscheid: RAM-Verlag.
Betz, Werner (1949): Deutsch und Lateinisch: Die Lehnbildungen der althochdeutschen
Benediktinerregel. Bonn: Bouvier.
Betz, Werner (1959): �Lehnw�rter und Lehnpr�gungen im Vor- und Fr�hdeutschen�. In:
Maurer, Friedrich / Stroh, Friedrich (eds.): Deutsche Wortgeschichte. 2nd ed.
Berlin: Schmidt, vol. 1, 127�147.
Bloom, Dan (2010): "What's That Pho?". French Loan Words in Vietnam Today; Taipei
Times, [2]
Cannon, Garland (1999): �Problems in studying loans�, Proceedings of the annual
meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 25, 326�336.
Duckworth, David (1977): �Zur terminologischen und systematischen Grundlage der
Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz: Kritische �bersicht
und neuer Vorschlag�. In: Kolb, Herbert / Lauffer, Hartmut (eds.) (1977):
Sprachliche Interferenz: Festschrift f�r Werner Betz zum 65. Geburtstag. T�bingen:
Niemeyer, p. 36�56.
Gneuss, Helmut (1955): Lehnbildungen und Lehnbedeutungen im Altenglischen. Berlin:
Schmidt.
Grzega, Joachim (2003): �Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive
Historical Onomasiology�, Onomasiology Online 4, 22�42.
Grzega, Joachim (2004): Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu? Heidelberg: Winter.
Haugen, Einar (1950): �The analysis of linguistic borrowing�. Language 26, 210�231.
Haugen, Einar (1956): �Review of Gneuss 1955�. Language 32, 761�766.
Hitchings, Henry (2008), The Secret Life of Words: How English Became English,
London: John Murray, ISBN 978-0-7195-6454-3.
Hayakawa, Isamu (2014), A Historical Dictionary of Japanese Words Used in English,
Revised and Corrected Edition, Amazon, Tokyo: Texnai, ISBN 978-4907162313.
Kersley, Leo; Sinclair, Janet (1979), A Dictionary of Ballet Terms, Da Capo Press,
ISBN 0-306-80094-2 External link in |title= (help).
Koch, Peter (2002): �Lexical Typology from a Cognitive and Linguistic Point of
View�. In: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.): Lexicology: An International on the Nature
and Structure of Words and Vocabularies/Lexikologie: Ein internationales Handbuch
zur Natur und Struktur von W�rtern und Wortsch�tzen. Berlin/New York: Walter de
Gruyter, 1142�1178.
Oksaar, Els (1996): �The history of contact linguistics as a discipline�. In:
Goebl, Hans et al. (eds.): Kontaktlinguistik/contact linguistics/linguistique de
contact: ein internationales Handbuch zeitgen�ssischer Forschung/an international
handbook of contemporary research/manuel international des recherches
contemporaines. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1�12.
Shanet, Howard (1956), Learn to Read Music, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-
671-21027-4 External link in |title= (help).
Stanforth, Anthony W. (2002): �Effects of language contact on the vocabulary: an
overview�. In: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.) (2002): Lexikologie: ein
internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von W�rtern und
Wortsch�tzen/Lexicology: an international handbook on the nature and structure of
words and vocabularies. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, p. 805�813.
Weinreich, Uriel (1953): Languages in contact: findings and problems. The Hague:
Mouton.
Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), ��Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli
Hebrew��, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (ISBN 978-1-4039-3869-5)
External links[edit]
Look up loanword in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
World Loanword Database (WOLD)
Authority control
GND: 4035076-9
Categories: Historical linguisticsLanguagesEtymologyCultural
assimilationCalquesTranslation
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
historySearch

Search Wikipedia
Go
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
???????
Az?rbaycanca
B�n-l�m-g�
??????????
?????????? (???????????)?
?????????
Boarisch
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Catala
�e�tina
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
????????
Espanol
Esperanto
Euskara
?????
Fran�ais
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
???
???????
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
�slenska
Italiano
?????
???????
Kiswahili
????????
Latvie�u
Lietuviu
Limburgs
La .lojban.
Magyar
??????
????
Bahasa Melayu
Nahuatl
Nederlands
???
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Plattd��tsch
Polski
Portugues
Rom�n�
???????
???? ????
Seeltersk
Shqip
?????
Simple English
Sloven��ina
?????
?????? / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
?????
???????/tatar�a
??????
???
??????????
????
Ti?ng Vi?t
Walon
??
??
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 December 2017, at 04:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie
statementMobile viewEnable previews
Wikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki