Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3,
20.3.1, 20.3.2, 20.3.3, 20.3.5
Structural Idealization
stringers
1
longerons
Structural Idealization – Local vs
flanges
Global Effects
stringers
σz
upper skin
stringer upper flange y σz
stringer web σz
stringer lower flange x
stringer upper flange
stringer web
stringer lower flange
lower skin very small deviation from constant stress
View A-A
• for bending, whether it is caused by shear or moment, a bending stress
distribution develops across the depth of the wing
• locally, over a single stringer, the stress varies very little from the top of the
stringer to the bottom of the stringer
4
• therefore, to a first approx’n, the stringer stress can be assumed constant with y
Structural Idealization – Local vs Global
A Effects
A
after
A
before
y
5
Structural Idealization – Local vs Global
Effects
• to summarize:
− skins carry shear stress from torsion or shear
and (some) normal stress from bending; the
normal stress is assumed to not vary through the
thickness of the skin
− stringers carry normal stress from bending; the
normal stress is constant for each stringer
6
Structural Idealization – Simplified
model
7
Structural Idealization – Simplified
model
x
σ1
σ1
σ2 t=0
σ2
t=tD
• interestingly, the model says that B1, which has higher stress
(σ1> σ2) is smaller than B2
• for the model to work, one needs to know the ratio σ1/ σ2
− if the skin is under pure tension or compression, σ1= σ2
− if the skin is under pure bending (about an axis perpendicular to x)
then σ1= -σ2
13
− what if the skin is under both bending and axial loads as above?
Determination of boom area - Skins
b b
dx
x
σ1 2 σ1 2
σ2 t=0
Area B1 σ2
t=tD Area B2
• for the case for which the skin can be modeled as a beam:
b
y
x
σ1
P σ2
M t=tD
P, M known
14
Determination of boom area - Skins
b • the applied stress on the skin is
y
given by
σ1=?
P Mx1 P Mx1
σ= + = + (7.7)
x1 A I yy tDb t Db3
P 12
σ2=?
M • then σ1=σ(x1=-b/2) and
σ2=σ(x1=+b/2); therefore:
P Mb P 6M
σ1 = − = − (7.8)
tD b tDb 3 tDb tDb 2
σ1 and σ2 change as P and M 2
change; therefore, B1 and B2 12
P Mb P 6M
change as loading changes; so the σ2 = + = + (7.9)
solution for B1 and B2 depends on t Db t D b3 t D b t D b 2
2
loading! 12
15
Determination of boom area – Stringers
and flanges
• as already mentioned (a) the difference between the
neutral axis of the stringers and that of the skin is
neglected (b) any variation of stress along the stringer
cross-section is neglected (normal stress on a stringer
is constant)
• then, each stringer (or flange) can be represented by
a boom of equal area at the mid-skin at that location
3mm
1
2
3
Determine the areas of the x
6 booms when the applied
load is a moment about the
x axis 6
4
5 17
Example: boom areas for wingbox in
pure bending
1 600 mm
2 600 mm • Consider first, the contri-
3 bution of the skins to the boom
200 2
150 areas
M 1.5 100 x
• Since this is pure bending
2.5 2 under moment M, the normal
stress anywhere around the
3 4 wingbox is given by
6
5 My
σ=
I xx
M (200)
• therefore, σ1 =
I xx from which: σσ 1
=
200
150
2
M (150)
σ2 = σ 2 150
I xx =
M (100) σ 3 100
σ3 =
I xx σ1 σ 2 σ 3
= = = −1
M (200) σ6 σ5 σ4
σ 6= − 18
I xx
Example: boom areas for wingbox in
pure bending
σ 1 200 tD b σ 2
1 600 mm = B1 = 2 +
2 600 mm
σ 2 150 6 σ1
3 σ 2 150
200 2 =
150 σ 3 100
M 1.5 100 x tD b σ1
σ1 σ 2 σ 3 B2 = 2+
= = = −1 6 σ2
2.5 2 σ6 σ5 σ4
3 4
6
5
• note that the area A is the area that carries normal stresses
and, thus, the calculated neutral axis location is for the boom
area (i.e. do not include in the calculation of the neutral axis,
Ixx, etc., the skin if it is already included in the booms) 21
My
Booms in bending
1 • we are interested in the normal stresses
2
3
Mx • the bending equation (2.5) from before,
x
I xx M y − I xy M x I yy M x − I xy M y (2.5)
σz = x+ y
6
5
4
I xx I yy − I xy2 I xx I yy − I xy 2
x
Sx
σz
z q2 q1
q2 q1
q2 dz
q1
q2
∂σ q1
σ z + z dz
∂z cross-sectional area Br
• Recall eq (5.6)
I xx S x − I xy S y s
I yy S y − I xy S x s
qs = − ∫ txds − ∫ tyds (5.6)
I xx I yy − I xy 2
0 I xx I yy − I xy 2
0
25
Booms under shear loads – open sections
• this eq refers only to the skin σz
q2 q1
portion that carries normal stress q2 q1
I xx S x − I xy S y s
I yy S y − I xy S x s y
qs = − ∫t xds − ∫t yds q2 dz
I xx I yy − I xy 2 I xx I yy − I xy 2
D D
0 0 q1 x
z
hence the use of tD which q2 ∂σ q1
equals the skin thickness t if σ z + z dz
skin is fully effective, and ∂z cross-sectional area Br
zero if skin carries shear only
27
Booms under shear loads – open sections
∂M y ∂M x ∂M x ∂M y σz
I xx − I xy I yy − I xy q2 q1
q2 − q1 = − ∂z ∂z B x − ∂z ∂z B y
q2 q2
I xx I yy − I xy 2 I xx I yy − I xy 2
r r r r
y
q2 dz
q1 x
• but from (2.10) q2
z
∂σ z q1
σz +
∂M x ∂z
dz
cross-sectional area Br
Sy =
∂z
∂M y (2.10)
Sx =
∂z
• substituting,
S x I xx − S y I xy S y I yy − S x I xy
q2 − q1 = − B r xr − Br yr (7.11)
I xx I yy − I xy 2
I xx I yy − I xy 2
this equation gives the change in shear flow across a boom which carries
an axial load σzBr
28
Booms under shear loads – open sections
σz
q2 q1
S x I xx − S y I xy S y I yy − S x I xy
q2 − q1 = − B r xr − Br yr q2 q2
I xx I yy − I xy 2
I xx I yy − I xy 2
q2 dz
y
q1 x
z
q2
∂σ z q1
• suppose now we have n booms σz +
∂z
dz
cross-sectional area Br
n
• the shear flow after the nth boom will be
s
given by (a) the standard shear flow
equation when there are no booms PLUS
2 (b) the contribution of all the booms up to
1
that point:
I xx S x − I xy S y s n
I yy S y − I xy Sx s n
qs = − 2 ∫ D
t xds + ∑ Br xr − 2 ∫ D
t yds + ∑ Br y r (7.12)
I xx I yy − I xy 0 r =1 I xx I yy − I xy 0 r =1
29
Booms under shear loads – open sections
I xx S x − I xy S y s n
I yy S y − I xy Sx s n
t D xds + ∑ Br xr − t yds + ∑ Br y r
I xx I yy − I xy 2 ∫0 2 ∫ D
qs = − (7.12)
r =1 I I
xx yy − I xy 0 r =1
• simplification:
− suppose the skin carries only shear stresses
(=> tD=0)
− suppose also that the booms (and not
necessarily the skin) have at least one axis of
symmetry (=>Ixy=0)
− then:
S n Sy n
qs = − x
I yy
∑B x
r=1
r r −
I xx
∑B y
r =1
r r
(7.13)
30
Booms under shear loads – open sections
s Example
2 1
S Area of each
y boom=A Determine the shear flows
Thickness = t
x everywhere
• since skin carries only shear and
2a Skin carries the boom pattern has at least one
a only shear axis of symmetry, eq. (7.13) is valid
31
Booms under shear loads – open sections –
some useful conclusions
• when we idealize the skins to carry only shear loads, the
shear flows between booms are constant as in the
previous example
• these constant shear flows are the average shear flows
that we would get if we had fully effective skins (carrying
bending loads); in the previous example, q12 and q34 would
be linear in s while q23 would be quadratic
fully effective
idealized
32
Booms under shear loads – open sections –
some useful conclusions
s
x (x1,y1) q12 = const = q
ds
q12 horiz force component=qds(cosφ)
dy dx=ds(cosφ)
y dx vert force component=qds(sinφ)
dy=ds(sinφ)
φ
(x2,y2)
(x2,y2) L L
V=qL (7.14)
V acting along a line connecting the
s end points!!
x (x1,y1)
ds • the resultant moment about any
q12 p point O is given by
y 2 2
M = ∫ qpds = q ∫ pds
O
1 1
(x2,y2)
• but pds is twice the area of the
shaded triangle
• then, going from 1 to 2, the integral is the area A enclosed by the skin and two
lines connecting O to the skin ends:
M=2Aq !!!! (7.15) 34
Booms under shear loads – open sections –
some useful conclusions
V s
(x1,y1) V=qL (7.14)
ds
q12 p
M = 2 Aq (7.15)
e O
(x2,y2) note that this is identical to eq. (3.44)
L from torsion theory:
T = 2 Aq (3.44)
S x I xx − S y I xy S y I yy − S x I xy
q2 − q1 = − B r xr − Br yr (7.11)
I xx I yy − I xy 2
I xx I yy − I xy 2
I xx Sx − I xy Sy s n I yy S y − I xy Sx s n
tD xds + ∑ Br xr − t yds + ∑ Br yr + qso
I xx I yy − I xy 2 ∫0 2 ∫ D
qs = − (7.17)
r =1 I I
xx yy − I xy 0 r =1
2 2
q a S
• using qb23 to solve for qso gives: qso = − b23 =
3
2 a 2 9a
2
39
• adding qso to qbij gives the final answer
Booms under torsion loads – Closed or open
section beams
1
2
3
T
x
4
6
5
40