Si Melt Man 2003

Snow & Ice Melting Design Manual
Snow & Ice Melting

is published by Uponor Wirsbo
5925 148th Street West
Apple Valley, MN 55124
(952) 891-2000
© 2003 Uponor Wirsbo

All rights reserved.
Third Edition
First Printing June 1994
Printed in the United States of America
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Glossary..............................................................................................3
Chapter 2 Introduction ........................................................................................7
Chapter 3 Wirsbo Tubing Products and Hardware ..........................................9
Chapter 4 Installation Methods ........................................................................21
Chapter 5 Design Considerations ....................................................................33
Chapter 6 Design Tutorial..................................................................................41
Chapter 7 Control Strategies ............................................................................45
Chapter 8 Piping and Electrical Schematics ..................................................51
Appendices
Appendix A Design Analysis Worksheet............................................................61
Appendix B Manifold Worksheet ........................................................................63
Appendix C System Performance and Flow Charts..........................................65
Appendix D hePEXTM plus and AQUAPEX® Pressure Loss Charts..................73
Appendix E MultiCorTM Pressure Loss Charts ....................................................83
Appendix F Large Dimension hePEX (metric) Pressure Loss Charts............89
Appendix G HDPE Pressure Loss Charts............................................................99
Appendix H Velocity Charts ................................................................................105
Appendix I Variable Speed Injection Mixing..................................................109
Appendix J Heat Exchanger Selection ............................................................113
Appendix K Conversion Factors ........................................................................117
1
This manual is published for architects, engineers, building officials and contractors
interested in Uponor Wirsbo Snow & Ice Melting systems. This manual describes the
design process and application of snow and ice melting systems that use Wirsbo
hePEX™ plus, AQUAPEX® and MultiCor™ tubing products.
Please direct any questions regarding the suitability of an application or a specific design
to your local Uponor Wirsbo representative. For the name of your local representative,
please call toll free (800) 321-4739.
2
Chapter 1 — Glossary
Chapter 1
Glossary
It is important to be familiar with the terminology by dividing the BTU/h by the amount of available
used in this manual to fully understand the design square footage of panel to be heated.
and installation of hydronic snow and ice melting
systems. Some of the definitions found in this Bypass Loop — A piping arrangement that directs
chapter are unique to hydronic snow and ice the flow of a heat-absorbing medium (e.g., water)
melting systems and some may be applicable only around rather than through a piece of mechanical
to Uponor Wirsbo systems. equipment.
ASTM — American Society for Testing and Closed Loop — Any piping arrangement in a
Materials. Publishes standard specifications for circulating system that protects the circulating
terminology, labeling, testing and production. medium (e.g., water) against exposure to
atmospheric pressure.
Active Loop Length — The length of tubing within
the total loop length that is physically installed for Closed System — Any closed-loop hydronic
the snow-melt area. tubing system which prevents atmospheric
oxygen from entering the system to a degree
Automatic Operation — A snow and ice melting which effectively protects components from
control strategy that automatically operates the excessive oxidative corrosion. (See the
system to remove snow and ice without the definition for DIN 4726.)
interaction of the owner.
Conduction — A process of heat transfer where
BTU (British Thermal Unit) — A unit of measure heat moves through a material or between two
equal to the amount of energy necessary to raise materials that are in direct contact with each other.
the temperature of one pound of water one degree
Fahrenheit. Constant Idle Operation — A snow and ice
melting system that maintains continuous or
BTU/h — The amount of BTU expended per hour. minimum slab temperature. From this idle mode
temperature, the slab can quickly accelerate to the
BTU/h/ft2 — The amount of BTU expended per snow and ice melting temperature when moisture
hour per square foot of panel. BTU/h/ft2 is derived is present on the slab surface.
3
Convection — Transfer of heat by movement of Emission — A measure of the propensity of a

a liquid or a gas. For example, natural convection surface to radiate heat energy to its surroundings
is a result of movement caused by changes in in the form of long-wave radiation.
density as temperature changes within a fluid
medium such as a liquid or a gas. Forced Engel Method — A peroxide-based method of
convection is the result of mechanical force manufacturing crosslinked polyethylene (PEX)
moving a fluid or gas. tubing. Engel-method PEX is crosslinked during
the extrusion process while the raw polyethylene
Crosslinking — A chemical process that changes is above its crystal melting temperature, creating
the molecular structure of a polymer material by an even and consistent three-dimensional network
linking otherwise independent hydrocarbon chains. of joined hydrocarbons.
Crosslinking creates a three-dimensional network
of hydrocarbons. The end product is insoluble and Exposed Perimeter Insulation — The amount
is incapable of being melted. of insulation (expressed in R-value) placed
horizontally to a distance of 4 feet along an
DIN — Abbreviation for the German Institute of exposed perimeter of a heated slab.
Standards (Deutsches Institut fur Normung).
Exposed Perimeter Length — Equal to the linear
DIN 4726 — An internationally recognized feet of exposed perimeter.
standard that prescribes, among other things, the
maximum rate of oxygen diffusion allowed for Extrusion — A method used for the continuous
non-metallic pipes used in closed-loop hydronic formation of tubing from polymer materials.
heating systems. Floating Action — Output used to modulate the
Design Temperature — Equal to the coldest position of an actuator motor and mixing valve.
outdoor temperature at which the system will melt Power is applied to drive the valve further open
snow and ice (in conjunction with snow and ice or closed. If no power is supplied, the valve will
melting wind speed). remain in its present position.
Differential Temperature (∆t) — The difference in Floor Insulation — The amount of insulation
temperature between two opposing masses used (expressed in R-value) placed directly below a
to describe the potential that exists for heat heated slab to reduce downward heat loss.
transfer. HDPE — Abbreviation for high-density
Diffusion — A penetration process that describes polyethylene.
the tendency of gas or liquid molecules to spread Head Pressure Loss — The pressure available at
out into the entire space available (including the the outlet side of a pump or inlet side of a flow-
spaces that exist within solids, like concrete). conducting system. It is expressed in feet of head.
Diffusion is expressed as a function of the volume Feet of head is the height of a column of water that
of space that is available. A related process, can be supported by a pump against standard
permeation, describes the movement of such atmospheric pressure.
substances through solid membrane and is
expressed in terms of the area of membrane Heating Load — The amount of energy
penetrated. (in BTU/h) required for the entire snow and ice
melting system.
Downward Loss — The amount of heat energy in
BTU/h/ft2 transferring downward from the heated Injection Mixing — A method of resetting radiant
slab. system water by injecting hot boiler water into a
lower temperature distribution loop in order to
Edge Area — The exposed surface of a radiant maintain proper supply water temperature. In
heated slab equal to the thickness of the slab addition, injection mixing can allow for changes in
multiplied by the exposed linear perimeter length. supply water temperatures based on changes in
Edge Insulation — The amount of insulation outside weather conditions. Injection mixing can
(expressed in R-value) placed vertically along the be controlled through either an on/off valve or
exposed perimeter of the slab. variable speed injection pumping using a simple
wet-rotor type circulator. Refer to the variable
4
Chapter 1 — Glossary
speed injection essay in Appendix I for more system, expressed in pounds per square inch (psi).
information. The loss of pressure is caused by friction against
the tubing walls and is further influenced by the
Leader Loop Length — The horizontal and vertical tubing size, length and texture of the inside wall of
distance from the area being heated to the the tubing, fittings, valves and other components.
manifold in which the loop originated. This Pressure loss is also influenced by the temperature
distance is multiplied by two (supply and return) and viscosity of the fluid.
and added to the active loop length to obtain the
total loop length. Primary/Secondary Pumping — The boiler loop
with its own circulator is referred to as the primary
Linear Expansion (thermal) — Refers to the loop. Secondary loop is any feed from the primary
physical material characteristic of a body which (boiler loop) that is the same or lower temperature
causes it to expand in the presence of heat. It is with its own circulator for flow control. Often in
known as heat expansion. Linear expansion snow-melting systems, the secondary flow is first
creates a force within the product which, if held tempered to a lower temperature before entering
back by huge compressive strengths such as the secondary loop.
concrete, will transmit itself as an internal stress.
Unlike other tubing products, PEX is highly Proportional Valve — A motorized, modulating
resistant to stresses caused by linear expansion. three-way valve designed to provide consistent
supply water temperature based on either outdoor
Olefins — Unsaturated hydrocarbon substances reset temperature or a given setpoint temperature.
(double bond). The most important building blocks
(monomers) of the olefins are ethylene, propylene R-value — A measure of a material’s ability to
and butylene. resist the flow of heat. R-value is expressed in
BTU/h/ft2: (1/U = R).
Open System — A circulating hydronic system
exposed to atmospheric conditions. Open systems Radiation — The process in which energy in the
require components resistant to oxidative form of rays of light or heat is transferred from
corrosion. Open systems are the result of continual body to body without heating the intermediate air
introduction of fresh water, open vessels or acting as the transfer medium.
oxygen diffusion through non-metallic
components. Reactive Tempering Valve — A three-way, non-
electric valve that, when used in snow and ice
Outdoor Design Temperature — Equal to the melting applications, will maintain a constant
coldest outdoor temperature at which the system supply water temperature despite variations in
will melt snow and ice. Designs are based on boiler supply water temperatures. A reactive
outdoor design temperature and wind speed. tempering valve will mix hot boiler water with
cooler panel return water to produce a specific
PE — Abbreviation for polyethylene. supply water temperature (setpoint).
PEX — Abbreviation for crosslinked polyethylene. Semi-automatic Operation — A snow and ice
Perimeter Area — The first 4 horizontal feet in melting control strategy that operates the system
from the exposed perimeter of the slab. Applicable during demand periods and stops operation when
in discussions concerning under-slab insulation. there is little or no demand. Semi-automatic
operation can be turned on and off manually or
Perimeter Insulation — The amount of insulation automatically under timed situations.
(expressed in R-value) placed horizontally for the
first 4 feet along the exposed perimeter of the slab. Slab Depth — The thickness of the slab at the
perimeter.
Perimeter Length — The linear length of exposed
perimeter of the slab.
Polyolefin — A general term for a polymer built
from olefins (e.g. polypropylene, polybutylene and
polyethylene).
Pressure Loss — The loss of fluid pressure
between any two points in a flow-conducting
5
Slab on Grade — A concrete slab with a perimeter Wind Speed — Equal to the highest wind speed at
that is less than 4 feet below the surface. which the system is designed to melt snow and
ice. Designs are based on wind speed and outdoor
Surface Temperature — The required temperature design temperature.
at the surface required to melt snow or ice for a
given climatic condition based on the BTU/h/ft2
supplied.
Temperature Below — The temperature of the soil
below the center of the radiant slab.
Thermal Conductivity (K) — A property of
materials that indicates the amount of heat (BTU)
that penetrates 1 square foot of a uniform material,
1-inch thick, in one hour for each degree
Fahrenheit difference in temperature between the
surfaces. It is expressed in BTU/h/ft2/°F. The thermal
conductivity of PEX is 0.22 BTU/h/ft2/°F.
Thermal Mass — Any material used to store heat
energy or the affinity for heat energy.
Total Loop Length — The active loop length added
to the leader loop length equals the total loop
length.
U-value — The capability of a substance to transfer
heat. Used to describe the conductance of a
material or composite of materials in construction.
U-value is expressed in BTU/h/ft2 and is the inverse
function of R-value: (1/R = U).
Under-slab Area — The interior portion of the slab
to include all but the first 4 feet around perimeter.
Under-slab Insulation — The amount of insulation
(expressed in R-value) under the interior area of
the slab, excluding the perimeter area.
Velocity — The speed of fluid at a specific flow
expressed in feet per second (fps).
Water Table Temperature — Equal to the
estimated temperature of the water table for the
area and should be used when the presence of a
water table will affect the performance of the
radiant panel heating system. Typically, insulation
should be added below a radiant slab if there is a
water table within 8 to 10 vertical feet of the slab.
Weather Responsive Reset — A method of fine-
tuning a radiant system by changing the system
supply water temperature based on changing
weather conditions. As the outside temperature
decreases, the supply water will increase. Likewise,
as the outside temperature increases, the supply
water temperature will decrease.
6
Chapter 2 — Introduction
Chapter 2
Introduction
Winter can be an exciting time of year, especially Wirsbo Snow & Ice Melting systems can be used
for sport enthusiasts — snowmobiling, sledding, in a variety of applications. These systems are
skiing, hockey. But along with the fun comes often used in areas where safe, clean and easy
shoveling, plowing, sanding and salting — as well access is critical, including:
as the danger of slipping and sliding and the
injuries that can result. • Driveways
Whether for residential, commercial or industrial • Sidewalks

applications, Wirsbo Snow & Ice Melting systems • Stairs
provide a safe, reliable and economical alternative
to snow removal. Wirsbo Snow & Ice Melting • Building entrances
systems circulate warm fluid through PEX tubing • Loading docks
buried in concrete, asphalt or a sand bed. The fluid
heats the slab until it is warm enough to melt the • Hospital emergency entrances
snow and ice. The system can be controlled simply
with an on/off manual switch or be programmed to • Wheelchair access ramps
function automatically. • Parking ramps
• Parking lots
• Helipads
7
Snow and ice melting systems can also help

comply with Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) regulations for safe and easy access.
Convenience is another major factor when
considering a snow and ice melting system.
Wirsbo Snow & Ice Melting systems provide:
Safety — Ramps, sidewalks, driveways and steps
are free of snow and ice all year long. Accidents
are less likely to occur on pavement where snow
and ice has not accumulated. Surfaces dry faster
and are safer when a Wirsbo Snow & Ice Melting
system is operating underfoot.
Reduced Maintenance — No more shoveling,
plowing, sanding or salting. No more replacing
sod and landscaping damaged by expensive snow-
removal equipment. Additionally, carpets are
cleaner and last longer because snow and salt are
not tracked over them.
Increased Pavement Life — Freeze and thaw
cycles can be eliminated, extending the life of
concrete, asphalt and especially those hard to
shovel or plow brick pavers. Additionally, the
infrastructure of parking ramps is not damaged by
corrosive chemicals used to melt snow and ice.
Energy Savings — Wirsbo Snow & Ice Melting
systems can be designed to take advantage of
existing energy sources. For example, facilities
often use steam as a primary heat source, which
produces condensate. Because these systems
typically require only low temperature water, this
type of energy or condensate can be captured and
used as the heat supply for a snow and ice melting
system. The use of waste energy provides a
virtually cost-free system operation.
8
Chapter 3 — Wirsbo Tubing Products and Hardware
Chapter 3
Wirsbo Tubing
Products and Hardware
PEX is an acronym for crosslinked polyethylene. essentially built-in. This results in consistent,
The PE refers to the raw material used to make uniform and evenly crosslinked PEX, with no weak
PEX (polyethylene), and the “X” refers to the links within its molecular chains.
crosslinking of the polyethylene across its
molecular chains. The molecular chains are linked PEX Stress Resistance
into a three-dimensional network that makes PEX Tubing installed in snow and ice melting
remarkably durable within a wide range of applications must be capable of withstanding the
temperatures and pressures. extreme stresses that result from installation
within a concrete slab, a sand bed or asphalt.
Several methods exist to crosslink polyethylene. Typical stresses include:
These methods produce products with very
different properties. Particularly, a distinction • Expansion and contraction that result from
should be made between PEX produced above the repeated heating and subsequent cooling of the
crystal-melting temperature (hot crosslinking), and heat-transfer fluid
PEX produced below the crystal-melting • Mechanical abrasion, shearing and stretching that
temperature (cold crosslinking). occurs as a result of installation, normal structural
Wirsbo manufactures PEX tubing using the Engel movement and heating and cooling from
method, a hot crosslinking process. The actual seasonal weather changes
crosslinking takes place during the extrusion Wirsbo PEX provides the durability and reliability
process when the base polyethylene is above its that’s needed for these applications and currently
crystal-melting temperatures. Classified within the holds the unofficial world record for long-term
industry as PEX-a tubing, Engel-method PEX is testing at elevated temperature and pressure.
superior to other types of PEX produced below the Since 1973, the tubing has been subjected to
crystal-melting temperature, which crosslinks after ongoing testing at 203°F/175 psi by Studvik in
the manufacturing process. Because Wirsbo PEX Sweden and BASF in Germany. The resulting data
tubing incorporates crosslinking during the indicates a life expectancy of well over 100 years.
manufacturing process, the crosslinking is This is critical for a snow and ice melting system
9
that must withstand years of quiet time contrasted Damage may include:
with heating seasons that may require a
substantial BTU/h output to meet demand during • Circulator failures
a harsh winter. • Pinhole leaks at expansion tanks
PEX Chemical Resistance • A red, sludgy build-up inside the system tubing
Crosslinked polyethylene has greatly enhanced (reducing flow)
resistance to chemical-dissolving agents. The
unique molecular structure is stable and inert and • Eventual boiler failure (if a cast-iron or steel
is unaffected by chemicals commonly found in boiler is used)
plumbing and heating systems. Here are the four ways to manage oxygen
Oxygen Diffusion diffusion corrosion.
Oxygen diffusion can cause corrosion problems Option 1 — Isolate the heat-transfer fluid from
in a heating system. All non-metallic (plastic or components likely to corrode (e.g., cast-iron
rubber) tubing is permeable to the passage of pumps, boilers, expansion tanks, etc.) with a
dissolved oxygen molecules through its walls. non-ferrous heat exchanger. Wirsbo AQUAPEX
Permeability allows these dissolved oxygen tubing, without the oxygen diffusion barrier, is
molecules to enter an otherwise closed hydronic available for those systems that isolate the
heating system. snow-melting loops from the heat plant and
In any new hydronic heating installation, dissolved circulator components. All other components (e.g.,
oxygen molecules exist in the new, fresh water. expansion tanks, circulators and piping) on the
The large bubbles are purged from the system snow-melting side of the heat exchanger must be
prior to initial start-up. The dissolved oxygen, made of a non-ferrous material as well.
however, remains. This dissolved oxygen is not Option 2 — Eliminate all corrosive ferrous
visible in the form of bubbles, and cannot be components from the system. Wirsbo AQUAPEX
eliminated by the use of an air vent or scoop. is available for those systems that use non-ferrous
As the heating system brings the water up to components (e.g., bronze pumps, copper tube
temperature, these dissolved oxygen molecules boilers with bronze headers, etc.).
become more aggressive. They look for ferrous Option 3 — Treat all heat-transfer fluid with
components in the system to attack. The result corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion inhibitors require
is corrosion or rust. After a few years of operation, regular maintenance from the heat plant manager
a layer of rust on all ferrous components to maintain the correct inhibitor level. In the event
becomes apparent. the system mixture is allowed to lapse, corrosion
In a typical hydronic system using metallic pipe, damage may occur. For these reasons, Wirsbo does
almost all dissolved oxygen molecules are used not recommend the use of corrosion inhibitors to
up and cause a non-aggressive rust called “ferrous counter the effects of oxygen diffusion.
oxides” usually within the first 72 hours. That’s Option 4 — Use tubing that limits the oxygen
the end of the corrosion process. diffusion into the heat-transfer fluid to a level
However, in a non-metallic system using plastic consistent with established standards. Use
or rubber tubing, the corrosion process continues. Wirsbo hePEX plus or MultiCor tubing for
Nature hates an imbalance. So once all the these applications.
existing oxygen molecules inside the system are
depleted, more dissolved oxygen molecules Selecting a Wirsbo Tubing Product
actually pass through the wall of the tubing to
Wirsbo offers three different tubing products for
create an equilibrium. When this happens, the
distribution and two products for supply and
corrosion process starts all over again. Left
return mains for use in snow and ice melting
unchecked, this corrosion will continue and cause
installations.
considerable damage to the ferrous components
of the snow and ice melting system.
10
Distribution — hePEX plus, MultiCor, AQUAPEX • Southern Building Code Congress International
(SBCCI) Standard Plumbing Code (PST and
Supply and Return Mains — Large dimension ESI Report Number 9661)
hePEX, high-density polyethylene (HDPE)
Note: Wirsbo hePEX plus and MultiCor must be • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
used when an oxygen diffusion barrier tubing is Development (HUD) Material Release
required. Number 1269
Barrier Information — hePEX plus is sealed with a
Wirsbo hePEX plus special polymer barrier to prevent the diffusion of
oxygen through the tubing wall and to protect the
Wirsbo hePEX plus is PEX tubing with an oxygen ferrous components of a closed-loop hydronic
diffusion barrier. The hePEX plus tubing is snow and ice melting system from corrosion
manufactured using the Engel method (PEX-a) damage. The barrier consists of an EVOH layer co-
of crosslinking. extruded onto the tubing during the manufacturing
Application — Wirsbo hePEX plus is designed for process. Wirsbo applies another thin polyethylene
use in closed-loop hydronic snow and ice melting layer over the EVOH barrier on the tubing to
systems operating at sustained temperatures up to reduce possible onsite damage to the oxygen
200°F. Corrodible or ferrous components may be diffusion barrier. This polyethlene layer also
used in hot water heating systems designed with provides protection for the EVOH barrier if the
Wirsbo hePEX plus tubing. tubing is immersed in high moisture applications.
The hePEX plus barrier meets the requirements of
Standards, Listings and Ratings — Wirsbo hePEX the German DIN Standard 4726 for oxygen
plus is manufactured to meet these standards: diffusion prevention. The amount of oxygen that
ASTM F 876, ASTM F 877 and CAN/CSA B137.5. enters the system must be less than 0.10 grams
The Wirsbo hePEX plus has a Standard Grade per cubic meter per day at 104°F.
Hydrostatic Design Stresses and Pressure Rating in
accordance with all three temperatures and Linear Expansion Rate — The unrestrained linear
pressures listed in Table 1 of ASTM F 876. The expansion (thermal) rate for hePEX plus tubing is
hePEX plus tubing is tested in accordance with approximately 1.1 inches per 10°F temperature
PPI TR-3 and listed in PPI TR-4. change per 100 feet of tubing.
The Standard Grade hydrostatic ratings are: Dimensions — Wirsbo hePEX plus is available for
snow and ice melting applications in the following
• 200°F at 80 psi tubing sizes and volume:
• 180°F at 100 psi • ⁵⁄₈" nominal inside diameter
(contains 1.34 gallons/100' of tubing)
• 73.4°F at 160 psi
• ³⁄₄" nominal inside diameter
The Hydrostatic Design Stress Board of Plastic
Pipe Institute (PPI) issues these pressure and
temperature ratings. These values listed are • 1" nominal inside diameter
ratings, not limitations. If the designer stays within (contains 3.03 gallons/100' of tubing)
these parameters during design, there should not
be a problem with the product. Burst pressures Coil Lengths — Please refer to the Wirsbo Home
are values used only in manufacturing the product, Comfort Component Catalog for heating products
not for the system specification or design. for coil length information.
Wirsbo hePEX plus is listed with the following

agencies.
Wirsbo MultiCor
Wirsbo MultiCor tubing is a multi-layered composite
• Council of America Building Officials (CABO) tubing consisting of aluminum tubing sandwiched
One and Two Family Dwelling Code between two layers of PEX. These PEX layers are
• ICBO Evaluation Service — ER Number 4407, bonded to the aluminum with a special adhesive.
5143 Application — Wirsbo MultiCor is designed for use
in closed-loop snow and ice melting heating
11
systems operating at sustained temperatures up to Coil Lengths — Please refer to the Wirsbo Home
200°F. Corrodible or ferrous components may be Comfort Component Catalog for heating products
used in hot water heating systems designed with for coil length information.
Wirsbo MultiCor tubing.
Standards, Listings and Ratings — Wirsbo Wirsbo AQUAPEX
MultiCor is manufactured to ASTM F 1281 and Wirsbo AQUAPEX is a registered trade name for
certified by NSF International. Wirsbo MultiCor has Wirsbo’s hot and cold potable water tubing. It is
a Standard Grade Hydrostatic Pressure Rating in essentially the same product as Wirsbo hePEX
accordance with the temperatures and pressures plus, but without the oxygen diffusion barrier.
listed in Section X1 of ASTM F 1281. The MultiCor
tubing is tested in accordance with PPI TR-3 and Application — Wirsbo AQUAPEX can be used
listed in PPI TR-4. The Standard Grade hydrostatic in closed-loop snow and ice melting systems
ratings are: operating at sustained temperatures up to 200°F,
provided any issues concerning oxygen diffusion
• 200°F at 100 psi are properly addressed. Corrodible or ferrous
components may not be used in a system
• 180°F at 125 psi
designed with Wirsbo AQUAPEX unless these
The Hydrostatic Design Stress Board of PPI issues components are isolated from the tubing.
these pressure and temperature ratings. These
Standards, Listings and Ratings — Wirsbo
values listed are ratings, not limitations. If the
AQUAPEX is manufactured to meet these
designer stays within these parameters during
standards: ASTM F 876, ASTM F 877 and CAN/CSA
design, there should not be a problem with the
B137.5. The Wirsbo AQUAPEX has a Standard
product. Burst pressures are values used only in
Grade Hydrostatic Design Stresses and Pressure
manufacturing the product, not for the system
Rating in accordance with all three temperatures
specification or design.
and pressures listed in Table 1 of ASTM F 876.
Wirsbo MultiCor is listed with the following AQUAPEX tubing is tested in accordance with PPI
agencies: TR-3 and listed in PPI TR-4. The Standard Grade
hydrostatic ratings are:
• ICBO Evaluation Service — ER Number 5298
• 200°F at 80 psi
• Southern Building Code Congress International
(SBCCI) Standard Plumbing Code (PST and ESI • 180°F at 100 psi
Report Number 9829)
• 73.4°F at 160 psi
Barrier Information — MultiCor offers 100%
The Hydrostatic Design Stress Board of PPI issues
oxygen diffusion protection due to the aluminum
these pressure and temperature ratings. These
within the tubing wall.
values listed are ratings, not limitations. If the
Linear Expansion Rate — The unrestrained linear designer stays within these parameters during
expansion (thermal) rate for MultiCor tubing is design, there should not be a problem with the
approximately 0.156 inches per 10°F temperature product. Burst pressures are values used only in
change per 100 feet of tubing. manufacturing of the product, not for the system
specification or design.
Dimensions — Wirsbo MultiCor is available for
snow and ice melting applications in the following Wirsbo AQUAPEX is listed with the following
tubing sizes and volume: agencies.
• ⁵⁄₈" nominal inside diameter • ANSI/NSF 14 and 61 Certified
• Council of America Building Officials (CABO)
• ³⁄₄" nominal inside diameter One and Two Family Dwelling Code
• ICBO Evaluation Service — ER Number 5142,
• 1" nominal inside diameter 5143
12
• Southern Building Code Congress International Wirsbo Large Dimension hePEX Tubing
(SBCCI) Standard Plumbing Code (PST and ESI Wirsbo large dimension hePEX tubing is PEX
Report Number 9661) tubing with an oxygen diffusion barrier. The hePEX
• UPC Listing — Files 3558, 3946, 3960 tubing is manufactured using the Engel method
(PEX-a) of crosslinking. This hePEX tubing is
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban metric dimensioned and is not applicable to fitting
Development (HUD) Material Release systems designed for ASTM dimensioned tubing.
Number 1269 Refer to the large dimension hePEX fitting
Additional Design Considerations — AQUAPEX is assemblies shown in the Wirsbo Home Comfort
permeable to oxygen at a rate up to 13.6 grams Component Catalog for heating products for
per cubic meter per day at 158°F. Snow and ice additional information.
melting systems using AQUAPEX tubing must be Application — Wirsbo large dimension hePEX tubing
designed to accept oxygen permeation. is used as supply and return mains in closed-loop
Linear Expansion Rate — The unrestrained linear hydronic snow and ice melting systems operating at
expansion (thermal) rate for AQUAPEX tubing is sustained temperatures up to 200°F. Corrodible or
approximately 1.1 inches per 10°F temperature ferrous components may be used in hot water
change per 100 feet of tubing. heating systems designed with Wirsbo hePEX
tubing.
Dimensions — Wirsbo AQUAPEX is available
for snow and ice melting applications in the Standards, Listings and Ratings — Wirsbo large
following sizes and volume: dimension hePEX is manufactured in accordance
with the German DIN 16893 and tested in
• ⁵⁄₈" nominal inside diameter* accordance with DIN 16892. The large dimension
(contains 1.34 gallons/100' of tubing) hePEX has hydrostatic ratings in accordance with
the temperatures and pressures listed in Table 5
• ³⁄₄" nominal inside diameter of DIN 16893. The hydrostatic ratings are:
• 203°F (95°C) at 87 psi (PB 6 Bar)
• 1" nominal inside diameter (maximum intermittent pressure/temperature)
• 194°F (90°C) at 58 psi (4 Bar)
• 1¹⁄₄" nominal inside diameter
(contains 4.53 gallons/100' of tubing) • 140°F (60°C) at 87 psi (6 Bar)
• 1¹⁄₂" nominal inside diameter Barrier Information — Large dimension hePEX is
(contains 6.32 gallons/100' of tubing) sealed with a special polymer barrier to prevent the
diffusion of oxygen through the tubing wall and to
Coil Lengths — Please refer to the Wirsbo protect the ferrous components of a closed-loop
Professional Plumbing Components Catalog hydronic heating system from corrosion damage.
for coil length information. The barrier consists of an EVOH layer co-extruded
* ⁵⁄₈" AQUAPEX tubing and fitting information onto the tubing during the manufacturing process.
is found only in the Wirsbo Home Comfort The large dimension hePEX tubing barrier meets
Component Catalog for heating products. the requirements of the German DIN Standard 4726
for oxygen diffusion prevention. The amount of
oxygen that enters the system must be less than
0.10 grams per cubic meter per day at 104°F.
Sustained water temperatures up to 200°F do not
affect the large dimension hePEX tubing or its
oxygen diffusion barrier.
Linear Expansion Rate — The unrestrained linear
expansion (thermal) rate for large dimension
hePEX tubing is approximately 1.1 inches per 10°F
temperature change per 100 feet of tubing.
13
Dimensions — Wirsbo large dimension hePEX Additional Design Considerations — HDPE tubing
tubing is available in the following sizes and has an oxygen diffusion rate greater than that
volumes. allowed by the German DIN 4726. Hydronic snow
and ice melting systems using HDPE tubing must be
• 32mm nominal outside diameter designed to accept oxygen permeation or be
(1.03" approx. inside diameter) isolated from ferrous components in the system.
Linear Expansion Rate — The unrestrained linear
• 40mm nominal outside diameter expansion (thermal) rate for HDPE tubing is
(1.28" approx. inside diameter) approximately 1.4 inches per 10°F temperature
(contains 6.72 gallons/100' of tubing) change per 100 feet of tubing.
• 50mm nominal outside diameter Dimensions — Wirsbo HDPE tubing is available in
(1.61" approx. inside diameter) the following sizes and volume:
• 2" nominal inside diameter
• 63mm nominal outside diameter (contains 15.0 gallons/100' of tubing)
(2.02" approx. inside diameter)
(contains 16.71 gallons/100' of tubing) • 3" nominal inside diameter
Coil Lengths — All sizes listed above are available
only in 328-foot coils (100 meters). Please refer to • 4" nominal inside diameter
the Wirsbo Home Comfort Component Catalog for (contains 53.87 gallons/100' of tubing)
heating products for additional information.
Tubing Lengths — All sizes listed above are
available only in 20-foot lengths. Please refer to
Wirsbo High Density the Wirsbo Home Comfort Component Catalog
Polyethylene (HDPE) Tubing for heating products for additional manifold and
Wirsbo HDPE tubing (PE 3408) is a non-barrier fitting information.
product that is joined by heat-fusion welding.
Flange adapters are available to transition to non- Wirsbo System Components
ferrous piping. Refer to the Wirsbo Home Comfort Wirsbo offers a complete range of components
Component Catalog for heating products for to complete the snow and ice melting system.
additional fitting and component information. Chapter 7 discusses the control strategies uses to
Application — Wirsbo HDPE can be used as supply sense the slab and provide the appropriate fluid
and return mains in closed-loop hydronic snow temperature to effectively melt the snow from
and ice melting systems operating at sustained the slab. Chapter 8 provides the mechanical and
temperatures up to 140°F, provided any issues electrical schematics for these controls. This section
concerning oxygen diffusion are properly outlines the different manifold sets available for
addressed. Corrodible or ferrous components may residential and commercial applications.
not be used in a system designed with Wirsbo
HDPE unless these components are isolated from Brass Valved and Valveless Manifolds
the tubing. The brass valved and valveless manifolds are the
Standards, Listings and Ratings — Wirsbo HDPE same manifolds used in residential and light
tubing and fittings are manufactured by Phillips commercial heating projects. The 1¹⁄₄" manifold
Driscopipe to meet these standards: ASTM D 3350 has a valveless supply and a valved return. If
and ASTM D 3261. The HDPE tubing has hydrostatic isolation is required by the project specification,
pressure and temperature rating from Plastic Pipe the valved manifold is used on the supply and
Institute (PPI). The hydrostatic ratings are: return. Refer to page 16 for the exploded brass
manifold view.
• 140°F at 80 psi
• 120°F at 101 psi
• 100°F at 125 psi
• 73.4°F at 160 psi
14
Balancing — Remove the black isolation cap from Supply and return piping to the manifold should
the valve. Invert the black cap and use it as the be installed in a reverse-return configuration to
balancing tool. Turn the cap clockwise until closed. allow self-balancing across the manifold.
To balance, turn the cap (counter clockwise) the
number of required half-turns from close. Place the Applicable Tubing — These HDPE manifolds
black cap back onto the valve top. Do not tighten support the following tubing.
the cap as this will close the valve. The longest loop • ³⁄₄" and 1" hePEX plus and AQUAPEX tubing with
on the manifold will be left full open. From closed ProPEX fitting assemblies
to full open is four half-turns. The other loops will
be balanced using the formula shown below.
Copper Valved Manifolds
Loop to be balanced/longest loop on the These 2-inch copper valved manifolds are 48 inches
manifold x 4 = number of half-turns from closed long with 12 valved outlets. The outlets come in
Example several configurations of ProPEX or male threaded
Loop to be balanced: 200 feet connections. The outlets are valved with either a
ball valve (isolation) or a ball valve/balancing valve
Longest loop on the manifold: 245 feet combination (isolation with balancing). Refer to
pages 18 and 19 for detailed information about the
x = 200 / 245 x 4
options available with this manifold.
x = 0.816 x 4
Balancing — Remove the knurled safety cap from
x = 3.3 the valve. Using an Allen or hex key, turn the
memory spindle clockwise until closed. To balance,
The inverted cap for that 200-foot loop would be turn the hex key (counter clockwise) the number of
turned open 3.3 half-turns from closed. required turns from close. Replace the safety cap.
Applicable Tubing — These brass valved The longest loop on the manifold will be left full
manifolds support the following tubing. open. From closed to full open is 10 full turns of
the memory spindle. Balance the other loops using
• ⁵⁄₈" hePEX plus and AQUAPEX tubing with the formula shown below.
ProPEX® or QS20-style fitting assemblies
Loop to be balanced/longest loop on the manifold
• ⁵⁄₈" MultiCor tubing with QS20-style fitting x 10 = number of turns from closed
assemblies
Example
Loop to be balanced: 250 feet
HDPE Valveless Manifolds
The HDPE manifolds are available in 2, 3 and Longest loop on the manifold: 300 feet
4-inch dimensions. The manifolds have 300-series x = 250 / 300 x 10
stainless steel ProPEX fitting adapters preformed
on the HDPE outlets. The manifold is designed to x = 0.83 x 10
only support ³⁄₄" and 1" PEX tubing. The HDPE x = 8.3
manifolds do not have an oxygen diffusion barrier.
Primary application is for direct burial in systems The memory spindle for that 250-foot loop would
isolated with a heat exchanger. Refer to page 17 be turned open 8.3 turns from closed.
for the exploded HDPE manifold view.
Applicable Tubing — These copper valved
Balancing — These manifolds are not designed manifolds support the following tubing.
to balance across the manifold. All loop lengths
must be within 3% of each other in length on • ⁵⁄₈" and ³⁄₄" hePEX plus and AQUAPEX tubing
the manifold. with ProPEX or QS20-style fitting assemblies
Example • ⁵⁄₈" and ³⁄₄" MultiCor tubing with QS20 -style

If the design calls for 267-foot loops on the fitting assemblies
manifold, then the range of loop lengths must
fall within 263 and 271 feet. Three percent of
267 feet is 8 feet — 4 feet either side of your
target length.
15
Exploded Brass Manifold View

4
3 8
5 6 9 10
7 11
12
2 13
1
19 18 7 17 10
14
15
16
20
21
23 24
22
Wirsbo Components
1. Basic End Cap Gasket (A2400032) 13. R32 x ³/₄" ProPEX Manifold Adapter Elbow
2. Basic End Cap (A2080032) (Q4153275)
R32 x 1" ProPEX Manifold Adapter Elbow
3. End Cap with Vent (A2803250)
(Q4153210)
4. Flow Balancing Cap (A2600004)
1 4. Manifold Bushing, R32 x 1" NPT (A2123210)
5. Four-loop Valved Manifold (A2553220) Manifold Bushing, R32 x ³/₄" NPT (A2133275)
6. Three-loop Valved Manifold (A2533220) 15. R32 x R25 Manifold Adapter (A4143225)
7. Manifold Gasket (A2403232) 16. R32 x R25 Manifold Adapter Elbow (A4153225)
8. Manifold Valved Replacement Cartridge (A2450028) 17. Two-loop Valveless Manifold (A2503220)
9. Two-loop Valved Manifold (A2513220) 18. Three-loop Valveless Manifold (A2523220)
10. Manifold Thermometer Union (A2913210) 19. Four-loop Valveless Manifold (A2543220)
11. R32 x ³/₄" ProPEX Manifold Adapter (Q4143210) 20. R20 End Cap Gasket (A2400020)
R32 x 1" ProPEX Manifold Adapter (Q4133210)
21. R20 End Cap (A2080020)
12. R32 x ³/₄" CU Adapter/1" CU Fitting
22. QS-style ⁵/₈" Fitting Assemblies (A4020625)
Adapter (A4143210)
R32 x 1" CU Adapter/1¹/₄" CU Fitting 23. ProPEX ⁵/₈" Fitting Assemblies (Q4020625)
Adapter (A4133210) 24. MultiCor ⁵/₈" Fitting Assemblies (D4120500)
16
Exploded HDPE Manifold View
2" HDPE Manifold with ³⁄₄" PEX

1. 2" HDPE End Cap (B2202000)
2. 2" HDPE ProPEX Manifold - 10 outlet (B2252751)
- 20 outlet (B2252752)
3. ³⁄₄" Stainless Steel ProPEX Fittings (preformed on outlet)
4. ³⁄₄" ProPEX Rings (Q4680750)
5. ³⁄₄" AQUAPEX Tubing (F1100750)

6. 3" HDPE End Cap (B2203000)
- 20 outlet (B2253752)
9. ³⁄₄" ProPEX Rings (Q4680750)

11. 4" HDPE End Cap (B2204000)
- 20 outlet (B2254752)
14. ³⁄₄" ProPEX Rings (Q4680750)
2" HDPE Manifold with 1" PEX

1. 2" HDPE End Cap (B2202000)
2. 2" HDPE ProPEX® Manifold - 10 outlet (B2272101)
- 20 outlet (2272102)
3. 1" Stainless Steel ProPEX Fittings (preformed on outlet)
4. 1" ProPEX Rings (Q4681000)
5. 1" AQUAPEX Tubing (F1061000)
3" HDPE Manifold with 1" PEX 4" HDPE Manifold with 1" PEX
6. 3" HDPE End Cap (B2203000) 11. 4" HDPE End Cap (2204000)
7. 3" HDPE ProPEX Manifold - 10 outlet (B2273101) 12. 4" HDPE ProPEX Manifold - 10 outlet (B2274101)
- 20 outlet (B2273102) - 20 outlet (B2274102)
8. 1" Stainless Steel ProPEX Fittings (preformed on outlet) 13. 1" Stainless Steel ProPEX Fittings (preformed on outlet)
9. 1" ProPEX Rings (Q4681000) 14. 1" ProPEX Rings (Q4681000)
10. 1" AQUAPEX Tubing (F1061000) 15. 1" AQUAPEX Tubing (F1061000)
17
2" Copper Valved Manifolds

The 2" Copper Valved Manifold comes with 12 ³⁄₄-inch ports that
are installed at 4 inches on center. The manifold is 48 inches long.
The manifold comes with a series of options for valving.
Option 1
The 2" Copper Valved Manifold is available for ⁵⁄₈" and ³⁄₄" ProPEX fitting
adapters with an isolation ball valve. This ball valve is used only for isolation
and not balancing.
Description Part No.
2" CU Manifold with ⁵⁄₈" ProPEX Ball Valve, 12 branches Q2811263
2" CU Manifold with ³⁄₄" ProPEX Ball Valve, 12 branches Q2811275
Option 2
The 2" Copper Valved Manifold is available for ⁵⁄₈" and ³⁄₄" ProPEX fitting
adapters with an isolation ball valve and an in-line balancing valve. This
manifold can be used for isolation and balancing.
2" CU Manifold with ⁵⁄₈" ProPEX Balancing/Ball Valve, 12 branches Q2821263
2" CU Manifold with ³⁄₄" ProPEX Balancing/Ball Valve, 12 branches Q2821275
Option 3
The 2" Copper Valved Manifold is available with either a ⁵⁄₈" tubing to R20
threaded fitting adapter or with a ³⁄₄" tubing to R25 threaded fitting adapter.
Both fittings come with an isolation ball valve. This ball valve is used only for
isolation and not balancing. Tubing fitting assemblies are purchased separately.
2" CU Manifold with R20 Ball Valve, 12 branches F2811220
2" CU Manifold with R25 Ball Valve, 12 branches F2811225
18
Option 4
The 2" Copper Valved Manifold is available with either a ⁵⁄₈" tubing to R20
threaded fitting adapter or with a ³⁄₄" tubing to R25 threaded fitting adapter.
Both fittings come with an isolation ball valve and an in-line balancing valve.
This manifold can be used for isolation and balancing. Tubing fitting assemblies
are purchased separately.
2" CU Manifold with R20 Balancing/Ball Valve, 12 branches F2821220
2" CU Manifold with R25 Balancing/Ball Valve, 12 branches F2821225
Copper End Cap

The 2" Copper End Cap features female threading for drain and venting
capabilities. The drain is threaded with ¹⁄₂" FNPT and the opposing vent
is threaded with ¹⁄₈" FNPT.
2" Copper End Cap with FNPT Connections for Vent and Drain A2402000
19
Notes
20
Chapter 4 — Installation Methods
Chapter 4
Installation Methods
The first step in designing a snow and ice melting soil/sand base as stated by ASTM. A qualified
system is to listen closely to customers’ needs. materials testing agency should test the
This helps identify how the system should be compaction rates.
designed. Wirsbo Snow & Ice Melting systems can
be installed in a variety of construction methods. It is also recommended that you consult local code
The type of construction method used impacts officials regarding the requirements for the area
the control strategy. The extent of snow and ice where the system will be installed. If insulation is
melting required determines the heat load, the required for the snow-melt installation, use an
on-center distance of the tubing and the placement insulation board or material with an under-slab
of insulation around the slab. compressive strength rating. To determine the
proper compressive strength board or material,
The most common installation methods are: review the installation to assess “live” and “dead”
• Concrete slab load conditions.
• Two-lift asphalt pours Live Loads — People or objects moving across the
• Compactable soil/sand bed covered by snow-melt area and the weight associated with them,
concrete, asphalt or pavers e.g., people, cars, trucks, utility vehicles, aircraft, etc.
• Concrete overpour
• Suspended (bridges) Dead Loads — Fixed or permanent objects and the
• Stairs weight associated with them.
Compaction Wirsbo recommends that an architect or engineer

review the requirements and materials (if not
Prior to installing any tubing, a solid foundation
specified) prior to installation. Improper
must be present to ensure the snow-melting
compaction and insulation materials that do not
system does not shift or settle. (Compaction is
carry ratings can result in the insulation materials
required for any slab, sidewalk, driveway,
collapsing due to any applied weight.
road, etc.) Typical compaction rates are 96 to 98%
for soil, and around 101 to 103% for a compactable
21
Installation Reverse-return Layout — The reverse-return tubing

To begin the tubing installation, place wire mesh or layout allows the entire snow and ice melting
rebar over the compacted grade. Using Wirsbo surface to heat up equally. Install the tubing as
wire ties, secure the tubing to the wire mesh or shown in Figure 4-3 with the supply and return
rebar. Place wire ties approximately every 3 feet portion of the tubing running parallel to each other.
along straight runs. At the 180-degree turns, tie the
tubing at the top of the arc and once on each side,
12 inches from the top of the arc (see Figure 4-1).
This prevents the tubing from dislodging and/or
floating up during the pour.
Figure 4-3
Tubing installed
with wire ties
Serpentine Layout — The serpentine tubing layout
is not as effective in a snow and ice melting
Figure 4-1
application since too great of a surface
When installing PEX tubing over the appropriate temperature differential would be experienced
strength high-density insulation board, secure the across the area (see Figure 4-4).
tubing to the insulation board with Wirsbo plastic
foam staples using the manual stapler. Place the
foam staples approximately every 3 feet along
straight runs. At the 180-degree turns, staple the
tubing twice at the top of the arc and on each side,
6 inches from the top of the arc (see Figure 4-2).
Figure 4-4
Tubing installed
with foam staples Insulation
Load requirements (BTU/h/ft2) for snow and ice
Figure 4-2
melting applications are significantly higher than
what is required for radiant floor heating
Minimum concrete covering for the tubing is
applications. Therefore, insulation plays a much
detailed in local building codes. Generally, a
more important role from the standpoint of
minimum of 1¹⁄₂ inches of concrete must be over
performance, efficiency and control.
the top of the tubing when the slab is exposed
to earth or weather conditions (1997 UBC Sec. Performance — The system reacts more quickly
1906.3.10). to changing climatic conditions when proper
insulation is installed. The performance charts in
Tubing Layout Patterns Appendix C are calculated with 2-inch high-density
insulation or an equivalent R-value of 10 under
The most common layout pattern for snow and the slab.
ice melting applications is counter flow or reverse
return, which allows equal heat across the surface. Efficiency — Insulation prevents wasted energy
This is different from radiant floor heating by keeping heat confined to areas that are part
applications where tubing is installed with the of the snow-melting scope, both laterally and
supply or warmest water going first to the area vertically downward.
of the greatest heat loss — the exterior wall.
22
Control — A properly insulated slab allows for Construction Joints — Joints that separate two
a wider variety of control schemes. For example, separate pours of a slab completed at different
a semi-automatic control strategy is not times are called construction joints. Because it is
recommended for an un-insulated slab. difficult to construct a large slab in one pour, a
bulkhead is installed to contain sections of the
Heat loss is critical to the performance of any snow slab until the next phase is poured. That makes it
and ice melting design and needs to be accounted easier to move concrete equipment, and reduces
for in the planning stages. There are two areas to the chances that the tubing will be damaged
keep in mind when insulating a snow and ice during installation.
melting application — horizontal/under slab and
vertical/edge. Avoiding the Construction Joint — To avoid the
construction joint during installation, dip the tubing
Horizontal or Under Slab — This is the area or below the slab into the subsoil (see Figure 4-5).
layer directly beneath the tubing. Essentially, this
insulation layer is the difference between a high Construction Joint
Concrete Slab Wirsbo Tubing
and low mass system. From radiant floor heating
applications, we’ve learned how under-slab
insulation can affect start-up times or react to
radical changes in weather. When the slab is
outside, the issues are compounded. Under-slab
insulation must be used when:
• High water tables and/or moist soil conditions Sub Soil Wire Mesh
or Rebar
are present
Figure 4-5
• The system is designed for semi-automatic
operation
• The linear feet of perimeter is high in relation Expansion Joints — Sometimes called isolation
to the snow-melted area (e.g., sidewalk) joints, expansion joints are intended to absorb
horizontal movement caused by the thermal
Vertical or Edge — This area denotes the vertical expansion and contraction of the slab. Snow and
edge of the slab or profile. Edge insulation is ice melting systems can reduce the range of
used to keep the heat contained within the area expansion the slab experiences depending on the
for which it is designed and to minimize lateral control strategy selected.
heat loss. When using edge insulation remember
the following. The coefficient of linear expansion for concrete
is approximately 5.5 x 10-6 inch per degree
• Insulate along edges that come into contact
Fahrenheit. This means, roughly, that for every
with plants or landscaping. If the plants sense
1°F temperature rise, a 100-foot span of concrete
warmth, they may be fooled into thinking spring
is expected to expand about ¹⁄₁₆ of an inch.
has arrived. This can have a negative effect and
ultimately kill any plants, shrubs or grass. Penetrating the Expansion Joint — If the tubing
• Insulate down to the frost line (or suitable depth) must penetrate the fibrous expansion joint, wrap it
when under-slab insulation is not installed. with pipe insulation for 6 inches on both sides of
Protecting the edge of the slab will only allow the expansion joint (see Figure 4-6).
for heat to be lost under the bottom edge of the Expansion Joint
insulation. Insulating in this manner is marginally Concrete Slab Wirsbo Tubing
better than no edge insulation at all.
Construction, Expansion and

Control Joints
Construction, expansion and control joints are
requirements for every slab application of any size.
Coordination between the engineer, concrete Sub Soil Sleeve
Wire Mesh
or Rebar
installer and the snow-melting contractor is essential
Figure 4-6
to avoid confusion and delays on the project.
23
Avoiding the Expansion Joint — Dip the tubing Note: When designing a snow and ice melting
below the slab into the subsoil (see Figure 4-7). system, avoid passing the tubing through or below
construction, expansion and control joints
Concrete Slab Expansion Joint Wirsbo Tubing
whenever possible. Coordinate the placement of
these joints prior to designing the tubing layout.
Pressurizing
Once the tubing installation is complete with
Wire Mesh
connections to the manifold, pressure test it to a
Sub Soil
or Rebar minimum of 60 psi for at least 24 hours (or to local
Figure 4-7 code requirement) to ensure system integrity. It
should also remain under pressure during the
When foam insulation is used to sleeve PEX concrete pour. Pressurize the system with air. If
running through an expansion joint and/or to water is used, you must drain the system after the
accommodate minor shear action, minimum cover pour in order to prevent a freeze. Water is not
should be determined by the wall thickness of the recommended when weather is close to freezing
insulation. For example, if the insulation used is to since it is nearly impossible to totally drain the
accommodate ³⁄₈ of an inch of vertical shear, select system.
pipe insulation with a minimum wall thickness of
³⁄₈ of an inch.
Control Joints — Control joints allow the concrete
to fracture along a controlled line. There is no
concern for the tubing penetrating beneath a cut
joint during the cracking phase of the concrete. The
concern for the tubing is during the phase in which
the concrete is initially cut. Depending on the depth
of the concrete, the control joint may penetrate
from ¹⁄₂ inch to depths greater than 1 inch.
Installation for Control Joints — Ensure that the
tubing is secured from the reach of the saw blade
and cannot be harmed. It is recommended to
secure the tubing 6 inches on each side of the
control joint. It is important to mark where the joint
can be made after the pour (see Figure 4-8).
Control Joint
Concrete Slab Wirsbo Tubing
Sub Soil Wire Mesh

or Rebar
Figure 4-8
24
Wirsbo Tubing Concrete Slab
Wire Tie
Edge Insulation
Compacted Grade
Wire Mesh or Rebar
Figure 4-9
Slab On Grade With Edge Insulation Only
Application What to Look For

This method is for designs with heavy vertical • Make sure the base material is properly
load requirements or cost constraints preventing compacted as specified by the project engineer.
insulation of the entire slab. With only edge • Be aware that this type of installation will create
insulation, the heated soil beneath the slab acts a heat sink below, and must be factored into the
as a heat sink storing energy and later supports control strategy.
the slab during a sudden air temperature drop • If a high water table or moist soil conditions are
requiring additional heat. Response time is within 8 to 10 vertical feet of the slab, do not use
quite slow. this method.
• Cover the top of the tubing with a minimum of
Where Used 1¹⁄₂ inches of concrete.
This installation is applicable for the following Control Strategy
applications. Use the constant idle or automatic strategy with a
• Roads minimum idle setpoint temperature above freezing.
• Emergency accesses
• Helipads
• Loading docks
How to Install
The base layer must be properly compacted prior
to installing any tubing. Place wire mesh or rebar
over the compacted base material. As shown in
Figure 4-9 above, secure the tubing to the mesh
with wire ties or other suitable attachment method.
Install vertical insulation along the entire perimeter.
It is recommended to install horizontal insulation
within the first 4 feet of the slab’s perimeter.
25
Wirsbo Tubing Concrete Slab
Wire Tie
Edge Insulation
Under-slab Insulation
Compacted Grade
Wire Mesh or Rebar
Figure 4-10
Slab On Grade With Under Slab and Edge Insulation
Application Install vertical insulation along the entire edge

This method is for designs with light to moderate down to the depth of the horizontal under-slab
vertical load requirements across the slab. With insulation. The insulation creates a thermal break
under slab and edge insulation, the heated slab is between the heated slab and the frozen ground.
isolated from high movement of energy from the
slab to the surrounding frozen soil. Response time What to Look For
is fairly quick and even faster if the slab is idled. • Make sure the base material is properly
compacted as specified by the project engineer.
Where Used • Verify whether a high water table or moist soil
This installation is applicable for the following conditions exist within 8 to 10 vertical feet of the
applications. slab. If found, isolate the slab from the moisture.
• Using approved under-slab insulation with
• Sidewalks vertical compressive strength is critical. Consult
• Driveways with the insulation manufacturer or project
• Helipads engineer for recommendations.
• Cover the top of the tubing with a minimum of
How to Install 1¹⁄₂ inches of concrete.
The base layer must be properly compacted prior
to installing the insulation and tubing. There are
Control Strategy
two ways to install the tubing over the high-density Use the semi- or fully automatic strategy with this
insulation. As shown in Figure 4-10 above, secure installation method.
the tubing to the wire mesh or rebar which has
been placed over the high-density insulation
board. With the other method, secure the tubing to
the high-density insulation using Wirsbo plastic
staples with the manual stapler.
26
Wirsbo Tubing Pavers
Wire Tie
Edge Insulation
Insulation Compacted Soil/Sand Bed
Compacted Grade
Wire Mesh or Rebar
Figure 4-11
Pavers Over a Compactable Soil/Sand Bed
Application After installing the tubing, cover with a compactable

This method is for designs with light vertical soil/sand bed (typically 2 to 3 inches) prior to
load requirements. With insulation, the heated applying pavers or bricks.
area is isolated from high movement of energy
from the system to the surrounding frozen soil. What to Look For
Response time is fairly quick and even faster if • Make sure the base material is properly
the system is idled. compacted as specified by the project engineer.
• Verify whether a high water table or moist soil
Where Used conditions exist within 8 to 10 vertical feet of the
This installation is applicable to the following snow and ice melting system. If found, isolate
applications. the system from the moisture.
• Using approved insulation with vertical
• Sidewalks compressive strength is critical. Consult with
• Driveways the insulation manufacturer or project engineer
• Low-density roads for recommendations.
How to Install • Supply water temperatures for this application
should be no higher than 150°F.
There are two ways to install the tubing over the
high-density insulation. As shown in Figure 4-11, Control Strategy
secure the tubing to the wire mesh or rebar which Use the semi- or fully automatic strategy for this
has been placed over the high-density insulation installation method.
board. In the alternative method, secure the tubing
to the high-density insulation using Wirsbo plastic
staples with the manual stapler.
Install vertical insulation along the entire edge
down to the depth of the horizontal insulation. The
insulation creates a thermal break between the
heated area and the frozen ground.
27
Wirsbo Tubing Asphalt Pour
Wire Tie
Edge Insulation
Insulation
Compacted Soil/Sand Bed

Compacted Grade
Wire Mesh or Rebar
Figure 4-12
Asphalt Pour Over a Compactable Soil/Sand Bed
Application After installing the tubing, cover with a compactable

This method is for designs with light vertical load soil/sand bed (typically 3 inches) prior to applying
requirements. With insulation, the heated area is the asphalt pour.
isolated from high movement of energy from the
snow and melting system to the surrounding What to Look For
frozen soil. Response time is fairly quick and even • Make sure the base material is properly
faster if the system is idled. compacted as specified by the project engineer.
• Ensure the soil/sand bed over the tubing can
Where Used be compacted to a level acceptable for the
This installation is applicable to the following asphalt installer.
applications. • Verify whether a high water table or moist
soil conditions exist within 8 to 10 vertical
• Sidewalks feet of the snow and ice melting system. If
• Driveways found, isolate the system from the moisture.
• Low-density roads • Using approved insulation with vertical
How to Install compressive strength is critical. Consult with the
insulation manufacturer or project engineer for
There are two ways to install the tubing over the recommendations.
high-density insulation. As shown in Figure 4-12, • Supply water temperatures for this application
secure the tubing to the wire mesh or rebar which should be no higher than 150°F.
has been placed over the high-density insulation
board. With the alternative method, secure the Control Strategy
tubing to the high-density insulation using Wirsbo Use the semi- or fully automatic strategy for
plastic staples with the manual stapler. this method.
Install vertical insulation along the entire edge
down to the depth of the horizontal insulation. The
insulation creates a thermal break between the
heated area and the frozen ground.
28
First Asphalt Pour (Cold) Second Asphalt Pour (Hot)

Wirsbo Tubing
Wire Tie
Edge Insulation
Compacted Grade
Wire Mesh or Rebar
Figure 4-13
Two-lift Asphalt Pour Over a Compacted Grade
Application Carefully place the asphalt over the tubing and

This method is for designs with heavy vertical rake it level before compacting. Do not use an
load. It’s used only when the asphalt installer asphalt machine to lay the first lift of asphalt.
requires the higher level of compaction in order to If the asphalt temperature exceeds 180°F, the
move the paving machine up a slope, or if the PEX tubing must be cooled during the lift to
application will operate above freezing throughout prevent damage to the tubing. Connect the
the heating season. The heated soil beneath the tubing or manifold(s) to a fresh water source and
system acts as a heat sink storing energy, and later continuously run cold water through the tubing
supports the system during a sudden drop in air to dissipate the heat. The water drains from the
temperature that requires additional heat. return manifold creating an open system.
Note: The temperature of the asphalt poured
Where Used directly over the tubing must never exceed 240°F.
This installation is applicable to the following
applications.
What to Look For
• Steep driveways
• High-density roads • Make sure the base material is properly
• Emergency accesses compacted as specified by the project engineer.
• Make sure the PEX is properly cooled during a
high-temperature (greater than 180°F) lift.
How to Install
Without insulation, place wire mesh or rebar Control Strategy
over the compacted base material. Secure tubing Use constant idle or automatic strategy with a
to the mesh with wire ties or other suitable minimum idle setpoint temperature above freezing.
attachment method.
As shown in Figure 4-13, install vertical insulation
along the entire edge. It is recommended to
install horizontally insulation within the first 4 feet
of the slab’s perimeter. The insulation creates
thermal breaks between the heated area and the
frozen ground.
29
Wirsbo Tubing Concrete Cap Pour
Wire Tie
Edge Insulation
Under-slab Insulation
Pre-stressed
Concrete
Wire Mesh or Rebar
Figure 4-14
Insulated Slab Over Pre-stressed Concrete
Application If the staple is too long and the staple does not
This is a commercial installation. It is critical to seat properly, it may allow the tubing to slide
make an effective thermal break between the loosely inside the staple.
heated slab and the structural slab below. Install vertical insulation along the entire edge
Otherwise, the rate of heat migration into the down to the depth of the horizontal under-slab
structural slab will result in a loss of control over insulation. The use of insulation creates a thermal
the snow-melt system. break between the heated slab and the unheated
structural slab.
Where Used
This installation is applicable to the following What to Look For
applications. • Using approved under-slab insulation with
• Parking ramps vertical compressive strength is critical. Consult
• Suspended ramps with the insulation manufacturer or project
engineer for recommendations.
How to Install • Ensure a minimum of 1¹⁄₂ inches of concrete is
over the top of the tubing.
There are two ways to install the tubing over • Place staples or wire ties no more than 2 to 3 feet
the high-density insulation. As shown in Figure apart in the cap pour to eliminate floating.
4-14, secure the tubing to flat wire mesh or rebar
which has been placed over the high-density
insulation board. Control Strategy
Use the automatic strategy with an idle setpoint
With the alternative method, secure the tubing to temperature above freezing.
the high-density insulation using Wirsbo plastic
staples with the manual stapler. Plastic foam
staples must be the proper length to avoid
penetrating completely through the insulation.
30
Wire Tie
Concrete Slab
Wirsbo Tubing
Under-deck Insulation
Wire Mesh or Rebar
Figure 4-15
Slab Over Insulated Steel Decking
Application Install the vertical insulation along the entire edge

This is a commercial installation. The insulation down to the depth of the horizontal under-slab
under the decking is usually sprayed on after insulation. The insulation creates a thermal break
construction. It is critical that the resistance value between the heated slab and the surrounding
(R-value) of the insulation meets or exceeds the unheated structural.
requirement specified in the snow-melt design.
What to Look For
In suspended installations, the effect of wind
must be considered in the design. Suspended • Protect the insulation from site abuse and any
installations require greater amounts of insulation possible UV degradation, if applicable.
to overcome the impact of moving air. The • Consult with the insulation manufacturer or
insulation should be covered to reduce the wind project engineer for recommendations.
effect. Additionally, some spray-on insulation is • Ensure a minimum of 1¹⁄₂ inches of concrete is
vulnerable to ultraviolet (UV) degradation. over the top of the tubing.
• Place wire ties no more than 2 to 3 feet apart in
the cap pour to eliminate floating.
Where Used
This installation is applicable to the following Control Strategy
applications.
Use the automatic strategy with an idle setpoint
• Bridges
temperature above freezing.
• Suspended ramps
How to Install
As shown in Figure 4-15, secure the tubing to flat
mesh or to chaired rebar. Install the tubing within 3
to 4 inches from the surface of the snow-melt slab.
31
Return Side or Loop
Supply Side or Loop
Figure 4-16
Stairs Installation
Application As shown in Figure 4-16, install the tubing parallel

Stairs can be very hazardous during the winter. to the edge of the step tread. Run supply on the
They are also the most expensive and time- leading edge of the treads. Secure the tubing to the
consuming area for manual snow and ice removal. reinforcing bar within the stair structure. Tubing
bend supports can assist the install in making the
required tight turns.
Where Used
This installation is applicable to the following What to Look For
applications.
• Use vertical insulation where it can minimize
• Public access areas lateral heat loss and wind effect.
• Location where hazardous conditions develop • Install tubing a minimum of 6 inches on center
quickly (e.g., north-facing installations) to maximize coverage on stair tread.
• Where economic alternative methods are • Lay the tubing loop from the top tread down to
required over conventional snow removal the bottom tread. This helps eliminate unwanted
air traps from developing in the loop.
How to Install
The most critical portion of the step is the leading Control Strategy
edge formed by the tread and the step riser. This Use the constant idle or automatic strategy with
area has the greatest exposure to air temperature an idle setpoint temperature above freezing.
and wind effect with the least heated mass to
counter these effects.
32
Chapter 5 — Design Considerations
Chapter 5
Design Considerations
Before designing the snow and ice melting system, There is a school of thought that says a snow and
it is important to educate customers about the ice melting system’s performance can and should
system’s capabilities and limitations. Proactive be based on its ability to melt a given number of
communication with customers, especially inches of snow in an hour. Wirsbo looks at the
homeowners, helps manage expectations, limit performance of a snow and ice melting system
frustrations and avoid callbacks because they think somewhat differently.
the system isn’t working properly. For example, if
the temperature or wind speed exceeds design Just as it is impossible to predict what the next
parameters, educated customers will anticipate snowflake to fall out of the sky will look like, it is
some snow or ice accumulation. difficult to predict what kind of snow will fall. It
could be a light and fluffy snow shower, a heavy
This chapter explains what is involved with each wind-driven snow, sleet, freezing rain or even an
step and the logic behind the Wirsbo Snow & Ice ice storm. Many factors affect the ability of a
Melting System design. Chapter 6 offers a step- system to melt snow. The most critical are:
by-step design tutorial that describes how to read • The density of the snow
and use the various charts in the appendices to • The outdoor temperature
size snow and ice melting systems. • Wind conditions
• Slab surface temperature
Snow and Ice Melting Performance Density of Snow — Snow most commonly forms
Snow and ice melting systems must be designed at temperatures between -10 and 40°F. The density
to perform to the customer’s needs and can be dramatically different from snowfall to
expectations. There are many ways to design a snowfall making it an important consideration
snow and ice melting system. They vary in the when determining how much energy will be
spacing of tubing, the BTU/h required, how the required to melt the snow.
area is insulated, the depth of the concrete and
the controls selected to run the system. Depending upon the air temperature, snow varies
in its density. The major contributing factor to the
33
density of snow is its moisture content. The varying climatic conditions, on-center distances
warmer the air temperature during the snowfall, and BTU/h/ft2 loads. These performance charts
the greater the amount of moisture in the snow. outline where the BTU/h/ft2 and required supply
The colder the air temperature during the snowfall, fluid temperatures increase or decrease as the
the less the moisture content will be. On average, design conditions become more or less severe.
snow is 10% moisture content. So, a 10-inch Typically, design surface temperatures vary from
snowfall would amount to approximately 1 inch of 35 to 45°F.
rain at a warmer temperature.
All these factors combined make it almost impossible
If the snow is light and fluffy, it is easier to melt to predict with reasonable accuracy the performance
because it is relatively low in density. Conversely, of a snow and ice melting system in terms of the
2 inches of heavy moist snow is more difficult to number of inches that can be melted in an hour.
melt because it is denser and requires more
energy to melt. The Wirsbo solution is to design the system based
on outdoor climatic conditions. Following Wirsbo-
Outdoor Design Temperature — Snow and ice specific design charts will ensure a high
melting systems are typically designed to melt performance snow and ice melting system.
snow at 0°F with a 10-mph wind. Local conditions
may require higher or lower design temperatures. Classification of Design
With the exception of Class 3 designs (e.g.,
helipads, emergency entrances), the outdoor Snow and ice melting designs fall into one of three
design temperature is rarely selected below 0°F. classification levels (1, 2, 3). The higher the
(See classifications of design definitions later in classification, the higher the BTU/h/ft2 load. The
this chapter.) on-center recommendations shown with each class
are subject to a reduction in on-center distance as
There is a point at which a design may become the climatic conditions become more severe or the
financially difficult to justify for operation in Class 1 end-user’s requirements become more stringent.
and some Class 2 applications. In those situations,
you can program the Wirsbo pro Series controls Class 1 — Residential driveways, sidewalks or
with a cold weather cut-off (CWCO) temperature. other non-critical surfaces. Tubing can
This allows the owner to automatically turn the be installed up to 12 inches on center.
system off at a desired temperature. The system Class 2 — Commercial public-use driveways,
automatically restarts as soon as the outdoor sidewalks or other public-use surfaces.
temperature rises above the CWCO temperature. Tubing usually installed 9 inches
on center.
Note: It is important to understand and communicate Class 3 — Helipads, emergency entrances or other
to customers that as temperature and wind speed critical-use surfaces. Tubing usually
exceed design conditions, the snow and ice melting installed 6 inches on center.
surface may freeze over. As weather conditions return
to design, the system will melt the snow and ice that Installation Methods
may have accumulated. Refer to Chapter 4 for information pertaining to
Wind Conditions — A snow and ice melting installation methods.
system is often unaffected if the outdoor
temperature drops slightly below design. Wind Supply Fluid Temperature
speeds greater than design conditions will affect The design supply fluid temperature is determined
system performance more adversely. Strong winds by climatic conditions, BTU/h/ft2 requirements and
steal heat energy from a slab faster than in calm the tubing on-center distance. As the climatic
conditions. The presence of buildings, landscaping conditions warm up or become less severe, the
or even snow fences can reduce the negative effect BTU/h/ft2 load reduces and results in a reduction in
of wind on a snow and ice melting slab. supply fluid temperature to the slab. Wirsbo pro
Surface Temperature — The slab surface Series controls use outdoor sensing to reset the
temperature is the result of supply fluid supply fluid temperature as required.
temperature, flow, tubing on-center distance and Limitations — Limitations to supply fluid
climatic conditions. The performance charts in temperatures are due to construction material and
Appendix C show the surface temperatures at not the PEX tubing. The maximum supply fluid
34
should not exceed 150°F for concrete installations. inches on center, can experience striping
It may not be possible to meet the customer's depending on tubing depth and control strategy
design request due to limitation of the medium. employed. Striping can be seen visually on the
Consult your local code officials for any additional surface as the slab begins to melt snow. The areas
information on the maximum fluid temperatures directly over the tubing will be melted where as
that can be operated through these different the areas between the tubing will still have snow.
construction mediums. Normally, this is a temporary situation that
remedies itself as the slab comes to temperature.
Tubing On-center Distance — For most residential
snow and ice melting designs, 12 inches on-center Keep in mind that the tubing in the slab is the
spacing is recommended, if design requirements distribution system. If you limit the amount of
are met. If the calculated supply fluid temperature distribution (tubing) in the slab, you will experience
exceeds the temperature limitations for concrete reduced response times, and in worst cases,
or sand, it may be necessary to install the tubing at it will not deliver the amount of BTU/h fast
9 or 6 inches on center to reduce the supply fluid enough to keep up with the slab loss. In other
temperature requirements (see Appendix C). words, a system failure.
Reducing the on-center distance reduces the flow
requirement per loop and the supply fluid Insulation
temperatures for the same climatic conditions (air
and wind). Reducing the on-center distances also The use of insulation around the snow and ice
increases the amount of tubing and manifold melting slab can have a significant effect on the
outlets required. system’s ability to perform. When considering
insulation, it is important to evaluate the following:
The on-center distance of the tubing layout • Compressive strength (application)
impacts the performance of a snow and ice • Compaction over time
melting system and it is important to understand • Moisture resistance
why. Designing to the outdoor conditions (outdoor • R-value (heat-transfer resistance)
temperature and wind speed) and surface
temperature for melting the snow or ice is the Always use an under-slab rated product, as
starting point. Whether the tubing is 12 or 6 inches standard fiberglass insulations will not meet the
on center, the load required is the same to achieve insulating value once it is compressed. Be sure
these design parameters. However, the supply that the insulation selected meets local code and
water temperature requirement is lower for 6 building requirements.
inches versus 12 inches under the same conditions.
Wirsbo recommends a minimum thickness of
The on-center distance of the tubing layout affects 2-inch high-density board for use as perimeter
the supply water temperature required to meet and horizontal insulation. Typically, this gives an
the performance conditions. The tighter the tube R-value of 10.0 (check manufacturer information),
spacing, the lower the water temperature for the and provides a durable surface to walk on while
same design conditions. Closer tube spacing can installing the tubing. There are new options for
be useful in meeting design conditions without insulation entering the market. Ensure that these
exceeding water supply temperatures for the products meet the vertical load and compression
installation method and in accelerated slab warm up. requirements for under slab installations. Refer to
the project engineer for guidance.
For all types of installations, residential,
commercial or industrial, it is normal for tube Remember, the heat loads (BTU/h/ft2) in snow-
spacing to vary from 6 to 12 inches on center. melting systems are much greater than typical home
Distances vary depending upon the required heating systems. Using a higher R-value insulation
performance and traffic. For example, steps, reduces the energy lost to areas around and below
hospital emergency ramps and access areas the snow-melt area. Wirsbo highly recommends
should not be installed at on-center distances using insulation for all snow-melt installations.
greater than 6 inches because it is essential that
If there is a high water table or moist soil
these areas are snow and ice-free.
conditions within 8 to 10 vertical feet of the slab,
It is recommended not to install tubing with install a proper drain field beneath the slab.
spacing greater than 12 inches on center. Some Moisture in the subsoil can create a tremendous
installations, even with the tubing installed at 12 rate of downward heat loss. Installing a vapor
35
barrier beneath the slab insulation will not stop Example

the downward migration of heat energy. Total snow and ice melting area: 115 ft2
Tubing on-center distance: 9 inches
Amount of Tubing Needed Tubing type and size: ⁵⁄₈" MultiCor
To determine the amount of tubing needed based Distance from melt area to manifold: 15 feet
on its on-center placement, use the formulas below. (leader length)
Tubing 6 inches o.c.: 115 ft2 x 1.333 = 153 feet of active loop length
Square footage x 2.0 = Feet of active tubing 153 feet + 30 feet = 183 feet of total loop length
Tubing 9 inches o.c.: The 115-square foot snow and ice melting area
Square footage x 1.333 = Feet of active tubing will require one 183-foot loop of ⁵⁄₈" MultiCor.
Tubing 12 inches o.c.: The following charts offer the recommended loop
Square footage x 1.0 = Feet of active tubing lengths for a given tubing type and size. These
recommendations enable the system designer to
Remember to add the leader distance to the active stay within the parameters necessary to coincide
loop length to obtain the total loop length. with commonly stocked pumps. These loop
lengths are recommendations and should not be
Loop Lengths viewed as limitations.
Loop lengths vary depending upon the size of PEX Average
tubing used and the installed on-center distance. In Size Active Loop Total Loop
general, the smaller the tubing diameter, the shorter
the loop length. Consider ⁵⁄₈" PEX as the smallest ⁵⁄₈" 225' 250'
tubing size for snow and ice melting projects. ³⁄₄" 300' 325'
The total loop length consists of two separate 1" 450' 475'
sections: the active loop and the leader length.
The active loop is installed within the heated slab. MultiCor Average
The leader length is the total distance to and from Size Active Loop Total Loop
the manifold and heated slab (including any
vertical distance). ⁵⁄₈" 255' 380'
Keep the manifolds as close to the snow-melt area ³⁄₄" 380' 405'
as possible. This eliminates any unnecessary heat 1" 575' 600'
loss from the un-insulated leader lengths from the
These charts are based on flow of 0.0102/feet at 120˚F fluid
snow-melt area to the manifold location. temperature, 40% glycol-water mixture. Total loop length is the
combination of the active loop length and the leader length. Flow is
When considering loop lengths, it is important to based on the active loop length. Pressure head drop is based on the
remember that higher loads require higher flow total loop length. Total loop values shown reflect pressure head drops
rates. Higher flow rates generate higher pressure below 20 feet of head. Larger projects will require longer loop lengths
and greater head drops.
losses through the tubing. Reducing on-center
distances and keeping loop lengths shorter lowers Wirsbo recommends that you do not use ¹⁄₂-inch
pressure drops when evaluating pump curves and diameter tubing for snow and ice melting systems.
circulator sizing. With the high flow requirements of a snow-melt
system, smaller diameter tubing produces very
high head pressure drops. To counter this, the loop
lengths for ¹⁄₂-inch tubing must be shorter than
other larger dimension tubing. Smaller-dimension
tubing also dictates closer on-center distances to
better accommodate the system's requirements.
36
Heat Transfer Fluids* can also significantly shorten the life of pump
The circulating fluid in a snow and ice melting seals. Finally, manufacturers of automotive
system is a glycol-water mixture. When used in antifreeze recommend replacing their fluids every
proper concentrations, the glycol-water mixture two or three years. In contrast, quality heat transfer
protects the system from damage due to freezing. fluids — which contain inhibitors designed to
maintain fluid pH and protect the metals
Two types of glycol are available: propylene and commonly used in hydronic systems — can last
ethylene. An ethylene glycol-based fluid is usually 20 years or more with proper maintenance.
the first choice for HVAC service because they are
less viscous than propylene glycol fluids, which Caution: Do not use automotive antifreeze in any
translates into superior heat transfer efficiency hydronic heating or snow and ice melting system.
and better low temperature performance. However, With few exceptions, automotive antifreeze is an
in some cases the potential for contact with ethylene-glycol based solution.
ground water or other potable water supplies or For long-term, maintenance-free operation, heat
government regulations call for use of a propylene transfer fluids should only be diluted with good
glycol-based fluid. Propylene glycol fluids feature quality potable water with a pH between 9 and 10.
low acute oral toxicity compared to the oral toxicity Good quality water contains only minute traces of
of ethylene glycol-based fluids. calcium (<50 ppm), magnesium (<50 ppm),
Wirsbo recommends propylene glycol as a freeze- chloride (<25 ppm), and sulfate (<25 ppm), and less
protection agent in snow and ice melting systems. than 100 ppm of total hardness as CaCO3. If good
Propylene is considered “food grade” or quality water is not available for your installation,
environmentally safe, while ethylene glycol is prediluted solutions of heat transfer fluids are
considered toxic. Neither propylene nor ethylene available from manufacturers like The Dow
glycol has any adverse effect on PEX tubing. Chemical Company.
Uninhibited or “plain” glycols are sometimes Burst Protection — Burst protection is required when
selected for freeze protection because they cost a system is inactive during the winter, and adequate
less than inhibited products. But the plain glycols space for expansion of an ice/slush mixture is
can actually increase the threat of corrosion in your available. When system burst protection is desired,
system because they produce organic acids. If left glycol requirements are lower. Burst protection is
in solution, these acids lower the system pH. If the suitable for chilled water systems, lawn sprinkler
glycols are not neutralized, the corrosion rate of systems and other systems that are dormant in the
ethylene glycol on iron is more than 2.5 times winter. Do not use burst glycol concentrations to
greater than water. protect snow and ice melting systems.
Remember, inhibitors designed to stabilize the Freeze Protection — Freeze protection is important
glycol are beneficial. However, inhibitors designed in systems that must operate all winter, requiring
to prevent corrosion may damage fittings and the fluid to circulate at low temperatures. Freeze
other metal components in the system when used protection is also necessary if the system offers
with non-barrier tubing. An annual maintenance inadequate volume of expansion of an ice/slush
program is required when active chemicals are fluid mixture. The fluid in any system that must be
incorporated into the hydronic snow and ice protected in the event of power or pump failure
melting system. Consult the glycol manufacturer’s should contain sufficient glycol for freeze
recommendations for glycol and inhibitor use. protection. For freeze protection, choose a glycol
solution concentration that prevents the formation
Automotive antifreeze products are formulated of ice crystals at a temperature of at least 5°F colder
with silicate-based corrosion inhibitors that are than the lowest expected ambient temperature.
well suited to protect aluminum components in
automotive engines, but can actually be harmful to
your hydronic system. In hydronic systems, where
flow tends to be less turbulent, the silicates in
automotive antifreeze can coat and foul heat-
transfer surfaces and interfere with the system,
reducing energy efficiency. Silicate-based inhibitors
*Source for heat transfer information: The Dow Chemical Company
37
The percentage of glycol needed in the solution Pressure Loss — As the heated fluid moves through
depends on the climatic condition of the area. the tubing there is a loss of pressure associated
A 40% glycol to 60% water solution (by volume) with this movement. The loss of pressure is listed
is common. Consult with the respective glycol in pounds per square inch (psi). To convert this
manufacturer for the proper level of mixture for value into pump head pressure, multiply the psi by
a given area. 2.306. The resulting value is listed in feet of pump
head pressure. Pressure loss or feet of head is
Volume Percent Glycol Concentration required when selecting the system circulator.
Required for Freeze Protection For the snow and ice melting system, flow is based
Using DOWFROST™* Fluid on the length of tubing in the slab (active loop).
The leader length is the amount of tubing from the
Temp.°F (°C) Percentage manifold location (supply) to the slab and back
20 (-7) 18% (return). Together, the active loop length and the
10 (-12) 29% leader length equal the total loop length. Pump
0 (-18) 36% head pressure drop is computed with the given
-10 (-23) 42% flow for a loop and the total loop length. The longer
-20 (-29) 46% the total loop length, the greater the head pressure
-30 (-34) 50% drop. Refer to the pressure loss charts in the
-40 (-40) 54% appendix for the tubing being used on the product.
-50 (-46) 57%
-60 (-51) 60% Tubing Layout Considerations
*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company
Refer to Chapter 4 for information about tubing
Note: These figures are examples only and may not be appropriate to layout considerations.
your situation. Generally, for an extended margin of protection, you
should select a temperature in this table that is at least 5°F (3°C) lower
than the expected lowest ambient temperature. Inhibitor levels should Manifold Considerations
be adjusted for solutions of less than 20% glycol. Contact Dow for
information on specific cases or further assistance. Wirsbo offers three manifolds for snow and ice
melting applications.
Fluid Flow — Total fluid flow for the entire system
is based on the required BTU/h and the differential 1¹⁄₄" Brass Manifolds — The tubing size used in the
temperature selected. Flow per loop is determined snow and ice melting system determines the type
by BTU/h/ft2, tubing on-center distance and the of manifold used. Typically used in residential and
differential temperature. small commercial installations, the 1¹⁄₄" Wirsbo
brass manifold is used with ⁵⁄₈" PEX and MultiCor
Differential Temperature (∆t) — Differential tubing for snow and ice melting applications.
temperature is the temperature difference between These manifolds are capable of flow balancing,
the supply and the return fluid temperatures. flow isolation and temperature indication.
When designing a system, the differential Note: When used for snow and ice melting, the
temperature for snow and ice melting systems is brass radiant floor heating manifolds are compatible
typically designed at a 25°F ∆t. This is the basis for only with ⁵⁄₈" PEX and MultiCor tubing. Larger
the design. System flows and circulator-sizing tubing sizes cannot be connected to the manifold.
information can be determined once the design
differential temperature is selected. 2" Copper Valved Manifolds — These valved
manifolds are used with ⁵⁄₈" and ³⁄₄" PEX and
Under actual operating conditions, the differential MultiCor tubing, and are typically used in
temperature varies based on velocity of flow and commercial applications. The manifolds come with
consumption of energy due to climatic conditions. either a ball valve or a combination ball/balancing
If the heat loss from the slab increases, the valve on each outlet. The ball valves on these
differential temperature increases for a given flow manifolds are for isolation only. Do not attempt to
rate. If the heat loss decreases, the differential balance with ball valves. If balancing is required,
temperature decreases. Differential temperatures use the manifolds with the combination
are listed in degrees Fahrenheit. ball/balancing valve. Refer to Chapter 3 for
additional information.
38
HDPE Manifolds — These manifolds are used with For snow and ice melting applications, it is more
³⁄₄" and 1" PEX tubing, and are typically used in economical and practical to isolate the snow-melt
commercial applications. HDPE manifolds do not area. If the snow and ice melting part of the system
feature an oxygen-diffusion barrier, so they can only is ever shut down for a period of time, it will not
be used in systems free of ferrous components. affect the rest of the heating system. It also keeps
Refer to Chapter 3 for additional information. glycol away from the heat of the boiler. The higher
the temperature the glycol solution is subjected to,
Caution: Do not exceed 140ºF supply fluid the shorter its life cycle. In addition, some seals on
temperature to HDPE manifolds and tubing. boilers are not compatible with some glycols.
HDPE manifolds are not capable of individual loop Going through a heat exchanger also reduces, if
balancing unless a balancing feature (e.g., flow not eliminates, the issue of cold-water return to the
setter) is added to each loop. These manifolds are boiler. Refer to the boiler manufacturer for more
usually used in direct burial applications, and the information. Finally, the cost of using glycol for the
use of valves on the manifold is not desired. entire heating instead of just the snow melting part
of the system can be significant.
To avoid having to flow balance across the
manifold, ensure that loop lengths are within
3% of each other. With the supply and return Control Strategies
mains to the manifold piped in a reverse-return Refer to Chapter 7 for information concerning
configuration and the loops within 3% of each control strategies and corresponding controls.
other in length, the manifold will self balance.
Example Operational Considerations
If the designed loop lengths for a project is 333 Listed below are several considerations common
feet, the installed loop lengths can vary no more to snow and ice melting applications.
than 5 feet from this designed loop length. The
acceptable range of loop lengths in this example Preventing Shock to the Slab — A danger for a
is 328 to 338 feet (333 x 0.03 = 10). A loop length snow-melt slab is thermal shock. Shock happens
outside this range would require flow balancing when the slab is heated too quickly causing the
for all loops on the manifold. concrete to rapidly expand and fracture.
Brazed-plate Heat Exchangers — Brazed-plate heat For any control strategy that is designed for on and
exchangers offer isolation and heat transfers off operation or shifting between an idle setpoint
between boiler water and snow-melting fluid. Heat temperature and a snow-melt temperature, the
exchangers feature two separate chambers, or sides differential temperature between the supply and
to separate the boiler water from the snow-melting return fluid from the slab must be monitored. The
system fluid. The hot boiler water pumps through control must have a sensor on the supply and
the heat exchanger, warming up the actual walls of return mains to the snow-melt slab. The control
the exchanger itself. Snow-melting system fluid must also be able to interpret the difference in
pumps through the other side of the exchanger and temperatures and take the appropriate action —
is warmed as it comes in contact with the hot walls either increasing or decreasing supply water
of the exchanger. The boiler water and the snow- temperature to slowly warm the snow-melt slab.
melting system fluid never mix. If the maximum differential temperature (MAX ∆t)
Wirsbo heat exchangers are most commonly used programmed in the snow-melt control is 30ºF, the
to deal with the issue of oxygen diffusion corrosion control will monitor the return temperature and
when non-barrier AQUAPEX tubing is used for provide a supply water temperature 30ºF higher
snow and ice melting. Non-ferrous components are than the return. As the fluid returns warmer, the
used along with the non-barrier tubing on the snow- control will increase the supply fluid temperature
melting side of the heat exchanger. This means — keeping within the 30ºF differential temperature.
using a bronze or stainless steel circulator with non- This monitored heating of the slab will continue
ferrous flanges, a potable water-type expansion until the slab reaches the designated temperature.
tank, a brass or bronze air separator and all non- A possible exception for monitoring would be for a
ferrous hard piping. Do not use steel or cast-iron constant idle control strategy (see Chapter 7) that
piping or other materials with non-barrier tubing. becomes active well above freezing and the supply
39
fluid temperature is modulated in respect to A more effective system results when the tubing
outdoor temperature. Constant idle applications is closer to the top of the pour at 3 to 4 inches
are not designed to be turned on and off during from the surface. Whenever possible, you should
the season. They operate continuously throughout be present during the concrete pour to ensure
the heating season. system integrity.
Bridging Effect — When a control strategy allows Slopes — The slope of a driveway or walkway
the slab to cool to ambient temperatures, or idle does not impact the performance of a snow and
below freezing, there is often a lag in response ice melting system.
to falling snow. After a fair amount of snow
accumulates on the slab, the system experiences What should be considered is the tubing layout
a situation called “bridging.” Bridging takes pattern. Never run loops up and down the
place between the surface of the slab and the slope. Always lay the tubing perpendicular to the
corresponding surface of the snow pack. The snow slope and ensure that the supply side enters from
melts against the surface of the slab. Small caves the up-slope location. This helps eliminate air
or bridges form over the heated slab. Where the traps in the loops.
slab loses physical contact with the snow, the If a snow and ice detector is used in a slope
transfer of heat energy drops dramatically. installation, ensure the detector is installed on a
From the surface of the snow, there may be little or flat area surrounding the device. If the detector is
no indication that the snow and ice melting system installed level with the slope, false readings or
is operating. Eventually the snow will melt from early shutdown of the system could result, because
the surface. the snow or ice melts from the detector before the
rest of the slab surface is clear.
If bridging occurs, you can drive a vehicle across
the slab to compact the snow against the slab, Sizing Mains — With any hydronic system, it is
which will accelerate the melting. important to properly size the supply and return
mains to the snow-melt area. The fluid velocity
One way to avoid bridging is to make sure the should be held fairly consistent across the system.
slab is in the heating phase prior to the snowfall. Do not size the tubing for velocities below 1.5 feet
per second (f/s). Flow velocities below 1.5 f/s will
Drainage — An automatic system idling above make it difficult if not impossible to remove
freezing or a constant idling system results in entrapped air from the system. For smaller
minimal run off. Both strategies warm surfaces dimensioned tubing (less than 2 inches), do not
that melt snow quickly. Much of the moisture exceed 8 f/s. Velocities greater than 8 f/s may
generated is lost to the atmosphere in the form cause erosion damage to metal components
of evaporation. within the fluid pathway. Refer to Appendix H for
Drainage can be an issue for systems that operate velocity charts.
intermittently through the season. Once snow has For a closed-loop system with ferrous components,
accumulated on the slab, some run-off will occur. choose Wirsbo’s large dimension hePEX tubing.
Plan drains at the point of flow across the slab and This tubing offers an EVOH oxygen diffusion barrier
the area where the heated slab ends. Remember to on the outside of the tubing. Tubing is available in
provide a form of heat for the drains. The run-off 32mm, 40mm, 50mm and 63mm dimensions. Refer
from the snow-melt area will refreeze as soon as it to Chapter 3 for more information.
makes contact with the non-heated area. For a closed-loop system with non-ferrous
Concrete Installation — The concrete depth affects components or an isolated system, choose
the performance of a snow and ice melting system. Wirsbo’s HDPE tubing. This tubing does not offer
The thicker the slab, the less accuracy and an oxygen diffusion barrier. Tubing and fittings are
response with regards to performance. A depth of connected through heat-fusion welding. Tubing is
4 to 6 inches is optimal. In addition to the depth of available in 2, 3 and 4-inch dimensions. Refer to
the concrete, it’s important to watch where the Chapter 3 for more information.
tubing sits in the concrete after the pour.
40
Chapter 6 — Design Tutorial
Chapter 6
Design Tutorial
Designing an effective snow and ice melting
Step 1a. Design temperature ............................ 5°F
system requires some preparation. The step-by-
step design tutorial in this chapter will help you Step 1b. Wind speed ...................................... 10 mph
estimate the amount of tubing needed and Step 2. Differential temperature ...................... 25°F
establish other design parameters. Step 3. Surface temperature ............................ 38°F
The sample exercise uses ⁵⁄₈" MultiCor, however, Step 4. BTU/h/ft2 load ................................................
the steps also apply to hePEX plus and AQUAPEX Step 5a. Supply fluid temperature ............................
as well as to larger tubing sizes. Please refer to Step 5b. Tubing (o.c.) distance ....................................
Appendices C and E to guide you through the
Step 6. Area in square feet ........................................
tutorial. A quick-design worksheet template, which
can be copied and used for future installations, is Step 7. Total BTU/h ....................................................
available in Appendix A. The detailed manifold Step 8a. Tubing type ....................................................
worksheet, containing designer notes, is in Step 8b. Tubing size......................................................
Appendix B. The Wirsbo Advanced Design Suite
software can also design the system. Step 9. Total amount of tubing ................................
Step 10a. Active loop length ........................................
Step 1 — Identify the outside air temperature and Step 10b. Number of loops ..........................................
wind speed using Appendix C. The majority of
snowfall occurs between 5 and 34°F. This example Step 11a. Leader length ................................................
assumes a system to be designed at 5°F with a Step 11b. Total loop length............................................
10-mph wind. Step 12. Percentage of glycol (%) ..............................
Step 2 — Identify differential temperature (∆t) for Step 13a. Flow per foot of tubing (gpm) ....................
the system design. All charts in this manual are Step 13b. Flow per loop (gpm)......................................
based on a 25°F differential temperature. Step 14. System flow (gpm)........................................
Step 3 — From the charts in Appendix C, select Step 15a. Head pressure drop/ft ..................................
the surface temperature you want the system to Step 15b. Head pressure drop/loop..............................
achieve at design. This example uses 38°F.
41
Step 4 — Determine the BTU/h/ft2 load for the Step 9 — Determine the amount of tubing
system at the selected climatic conditions and required. Use the multiplier shown below for the
surface temperature. Starting at the climatic appropriate tubing on-center distance to obtain
condition row (5°F at 10 mph) in Appendix C, the amount of active tubing for the project.
move to the right until you intercept the vertical
column for 38°F surface temperature. The square 6" o.c. = 2.00 multiplier
foot load for this example is 126 BTU/h/ft2. 9" o.c. = 1.33 multiplier
12" o.c. = 1.00 multiplier
If you have any difficulty reading the charts, refer
to the chart explanation at the beginning of Multiply the square footage of the area by 1.33
Appendix C. (9 inches o.c.). 1,700 x 1.33 = 2,261 feet of active
tubing is required for the installation.
Step 5 — Determine the supply fluid temperature.
Within the block designating the BTU/h/ft2 load in
Appendix C, you will see three temperature blocks
beneath the load. These are the supply fluid
temperatures at different tubing on-center (o.c.)
Step 1a. Design temperature .............................. 5°F
distances. The on-center distances from left to right
are: 6 inches, 9 inches and 12 inches. Step 1b. Wind speed .................................... 10 mph
Step 2. Differential temperature...................... 25°F
Note: If the temperature exceeds the Step 3. Surface temperature .......................... 38°F
recommended maximum (150°F for concrete),
reduce the tubing on-center distance until the Step 4. BTU/h/ft2 load........................................ 126
supply fluid temperature is below the Step 5a. Supply fluid temperature ................ 132°F
recommended maximum. Step 5b. Tubing (o.c.) distance.............................. 9"
The supply fluid temperature for this example Step 6. Area in square feet........................ 1,700 ft2
is 132°F. This example uses 9 inches on center. Step 7. Total BTU/h .................................... 214,200
Step 6 — Identify the installation area. This Step 8a. Tubing type .................................. MultiCor
example assumes a 1,700-square foot drive to an Step 8b. Tubing size .............................................. ⁵⁄₈"
office building (17 feet x 100 feet). Step 9. Total amount of tubing .................... 2,261'
Step 7 — Determine the BTU/h requirements for Step 10a. Active loop length ........................................
this design (boiler sizing). Take the BTU/h/ft2 load Step 10b. Number of loops ..........................................
and multiply it by the area to be heated. Step 11a. Leader length ................................................
For this example, multiply 126 BTU/h/ft2 by 1,700 Step 11b. Total loop length............................................
square feet for a total load of 214,200 BTU/h. Step 12. Percentage of glycol (%) ..............................
Step 8 — Determine the type and size of tubing Step 13a. Flow per foot of tubing (gpm) ....................
for the design. This example uses ⁵⁄₈" MultiCor. Step 13b. Flow per loop (gpm)......................................
Note: Tubing smaller than ⁵⁄₈" is not recommended Step 14. System flow (gpm)........................................
for snow and ice melting applications due to the Step 15a. Head pressure drop/ft ..................................
increase in flow requirements. With few Step 15b. Head pressure drop/loop..............................
exceptions, ⁵⁄₈" and ³⁄₄" tubing will meet the
requirements for most snow and ice melting
applications.
42
Chapter 6 — Design Tutorial
Step 10 — Determine the average active loop 3. To determine the flow value per foot of active
length and the number of loops for the manifold. loop, follow the BTU/h/ft2 load row until it
The average active loop length is used to calculate intersects the respective tubing on-center
preliminary flow and pressure loss. When the column. This example uses 9 inches on center.
design is complete and actual loop lengths are The flow per foot in this example is 0.0081 gpm.
known, flow and pressure loss can be more
accurately determined. Refer to the Manifold 4. Multiply the value found in Step 13 with the
Worksheet in Appendix B. active loop length. The active loop length for this
example is 206 feet.
Divide the total amount of active tubing required
by 200 feet (recommended average loop length 206' x 0.0081 gpm = 1.67 gpm per loop.
for ⁵⁄₈" tubing).
Step 14 — To obtain the flow for the system,
2,261 feet (tubing required) ÷ 200 feet = 11.3 loops. multiply the flow per loop by the number of loops
on the system.
Round the number of loops to the nearest whole
number and divide that new value into the amount 1.67 gpm/loop x 11 loops = 18.37 gpm
of tubing.
2,261 feet divided by 11 loops = 206 feet per loop. Step 1a. Design temperature .............................. 5°F
The number of loops for this manifold is 11 with Step 1b. Wind speed .................................... 10 mph
an average active loop length of 206 feet. Step 2. Differential temperature...................... 25°F
Note: It is recommended not to exceed eight loops Step 3. Surface temperature .......................... 38°F
per manifold when using the 1¹⁄₄" brass manifold. Step 4. BTU/h/ft2 load ........................................ 126
Step 11 — Determine the leader length and total Step 5a. Supply fluid temperature ................ 132°F
loop length for the tubing. The leader length is the Step 5b. Tubing (o.c.) distance .............................. 9"
amount of tubing between the active heated panel Step 6. Area in square feet ........................ 1,700 ft2
and the manifold location to include any vertical Step 7. Total BTU/h .................................... 214,200
variations. Add the leader length to the active loop
length to determine the total loop length. Step 8a. Tubing type .................................. MultiCor
Step 8b. Tubing size .............................................. ⁵⁄₈"
For this example, use 20 feet of leader length for a
total loop length of 226 feet per loop. Step 9. Total amount of tubing .................... 2,261'
Step 10a. Active loop length................................ 206'
Step 12 — Select the percentage of glycol mixture
Step 10b. Number of loops .......................... 11 loops
used in the system. Refer to Chapter 5 of this
manual for additional information concerning Step 11a. Leader length.......................................... 20'
glycol. In this example, use 40% propylene glycol. Step 11b. Total loop length .................................. 226'
Step 13 — Determine flow in gallons per minute Step 12. Percentage of glycol (%) .................... 40%
(gpm) per foot of tubing and per loop. Step 13a. Flow per foot of tubing (gpm) ...... 0.0081
Step 13b. Flow per loop (gpm)............................ 1.67
Refer to the flow charts in Appendix C. These
charts are listed after the performance charts. Step 14. System flow (gpm)............................ 18.37
Step 15a. Head pressure drop/ft ..................................
1. Enter the charts at the BTU/h/ft2 load. This
Step 15b. Head pressure drop/loop..............................
example uses 126 BTU/h/ft2.
2. Move horizontally to the appropriate percentage
of glycol column. This example uses 40% glycol.
43
Step 15 —Determine the pump head pressure

drop. Pressure loss charts are available in
Appendix E for the different sizes of MultiCor
tubing at 30%, 40% and 50% water/glycol solutions
and for different fluid supply temperatures. If the
supply temperature is between two charts, use the
lower temperature chart.
1. Find the correct pressure loss chart in
Appendix E. (This example uses ⁵⁄₈" MultiCor
at 40% glycol using the 120°F column.)
2. Enter the chart in the “gpm” column at the
flow/loop value of 1.67 (as determined in Step
13b). Since 1.67 is between 1.6 and 1.7 round to
the higher rate of 1.7.
3. Read the feet of head drop per foot under
the appropriate fluid temperature (120°F). The
feet of head drop per foot in this example
is 0.03090.
4. Multiply the feet of head value by the total
loop length.
0.03090 x 226 = 7.0 feet of head drop
Step 1a. Design temperature .............................. 5°F

Step 1b. Wind speed .................................... 10 mph
Step 2. Differential temperature...................... 25°F
Step 3. Surface temperature .......................... 38°F
Step 4. BTU/h/ft2 load ........................................ 126
Step 5a. Supply fluid temperature ................ 132°F
Step 5b. Tubing (o.c.) distance .............................. 9"
Step 6. Area in square feet ........................ 1,700 ft2
Step 7. Total BTU/h .................................... 214,200
Step 8a. Tubing type .................................. MultiCor
Step 8b. Tubing size .............................................. ⁵⁄₈"
Step 9. Total amount of tubing .................... 2,261'
Step 10a. Active loop length................................ 206'
Step 10b. Number of loops .......................... 11 loops
Step 11a. Leader length.......................................... 20'
Step 11b. Total loop length .................................. 226'
Step 12. Percentage of glycol (%) .................... 40%
Step 13a. Flow per foot of tubing (gpm)........ 0.0081
Step 13b. Flow per loop (gpm) ............................ 1.67
Step 14. System flow (gpm) ............................ 18.37
Step 15a. Head pressure drop/ft .................. 0.03090
Step 15b. Head pressure drop/loop ............ 7.0 ft hd
44
Chapter 7 — Control Strategies
Chapter 7
Control Strategies
This chapter outlines varying levels of control Control Strategies
strategies along with the effect that insulation There are three primary ways in which to operate
variables can place on the performance of the snow and ice melting systems.
system. When planning and designing the snow-
melting system, it is important to consider control 1. Constant idle
strategies that support the intended need of the 2. Semi-automatic
customer and the type of heat source available to 3. Automatic
the system. After each control strategy section in this chapter,
you will find a description of the applicable
Supply Fluid Tempering controls for that strategy.
Wirsbo recommends the use of variable speed
injection mixing for snow and ice melting
applications. The use of injection circulators
provides a larger range of support to the snow-
melt load. The use of a floating action valve can
quickly require an upsizing due to the heavier flow
requirements.
45
Constant Idle embedded in a slab system to allow retrieval

Use this type of control strategy in commercial should the sensor ever require maintenance. If
applications such as the heated aprons before and additional wire is required to properly place the
after a car wash entrance. The slab is maintained sensor, a total of 500 feet of wire distance from the
above freezing at all times to eliminate the build-up control to the sensor is possible provided 18-AWG
of ice from water dripping off the cars. wire is used. For more information on installation,
programming and operation of the Wirsbo
The slab sensor is set to maintain a desired SetPoint 501s Controller, refer to the Wirsbo
temperature above freezing, usually 40 to 45°F. SetPoint 501s Controller Installation Manual.
Modulation of supply fluid temperature is provided
through the reset capability of the mixing control.
As the air temperature drops, the supply fluid
temperature to the slab increases. The mixing
control also cycles the system pump to the slab in
order to maintain the slab setpoint temperature.
Under-slab insulation should be considered in this
type of application, especially if a high water table proMIX 201 (A3040201) SetPoint 501s Controller (A3041501)
or a moist soil condition is present. A high water
table is defined as a water table within 8 to 10 proMIX 201 and SetPoint 501s Operation — Use
vertical feet of the slab. Vertical insulation down to this control strategy only for snow and ice melting
the frost line is recommended to reduce the systems that require continuous idling operations.
amount of lateral energy loss. Control strategy and components should be
installed to meet or exceed the system performance
Controls for Constant Idle Applications — Wirsbo requirements as stated in the system design. Refer
offers two controls that work in conjunction to to the following sequence.
support constant idle snow-melting applications —
the Wirsbo proMIX™ 201 and Wirsbo SetPoint 501s. 1. A variable speed injection pump, controlled by
the Wirsbo proMIX 201, tempers the supply
Wirsbo proMIX 201 — The Wirsbo proMIX 201 is fluid temperature.
a weather-responsive, single temperature reset
mixing control for hydronic heating systems. 2. The proMIX 201 can reset the supply water
The proMIX 201 provides either reset or setpoint temperature as it relates to outdoor
supply water temperatures through the use of a temperature. Install the outdoor temperature
variable speed injection mixing circulator. This sensor on the north side of the building out of
control also protects the boiler from low-return direct sunlight.
water temperatures by monitoring the boiler- 3. The Wirsbo SetPoint 501s is designed to work
return water temperature and adjusting the mixing with the Wirsbo proMIX 201 for continuous
action of the injection circulator to affect the return idling snow-melt operations.
water temperature. For more information on 4. Program the desired slab idling temperature
installation, programming and operation of the (min. 40°F) into the SetPoint 501s control.
Wirsbo proMIX 201, refer to the Wirsbo proMIX 5. The proMIX 201 provides power to the system
201 Installation Manual. circulator (P2).
Caution: The proMIX 201 does not feature slab- 6. The proMIX 201 provides power to the variable
protection capabilities. Do not use this control for speed injection pump (P4).
on/off snow-melting operations. The proMIX 201 7. The proMIX 201 initiates boiler call for heat.
for snow and ice melting can only be used in
constant idling mode for applications that remain 8. For proper operation of the control, you must
under operation throughout the heating season. install the outdoor sensor (S4), the system
supply sensor (S2), the boiler return sensor
Wirsbo SetPoint 501s — The SetPoint 501s (S3) and the 501s slab sensor (S7).
Controller is a programmable 24VAC control with a 9. The proMIX 201 cannot sense moisture on the
slab sensor. The sensor for the control is installed surface of the slab.
an inch below the surface of the snow-melt slab
10. Refer to Chapter 8 for piping and electrical
and monitors the slab temperature. All slab
schematics specific to this control strategy.
sensors must be installed inside a conduit when
46
Semi Automatic consumption, and in worst cases, a failure of the

Systems can be designed to be semi-automatic. system to perform to specification.
What differentiates this strategy from a constant Controls for Semi-Automatic Applications —
idle system is that the start of the melting cycle Wirsbo offers two controls that support semi-
happens with user interaction, or by pressing the automatic snow-melting applications — Wirsbo
on/off switch. The run cycle ends via a “time-out” proMIX™ 212 and Wirsbo SYSTEMpro™ 311.
feature where the user sets the specific time
interval. The setup or programming is more Wirsbo proMIX 212 — The Wirsbo proMIX 212 is a
extensive than the constant idle scenario, but it two-temperature injection control capable of
provides additional benefits and safety features supporting hydronic heating and snow-melting
for the user. The system automatically shuts off systems. This weather-responsive control uses
as programmed, which eliminates any wasted outdoor reset to automatically adjust the mix loop
fuel consumption. fluid temperature. The first injection channel is
used only for hydronic heating. The second
The reset mixing control modulates the supply injection channel is used for either hydronic
fluid temperature. As the air temperature drops, heating or snow melting.
the supply fluid temperature to the slab increases.
Likewise, as the air temperature rises, the supply To provide fluid temperature control of a single
fluid temperature decreases. Additionally, the reset zone snow-melting system, equip the proMIX 212
control monitors the return fluid temperature from with a Slab Sensor (Wirsbo part number A3060072)
the snow-melt slab in order to provide proper and a Universal Sensor (Wirsbo part number
differential temperatures, which prevents shocking A3060071). These sensors measure slab and return
the concrete. temperatures. They can be purchased separately or
as a part of the Snow Melt Enable Kit (Wirsbo part
This type of control uses a slab sensor that number A3040039). The Snow Melt Enable Kit also
provides temperature data feedback. Set the includes the remote start/stop module.
control to a temperature to melt snow. Once the
desired slab temperature is achieved and the time The Snow Melt Enable Kit allows remote on/off
interval has ended, the control automatically ends control of the snow and ice melting system. The
the heat demand. This keeps the slab from over- enable kit can be located up to 250 feet from the
heating, so it operates more economically. For proMIX 212 control location. Connect the two
example, set the control at a 38°F slab temperature controls with 18 AWG-2 wire. For more information
and a four-hour run cycle. To start the melting on installation, programming and operation of
process, press the button on the control. Once the the Wirsbo proMIX 212, refer to the Wirsbo
system reaches 38°F on the sensor, the timer proMIX 212 Installation Manual.
begins. The heat plant continues to cycle and add
heat, keeping the slab at 38°F. The snow-melting
operation automatically ends after four hours.
A semi-automatic control strategy should
incorporate an insulated slab to facilitate a quicker
response. Additionally, if a high water table or
moist soil condition is present, under-slab
insulation with an R-value of at least 10 is proMIX 212 (A3040212) Snow Melt Enable Kit (A3040039)
mandatory. You must also install a tile system to
drain moisture from beneath the heated slab. proMIX 212 Operation — This control strategy is
used for snow and ice melting systems that
The system performance may be dramatically require manual on/off operations and/or timed
affected if insulation is not installed under and operations. Control strategy and components
along the slab. Once the system is off for a period should be installed to meet or exceed the system
of time, the ground will quickly freeze down to the performance requirements as stated in the system
current frost level. Subsequent start-up times will design. Refer to the following sequence.
be delayed due to the amount of energy drawn
to the frozen subsoil along with the requirements 1. A variable speed injection pump, controlled by
of the slab itself. The lack of insulation will result the Wirsbo proMIX 212, tempers the supply
in increased response times, greater energy fluid temperature.
47
2. The proMIX 212 can reset the supply water Universal Sensor (Wirsbo part number A3060071).
temperature as it relates to outdoor temperature. These sensors measure slab and return
Install the outdoor temperature sensor on the temperatures. They can be purchased separately
north side of the building out of direct sunlight. or as a part of the Snow Melt Enable Kit (Wirsbo
3. The Wirsbo Snow Melt Enable Kit is designed part number A3040039). The Snow Melt Enable
to work specifically with the Wirsbo proMIX Kit also includes the remote start/stop module.
212 for on/off and timed snow-melt operations. The Snow Melt Enable Kit allows remote on/off
4. The Enable Module from the Snow Melt control of the snow and ice melting system. The
Enable Kit allows remote access for on/off enable kit can be located up to 250 feet from the
control and run time of the snow-melt system. SYSTEMpro 311 control location. The two controls
Run time for the snow-melt system can also be are connected with 18 AWG-2 wire. For more
programmed into the proMIX 212. information on installation, programming and
5. The run time is programmable from 30 minutes operation of the SYSTEMpro 311, refer to the
to 18 hours. Run time can be stopped any time Wirsbo SYSTEMpro 311 Installation Manual.
through the Enable Module or the proMIX 212.
6. The proMIX 212 can idle the snow-melt slab at
a given temperature and accelerate to a higher
slab temperature during snow-melting mode.
7. The proMIX provides power to the system
circulator (P2).
8. The proMIX 212 operates the variable speed
injection pump (P5). SYSTEMpro 311 (A3040311) Snow Melt Enable Kit (A3040039)
9. The proMIX 212 initiates the boiler call for heat. SYSTEMpro 311 Operation — This control strategy
10. For proper operation of the control, you must is used for snow and ice melting systems that
install the outdoor sensor (S4), the system require manual on/off operations and/or timed
supply sensor (S2), the boiler return sensor operations. Control strategy and components
(S3), the snow-melt return sensor (S5) and the should be installed to meet or exceed the system
slab sensor (S7). performance requirements as stated in the system
11. The proMIX 212 cannot sense moisture on the design. Refer to the following sequence.
surface of the slab.
1. A variable speed injection pump, controlled
12. Refer to Chapter 8 for piping and electrical by the Wirsbo SYSTEMpro 311, tempers the
schematics specific to this control strategy. supply fluid temperature.
Wirsbo SYSTEMpro 311 — The Wirsbo SYSTEMpro 2. The SYSTEMpro 311 can reset the supply
311 is a multi-temperature control capable of water temperature as it relates to outdoor
supporting hydronic heating and snow-melting temperature. Install the outdoor temperature
systems along with single boiler reset. If required, sensor on the north side of the building out
the SYSTEMpro 311 also features Domestic Hot of direct sunlight.
Water (DHW) priority, which is built into the control. 3. The Wirsbo Snow Melt Enable Kit is
The first temperature channel on the SYSTEMpro designed to work specifically with the
311 is used only for high temperature hydronic Wirsbo SYSTEMpro 311 for on/off and timed
heating. The second temperature channel is used for snow-melt operations.
either hydronic heating or snow melting. For snow- 4. The Enable Module from the Snow Melt
melt operations, Wirsbo recommends using variable Enable Kit allows remote access for on/off
speed injection mixing from the heat exchanger, control and run time of the snow-melt system.
rather than a floating action valve. Run time for the snow-melt system can also
be programmed into the SYSTEMpro 311.
To provide fluid temperature control of a
5. The run time is programmable from 30
single-zone snow and ice melting system, the
minutes to 18 hours. Run time can be stopped
SYSTEMpro 311 must be equipped with a Slab
any time through the Enable Module or the
Sensor (Wirsbo part number A3060072) and a
SYSTEMpro 311.
48
6. The SYSTEMpro 311 can idle the snow-melt Automatic

slab at a given temperature and accelerate to A fully automated system requires user input to
a higher slab temperature during the snow- program the control. Once powered up, the control
melting mode. takes over from there. Automatic controls eliminate
7. The SYSTEMpro 311 activates the system human intervention to start and stop the snow-
circulator (P1). melting system. These systems incorporate a disk
8. The SYSTEMpro 311 operates the variable or sensor at the surface level of the snow-melting
speed injection pump (P4). area. These types of sensors offer increased
9. The SYSTEMpro 311 initiates the boiler call capabilities over conventional slab sensors. For
for heat. example, they provide outdoor temperature
feedback, current slab temperature and detect the
10. The outdoor sensor (S4), the system supply presence of moisture (snow or ice at temperatures
sensor (S1), the boiler supply sensor (S3), the below 32°F). Most advanced automated controls
snow-melt return sensor (S5) and the slab provide snow and ice detection, the ability to idle
sensor (S7) must be installed for proper the system (considered as a slab low limit) and
operation of the control. react to outdoor ambient conditions. The ability to
11. The SYSTEMpro 311 cannot sense moisture sense outdoor temperatures offers the option of
on the surface of the slab. locking out a heat demand when it is too warm or
12. Refer to Chapter 8 for piping and electrical too cold. These features optimize fuel
schematics specific to this strategy. consumption. Conditions may exist where it is
either too cold for snow to fall or too warm for
snow to accumulate due to solar exposure.
There is a difference between idle setpoint
temperature for the slab and the snow-melt
setpoint temperature. To idle a slab under the
automatic control strategy, maintain the slab at a
setpoint temperature until activated by the control
to accelerate into the snow-melt mode. The control
then targets the snow-melt setpoint temperature
as its new slab temperature. Supply fluid
temperatures are adjusted by the mixing control
to support this new, higher setpoint temperature.
Often the idling setpoint temperature is just under
freezing (28 to 30°F). This allows the system to
respond quicker to a call for snow melt than if
the slab was allowed to cool down to ambient
temperatures. At other times, the specification
may require that the slab should not freeze. In
this situation, the idle setpoint temperature is
maintained above freezing (34 to 36°F). This
setpoint is often used in Class 3 snow-melt
applications or when the surface condition of the
slab is critical, such as an emergency helipad.
An automatic control strategy should incorporate
an insulated slab to facilitate a quicker response.
Additionally, if a high water table or moist soil
condition is present, under-slab insulation with an
R-value of at least 10 is mandatory. You must also
install a tile system to drain moisture away from
beneath the heated slab.
49
The system performance may be dramatically 3. The SNOWpro 411 resets the supply water
affected if insulation is not installed under and temperature as it relates to outdoor
along the slab. Once the system is off for a period temperature. Install the outdoor temperature
of time, the ground will quickly freeze down to the sensor on the north side of the building out of
current frost level. Subsequent start-up times will direct sunlight.
be delayed due to the amount of energy drawn 4. The run time is programmable from 30
to the frozen subsoil along with the requirements minutes to 17 hours. It can also be
of the slab itself. The lack of insulation will result programmed to infinity as it will operate in
in increased response times, greater energy snow-melt mode as long as there is moisture
consumption, and in worst cases, a failure of the present on the sensor.
system to perform to specification.
5. The SNOWpro 411 can idle the snow-melt slab
Controls for Automatic Applications — Wirsbo at a given temperature and automatically
offers one control that supports automatic accelerate to a higher supply fluid temperature
snow-melting applications. during snow-melting mode.
Wirsbo SNOWpro™ 411 — The SNOWpro 411, a 6. The SNOWpro 411 automatically switches
fully automatic snow and ice melting control, from snow-melt mode to idle mode once the
responds to changing weather conditions. It offers snow and ice detector indicates the lack of
one-temperature reset using a variable speed moisture on the sensor.
injection pump. The SNOWpro 411 can also 7. The SNOWpro 411 activates the system
provide boiler return water temperature protection, circulator (P1).
which otherwise could result in flue gas 8. The SNOWpro 411 activates the variable speed
condensation and buildup. A boiler enable switch injection pump (P4).
(not boiler reset) is used to turn on the boiler and 9. The SNOWpro 411 initiates the boiler call for heat.
boiler pump. Included with the SNOWpro 411 is a
snow and ice detector. The detector senses the 10. The SNOWpro 411 activates the boiler
presence of moisture on the surface of the slab. circulator (P3).
It also monitors the slab temperature. For more 11. For proper operation of the control, you must
information on installation, programming and install the outdoor sensor (S4), the system
operation of the SNOWpro 411, refer to the Wirsbo supply sensor (S1), the boiler return sensor
SNOWpro 411 Installation Manual. (S3), the snow-melt return sensor (S5) and the
snow and ice detector (S8).
12. The SNOWpro 411, through the snow and ice
detector, can sense the presence of moisture
on the surface of the slab.
13. Refer to Chapter 8 for piping and electrical
schematics specific to this strategy.
SNOWpro 411 (A3040411) Snow and Ice Detector (included) Summation

For the following control strategies, use the
SNOWpro 411 Operation — This control strategy is appropriate Wirsbo controls.
used for snow and ice melting systems that require
total automatic control of idle and snow-melt Constant Idle — proMIX 201 with the SetPoint 501s
operations. Control strategy and components should (note caution on page 46)
be installed to meet or exceed the system performance
requirements as stated in the system design. Semi-Automatic — proMIX 212 or SYSTEMpro 311
(both require Snow Melt Enable Kit)
1. A variable speed injection pump, controlled by
the Wirsbo SNOWpro 411, tempers the supply Automatic — SNOWpro 411 (comes packaged with
fluid temperature. a snow and ice detector)
2. The Wirsbo Snow and Ice Detector monitors
the presence of moisture on the sensor (snow-
melt mode) and slab temperature.
50
Chapter 8 — Piping and Electrical Schematics
Chapter 8
Piping and Electrical Schematics
The boiler schematics outlined in this chapter are
conceptual drawings, which illustrate the various
piping and heat plant options available. Actual
heating systems must be installed in accordance
with the respective local codes.
Refer to the heat source manufacturer’s installation
and operation instructions for specific near boiler
piping and operating parameters.
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Notes
60
Appendix A — Design Analysis Worksheet
Snow and Ice Melting Design Analysis Worksheet
Project Name: Location:
Step 1a. Design temperature ................................................................ °F

Step 1b. Wind speed .............................................................................. mph
Step 2. Differential temperature .......................................................... °F
Step 3. Surface temperature ................................................................ °F
Step 4. BTU/h/ft2 load ............................................................................ BTU/h/ft2

Step 5a. Supply fluid temperature ........................................................ °F
Step 5b. Tubing on-center (o.c.) distance ............................................ inches
Step 6. Area in square feet .................................................................. ft2
Step 7. Total BTU/h ................................................................................ BTU/h
Step 8a. Tubing type................................................................................

Step 8b. Tubing size ................................................................................ inch
Step 9. Total amount of tubing ............................................................ feet
Step 10a. Active loop length .................................................................... feet
Step 10b. Number of loops ...................................................................... loops
Step 11a. Leader length ............................................................................ feet
Step 11b. Total loop length ...................................................................... feet
Step 12. Percentage of glycol ................................................................ %

Step 13a. Flow per foot of tubing ............................................................ gpm/ft
Step 13b. Flow per loop ............................................................................ gpm/loop
Step 14. System flow .............................................................................. gpm
Step 15a. Head pressure drop per foot .................................................. feet of head
Step 15b. Head pressure drop/loop ........................................................ feet of head*
Refer to Chapter 6 for instructions on how to complete this worksheet.
* The head pressure drop information is used only for the manifold. For proper pump sizing,
add the amount of head pressure drop before and after the manifold location to this value.
61
Notes
62
Project Name: Manifold Number:
Loop 1 Loop 2 Loop 3 Loop 4 Loop 5 Loop 6 Loop 7 Loop 8 Loop 9 Loop 10
A Design temperature (oF)
B Wind speed (mph)
C Differential temperature (oF)
D Surface temperature (oF)
E BTU/h/ft 2
F Supply fluid temperature (oF)
G Tubing o.c. distance
H Area to be heated (ft 2)
I Type of tubing
J Tubing size
K Active loop length
L Leader loop length
M Total loop length
N Percentage of glycol (%)

O Flow per foot
P Flow per loop (gpm)
Q Head pressure drop/ft (ft of hd)
R Head pressure drop/loop (ft of hd)
S Loop balancing turns
Manifold Totals
T Supply fluid temp. (oF) Do not exceed 8 loops per manifold when using the 1 1/4" brass manifold.
U Manifold flow (gpm) G Enter the tubing on-center (o.c.) distance. P Multiply the value in row K by the value in
V Highest pressure head (ft) H Enter the square footage of area to be heated by row O.
this loop. Q Use the information in rows F, I, J, N and P with
A Select the outdoor design temperature from I Select the type of tubing to be used. the appropriate Appendix (either D or E) to
Appendix C. J Select the size of tubing to be used. obtain the head pressure drop per foot.
B Select the wind speed in mph from Appendix C. K Multiply the value in row H with the appropriate R Multiply row M by the value in row Q.
C Enter the differential temperature (25oF). o.c. multiplier (6" = 2.0; 9" = 1.33; 12" = 1.0) S These cells are calculated after the design is
D Select the desired surface temperature from L Enter the distance from the slab area to the completed. Use the balancing information for
Appendix C. manifold x 2 (supply and return). the respective manifold used as shown in
E Enter the BTU/h/ft2 based on the climatic M Add rows K and L together. Chapter 3.
conditions and the surface temperature. Refer to N Enter the percentage of glycol/water solution to T Enter the highest value from row F.
Appendix C. be used. U Enter the total of all values from row P.
F Enter the supply fluid temperature from O Using the information in rows E, G and N, go to V Enter the highest value from row R.
Appendix C based on the climatic conditions Appendix C and select the flow per foot.
and value in row G.
63
Appendix B — Manifold Worksheet
Notes
64
Appendix C — System Performance and Flow Charts
This appendix is divided into two sections —

Performance Charts and Flow Charts. This page
is to assist you in interpreting the charts in order
to complete the design.
The snow and ice melting design is based on
climatic conditions and a desired slab surface
temperature. Enter the Performance Chart at
the appropriate climatic conditions (outdoor
temperature and wind speed). Next select the
desired slab surface temperature.
These two entries intersect in the cell showing
the BTU/h/ft2 and supply fluid temperatures for
tubing installed at 6, 9 and 12 inches on center.
BTU/h/ft2
Outdoor Wind Surface Temperatures
Temp. Speed o
43 F 44oF 45oF
38 41 44
0 mph 80 83 86
15oF 5 mph
94 107 121 96 110 125 98 113 128
107 111 115
10 mph
107 125 143 109 128 148 113 132 152
78 81 84
0 mph
93 106 119 95 109 123 98 112 127
94 97 100
10oF 5 mph
100 116 132 103 119 136 105 122 140
126 130 134
10 mph
116 137 159 119 141 163 122 144 168
93 96 99
0 mph
100 115 132 102 118 136 105 122 139
108 111 114
5oF 5 mph
107 125 143 109 128 148 112 131 152
145 149 153
10 mph
125 150 175 128 153 179 131 156 184
Supply fluid temperatures that exceed the

Supply temperature maximum supply fluid temperature into
for 6" on center concrete are shaded in gray and must not
be used for design. In accordance with
Supply temperature the Uniformed Building Code (UBC), the
for 9" on center maximum temperature for concrete should
not exceed 150°F.
Supply temperature
for 12" on center
Shaded Areas = Exceeds Design Limits 151
65

Temp. Speed 35oF 36oF 37oF 38oF
19 21 24 26
0 mph
57 60 63 59 62 66 61 65 70 63 67 73
o 28 31 34 37
25 F 5 mph
61 66 71 63 68 75 66 72 79 68 74 82
38 42 46 50
10 mph
66 72 80 69 76 84 72 79 88 74 83 94
30 33 35 38
0 mph
62 67 73 64 69 76 66 71 79 68 75 81
42 45 48 52
20oF 5 mph
67 74 83 69 77 85 72 80 89 75 83 93
56 61 64 69
10 mph
74 83 94 77 87 99 79 90 103 83 94 107
41 45 48 51
0 mph
68 75 81 70 78 86 73 81 89 75 83 93
56 59 62 65
15oF 5 mph
74 84 94 77 87 97 79 90 100 82 93 104
76 79 84 87
10 mph
84 97 110 87 100 113 90 104 119 92 107 123
55 58 61 64
0 mph
74 83 93 76 86 96 79 89 100 81 92 103
o 70 73 76 79
10 F 5 mph
81 93 106 84 96 108 86 99 112 88 102 116
95 98 103 107
10 mph
93 109 126 96 112 129 99 116 135 102 120 139
69 72 75 77
0 mph
81 92 105 83 95 108 85 98 111 88 101 115
o 84 88 90 93
5 F 5 mph
88 102 117 91 105 121 93 108 124 95 111 127
114 118 121 126
10 mph
102 122 142 105 125 146 108 128 150 111 132 154
83 86 89 92
0 mph
87 101 116 90 104 120 92 107 122 95 110 126
98 102 104 108
0oF 5 mph
95 111 129 97 114 133 100 117 135 102 120 139
133 137 141 145
10 mph
112 134 157 114 137 162 117 141 166 120 144 170
98 101 104 107
0 mph
95 111 128 97 114 132 99 117 135 102 120 139
113 116 119 122
-5oF 5 mph
102 121 141 104 123 145 107 127 147 109 129 151
152 156 160 165
10 mph
120 146 172 124 150 177 126 153 182 129 156 186
113 116 119 123
0 mph
102 121 141 104 124 145 107 127 147 110 130 151
127 130 133 136
-10oF 5 mph
109 130 152 111 133 156 114 136 159 116 139 162
172 175 180 183
10 mph
130 159 190 133 162 194 136 166 198 139 169 202
Shaded areas = Exceeds design limits 151
66
Surface Temperatures Wind Outdoor

39oF 40oF 41oF 42oF Speed Temp.
28 31 33 36
0 mph
65 70 76 67 72 79 70 75 82 72 78 85
40 43 46 49
5 mph 25oF
71 77 85 73 80 90 76 83 92 78 86 95
53 57 61 65
10 mph
77 86 96 80 89 100 83 93 104 86 97 109
40 44 46 49
0 mph
70 77 84 73 80 88 75 82 90 77 85 94
54 57 62 64
5 mph 20oF
76 85 95 80 88 99 83 94 105 84 95 106
72 77 84 86
10 mph
85 97 111 89 101 115 93 107 123 94 108 123
53 56 59 61
0 mph
77 86 95 79 89 97 82 91 102 84 94 104
68 71 74 77
5 mph 15oF
84 95 107 87 99 112 89 101 115 91 104 117
91 95 99 103
10 mph
95 110 126 98 114 131 101 118 135 104 121 140
67 69 73 75
0 mph
84 95 107 86 97 110 88 101 113 91 103 117
82 85 88 91
5 mph 10oF
91 105 120 93 108 123 96 111 126 98 113 130
110 115 118 122
10 mph
104 123 143 107 127 147 110 130 151 113 133 155
81 83 87 90
0 mph
90 104 118 92 106 123 95 110 125 98 113 127
96 99 102 105
5 mph 5oF
98 114 130 100 117 134 102 120 138 105 122 140
129 134 137 141
10 mph
114 135 158 117 139 164 119 143 167 122 146 171
95 98 101 104
0 mph
97 113 128 100 116 132 102 119 136 104 122 139
110 113 116 119
5 mph 0oF
104 123 141 107 126 145 109 129 149 112 132 153
149 152 157 160
10 mph
123 148 174 126 151 179 129 155 182 131 158 187
110 113 116 119
0 mph
104 123 141 107 126 145 109 129 149 112 132 152
125 127 131 133
5 mph -5oF
111 132 153 114 135 157 116 138 161 118 141 163
168 172 176 180
10 mph
132 160 190 135 164 194 138 167 198 141 171 202
126 129 132 135
0 mph
112 133 154 114 136 158 117 139 162 120 142 165
139 142 145 148
5 mph -10oF
119 142 166 121 145 168 123 148 173 126 150 176
187 191 195 199
10 mph
141 173 206 144 177 211 147 180 214 150 183 219
67

Temp. Speed 43oF 44oF 45oF
38 41 44
0 mph
74 80 86 76 83 91 78 86 94
52 55 58
25oF 5 mph
80 89 99 82 92 102 85 95 106
69 73 77
10 mph
88 100 113 91 104 118 95 108 212
52 55 57
0 mph
80 89 99 82 91 102 83 93 104
66 69 72
20oF 5 mph
86 97 110 88 100 113 91 103 117
88 91 96
10 mph
96 110 128 98 114 131 103 120 137
65 67 70
0 mph
86 97 109 89 100 111 91 103 114
80 83 86
15oF 5 mph
94 107 121 96 110 125 98 113 128
107 111 115
10 mph
107 125 143 109 128 148 113 132 152
78 81 84
0 mph
93 106 119 95 109 123 98 112 127
94 97 100
10oF 5 mph
100 116 132 103 119 136 105 122 140
126 130 134
10 mph
116 137 159 119 141 163 122 144 168
93 96 99
0 mph
100 115 132 102 118 136 105 122 139
108 111 114
5oF 5 mph
107 125 143 109 128 148 112 131 152
145 149 153
10 mph
125 150 175 128 153 179 131 156 184
108 111 114
0 mph
107 125 145 110 128 147 112 131 151
122 125 128
0oF 5 mph
114 134 157 117 138 160 119 140 163
166 168 172
10 mph
134 162 193 137 166 196 140 169 201
123 126 129
0 mph
114 135 157 117 138 157 119 141 164
137 139 143
-5oF 5 mph
121 144 168 123 147 171 126 150 174
183 188 191
10 mph
143 174 207 146 178 212 149 181 216
138 142 145
0 mph
122 145 169 125 142 174 128 152 177
151 154 157
-10oF 5 mph
129 154 181 130 156 183 133 159 169
203 207 211
10 mph
153 187 224 156 190 228 159 194 231
68
Flow Per Foot of Active Loop Length

Glycol Percentage Load
30% Glycol 40% Glycol 50% Glycol In
6" o.c. 9"o.c. 12" o.c. 6" o.c. 9"o.c. 12" o.c. 6" o.c. 9"o.c. 12" o.c. BTU/h/ft2
0.0008 0.0012 0.0017 0.0009 0.0013 0.0017 0.0009 0.0014 0.0018 20
0.0009 0.0014 0.0018 0.0009 0.0014 0.0019 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 22
0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0010 0.0015 0.0021 0.0011 0.0017 0.0022 24
0.0011 0.0016 0.0022 0.0011 0.0017 0.0022 0.0012 0.0018 0.0024 26
0.0012 0.0017 0.0023 0.0012 0.0018 0.0024 0.0013 0.0019 0.0026 28
0.0012 0.0019 0.0025 0.0013 0.0019 0.0026 0.0014 0.0021 0.0028 30
0.0013 0.0020 0.0027 0.0014 0.0021 0.0027 0.0015 0.0022 0.0029 32
0.0014 0.0021 0.0028 0.0015 0.0022 0.0029 0.0016 0.0023 0.0031 34
0.0015 0.0022 0.0030 0.0015 0.0023 0.0031 0.0017 0.0025 0.0033 36
0.0016 0.0024 0.0032 0.0016 0.0024 0.0033 0.0017 0.0026 0.0035 38
0.0017 0.0025 0.0033 0.0017 0.0026 0.0034 0.0018 0.0028 0.0037 40
0.0017 0.0026 0.0035 0.0018 0.0027 0.0036 0.0019 0.0029 0.0039 42
0.0018 0.0027 0.0037 0.0019 0.0028 0.0038 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 44
0.0019 0.0029 0.0038 0.0020 0.0030 0.0039 0.0021 0.0032 0.0042 46
0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 0.0021 0.0031 0.0041 0.0022 0.0033 0.0044 48
0.0021 0.0031 0.0042 0.0021 0.0032 0.0043 0.0023 0.0034 0.0046 50
0.0022 0.0032 0.0043 0.0022 0.0033 0.0045 0.0024 0.0036 0.0048 52
0.0022 0.0034 0.0045 0.0023 0.0035 0.0046 0.0025 0.0037 0.0050 54
0.0023 0.0035 0.0047 0.0024 0.0036 0.0048 0.0026 0.0039 0.0051 56
0.0024 0.0036 0.0048 0.0025 0.0037 0.0050 0.0027 0.0040 0.0053 58
0.0025 0.0037 0.0050 0.0026 0.0039 0.0051 0.0028 0.0041 0.0055 60
0.0026 0.0039 0.0052 0.0027 0.0040 0.0053 0.0028 0.0043 0.0057 62
0.0027 0.0040 0.0053 0.0027 0.0041 0.0055 0.0029 0.0044 0.0059 64
0.0027 0.0041 0.0055 0.0028 0.0042 0.0057 0.0030 0.0045 0.0061 66
0.0028 0.0042 0.0057 0.0029 0.0044 0.0058 0.0031 0.0047 0.0062 68
0.0029 0.0044 0.0058 0.0030 0.0045 0.0060 0.0032 0.0048 0.0064 70
0.0030 0.0045 0.0060 0.0031 0.0046 0.0062 0.0033 0.0050 0.0066 72
0.0031 0.0046 0.0062 0.0032 0.0048 0.0063 0.0034 0.0051 0.0068 74
0.0032 0.0047 0.0063 0.0033 0.0049 0.0065 0.0035 0.0052 0.0070 76
0.0032 0.0049 0.0065 0.0033 0.0050 0.0067 0.0036 0.0054 0.0072 78
0.0033 0.0050 0.0067 0.0034 0.0051 0.0069 0.0037 0.0055 0.0073 80
0.0034 0.0051 0.0068 0.0035 0.0053 0.0070 0.0038 0.0056 0.0075 82
0.0035 0.0052 0.0070 0.0036 0.0054 0.0072 0.0039 0.0058 0.0077 84
0.0036 0.0054 0.0072 0.0037 0.0055 0.0074 0.0039 0.0059 0.0079 86
0.0037 0.0055 0.0073 0.0038 0.0057 0.0075 0.0040 0.0061 0.0081 88
0.0037 0.0056 0.0075 0.0039 0.0058 0.0077 0.0041 0.0062 0.0083 90
0.0038 0.0057 0.0077 0.0039 0.0059 0.0079 0.0042 0.0063 0.0084 92
0.0039 0.0059 0.0078 0.0040 0.0060 0.0081 0.0043 0.0065 0.0086 94
0.0040 0.0060 0.0080 0.0041 0.0062 0.0082 0.0044 0.0066 0.0088 96
0.0041 0.0061 0.0082 0.0042 0.0063 0.0084 0.0045 0.0068 0.0090 98
To calculate flow for a given loop: Example:

1. Select the BTU/h/ft2 load that was determined from 1. A snow and ice melting system designed for 0°F with a
the Performance Charts in this Appendix. 10-mph wind with a 38°F surface temperature. The load
2. Select the percentage of glycol mix in the snow and ice is 145 BTU/h/ft2.
melting system. 2. Enter the flow charts at 146 BTU/h/ft2 (round up from 145 in
3. Within the glycol percentage column, select the step 1). Then move across to the 40% glycol with the tubing
on-center (o.c.) distance for the installed tubing. at 9" o.c.
4. Move horizontally from the BTU/h/ft2 load toward 3. Flow per foot is 0.0094 gpm. If the active loop is 200’ of a
the applicable o.c. column. total loop of 245’, multiply 0.0094 by 200 = 1.88 gpm per loop.
5. Where these lines intersect is the flow per foot of active loop.
6. Multiply the flow per loop value by the length of active
loop within the total loop to obtain the flow for the loop.
69

Load Glycol Percentage
In 30% Glycol 40% Glycol 50% Glycol
BTU/h/ft2 6" o.c. 9"o.c. 12" o.c. 6" o.c. 9"o.c. 12" o.c. 6" o.c. 9"o.c. 12" o.c.
100 0.0042 0.0062 0.0083 0.0043 0.0064 0.0086 0.0046 0.0069 0.0092
102 0.0042 0.0064 0.0085 0.0044 0.0066 0.0087 0.0047 0.0070 0.0094
104 0.0043 0.0065 0.0087 0.0045 0.0067 0.0089 0.0048 0.0072 0.0096
106 0.0044 0.0066 0.0088 0.0045 0.0068 0.0091 0.0049 0.0073 0.0097
108 0.0045 0.0067 0.0090 0.0046 0.0069 0.0092 0.0050 0.0074 0.0099
110 0.0046 0.0069 0.0092 0.0047 0.0071 0.0094 0.0051 0.0076 0.0101
112 0.0047 0.0070 0.0093 0.0048 0.0072 0.0096 0.0051 0.0077 0.0103
114 0.0047 0.0071 0.0095 0.0049 0.0073 0.0098 0.0052 0.0079 0.0105
116 0.0048 0.0072 0.0097 0.0050 0.0075 0.0099 0.0053 0.0080 0.0107
118 0.0049 0.0074 0.0098 0.0051 0.0076 0.0101 0.0054 0.0081 0.0108
120 0.0050 0.0075 0.0100 0.0051 0.0077 0.0103 0.0055 0.0083 0.0110
122 0.0051 0.0076 0.0102 0.0052 0.0078 0.0104 0.0056 0.0084 0.0112
124 0.0052 0.0077 0.0103 0.0053 0.0080 0.0106 0.0057 0.0085 0.0114
126 0.0052 0.0079 0.0105 0.0054 0.0081 0.0108 0.0058 0.0087 0.0116
128 0.0053 0.0080 0.0107 0.0055 0.0082 0.0110 0.0059 0.0088 0.0118
130 0.0054 0.0081 0.0108 0.0056 0.0083 0.0111 0.0060 0.0090 0.0119
132 0.0055 0.0082 0.0110 0.0057 0.0085 0.0113 0.0061 0.0091 0.0121
134 0.0056 0.0084 0.0112 0.0057 0.0086 0.0115 0.0062 0.0092 0.0123
136 0.0057 0.0085 0.0113 0.0058 0.0087 0.0116 0.0062 0.0094 0.0125
138 0.0058 0.0087 0.0116 0.0060 0.0089 0.0119 0.0064 0.0096 0.0128
140 0.0058 0.0087 0.0117 0.0060 0.0090 0.0120 0.0064 0.0096 0.0129
142 0.0059 0.0089 0.0118 0.0061 0.0091 0.0122 0.0065 0.0098 0.0130
144 0.0060 0.0090 0.0120 0.0062 0.0092 0.0123 0.0066 0.0099 0.0132
146 0.0061 0.0091 0.0122 0.0063 0.0094 0.0125 0.0067 0.0101 0.0134
148 0.0062 0.0092 0.0123 0.0063 0.0095 0.0127 0.0068 0.0102 0.0136
150 0.0062 0.0094 0.0125 0.0064 0.0096 0.0128 0.0069 0.0103 0.0138
152 0.0063 0.0095 0.0127 0.0065 0.0098 0.0130 0.0070 0.0105 0.0140
154 0.0064 0.0096 0.0128 0.0066 0.0099 0.0132 0.0071 0.0106 0.0141
156 0.0065 0.0097 0.0130 0.0067 0.0100 0.0134 0.0072 0.0107 0.0143
158 0.0066 0.0099 0.0132 0.0068 0.0101 0.0135 0.0073 0.0109 0.0145
160 0.0067 0.0100 0.0133 0.0069 0.0103 0.0137 0.0073 0.0110 0.0147
162 0.0067 0.0101 0.0135 0.0069 0.0104 0.0139 0.0074 0.0112 0.0149
164 0.0068 0.0102 0.0137 0.0070 0.0105 0.0140 0.0075 0.0113 0.0151
166 0.0069 0.0104 0.0138 0.0071 0.0107 0.0142 0.0076 0.0114 0.0152
168 0.0070 0.0105 0.0140 0.0072 0.0108 0.0144 0.0077 0.0116 0.0154
170 0.0071 0.0106 0.0142 0.0073 0.0109 0.0146 0.0078 0.0117 0.0156
172 0.0072 0.0107 0.0143 0.0074 0.0110 0.0147 0.0079 0.0118 0.0158
174 0.0072 0.0109 0.0145 0.0075 0.0112 0.0149 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160
176 0.0073 0.0110 0.0147 0.0075 0.0113 0.0151 0.0081 0.0121 0.0162
178 0.0074 0.0111 0.0148 0.0076 0.0114 0.0152 0.0082 0.0123 0.0163
70

Glycol Percentage Load
30% Glycol 40% Glycol 50% Glycol In
6" o.c. 9"o.c. 12" o.c. 6" o.c. 9"o.c. 12" o.c. 6" o.c. 9"o.c. 12" o.c. BTU/h/ft2
0.0075 0.0112 0.0150 0.0077 0.0116 0.0154 0.0083 0.0124 0.0165 180
0.0076 0.0114 0.0152 0.0078 0.0117 0.0156 0.0084 0.0125 0.0167 182
0.0077 0.0115 0.0153 0.0079 0.0118 0.0158 0.0084 0.0127 0.0169 184
0.0077 0.0116 0.0155 0.0080 0.0119 0.0159 0.0085 0.0128 0.0171 186
0.0078 0.0117 0.0157 0.0081 0.0121 0.0161 0.0086 0.0129 0.0173 188
0.0079 0.0119 0.0158 0.0081 0.0122 0.0163 0.0087 0.0131 0.0174 190
0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0082 0.0123 0.0164 0.0088 0.0132 0.0176 192
0.0081 0.0121 0.0162 0.0083 0.0125 0.0166 0.0089 0.0134 0.0178 194
0.0082 0.0122 0.0163 0.0084 0.0126 0.0168 0.0090 0.0135 0.0180 196
0.0082 0.0124 0.0165 0.0085 0.0127 0.0170 0.0091 0.0136 0.0182 198
0.0083 0.0125 0.0167 0.0086 0.0128 0.0171 0.0092 0.0138 0.0184 200
0.0084 0.0126 0.0168 0.0086 0.0130 0.0173 0.0093 0.0139 0.0186 202
0.0085 0.0127 0.0170 0.0087 0.0131 0.0175 0.0094 0.0141 0.0187 204
0.0086 0.0129 0.0172 0.0088 0.0132 0.0176 0.0095 0.0142 0.0189 206
0.0087 0.0130 0.0173 0.0089 0.0134 0.0178 0.0096 0.0143 0.0191 208
0.0087 0.0131 0.0175 0.0090 0.0135 0.0180 0.0096 0.0145 0.0193 210
0.0088 0.0132 0.0177 0.0091 0.0136 0.0182 0.0097 0.0146 0.0195 212
0.0089 0.0134 0.0178 0.0092 0.0137 0.0183 0.0098 0.0147 0.0197 214
0.0090 0.0135 0.0180 0.0092 0.0139 0.0185 0.0099 0.0149 0.0198 216
0.0091 0.0136 0.0182 0.0093 0.0140 0.0187 0.0100 0.0150 0.0200 218
0.0092 0.0137 0.0183 0.0094 0.0141 0.0188 0.0101 0.0152 0.0202 220
0.0092 0.0139 0.0185 0.0095 0.0143 0.0190 0.0102 0.0153 0.0204 222
0.0093 0.0140 0.0187 0.0096 0.0144 0.0192 0.0103 0.0154 0.0206 224
0.0094 0.0141 0.0188 0.0097 0.0145 0.0194 0.0104 0.0156 0.0208 226
0.0095 0.0142 0.0190 0.0098 0.0146 0.0195 0.0105 0.0157 0.0209 228
0.0096 0.0144 0.0192 0.0098 0.0148 0.0197 0.0106 0.0158 0.0211 230
0.0097 0.0145 0.0193 0.0099 0.0149 0.0199 0.0107 0.0160 0.0213 232
0.0097 0.0146 0.0195 0.0100 0.0150 0.0200 0.0107 0.0161 0.0215 234
0.0098 0.0147 0.0197 0.0101 0.0152 0.0202 0.0108 0.0163 0.0217 236
0.0099 0.0149 0.0198 0.0102 0.0153 0.0204 0.0109 0.0164 0.0219 238
0.0100 0.0150 0.0200 0.0103 0.0154 0.0206 0.0110 0.0165 0.0220 240
0.0101 0.0151 0.0202 0.0104 0.0155 0.0207 0.0111 0.0167 0.0222 242
0.0102 0.0152 0.0203 0.0104 0.0157 0.0209 0.0112 0.0168 0.0224 244
0.0102 0.0154 0.0205 0.0105 0.0158 0.0211 0.0113 0.0169 0.0226 246
0.0103 0.0155 0.0207 0.0106 0.0159 0.0212 0.0114 0.0171 0.0228 248
0.0104 0.0156 0.0208 0.0107 0.0161 0.0214 0.0115 0.0172 0.0230 250
0.0105 0.0157 0.0210 0.0108 0.0162 0.0216 0.0116 0.0174 0.0231 252
0.0106 0.0159 0.0212 0.0109 0.0163 0.0218 0.0117 0.0175 0.0233 254
0.0107 0.0160 0.0213 0.0110 0.0164 0.0219 0.0118 0.0176 0.0235 256
0.0107 0.0161 0.0215 0.0110 0.0166 0.0221 0.0118 0.0178 0.0237 258
71
Notes
72
Appendix D — hePEX plus and AQUAPEX Pressure Loss Charts
30% Glycol / Water Solution
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT

5/8" hePEX plus and AQUAPEX 3/4" hePEX plus and AQUAPEX
Head (Feet of Water) Per Foot of Tubing Head (Feet of Water) Per Foot of Tubing
gpm 80oF 100oF 120oF 140oF 160oF 180oF gpm 80oF 100oF 120oF 140oF 160oF 180oF
0.1 0.00032 0.00030 0.00028 0.00026 0.00025 0.00024 0.5 0.00263 0.00249 0.00230 0.00219 0.00208 0.00201
0.2 0.00109 0.00103 0.00095 0.00090 0.00086 0.00083 0.6 0.00364 0.00345 0.00318 0.00304 0.00288 0.00278
0.3 0.00224 0.00212 0.00195 0.00186 0.00176 0.00170 0.7 0.00479 0.00453 0.00419 0.00400 0.00379 0.00366
0.4 0.00373 0.00353 0.00326 0.00311 0.00295 0.00285 0.8 0.00608 0.00575 0.00531 0.00507 0.00481 0.00465
0.5 0.00555 0.00525 0.00485 0.00463 0.00439 0.00424 0.9 0.00750 0.00710 0.00655 0.00626 0.00594 0.00573
0.6 0.00768 0.00727 0.00671 0.00641 0.00608 0.00587 1.0 0.00905 0.00857 0.00791 0.00756 0.00717 0.00692
0.7 0.01011 0.00957 0.00883 0.00844 0.00800 0.00773 1.1 0.01072 0.01015 0.00938 0.00896 0.00850 0.00821
0.8 0.01283 0.01214 0.01121 0.01071 0.01016 0.00981 1.2 0.01252 0.01186 0.01095 0.01047 0.00993 0.00959
0.9 0.01582 0.01498 0.01383 0.01322 0.01254 0.01211 1.3 0.01444 0.01368 0.01264 0.01208 0.01146 0.01107
1.0 0.01909 0.01808 0.01670 0.01596 0.01513 0.01462 1.4 0.01649 0.01561 0.01442 0.01379 0.01308 0.01264
1.1 0.02263 0.02143 0.01979 0.01892 0.01795 0.01734 1.5 0.01865 0.01766 0.01632 0.01560 0.01480 0.01430
1.2 0.02643 0.02503 0.02312 0.02211 0.02097 0.02026 1.6 0.02092 0.01982 0.01831 0.01751 0.01661 0.01605
1.3 0.03049 0.02887 0.02668 0.02551 0.02420 0.02338 1.7 0.02331 0.02208 0.02041 0.01951 0.01851 0.01789
1.4 0.03480 0.03296 0.03046 0.02912 0.02763 0.02669 1.8 0.02582 0.02446 0.02260 0.02161 0.02051 0.01982
1.5 0.03936 0.03728 0.03446 0.03295 0.03126 0.03021 1.9 0.02843 0.02694 0.02490 0.02381 0.02259 0.02183
1.6 0.04416 0.04184 0.03867 0.03698 0.03509 0.03391 2.0 0.03116 0.02952 0.02729 0.02610 0.02477 0.02393
1.7 0.04921 0.04663 0.04310 0.04122 0.03911 0.03780 2.1 0.03400 0.03221 0.02978 0.02848 0.02703 0.02612
1.8 0.05450 0.05164 0.04774 0.04566 0.04333 0.04187 2.2 0.03694 0.03500 0.03236 0.03095 0.02938 0.02839
1.9 0.06003 0.05688 0.05259 0.05030 0.04774 0.04613 2.3 0.04000 0.03790 0.03504 0.03352 0.03181 0.03074
2.0 0.06579 0.06234 0.05765 0.05513 0.05233 0.05058 2.4 0.04316 0.04089 0.03782 0.03617 0.03433 0.03318
2.1 0.07178 0.06802 0.06291 0.06017 0.05711 0.05520 2.5 0.04642 0.04399 0.04068 0.03891 0.03694 0.03570
2.2 0.07800 0.07392 0.06837 0.06539 0.06208 0.06000 2.6 0.04979 0.04719 0.04364 0.04174 0.03963 0.03830
2.3 0.08445 0.08004 0.07403 0.07081 0.06723 0.06498 2.7 0.05327 0.05048 0.04669 0.04466 0.04240 0.04098
2.4 0.09113 0.08637 0.07989 0.07642 0.07256 0.07013 2.8 0.05684 0.05387 0.04983 0.04767 0.04526 0.04375
2.5 0.09803 0.09291 0.08595 0.08222 0.07807 0.07546 2.9 0.06052 0.05736 0.05307 0.05076 0.04820 0.04659
2.6 0.10515 0.09967 0.09221 0.08821 0.08376 0.08096 3.0 0.06430 0.06095 0.05639 0.05394 0.05122 0.04951
2.7 0.11249 0.10663 0.09865 0.09438 0.08962 0.08663 3.1 0.06819 0.06463 0.05980 0.05721 0.05432 0.05251
2.8 0.12004 0.11380 0.10530 0.10074 0.09566 0.09248 3.2 0.07217 0.06841 0.06330 0.06056 0.05750 0.05559
2.9 0.12782 0.12117 0.11213 0.10728 0.10188 0.09849 3.3 0.07625 0.07228 0.06688 0.06399 0.06077 0.05874
3.0 0.13581 0.12875 0.11915 0.11400 0.10827 0.10467 3.4 0.08043 0.07625 0.07056 0.06751 0.06411 0.06198
3.1 0.14401 0.13654 0.12636 0.12091 0.11483 0.11102 3.5 0.08471 0.08031 0.07432 0.07111 0.06753 0.06529
3.2 0.15243 0.14452 0.13376 0.12799 0.12156 0.11753 3.6 0.08909 0.08447 0.07817 0.07480 0.07104 0.06868
3.3 0.16106 0.15271 0.14134 0.13525 0.12847 0.12420 3.7 0.09357 0.08871 0.08210 0.07856 0.07462 0.07214
3.4 0.16989 0.16109 0.14911 0.14269 0.13554 0.13105 3.8 0.09814 0.09305 0.08612 0.08241 0.07827 0.07568
3.5 0.17894 0.16967 0.15707 0.15031 0.14278 0.13805 3.9 0.10281 0.09748 0.09023 0.08634 0.08201 0.07929
3.6 0.18819 0.17845 0.16520 0.15810 0.15019 0.14521 4.0 0.10757 0.10200 0.09442 0.09035 0.08582 0.08298
3.7 0.19765 0.18743 0.17352 0.16607 0.15776 0.15254 4.1 0.11243 0.10661 0.09869 0.09445 0.08971 0.08674
3.8 0.20731 0.19660 0.18202 0.17421 0.16550 0.16003 4.2 0.11739 0.11131 0.10305 0.09862 0.09368 0.09058
3.9 0.21718 0.20596 0.19070 0.18252 0.17340 0.16767 4.3 0.12244 0.11610 0.10749 0.10287 0.09772 0.09449
4.0 0.22725 0.21552 0.19956 0.19101 0.18147 0.17548 4.4 0.12758 0.12099 0.11201 0.10720 0.10184 0.09847
4.5 0.13282 0.12596 0.11662 0.11161 0.10604 0.10253
4.6 0.13814 0.13101 0.12131 0.11610 0.11031 0.10666
4.7 0.14357 0.13616 0.12608 0.12067 0.11465 0.11086
4.8 0.14908 0.14139 0.13093 0.12532 0.11907 0.11514
4.9 0.15469 0.14672 0.13587 0.13005 0.12356 0.11949
5.0 0.16039 0.15212 0.14088 0.13485 0.12813 0.12391
5.1 0.16618 0.15762 0.14598 0.13973 0.13277 0.12840
5.2 0.17206 0.16320 0.15115 0.14469 0.13749 0.13296
5.3 0.17803 0.16887 0.15641 0.14972 0.14227 0.13759
5.4 0.18409 0.17462 0.16174 0.15483 0.14713 0.14229
5.5 0.19024 0.18046 0.16716 0.16002 0.15207 0.14707
73

1" hePEX plus and AQUAPEX 1 1/4" AQUAPEX
o o o o o o o o o o o o
gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F 160 F 180 F gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F 160 F 180 F
2.0 0.00940 0.00890 0.00823 0.00786 0.00746 0.00721 3.0 0.00740 0.00701 0.00648 0.00620 0.00588 0.00569
2.2 0.01114 0.01055 0.00975 0.00933 0.00885 0.00855 3.2 0.00831 0.00787 0.00728 0.00696 0.00660 0.00638
2.4 0.01301 0.01233 0.01139 0.01090 0.01034 0.00999 3.4 0.00926 0.00877 0.00811 0.00776 0.00736 0.00711
2.6 0.01501 0.01422 0.01315 0.01257 0.01193 0.01153 3.6 0.01025 0.00972 0.00898 0.00859 0.00816 0.00788
2.8 0.01714 0.01624 0.01501 0.01436 0.01363 0.01317 3.8 0.01129 0.01070 0.00990 0.00947 0.00899 0.00868
3.0 0.01939 0.01837 0.01699 0.01625 0.01542 0.01490 4.0 0.01238 0.01173 0.01085 0.01038 0.00985 0.00952
3.2 0.02175 0.02062 0.01907 0.01824 0.01731 0.01673 4.2 0.01351 0.01280 0.01184 0.01132 0.01075 0.01039
3.4 0.02424 0.02298 0.02125 0.02033 0.01930 0.01865 4.4 0.01468 0.01391 0.01287 0.01231 0.01169 0.01130
3.6 0.02685 0.02545 0.02354 0.02252 0.02138 0.02066 4.6 0.01589 0.01506 0.01393 0.01333 0.01266 0.01223
3.8 0.02958 0.02803 0.02593 0.02481 0.02356 0.02277 4.8 0.01715 0.01625 0.01504 0.01439 0.01366 0.01320
4.0 0.03242 0.03073 0.02843 0.02720 0.02583 0.02496 5.0 0.01845 0.01748 0.01618 0.01548 0.01470 0.01421
4.2 0.03537 0.03353 0.03103 0.02968 0.02819 0.02725 5.2 0.01979 0.01876 0.01736 0.01660 0.01577 0.01524
4.4 0.03844 0.03644 0.03372 0.03227 0.03064 0.02962 5.4 0.02117 0.02007 0.01857 0.01777 0.01687 0.01631
4.6 0.04162 0.03946 0.03652 0.03494 0.03319 0.03208 5.6 0.02259 0.02142 0.01982 0.01896 0.01801 0.01741
4.8 0.04491 0.04258 0.03941 0.03771 0.03582 0.03463 5.8 0.02405 0.02280 0.02111 0.02020 0.01918 0.01854
5.0 0.04832 0.04581 0.04240 0.04058 0.03854 0.03726 6.0 0.02556 0.02423 0.02243 0.02146 0.02038 0.01971
5.2 0.05183 0.04915 0.04549 0.04354 0.04135 0.03998 6.2 0.02710 0.02570 0.02379 0.02276 0.02162 0.02090
5.4 0.05545 0.05258 0.04868 0.04658 0.04425 0.04279 6.4 0.02869 0.02720 0.02518 0.02410 0.02289 0.02213
5.6 0.05918 0.05612 0.05196 0.04973 0.04724 0.04568 6.6 0.03031 0.02874 0.02661 0.02546 0.02419 0.02339
5.8 0.06302 0.05976 0.05533 0.05296 0.05031 0.04865 6.8 0.03197 0.03032 0.02807 0.02686 0.02552 0.02468
6.0 0.06696 0.06350 0.05880 0.05628 0.05347 0.05170 7.0 0.03368 0.03194 0.02957 0.02830 0.02688 0.02600
6.2 0.07101 0.06735 0.06236 0.05969 0.05671 0.05484 7.2 0.03542 0.03359 0.03110 0.02977 0.02828 0.02735
6.4 0.07516 0.07129 0.06602 0.06319 0.06004 0.05806 7.4 0.03720 0.03528 0.03267 0.03127 0.02971 0.02873
6.6 0.07942 0.07533 0.06977 0.06678 0.06346 0.06137 7.6 0.03902 0.03701 0.03427 0.03280 0.03116 0.03014
6.8 0.08378 0.07947 0.07361 0.07046 0.06695 0.06475 7.8 0.04087 0.03877 0.03590 0.03437 0.03265 0.03158
7.0 0.08825 0.08371 0.07754 0.07422 0.07053 0.06821 8.0 0.04277 0.04057 0.03757 0.03596 0.03417 0.03305
8.2 0.04470 0.04240 0.03927 0.03759 0.03572 0.03455
8.4 0.04668 0.04428 0.04101 0.03926 0.03730 0.03608
8.6 0.04868 0.04618 0.04278 0.04095 0.03892 0.03764
8.8 0.05073 0.04813 0.04458 0.04268 0.04056 0.03922
9.0 0.05282 0.05010 0.04641 0.04443 0.04223 0.04084
9.2 0.05494 0.05212 0.04828 0.04622 0.04393 0.04249
9.4 0.05709 0.05417 0.05018 0.04804 0.04566 0.04416
9.6 0.05929 0.05625 0.05212 0.04990 0.04742 0.04587
9.8 0.06152 0.05837 0.05408 0.05178 0.04922 0.04760
10.0 0.06379 0.06052 0.05608 0.05369 0.05104 0.04936
10.2 0.06609 0.06271 0.05811 0.05564 0.05289 0.05116
10.4 0.06843 0.06493 0.06017 0.05761 0.05477 0.05297
10.6 0.07081 0.06719 0.06227 0.05962 0.05668 0.05482
10.8 0.07322 0.06948 0.06439 0.06166 0.05861 0.05670
11.0 0.07567 0.07181 0.06655 0.06373 0.06058 0.05860
74
PRESSURE LOSS PER FOOT

1 1/2" AQUAPEX
Head (Feet of Water) Per Foot of Tubing
o o o o o o
gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F 160 F 180 F
6.0 0.01156 0.01095 0.01014 0.00970 0.00921 0.00890
6.2 0.01225 0.01162 0.01075 0.01028 0.00977 0.00944
6.4 0.01297 0.01230 0.01138 0.01089 0.01034 0.01000
6.6 0.01370 0.01299 0.01202 0.01150 0.01093 0.01056
6.8 0.01446 0.01371 0.01268 0.01214 0.01153 0.01114
7.0 0.01523 0.01444 0.01336 0.01279 0.01214 0.01174
7.2 0.01601 0.01518 0.01405 0.01345 0.01277 0.01235
7.4 0.01682 0.01595 0.01476 0.01412 0.01342 0.01297
7.6 0.01764 0.01673 0.01548 0.01482 0.01407 0.01361
7.8 0.01848 0.01752 0.01622 0.01552 0.01475 0.01426
8.0 0.01933 0.01834 0.01697 0.01625 0.01543 0.01492
8.2 0.02021 0.01916 0.01774 0.01698 0.01613 0.01560
8.4 0.02110 0.02001 0.01853 0.01773 0.01685 0.01629
8.6 0.02201 0.02087 0.01933 0.01850 0.01757 0.01699
8.8 0.02293 0.02175 0.02014 0.01928 0.01831 0.01771
9.0 0.02387 0.02264 0.02097 0.02007 0.01907 0.01844
9.2 0.02483 0.02355 0.02181 0.02088 0.01984 0.01918
9.4 0.02581 0.02448 0.02267 0.02170 0.02062 0.01994
9.6 0.02680 0.02542 0.02354 0.02253 0.02141 0.02071
9.8 0.02781 0.02638 0.02443 0.02338 0.02222 0.02149
10.0 0.02883 0.02735 0.02533 0.02425 0.02304 0.02228
10.2 0.02987 0.02834 0.02625 0.02513 0.02388 0.02309
10.4 0.03093 0.02934 0.02718 0.02602 0.02473 0.02391
10.6 0.03200 0.03036 0.02812 0.02692 0.02559 0.02475
10.8 0.03309 0.03139 0.02908 0.02784 0.02646 0.02559
11.0 0.03420 0.03244 0.03006 0.02878 0.02735 0.02645
11.2 0.03532 0.03351 0.03105 0.02972 0.02825 0.02732
11.4 0.03646 0.03459 0.03205 0.03068 0.02916 0.02821
11.6 0.03761 0.03569 0.03306 0.03166 0.03009 0.02910
11.8 0.03878 0.03680 0.03409 0.03264 0.03103 0.03001
12.0 0.03997 0.03792 0.03514 0.03365 0.03198 0.03093
12.2 0.04117 0.03906 0.03620 0.03466 0.03295 0.03187
12.4 0.04239 0.04022 0.03727 0.03569 0.03392 0.03281
12.6 0.04362 0.04139 0.03836 0.03673 0.03491 0.03377
12.8 0.04487 0.04258 0.03946 0.03778 0.03592 0.03474
13.0 0.04613 0.04378 0.04057 0.03885 0.03693 0.03573
13.2 0.04741 0.04499 0.04170 0.03993 0.03796 0.03672
13.4 0.04871 0.04622 0.04284 0.04103 0.03900 0.03773
13.6 0.05002 0.04747 0.04400 0.04213 0.04006 0.03875
13.8 0.05135 0.04873 0.04517 0.04325 0.04112 0.03978
14.0 0.05269 0.05000 0.04635 0.04439 0.04220 0.04083
14.2 0.05405 0.05129 0.04755 0.04553 0.04329 0.04188
14.4 0.05542 0.05260 0.04876 0.04669 0.04440 0.04295
14.6 0.05681 0.05392 0.04998 0.04787 0.04551 0.04403
14.8 0.05821 0.05525 0.05122 0.04905 0.04664 0.04512
15.0 0.05963 0.05660 0.05247 0.05025 0.04778 0.04623
15.2 0.06106 0.05796 0.05373 0.05146 0.04894 0.04734
15.4 0.06251 0.05933 0.05501 0.05269 0.05010 0.04847
15.6 0.06397 0.06072 0.05630 0.05392 0.05128 0.04961
15.8 0.06545 0.06213 0.05761 0.05517 0.05247 0.05076
16.0 0.06695 0.06355 0.05892 0.05644 0.05367 0.05193
16.2 0.06846 0.06498 0.06025 0.05771 0.05488 0.05310
16.4 0.06998 0.06643 0.06160 0.05900 0.05611 0.05429
16.6 0.07152 0.06789 0.06295 0.06030 0.05735 0.05549
16.8 0.07307 0.06937 0.06433 0.06161 0.05860 0.05670
17.0 0.07464 0.07086 0.06571 0.06294 0.05986 0.05792
75

0.1 0.00035 0.00033 0.00030 0.00028 0.00027 0.00025 0.5 0.00289 0.00270 0.00252 0.00235 0.00221 0.00210
0.2 0.00120 0.00112 0.00104 0.00097 0.00091 0.00087 0.6 0.00400 0.00373 0.00349 0.00325 0.00306 0.00291
0.3 0.00246 0.00229 0.00214 0.00200 0.00188 0.00178 0.7 0.00526 0.00491 0.00459 0.00428 0.00403 0.00383
0.4 0.00410 0.00383 0.00357 0.00333 0.00313 0.00298 0.8 0.00667 0.00623 0.00582 0.00543 0.00511 0.00486
0.5 0.00610 0.00569 0.00532 0.00496 0.00466 0.00443 0.9 0.00823 0.00769 0.00718 0.00671 0.00631 0.00600
0.6 0.00843 0.00788 0.00736 0.00687 0.00646 0.00614 1.0 0.00993 0.00927 0.00867 0.00809 0.00761 0.00724
0.7 0.01110 0.01036 0.00968 0.00904 0.00850 0.00808 1.1 0.01177 0.01099 0.01027 0.00959 0.00903 0.00858
0.8 0.01408 0.01315 0.01228 0.01147 0.01079 0.01026 1.2 0.01374 0.01284 0.01200 0.01121 0.01054 0.01002
0.9 0.01736 0.01622 0.01515 0.01415 0.01332 0.01266 1.3 0.01584 0.01480 0.01384 0.01293 0.01217 0.01157
1.0 0.02095 0.01957 0.01829 0.01708 0.01607 0.01528 1.4 0.01808 0.01690 0.01579 0.01476 0.01389 0.01321
1.1 0.02482 0.02319 0.02168 0.02025 0.01906 0.01812 1.5 0.02045 0.01911 0.01786 0.01669 0.01571 0.01494
1.2 0.02899 0.02709 0.02532 0.02366 0.02227 0.02117 1.6 0.02294 0.02144 0.02005 0.01873 0.01763 0.01677
1.3 0.03343 0.03124 0.02921 0.02729 0.02569 0.02443 1.7 0.02556 0.02389 0.02234 0.02088 0.01965 0.01869
1.4 0.03815 0.03566 0.03334 0.03116 0.02933 0.02790 1.8 0.02830 0.02646 0.02474 0.02312 0.02177 0.02070
1.5 0.04315 0.04033 0.03771 0.03525 0.03318 0.03156 1.9 0.03117 0.02914 0.02725 0.02547 0.02398 0.02281
1.6 0.04841 0.04526 0.04232 0.03956 0.03724 0.03543 2.0 0.03415 0.03193 0.02986 0.02791 0.02628 0.02500
1.7 0.05394 0.05043 0.04716 0.04409 0.04151 0.03949 2.1 0.03726 0.03484 0.03258 0.03046 0.02868 0.02729
1.8 0.05973 0.05585 0.05223 0.04883 0.04598 0.04374 2.2 0.04048 0.03785 0.03540 0.03310 0.03117 0.02966
1.9 0.06578 0.06151 0.05753 0.05379 0.05065 0.04819 2.3 0.04383 0.04098 0.03833 0.03584 0.03375 0.03211
2.0 0.07209 0.06741 0.06305 0.05896 0.05552 0.05283 2.4 0.04728 0.04422 0.04136 0.03868 0.03643 0.03466
2.1 0.07865 0.07354 0.06880 0.06433 0.06059 0.05765 2.5 0.05086 0.04756 0.04449 0.04161 0.03919 0.03729
2.2 0.08545 0.07992 0.07477 0.06992 0.06586 0.06267 2.6 0.05455 0.05101 0.04772 0.04463 0.04204 0.04000
2.3 0.09251 0.08652 0.08095 0.07571 0.07131 0.06786 2.7 0.05835 0.05457 0.05106 0.04775 0.04498 0.04280
2.4 0.09982 0.09336 0.08735 0.08170 0.07696 0.07324 2.8 0.06226 0.05823 0.05449 0.05096 0.04801 0.04569
2.5 0.10736 0.10042 0.09397 0.08789 0.08280 0.07880 2.9 0.06629 0.06200 0.05802 0.05426 0.05112 0.04865
2.6 0.11515 0.10772 0.10080 0.09428 0.08883 0.08454 3.0 0.07043 0.06588 0.06164 0.05766 0.05432 0.05170
2.7 0.12318 0.11523 0.10784 0.10088 0.09504 0.09046 3.1 0.07467 0.06985 0.06537 0.06115 0.05761 0.05483
2.8 0.13145 0.12297 0.11509 0.10766 0.10144 0.09656 3.2 0.07903 0.07393 0.06919 0.06472 0.06098 0.05804
2.9 0.13995 0.13093 0.12254 0.11465 0.10803 0.10283 3.3 0.08349 0.07811 0.07310 0.06839 0.06444 0.06134
3.0 0.14869 0.13912 0.13021 0.12182 0.11480 0.10928 3.4 0.08807 0.08239 0.07711 0.07214 0.06798 0.06471
3.1 0.15766 0.14752 0.13808 0.12919 0.12175 0.11590 3.5 0.09275 0.08678 0.08122 0.07599 0.07161 0.06816
3.2 0.16687 0.15614 0.14615 0.13676 0.12888 0.12269 3.6 0.09754 0.09126 0.08542 0.07992 0.07532 0.07170
3.3 0.17630 0.16497 0.15443 0.14451 0.13619 0.12966 3.7 0.10243 0.09584 0.08971 0.08394 0.07911 0.07531
3.4 0.18596 0.17402 0.16291 0.15245 0.14368 0.13680 3.8 0.10743 0.10052 0.09410 0.08805 0.08298 0.07900
3.5 0.19585 0.18328 0.17158 0.16058 0.15135 0.14410 3.9 0.11253 0.10530 0.09858 0.09225 0.08694 0.08277
3.6 0.20596 0.19275 0.18046 0.16889 0.15919 0.15158 4.0 0.11774 0.11018 0.10315 0.09653 0.09098 0.08662
3.7 0.21630 0.20244 0.18954 0.17739 0.16721 0.15922 4.1 0.12306 0.11516 0.10781 0.10089 0.09510 0.09054
3.8 0.22686 0.21233 0.19881 0.18608 0.17541 0.16703 4.2 0.12847 0.12023 0.11256 0.10535 0.09930 0.09455
3.9 0.23765 0.22243 0.20827 0.19495 0.18378 0.17500 4.3 0.13399 0.12540 0.11741 0.10989 0.10358 0.09863
4.0 0.24865 0.23274 0.21794 0.20400 0.19232 0.18314 4.4 0.13961 0.13067 0.12234 0.11451 0.10794 0.10278
4.5 0.14534 0.13603 0.12737 0.11922 0.11238 0.10701
4.6 0.15116 0.14149 0.13248 0.12401 0.11690 0.11132
4.7 0.15709 0.14704 0.13769 0.12888 0.12150 0.11571
4.8 0.16312 0.15268 0.14298 0.13384 0.12618 0.12016
4.9 0.16924 0.15842 0.14836 0.13888 0.13094 0.12470
5.0 0.17547 0.16426 0.15383 0.14400 0.13577 0.12931
5.1 0.18179 0.17018 0.15938 0.14921 0.14068 0.13399
5.2 0.18822 0.17620 0.16502 0.15450 0.14568 0.13874
5.3 0.19474 0.18232 0.17075 0.15987 0.15074 0.14357
5.4 0.20136 0.18852 0.17657 0.16532 0.15589 0.14848
5.5 0.20808 0.19482 0.18247 0.17085 0.16111 0.15346
76

2.0 0.01031 0.00963 0.00900 0.00841 0.00792 0.00753 3.0 0.00812 0.00759 0.00710 0.00663 0.00624 0.00594
2.2 0.01221 0.01142 0.01067 0.00998 0.00939 0.00893 3.2 0.00911 0.00851 0.00796 0.00744 0.00701 0.00667
2.4 0.01426 0.01333 0.01247 0.01166 0.01097 0.01044 3.4 0.01015 0.00949 0.00887 0.00830 0.00781 0.00743
2.6 0.01645 0.01538 0.01439 0.01345 0.01266 0.01205 3.6 0.01124 0.01051 0.00983 0.00919 0.00865 0.00823
2.8 0.01878 0.01756 0.01642 0.01535 0.01446 0.01376 3.8 0.01237 0.01157 0.01082 0.01012 0.00953 0.00907
3.0 0.02124 0.01986 0.01858 0.01737 0.01636 0.01557 4.0 0.01356 0.01268 0.01186 0.01109 0.01045 0.00994
3.2 0.02383 0.02229 0.02085 0.01950 0.01836 0.01747 4.2 0.01480 0.01384 0.01295 0.01211 0.01140 0.01085
3.4 0.02656 0.02484 0.02324 0.02173 0.02047 0.01948 4.4 0.01608 0.01504 0.01407 0.01316 0.01240 0.01180
3.6 0.02941 0.02751 0.02574 0.02407 0.02268 0.02158 4.6 0.01740 0.01628 0.01523 0.01425 0.01342 0.01277
3.8 0.03239 0.03030 0.02835 0.02652 0.02498 0.02378 4.8 0.01878 0.01757 0.01644 0.01538 0.01449 0.01379
4.0 0.03550 0.03321 0.03108 0.02907 0.02739 0.02607 5.0 0.02020 0.01890 0.01768 0.01654 0.01559 0.01483
4.2 0.03873 0.03623 0.03391 0.03172 0.02989 0.02845 5.2 0.02166 0.02027 0.01897 0.01775 0.01672 0.01592
4.4 0.04209 0.03938 0.03685 0.03448 0.03249 0.03093 5.4 0.02318 0.02168 0.02029 0.01899 0.01789 0.01703
4.6 0.04557 0.04263 0.03991 0.03734 0.03518 0.03349 5.6 0.02473 0.02314 0.02166 0.02026 0.01910 0.01818
4.8 0.04917 0.04601 0.04306 0.04030 0.03797 0.03615 5.8 0.02633 0.02464 0.02306 0.02158 0.02034 0.01936
5.0 0.05289 0.04949 0.04633 0.04335 0.04086 0.03890 6.0 0.02798 0.02618 0.02451 0.02293 0.02161 0.02057
5.2 0.05673 0.05309 0.04970 0.04651 0.04384 0.04174 6.2 0.02966 0.02776 0.02599 0.02432 0.02292 0.02182
5.4 0.06069 0.05680 0.05317 0.04976 0.04691 0.04466 6.4 0.03140 0.02938 0.02751 0.02574 0.02426 0.02310
5.6 0.06476 0.06061 0.05675 0.05312 0.05007 0.04768 6.6 0.03317 0.03104 0.02906 0.02720 0.02564 0.02441
5.8 0.06896 0.06454 0.06043 0.05656 0.05332 0.05078 6.8 0.03499 0.03275 0.03066 0.02870 0.02705 0.02576
6.0 0.07327 0.06858 0.06422 0.06011 0.05667 0.05396 7.0 0.03685 0.03449 0.03229 0.03023 0.02849 0.02713
6.2 0.07769 0.07272 0.06810 0.06375 0.06010 0.05724 7.2 0.03876 0.03627 0.03397 0.03179 0.02997 0.02854
6.4 0.08223 0.07698 0.07209 0.06748 0.06363 0.06059 7.4 0.04070 0.03810 0.03567 0.03339 0.03148 0.02998
6.6 0.08688 0.08133 0.07617 0.07131 0.06724 0.06404 7.6 0.04269 0.03996 0.03742 0.03503 0.03302 0.03145
6.8 0.09165 0.08580 0.08036 0.07524 0.07094 0.06757 7.8 0.04472 0.04186 0.03920 0.03670 0.03460 0.03295
7.0 0.09653 0.09037 0.08464 0.07925 0.07473 0.07118 8.0 0.04679 0.04380 0.04102 0.03840 0.03621 0.03449
8.2 0.04890 0.04578 0.04288 0.04014 0.03785 0.03605
8.4 0.05106 0.04780 0.04477 0.04192 0.03952 0.03764
8.6 0.05325 0.04986 0.04670 0.04372 0.04123 0.03927
8.8 0.05549 0.05195 0.04866 0.04556 0.04297 0.04093
9.0 0.05776 0.05409 0.05066 0.04744 0.04474 0.04261
9.2 0.06008 0.05626 0.05270 0.04935 0.04654 0.04433
9.4 0.06244 0.05847 0.05477 0.05129 0.04837 0.04608
9.6 0.06484 0.06071 0.05688 0.05326 0.05023 0.04785
9.8 0.06727 0.06300 0.05902 0.05527 0.05213 0.04966
10.0 0.06975 0.06532 0.06119 0.05731 0.05406 0.05150
10.2 0.07227 0.06768 0.06341 0.05939 0.05601 0.05337
10.4 0.07482 0.07007 0.06565 0.06149 0.05800 0.05526
10.6 0.07742 0.07251 0.06794 0.06363 0.06002 0.05719
10.8 0.08005 0.07498 0.07025 0.06580 0.06207 0.05914
11.0 0.08273 0.07748 0.07260 0.06801 0.06415 0.06113
77

1 1/2" AQUAPEX
o o o o o o
gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F 160 F 180 F
6.0 0.01265 0.01184 0.01108 0.01036 0.00977 0.00930
6.2 0.01342 0.01255 0.01175 0.01099 0.01036 0.00986
6.4 0.01420 0.01329 0.01244 0.01163 0.01096 0.01044
6.6 0.01500 0.01404 0.01314 0.01229 0.01158 0.01103
6.8 0.01583 0.01481 0.01386 0.01297 0.01222 0.01163
7.0 0.01667 0.01560 0.01460 0.01366 0.01287 0.01226
7.2 0.01753 0.01640 0.01535 0.01437 0.01354 0.01289
7.4 0.01841 0.01723 0.01613 0.01509 0.01422 0.01354
7.6 0.01931 0.01807 0.01691 0.01583 0.01492 0.01421
7.8 0.02022 0.01893 0.01772 0.01658 0.01563 0.01488
8.0 0.02116 0.01980 0.01854 0.01735 0.01636 0.01558
8.2 0.02211 0.02070 0.01938 0.01814 0.01710 0.01628
8.4 0.02309 0.02161 0.02023 0.01894 0.01785 0.01700
8.6 0.02408 0.02254 0.02111 0.01976 0.01862 0.01773
8.8 0.02509 0.02349 0.02199 0.02059 0.01941 0.01848
9.0 0.02612 0.02445 0.02290 0.02143 0.02021 0.01924
9.2 0.02717 0.02543 0.02382 0.02229 0.02102 0.02002
9.4 0.02823 0.02643 0.02475 0.02317 0.02185 0.02081
9.6 0.02932 0.02744 0.02570 0.02406 0.02269 0.02161
9.8 0.03042 0.02848 0.02667 0.02497 0.02354 0.02242
10.0 0.03154 0.02952 0.02765 0.02589 0.02441 0.02325
10.2 0.03267 0.03059 0.02865 0.02683 0.02530 0.02410
10.4 0.03383 0.03167 0.02967 0.02778 0.02619 0.02495
10.6 0.03500 0.03277 0.03070 0.02874 0.02711 0.02582
10.8 0.03619 0.03389 0.03174 0.02972 0.02803 0.02670
11.0 0.03740 0.03502 0.03280 0.03072 0.02897 0.02760
11.2 0.03863 0.03617 0.03388 0.03173 0.02992 0.02851
11.4 0.03987 0.03733 0.03497 0.03275 0.03089 0.02943
11.6 0.04113 0.03851 0.03608 0.03379 0.03187 0.03036
11.8 0.04241 0.03971 0.03720 0.03484 0.03286 0.03131
12.0 0.04370 0.04093 0.03834 0.03591 0.03387 0.03227
12.2 0.04501 0.04216 0.03950 0.03699 0.03489 0.03324
12.4 0.04634 0.04340 0.04067 0.03809 0.03593 0.03423
12.6 0.04769 0.04466 0.04185 0.03920 0.03698 0.03523
12.8 0.04905 0.04594 0.04305 0.04032 0.03804 0.03624
13.0 0.05043 0.04724 0.04426 0.04146 0.03911 0.03727
13.2 0.05183 0.04855 0.04549 0.04261 0.04020 0.03830
13.4 0.05325 0.04987 0.04673 0.04378 0.04130 0.03935
13.6 0.05468 0.05122 0.04799 0.04496 0.04242 0.04042
13.8 0.05613 0.05257 0.04927 0.04615 0.04354 0.04149
14.0 0.05759 0.05395 0.05056 0.04736 0.04468 0.04258
14.2 0.05907 0.05534 0.05186 0.04858 0.04584 0.04368
14.4 0.06057 0.05674 0.05318 0.04982 0.04701 0.04480
14.6 0.06209 0.05816 0.05451 0.05107 0.04819 0.04592
14.8 0.06362 0.05960 0.05586 0.05233 0.04938 0.04706
15.0 0.06516 0.06105 0.05722 0.05361 0.05059 0.04821
15.2 0.06673 0.06252 0.05859 0.05490 0.05181 0.04937
15.4 0.06831 0.06400 0.05999 0.05621 0.05304 0.05055
15.6 0.06991 0.06550 0.06139 0.05753 0.05428 0.05174
15.8 0.07152 0.06701 0.06281 0.05886 0.05554 0.05294
16.0 0.07315 0.06854 0.06425 0.06020 0.05681 0.05415
16.2 0.07480 0.07008 0.06569 0.06156 0.05810 0.05537
16.4 0.07646 0.07164 0.06716 0.06293 0.05939 0.05661
16.6 0.07814 0.07322 0.06863 0.06432 0.06070 0.05786
16.8 0.07983 0.07481 0.07013 0.06572 0.06202 0.05912
17.0 0.08154 0.07641 0.07163 0.06713 0.06336 0.06039
78

0.1 0.00039 0.00034 0.00032 0.00030 0.00028 0.00027 0.5 0.00319 0.00285 0.00262 0.00245 0.00232 0.00223
0.2 0.00132 0.00118 0.00108 0.00101 0.00096 0.00092 0.6 0.00442 0.00394 0.00362 0.00339 0.00321 0.00308
0.3 0.00272 0.00242 0.00222 0.00208 0.00197 0.00189 0.7 0.00581 0.00518 0.00476 0.00446 0.00423 0.00406
0.4 0.00453 0.00404 0.00371 0.00347 0.00329 0.00316 0.8 0.00736 0.00657 0.00604 0.00566 0.00537 0.00515
0.5 0.00673 0.00600 0.00552 0.00516 0.00490 0.00470 0.9 0.00908 0.00810 0.00745 0.00698 0.00663 0.00635
0.6 0.00931 0.00830 0.00764 0.00715 0.00678 0.00650 1.0 0.01095 0.00977 0.00899 0.00842 0.00800 0.00767
0.7 0.01225 0.01092 0.01005 0.00941 0.00893 0.00856 1.1 0.01298 0.01158 0.01066 0.00998 0.00948 0.00909
0.8 0.01553 0.01386 0.01275 0.01194 0.01133 0.01086 1.2 0.01515 0.01353 0.01245 0.01166 0.01107 0.01062
0.9 0.01915 0.01709 0.01573 0.01473 0.01398 0.01341 1.3 0.01747 0.01560 0.01436 0.01345 0.01277 0.01225
1.0 0.02310 0.02062 0.01898 0.01777 0.01688 0.01618 1.4 0.01994 0.01780 0.01639 0.01535 0.01458 0.01398
1.1 0.02737 0.02444 0.02250 0.02107 0.02001 0.01919 1.5 0.02254 0.02013 0.01854 0.01736 0.01649 0.01582
1.2 0.03196 0.02854 0.02628 0.02461 0.02338 0.02242 1.6 0.02529 0.02259 0.02080 0.01949 0.01851 0.01775
1.3 0.03686 0.03292 0.03031 0.02839 0.02697 0.02586 1.7 0.02817 0.02517 0.02318 0.02171 0.02063 0.01978
1.4 0.04206 0.03757 0.03460 0.03241 0.03079 0.02953 1.8 0.03119 0.02787 0.02567 0.02405 0.02285 0.02191
1.5 0.04756 0.04249 0.03913 0.03666 0.03483 0.03340 1.9 0.03435 0.03069 0.02827 0.02649 0.02517 0.02414
1.6 0.05335 0.04767 0.04391 0.04114 0.03909 0.03749 2.0 0.03763 0.03363 0.03098 0.02903 0.02758 0.02646
1.7 0.05944 0.05311 0.04893 0.04585 0.04356 0.04179 2.1 0.04105 0.03669 0.03380 0.03167 0.03010 0.02887
1.8 0.06581 0.05882 0.05419 0.05078 0.04825 0.04629 2.2 0.04460 0.03986 0.03673 0.03442 0.03271 0.03138
1.9 0.07247 0.06477 0.05968 0.05593 0.05315 0.05099 2.3 0.04828 0.04316 0.03977 0.03727 0.03542 0.03398
2.0 0.07941 0.07098 0.06541 0.06130 0.05826 0.05589 2.4 0.05208 0.04656 0.04291 0.04022 0.03822 0.03667
2.1 0.08662 0.07744 0.07137 0.06689 0.06357 0.06099 2.5 0.05602 0.05008 0.04615 0.04326 0.04111 0.03945
2.2 0.09412 0.08415 0.07755 0.07270 0.06909 0.06629 2.6 0.06007 0.05371 0.04950 0.04640 0.04410 0.04232
2.3 0.10188 0.09110 0.08397 0.07871 0.07481 0.07178 2.7 0.06426 0.05746 0.05296 0.04965 0.04719 0.04527
2.4 0.10991 0.09829 0.09060 0.08494 0.08074 0.07747 2.8 0.06856 0.06131 0.05652 0.05298 0.05036 0.04832
2.5 0.11822 0.10573 0.09746 0.09137 0.08686 0.08334 2.9 0.07299 0.06528 0.06017 0.05642 0.05362 0.05146
2.6 0.12678 0.11340 0.10454 0.09802 0.09317 0.08941 3.0 0.07754 0.06935 0.06393 0.05994 0.05698 0.05468
2.7 0.13561 0.12131 0.11184 0.10487 0.09969 0.09566 3.1 0.08221 0.07354 0.06780 0.06357 0.06043 0.05799
2.8 0.14470 0.12945 0.11936 0.11192 0.10640 0.10210 3.2 0.08700 0.07783 0.07176 0.06728 0.06396 0.06138
2.9 0.15405 0.13783 0.12709 0.11917 0.11330 0.10873 3.3 0.09191 0.08223 0.07582 0.07109 0.06759 0.06486
3.0 0.16366 0.14643 0.13503 0.12663 0.12039 0.11554 3.4 0.09694 0.08673 0.07997 0.07499 0.07130 0.06842
3.1 0.17353 0.15527 0.14319 0.13429 0.12768 0.12254 3.5 0.10209 0.09134 0.08423 0.07899 0.07510 0.07207
3.2 0.18364 0.16434 0.15156 0.14214 0.13515 0.12971 3.6 0.10735 0.09606 0.08858 0.08307 0.07898 0.07580
3.3 0.19401 0.17363 0.16014 0.15019 0.14281 0.13707 3.7 0.11273 0.10088 0.09303 0.08725 0.08296 0.07962
3.4 0.20463 0.18314 0.16892 0.15844 0.15066 0.14461 3.8 0.11823 0.10580 0.09758 0.09152 0.08702 0.08352
3.5 0.21550 0.19289 0.17792 0.16689 0.15869 0.15232 3.9 0.12384 0.11083 0.10222 0.09588 0.09116 0.08750
3.6 0.22661 0.20285 0.18712 0.17552 0.16691 0.16022 4.0 0.12956 0.11596 0.10696 0.10032 0.09540 0.09156
3.7 0.23798 0.21303 0.19652 0.18435 0.17532 0.16829 4.1 0.13540 0.12120 0.11179 0.10486 0.09971 0.09571
3.8 0.24958 0.22344 0.20613 0.19337 0.18390 0.17653 4.2 0.14136 0.12653 0.11672 0.10948 0.10411 0.09994
3.9 0.26143 0.23406 0.21594 0.20259 0.19267 0.18495 4.3 0.14742 0.13197 0.12174 0.11420 0.10860 0.10425
4.0 0.27352 0.24490 0.22596 0.21199 0.20162 0.19355 4.4 0.15360 0.13750 0.12685 0.11900 0.11317 0.10863
4.5 0.15989 0.14314 0.13206 0.12389 0.11782 0.11310
4.6 0.16629 0.14888 0.13736 0.12886 0.12256 0.11765
4.7 0.17280 0.15472 0.14275 0.13393 0.12738 0.12228
4.8 0.17942 0.16066 0.14823 0.13908 0.13228 0.12699
4.9 0.18615 0.16669 0.15381 0.14431 0.13726 0.13177
5.0 0.19299 0.17283 0.15948 0.14963 0.14232 0.13664
5.1 0.19994 0.17906 0.16523 0.15504 0.14747 0.14158
5.2 0.20700 0.18539 0.17108 0.16053 0.15270 0.14660
5.3 0.21416 0.19181 0.17702 0.16611 0.15800 0.15170
5.4 0.22144 0.19834 0.18304 0.17177 0.16339 0.15688
5.5 0.22882 0.20496 0.18916 0.17751 0.16886 0.16213
79

2.0 0.01136 0.01015 0.00934 0.00875 0.00831 0.00797 3.0 0.00894 0.00799 0.00736 0.00690 0.00655 0.00629
2.2 0.01346 0.01203 0.01108 0.01038 0.00986 0.00946 3.2 0.01003 0.00897 0.00826 0.00774 0.00736 0.00706
2.4 0.01572 0.01405 0.01294 0.01212 0.01152 0.01105 3.4 0.01118 0.00999 0.00921 0.00863 0.00820 0.00786
2.6 0.01813 0.01620 0.01493 0.01399 0.01329 0.01275 3.6 0.01238 0.01106 0.01020 0.00955 0.00908 0.00871
2.8 0.02069 0.01849 0.01704 0.01597 0.01517 0.01456 3.8 0.01363 0.01219 0.01123 0.01052 0.01000 0.00960
3.0 0.02340 0.02092 0.01927 0.01806 0.01717 0.01647 4.0 0.01494 0.01335 0.01231 0.01154 0.01096 0.01052
3.2 0.02625 0.02347 0.02163 0.02027 0.01927 0.01849 4.2 0.01629 0.01457 0.01343 0.01259 0.01196 0.01148
3.4 0.02925 0.02615 0.02410 0.02260 0.02148 0.02060 4.4 0.01770 0.01583 0.01459 0.01368 0.01300 0.01248
3.6 0.03239 0.02896 0.02670 0.02503 0.02379 0.02283 4.6 0.01916 0.01714 0.01580 0.01481 0.01408 0.01351
3.8 0.03567 0.03190 0.02941 0.02757 0.02621 0.02515 4.8 0.02068 0.01849 0.01705 0.01598 0.01519 0.01458
4.0 0.03908 0.03496 0.03223 0.03022 0.02873 0.02757 5.0 0.02224 0.01989 0.01834 0.01720 0.01635 0.01569
4.2 0.04264 0.03814 0.03517 0.03298 0.03135 0.03009 5.2 0.02385 0.02134 0.01967 0.01845 0.01754 0.01683
4.4 0.04633 0.04145 0.03822 0.03584 0.03407 0.03270 5.4 0.02551 0.02282 0.02105 0.01974 0.01876 0.01801
4.6 0.05015 0.04488 0.04138 0.03881 0.03690 0.03541 5.6 0.02722 0.02436 0.02246 0.02106 0.02003 0.01922
4.8 0.05411 0.04842 0.04466 0.04188 0.03982 0.03822 5.8 0.02898 0.02593 0.02392 0.02243 0.02133 0.02047
5.0 0.05820 0.05209 0.04804 0.04506 0.04284 0.04112 6.0 0.03079 0.02755 0.02541 0.02383 0.02266 0.02175
5.2 0.06242 0.05587 0.05153 0.04834 0.04596 0.04412 6.2 0.03264 0.02922 0.02695 0.02527 0.02403 0.02307
5.4 0.06677 0.05977 0.05513 0.05172 0.04918 0.04721 6.4 0.03455 0.03092 0.02852 0.02675 0.02544 0.02442
5.6 0.07125 0.06379 0.05884 0.05520 0.05249 0.05039 6.6 0.03650 0.03267 0.03014 0.02827 0.02688 0.02580
5.8 0.07586 0.06792 0.06266 0.05878 0.05590 0.05366 6.8 0.03850 0.03446 0.03179 0.02982 0.02836 0.02722
6.0 0.08060 0.07216 0.06658 0.06246 0.05941 0.05703 7.0 0.04054 0.03630 0.03348 0.03141 0.02987 0.02868
6.2 0.08546 0.07652 0.07060 0.06624 0.06300 0.06049 7.2 0.04263 0.03817 0.03522 0.03304 0.03142 0.03016
6.4 0.09044 0.08099 0.07473 0.07012 0.06670 0.06403 7.4 0.04477 0.04009 0.03699 0.03470 0.03300 0.03168
6.6 0.09555 0.08557 0.07897 0.07410 0.07048 0.06767 7.6 0.04696 0.04205 0.03880 0.03640 0.03462 0.03324
6.8 0.10079 0.09027 0.08331 0.07817 0.07436 0.07139 7.8 0.04919 0.04405 0.04064 0.03813 0.03627 0.03482
7.0 0.10614 0.09507 0.08775 0.08234 0.07833 0.07520 8.0 0.05146 0.04609 0.04253 0.03990 0.03796 0.03644
8.2 0.05378 0.04817 0.04445 0.04171 0.03967 0.03809
8.4 0.05615 0.05029 0.04641 0.04355 0.04143 0.03977
8.6 0.05856 0.05245 0.04841 0.04543 0.04321 0.04149
8.8 0.06101 0.05465 0.05044 0.04734 0.04503 0.04324
9.0 0.06351 0.05690 0.05252 0.04929 0.04689 0.04502
9.2 0.06606 0.05918 0.05463 0.05127 0.04877 0.04683
9.4 0.06865 0.06150 0.05677 0.05328 0.05069 0.04868
9.6 0.07128 0.06386 0.05895 0.05533 0.05264 0.05055
9.8 0.07395 0.06626 0.06117 0.05742 0.05463 0.05246
10.0 0.07667 0.06871 0.06343 0.05954 0.05665 0.05440
10.2 0.07944 0.07118 0.06572 0.06169 0.05870 0.05637
10.4 0.08224 0.07370 0.06805 0.06388 0.06078 0.05837
10.6 0.08509 0.07626 0.07041 0.06610 0.06289 0.06040
10.8 0.08798 0.07885 0.07281 0.06835 0.06504 0.06246
11.0 0.09092 0.08149 0.07525 0.07064 0.06722 0.06456
80

1 1/2" AQUAPEX
o o o o o o
gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F 160 F 180 F
6.0 0.01393 0.01246 0.01149 0.01077 0.01024 0.00983
6.2 0.01477 0.01321 0.01218 0.01143 0.01086 0.01042
6.4 0.01563 0.01399 0.01290 0.01209 0.01150 0.01103
6.6 0.01651 0.01478 0.01363 0.01278 0.01215 0.01166
6.8 0.01742 0.01559 0.01437 0.01348 0.01282 0.01230
7.0 0.01834 0.01641 0.01514 0.01420 0.01350 0.01296
7.2 0.01929 0.01726 0.01592 0.01493 0.01420 0.01363
7.4 0.02026 0.01813 0.01672 0.01568 0.01491 0.01431
7.6 0.02124 0.01901 0.01754 0.01645 0.01564 0.01502
7.8 0.02225 0.01992 0.01837 0.01723 0.01639 0.01573
8.0 0.02328 0.02084 0.01922 0.01803 0.01715 0.01646
8.2 0.02433 0.02178 0.02009 0.01885 0.01793 0.01721
8.4 0.02540 0.02274 0.02098 0.01968 0.01872 0.01797
8.6 0.02649 0.02372 0.02188 0.02053 0.01952 0.01874
8.8 0.02760 0.02471 0.02280 0.02139 0.02035 0.01953
9.0 0.02873 0.02573 0.02374 0.02227 0.02118 0.02034
9.2 0.02988 0.02676 0.02469 0.02317 0.02203 0.02115
9.4 0.03105 0.02781 0.02566 0.02408 0.02290 0.02199
9.6 0.03224 0.02887 0.02665 0.02500 0.02378 0.02283
9.8 0.03345 0.02996 0.02765 0.02594 0.02468 0.02369
10.0 0.03468 0.03106 0.02867 0.02690 0.02559 0.02457
10.2 0.03593 0.03218 0.02970 0.02787 0.02651 0.02546
10.4 0.03720 0.03332 0.03075 0.02886 0.02745 0.02636
10.6 0.03849 0.03448 0.03182 0.02986 0.02841 0.02728
10.8 0.03979 0.03565 0.03290 0.03088 0.02938 0.02821
11.0 0.04112 0.03684 0.03400 0.03191 0.03036 0.02915
11.2 0.04246 0.03805 0.03512 0.03296 0.03136 0.03011
11.4 0.04383 0.03927 0.03625 0.03403 0.03237 0.03109
11.6 0.04521 0.04051 0.03740 0.03510 0.03340 0.03207
11.8 0.04662 0.04177 0.03856 0.03620 0.03444 0.03307
12.0 0.04804 0.04305 0.03974 0.03731 0.03549 0.03409
12.2 0.04948 0.04434 0.04094 0.03843 0.03656 0.03511
12.4 0.05094 0.04565 0.04215 0.03957 0.03765 0.03615
12.6 0.05242 0.04698 0.04337 0.04072 0.03874 0.03721
12.8 0.05391 0.04832 0.04462 0.04188 0.03985 0.03828
13.0 0.05543 0.04968 0.04587 0.04307 0.04098 0.03936
13.2 0.05696 0.05106 0.04715 0.04426 0.04212 0.04045
13.4 0.05851 0.05245 0.04844 0.04547 0.04327 0.04156
13.6 0.06009 0.05386 0.04974 0.04670 0.04444 0.04268
13.8 0.06167 0.05529 0.05106 0.04794 0.04562 0.04382
14.0 0.06328 0.05673 0.05239 0.04919 0.04681 0.04496
14.2 0.06491 0.05819 0.05374 0.05046 0.04802 0.04612
14.4 0.06655 0.05967 0.05511 0.05174 0.04924 0.04730
14.6 0.06821 0.06116 0.05649 0.05304 0.05048 0.04849
14.8 0.06990 0.06267 0.05788 0.05435 0.05173 0.04969
15.0 0.07159 0.06419 0.05929 0.05568 0.05299 0.05090
15.2 0.07331 0.06574 0.06072 0.05702 0.05427 0.05213
15.4 0.07504 0.06729 0.06216 0.05837 0.05556 0.05337
15.6 0.07680 0.06887 0.06362 0.05974 0.05686 0.05462
15.8 0.07857 0.07046 0.06509 0.06112 0.05818 0.05588
16.0 0.08036 0.07206 0.06657 0.06252 0.05951 0.05716
16.2 0.08216 0.07369 0.06807 0.06393 0.06085 0.05845
16.4 0.08399 0.07532 0.06959 0.06535 0.06221 0.05976
16.6 0.08583 0.07698 0.07112 0.06679 0.06358 0.06108
16.8 0.08769 0.07865 0.07266 0.06824 0.06496 0.06241
17.0 0.08956 0.08033 0.07422 0.06971 0.06636 0.06375
81
Notes
82
Appendix E — MultiCor Pressure Loss Charts

5/8" MultiCor 3/4" MultiCor
0.5 0.00364 0.00344 0.00318 0.00303 0.00288 0.00278 1.0 0.00409 0.00388 0.00358 0.00342 0.00324 0.00313
0.6 0.00504 0.00477 0.00440 0.00420 0.00398 0.00384 1.2 0.00567 0.00536 0.00495 0.00473 0.00449 0.00434
0.7 0.00663 0.00627 0.00579 0.00553 0.00524 0.00506 1.4 0.00746 0.00706 0.00652 0.00623 0.00591 0.00571
0.8 0.00841 0.00796 0.00735 0.00702 0.00666 0.00643 1.6 0.00946 0.00896 0.00828 0.00792 0.00751 0.00725
0.9 0.01037 0.00982 0.00906 0.00866 0.00821 0.00793 1.8 0.01168 0.01106 0.01022 0.00977 0.00927 0.00896
1.0 0.01251 0.01185 0.01094 0.01046 0.00992 0.00958 2.0 0.01409 0.01335 0.01234 0.01180 0.01119 0.01081
1.1 0.01483 0.01404 0.01297 0.01240 0.01176 0.01136 2.2 0.01671 0.01583 0.01463 0.01399 0.01328 0.01283
1.2 0.01732 0.01640 0.01515 0.01448 0.01374 0.01327 2.4 0.01952 0.01849 0.01709 0.01635 0.01551 0.01499
1.3 0.01998 0.01892 0.01748 0.01671 0.01585 0.01531 2.6 0.02252 0.02133 0.01973 0.01886 0.01791 0.01730
1.4 0.02281 0.02160 0.01996 0.01908 0.01810 0.01749 2.8 0.02570 0.02436 0.02252 0.02154 0.02045 0.01976
1.5 0.02579 0.02443 0.02258 0.02158 0.02048 0.01978 3.0 0.02908 0.02755 0.02548 0.02437 0.02314 0.02236
1.6 0.02894 0.02742 0.02534 0.02422 0.02299 0.02221 3.2 0.03263 0.03093 0.02860 0.02736 0.02598 0.02511
1.7 0.03225 0.03055 0.02824 0.02700 0.02562 0.02476 3.4 0.03637 0.03447 0.03188 0.03050 0.02896 0.02799
1.8 0.03572 0.03384 0.03128 0.02991 0.02838 0.02742 3.6 0.04028 0.03818 0.03532 0.03379 0.03208 0.03101
1.9 0.03934 0.03727 0.03445 0.03295 0.03127 0.03021 3.8 0.04437 0.04206 0.03891 0.03723 0.03535 0.03417
2.0 0.04311 0.04085 0.03776 0.03611 0.03428 0.03312 4.0 0.04863 0.04610 0.04266 0.04081 0.03876 0.03747
2.1 0.04704 0.04457 0.04121 0.03941 0.03741 0.03615 4.2 0.05306 0.05031 0.04656 0.04455 0.04231 0.04090
2.2 0.05111 0.04843 0.04478 0.04283 0.04066 0.03929 4.4 0.05767 0.05467 0.05060 0.04842 0.04599 0.04446
2.3 0.05534 0.05244 0.04849 0.04638 0.04403 0.04255 4.6 0.06244 0.05920 0.05480 0.05244 0.04981 0.04816
2.4 0.05971 0.05658 0.05233 0.05006 0.04752 0.04593 4.8 0.06738 0.06389 0.05914 0.05660 0.05376 0.05198
2.5 0.06423 0.06087 0.05630 0.05385 0.05113 0.04941 5.0 0.07249 0.06874 0.06364 0.06090 0.05785 0.05594
2.6 0.06889 0.06529 0.06040 0.05777 0.05485 0.05302 5.2 0.07776 0.07374 0.06827 0.06534 0.06207 0.06002
2.7 0.07370 0.06985 0.06462 0.06181 0.05869 0.05673 5.4 0.08319 0.07890 0.07305 0.06992 0.06643 0.06423
2.8 0.07865 0.07455 0.06897 0.06598 0.06265 0.06055 5.6 0.08879 0.08421 0.07798 0.07463 0.07091 0.06857
2.9 0.08374 0.07938 0.07344 0.07026 0.06671 0.06449 5.8 0.09455 0.08967 0.08304 0.07949 0.07552 0.07303
3.0 0.08898 0.08434 0.07804 0.07466 0.07090 0.06853 6.0 0.10047 0.09529 0.08825 0.08448 0.08027 0.07762
3.1 0.09435 0.08944 0.08276 0.07918 0.07519 0.07269 6.2 0.10654 0.10106 0.09360 0.08960 0.08514 0.08234
3.2 0.09986 0.09467 0.08760 0.08382 0.07960 0.07695 6.4 0.11277 0.10698 0.09909 0.09485 0.09014 0.08717
3.3 0.10551 0.10003 0.09257 0.08857 0.08412 0.08132 6.6 0.11917 0.11304 0.10471 0.10024 0.09526 0.09213
3.4 0.11130 0.10552 0.09766 0.09344 0.08875 0.08580 6.8 0.12571 0.11926 0.11048 0.10577 0.10052 0.09721
3.5 0.11722 0.11114 0.10286 0.09843 0.09349 0.09038 7.0 0.13241 0.12562 0.11638 0.11142 0.10589 0.10242
3.6 0.12328 0.11689 0.10819 0.10353 0.09834 0.09507 7.2 0.13927 0.13213 0.12242 0.11720 0.11140 0.10774
3.7 0.12948 0.12277 0.11364 0.10874 0.10329 0.09987 7.4 0.14628 0.13878 0.12859 0.12312 0.11702 0.11319
3.8 0.13580 0.12877 0.11920 0.11407 0.10836 0.10477 7.6 0.15344 0.14558 0.13490 0.12916 0.12277 0.11875
3.9 0.14227 0.13490 0.12489 0.11952 0.11353 0.10977 7.8 0.16075 0.15253 0.14134 0.13533 0.12864 0.12443
4.0 0.14886 0.14116 0.13069 0.12507 0.11881 0.11488 8.0 0.16821 0.15961 0.14791 0.14163 0.13464 0.13023
4.1 0.15559 0.14754 0.13660 0.13073 0.12420 0.12009 8.2 0.17582 0.16684 0.15462 0.14806 0.14075 0.13615
4.2 0.16244 0.15405 0.14264 0.13651 0.12969 0.12540 8.4 0.18358 0.17421 0.16146 0.15461 0.14699 0.14219
4.3 0.16943 0.16069 0.14878 0.14240 0.13529 0.13082 8.6 0.19149 0.18173 0.16843 0.16129 0.15334 0.14834
4.4 0.17655 0.16744 0.15505 0.14840 0.14099 0.13634 8.8 0.19955 0.18938 0.17554 0.16810 0.15982 0.15461
4.5 0.18380 0.17432 0.16142 0.15451 0.14680 0.14196 9.0 0.20776 0.19717 0.18277 0.17503 0.16642 0.16099
4.6 0.19118 0.18132 0.16792 0.16072 0.15271 0.14768
4.7 0.19868 0.18845 0.17452 0.16705 0.15873 0.15350
4.8 0.20632 0.19569 0.18124 0.17349 0.16485 0.15942
4.9 0.21408 0.20306 0.18807 0.18003 0.17107 0.16544
5.0 0.22196 0.21055 0.19502 0.18668 0.17740 0.17156
83

1" MultiCor
gpm 80oF 100oF 120oF 140oF 160oF 180oF
3.0 0.00891 0.00844 0.00780 0.00746 0.00708 0.00684
3.2 0.01000 0.00947 0.00876 0.00838 0.00795 0.00768
3.4 0.01114 0.01056 0.00976 0.00934 0.00886 0.00856
3.6 0.01234 0.01169 0.01081 0.01034 0.00982 0.00949
3.8 0.01359 0.01288 0.01191 0.01139 0.01082 0.01045
4.0 0.01490 0.01412 0.01306 0.01249 0.01186 0.01146
4.2 0.01625 0.01541 0.01425 0.01363 0.01294 0.01251
4.4 0.01766 0.01674 0.01549 0.01482 0.01407 0.01360
4.6 0.01912 0.01813 0.01677 0.01604 0.01523 0.01473
4.8 0.02064 0.01956 0.01810 0.01732 0.01644 0.01589
5.0 0.02220 0.02104 0.01947 0.01863 0.01769 0.01710
5.2 0.02381 0.02257 0.02089 0.01999 0.01898 0.01835
5.4 0.02548 0.02415 0.02235 0.02139 0.02031 0.01964
5.6 0.02719 0.02578 0.02386 0.02283 0.02168 0.02096
5.8 0.02895 0.02745 0.02541 0.02431 0.02309 0.02232
6.0 0.03076 0.02917 0.02700 0.02584 0.02454 0.02373
6.2 0.03262 0.03093 0.02863 0.02740 0.02603 0.02517
6.4 0.03453 0.03274 0.03031 0.02901 0.02755 0.02664
6.6 0.03648 0.03459 0.03203 0.03065 0.02912 0.02816
6.8 0.03848 0.03650 0.03379 0.03234 0.03072 0.02971
7.0 0.04053 0.03844 0.03559 0.03407 0.03237 0.03130
7.2 0.04263 0.04043 0.03744 0.03583 0.03405 0.03292
7.4 0.04477 0.04246 0.03932 0.03764 0.03576 0.03458
7.6 0.04696 0.04454 0.04125 0.03949 0.03752 0.03628
7.8 0.04920 0.04667 0.04322 0.04137 0.03931 0.03802
8.0 0.05148 0.04883 0.04523 0.04329 0.04114 0.03979
8.2 0.05381 0.05104 0.04728 0.04526 0.04301 0.04159
8.4 0.05618 0.05330 0.04937 0.04726 0.04491 0.04344
8.6 0.05860 0.05559 0.05150 0.04930 0.04685 0.04531
8.8 0.06106 0.05793 0.05367 0.05138 0.04883 0.04723
9.0 0.06357 0.06031 0.05588 0.05349 0.05084 0.04917
9.2 0.06613 0.06274 0.05812 0.05565 0.05289 0.05116
9.4 0.06872 0.06520 0.06041 0.05784 0.05498 0.05317
9.6 0.07137 0.06771 0.06274 0.06007 0.05710 0.05523
9.8 0.07405 0.07026 0.06511 0.06234 0.05926 0.05732
10.0 0.07678 0.07286 0.06751 0.06464 0.06145 0.05944
10.2 0.07956 0.07549 0.06996 0.06699 0.06368 0.06159
10.4 0.08238 0.07817 0.07244 0.06936 0.06594 0.06378
10.6 0.08524 0.08088 0.07496 0.07178 0.06824 0.06601
10.8 0.08814 0.08364 0.07752 0.07423 0.07057 0.06827
11.0 0.09109 0.08644 0.08012 0.07672 0.07294 0.07056
84

0.5 0.00400 0.00373 0.00348 0.00325 0.00306 0.00290 1.0 0.00449 0.00420 0.00392 0.00366 0.00344 0.00327
0.6 0.00553 0.00516 0.00482 0.00450 0.00423 0.00402 1.2 0.00622 0.00581 0.00543 0.00507 0.00477 0.00453
0.7 0.00728 0.00679 0.00635 0.00592 0.00557 0.00530 1.4 0.00818 0.00765 0.00714 0.00667 0.00628 0.00597
0.8 0.00923 0.00862 0.00805 0.00752 0.00707 0.00672 1.6 0.01038 0.00970 0.00907 0.00847 0.00797 0.00758
0.9 0.01138 0.01063 0.00993 0.00928 0.00873 0.00829 1.8 0.01281 0.01197 0.01119 0.01046 0.00984 0.00936
1.0 0.01373 0.01283 0.01199 0.01120 0.01053 0.01001 2.0 0.01545 0.01444 0.01350 0.01262 0.01188 0.01130
1.1 0.01627 0.01520 0.01421 0.01327 0.01249 0.01187 2.2 0.01832 0.01712 0.01601 0.01497 0.01409 0.01340
1.2 0.01900 0.01775 0.01659 0.01550 0.01459 0.01387 2.4 0.02139 0.02000 0.01870 0.01748 0.01646 0.01566
1.3 0.02191 0.02048 0.01914 0.01788 0.01683 0.01601 2.6 0.02467 0.02307 0.02158 0.02017 0.01900 0.01808
1.4 0.02501 0.02337 0.02185 0.02042 0.01922 0.01827 2.8 0.02816 0.02634 0.02463 0.02303 0.02169 0.02064
1.5 0.02828 0.02643 0.02471 0.02309 0.02174 0.02068 3.0 0.03185 0.02979 0.02787 0.02606 0.02455 0.02336
1.6 0.03173 0.02966 0.02773 0.02592 0.02440 0.02321 3.2 0.03574 0.03343 0.03128 0.02925 0.02755 0.02622
1.7 0.03535 0.03305 0.03090 0.02888 0.02719 0.02587 3.4 0.03983 0.03726 0.03486 0.03260 0.03072 0.02923
1.8 0.03915 0.03660 0.03422 0.03199 0.03012 0.02865 3.6 0.04411 0.04126 0.03861 0.03612 0.03403 0.03239
1.9 0.04311 0.04031 0.03770 0.03524 0.03318 0.03157 3.8 0.04858 0.04545 0.04253 0.03979 0.03749 0.03568
2.0 0.04724 0.04417 0.04131 0.03862 0.03637 0.03460 4.0 0.05324 0.04981 0.04662 0.04362 0.04110 0.03912
2.1 0.05154 0.04819 0.04508 0.04215 0.03969 0.03776 4.2 0.05809 0.05435 0.05087 0.04760 0.04486 0.04270
2.2 0.05600 0.05237 0.04899 0.04580 0.04314 0.04104 4.4 0.06313 0.05907 0.05529 0.05174 0.04876 0.04642
2.3 0.06063 0.05669 0.05304 0.04959 0.04671 0.04445 4.6 0.06835 0.06396 0.05987 0.05603 0.05280 0.05027
2.4 0.06541 0.06117 0.05723 0.05352 0.05041 0.04797 4.8 0.07375 0.06902 0.06461 0.06047 0.05699 0.05426
2.5 0.07036 0.06580 0.06156 0.05757 0.05423 0.05161 5.0 0.07933 0.07424 0.06951 0.06506 0.06132 0.05839
2.6 0.07546 0.07058 0.06604 0.06176 0.05818 0.05537 5.2 0.08509 0.07964 0.07457 0.06979 0.06579 0.06265
2.7 0.08072 0.07550 0.07065 0.06608 0.06225 0.05924 5.4 0.09103 0.08521 0.07978 0.07468 0.07040 0.06704
2.8 0.08614 0.08057 0.07539 0.07052 0.06644 0.06323 5.6 0.09715 0.09094 0.08515 0.07971 0.07515 0.07156
2.9 0.09171 0.08579 0.08028 0.07510 0.07075 0.06734 5.8 0.10344 0.09683 0.09068 0.08489 0.08003 0.07622
3.0 0.09743 0.09115 0.08530 0.07979 0.07518 0.07156 6.0 0.10991 0.10289 0.09636 0.09021 0.08505 0.08100
3.1 0.10331 0.09665 0.09045 0.08462 0.07973 0.07590 6.2 0.11655 0.10911 0.10219 0.09567 0.09021 0.08592
3.2 0.10934 0.10229 0.09574 0.08957 0.08440 0.08034 6.4 0.12336 0.11549 0.10817 0.10128 0.09550 0.09096
3.3 0.11552 0.10808 0.10116 0.09465 0.08919 0.08490 6.6 0.13034 0.12203 0.11430 0.10703 0.10093 0.09613
3.4 0.12185 0.11401 0.10671 0.09985 0.09409 0.08957 6.8 0.13749 0.12873 0.12059 0.11292 0.10648 0.10143
3.5 0.12832 0.12007 0.11239 0.10517 0.09911 0.09436 7.0 0.14481 0.13559 0.12702 0.11894 0.11217 0.10686
3.6 0.13495 0.12628 0.11821 0.11061 0.10425 0.09925 7.2 0.15230 0.14261 0.13360 0.12511 0.11800 0.11241
3.7 0.14172 0.13262 0.12415 0.11618 0.10950 0.10425 7.4 0.15995 0.14978 0.14032 0.13142 0.12395 0.11808
3.8 0.14864 0.13910 0.13022 0.12187 0.11486 0.10936 7.6 0.16777 0.15711 0.14720 0.13786 0.13003 0.12388
3.9 0.15570 0.14571 0.13642 0.12767 0.12034 0.11458 7.8 0.17575 0.16460 0.15422 0.14444 0.13624 0.12981
4.0 0.16291 0.15247 0.14275 0.13360 0.12593 0.11991 8.0 0.18390 0.17224 0.16138 0.15116 0.14258 0.13585
4.1 0.17026 0.15935 0.14920 0.13965 0.13164 0.12534 8.2 0.19221 0.18003 0.16869 0.15801 0.14905 0.14202
4.2 0.17776 0.16637 0.15578 0.14581 0.13745 0.13089 8.4 0.20069 0.18797 0.17614 0.16500 0.15565 0.14831
4.3 0.18540 0.17353 0.16249 0.15209 0.14338 0.13653 8.6 0.20932 0.19607 0.18373 0.17212 0.16238 0.15472
4.4 0.19318 0.18082 0.16932 0.15849 0.14942 0.14229 8.8 0.21812 0.20432 0.19147 0.17937 0.16923 0.16126
4.5 0.20110 0.18824 0.17627 0.16501 0.15557 0.14815 9.0 0.22708 0.21271 0.19935 0.18676 0.17620 0.16791
4.6 0.20916 0.19579 0.18335 0.17164 0.16183 0.15412 9.2 0.23619 0.22126 0.20737 0.19428 0.18330 0.17468
4.7 0.21736 0.20348 0.19055 0.17839 0.16819 0.16019 9.4 0.24547 0.22996 0.21552 0.20193 0.19053 0.18158
4.8 0.22570 0.21129 0.19788 0.18526 0.17467 0.16636 9.6 0.25490 0.23880 0.22382 0.20972 0.19788 0.18859
4.9 0.23418 0.21924 0.20533 0.19224 0.18126 0.17264 9.8 0.26449 0.24780 0.23226 0.21763 0.20536 0.19572
5.0 0.24280 0.22731 0.21290 0.19933 0.18795 0.17902 10.0 0.27424 0.25694 0.24084 0.22568 0.21296 0.20297
5.1 0.25155 0.23551 0.22059 0.20654 0.19476 0.18550 10.2 0.28414 0.26623 0.24955 0.23385 0.22068 0.21033
5.2 0.26045 0.24385 0.22840 0.21386 0.20167 0.19209 10.4 0.29420 0.27566 0.25840 0.24215 0.22852 0.21781
5.3 0.26948 0.25231 0.23633 0.22129 0.20868 0.19878 10.6 0.30442 0.28524 0.26739 0.25059 0.23649 0.22541
5.4 0.27864 0.26090 0.24439 0.22884 0.21581 0.20557 10.8 0.31479 0.29496 0.27652 0.25915 0.24457 0.23313
5.5 0.28794 0.26961 0.25256 0.23650 0.22304 0.21246 11.0 0.32531 0.30483 0.28578 0.26784 0.25278 0.24096
85

1" MultiCor
3.0 0.00977 0.00913 0.00854 0.00798 0.00752 0.00715
3.2 0.01096 0.01025 0.00958 0.00896 0.00844 0.00803
3.4 0.01221 0.01142 0.01068 0.00998 0.00940 0.00895
3.6 0.01352 0.01264 0.01183 0.01106 0.01042 0.00991
3.8 0.01489 0.01393 0.01303 0.01218 0.01147 0.01092
4.0 0.01632 0.01526 0.01428 0.01335 0.01258 0.01197
4.2 0.01780 0.01665 0.01558 0.01457 0.01373 0.01306
4.4 0.01935 0.01810 0.01693 0.01584 0.01492 0.01420
4.6 0.02094 0.01959 0.01833 0.01715 0.01616 0.01538
4.8 0.02260 0.02114 0.01978 0.01851 0.01744 0.01660
5.0 0.02431 0.02274 0.02128 0.01991 0.01876 0.01786
5.2 0.02607 0.02439 0.02283 0.02136 0.02013 0.01916
5.4 0.02789 0.02610 0.02443 0.02285 0.02154 0.02050
5.6 0.02976 0.02785 0.02607 0.02439 0.02299 0.02188
5.8 0.03169 0.02965 0.02776 0.02597 0.02448 0.02331
6.0 0.03367 0.03151 0.02949 0.02760 0.02601 0.02477
6.2 0.03570 0.03341 0.03128 0.02927 0.02759 0.02627
6.4 0.03779 0.03536 0.03311 0.03099 0.02921 0.02781
6.6 0.03992 0.03736 0.03498 0.03274 0.03086 0.02939
6.8 0.04211 0.03941 0.03690 0.03454 0.03256 0.03101
7.0 0.04435 0.04151 0.03887 0.03639 0.03430 0.03266
7.2 0.04664 0.04366 0.04088 0.03827 0.03608 0.03436
7.4 0.04898 0.04585 0.04294 0.04020 0.03790 0.03609
7.6 0.05138 0.04810 0.04504 0.04217 0.03976 0.03786
7.8 0.05382 0.05038 0.04719 0.04418 0.04165 0.03967
8.0 0.05631 0.05272 0.04938 0.04623 0.04359 0.04152
8.2 0.05886 0.05510 0.05161 0.04832 0.04557 0.04340
8.4 0.06145 0.05753 0.05389 0.05046 0.04758 0.04532
8.6 0.06409 0.06001 0.05621 0.05263 0.04963 0.04728
8.8 0.06678 0.06253 0.05858 0.05485 0.05173 0.04927
9.0 0.06952 0.06510 0.06098 0.05711 0.05386 0.05130
9.2 0.07231 0.06771 0.06343 0.05940 0.05603 0.05337
9.4 0.07515 0.07037 0.06593 0.06174 0.05823 0.05548
9.6 0.07804 0.07308 0.06846 0.06412 0.06048 0.05762
9.8 0.08097 0.07583 0.07104 0.06654 0.06276 0.05979
10.0 0.08395 0.07862 0.07366 0.06899 0.06508 0.06200
10.2 0.08698 0.08146 0.07633 0.07149 0.06744 0.06425
10.4 0.09006 0.08435 0.07903 0.07403 0.06983 0.06654
10.6 0.09318 0.08727 0.08178 0.07660 0.07226 0.06885
10.8 0.09635 0.09025 0.08457 0.07922 0.07473 0.07121
11.0 0.09957 0.09326 0.08740 0.08187 0.07724 0.07360
86

0.5 0.00442 0.00394 0.00362 0.00339 0.00321 0.00308 1.0 0.00496 0.00442 0.00407 0.00381 0.00362 0.00347
0.6 0.00610 0.00544 0.00501 0.00469 0.00445 0.00426 1.2 0.00686 0.00612 0.00563 0.00527 0.00501 0.00480
0.7 0.00803 0.00716 0.00659 0.00617 0.00585 0.00561 1.4 0.00902 0.00806 0.00742 0.00694 0.00659 0.00632
0.8 0.01018 0.00908 0.00836 0.00782 0.00743 0.00712 1.6 0.01145 0.01022 0.00941 0.00881 0.00837 0.00803
0.9 0.01256 0.01120 0.01031 0.00965 0.00917 0.00879 1.8 0.01412 0.01261 0.01161 0.01088 0.01033 0.00991
1.0 0.01515 0.01352 0.01244 0.01165 0.01106 0.01060 2.0 0.01703 0.01521 0.01401 0.01313 0.01247 0.01196
1.1 0.01795 0.01602 0.01475 0.01381 0.01311 0.01257 2.2 0.02018 0.01803 0.01661 0.01556 0.01479 0.01418
1.2 0.02095 0.01871 0.01722 0.01613 0.01532 0.01469 2.4 0.02357 0.02106 0.01940 0.01818 0.01728 0.01657
1.3 0.02416 0.02158 0.01986 0.01861 0.01767 0.01695 2.6 0.02718 0.02430 0.02239 0.02098 0.01994 0.01912
1.4 0.02757 0.02462 0.02267 0.02124 0.02017 0.01935 2.8 0.03102 0.02773 0.02556 0.02395 0.02276 0.02184
1.5 0.03118 0.02785 0.02564 0.02402 0.02282 0.02189 3.0 0.03508 0.03137 0.02891 0.02710 0.02575 0.02471
1.6 0.03497 0.03124 0.02877 0.02696 0.02561 0.02456 3.2 0.03936 0.03520 0.03244 0.03041 0.02891 0.02774
1.7 0.03896 0.03481 0.03206 0.03004 0.02854 0.02738 3.4 0.04386 0.03922 0.03616 0.03390 0.03222 0.03092
1.8 0.04314 0.03855 0.03551 0.03327 0.03161 0.03032 3.6 0.04857 0.04344 0.04005 0.03755 0.03569 0.03425
1.9 0.04750 0.04245 0.03911 0.03665 0.03482 0.03340 3.8 0.05348 0.04784 0.04411 0.04136 0.03932 0.03773
2.0 0.05205 0.04652 0.04286 0.04017 0.03817 0.03661 4.0 0.05861 0.05244 0.04835 0.04534 0.04310 0.04137
2.1 0.05678 0.05075 0.04676 0.04383 0.04165 0.03995 4.2 0.06394 0.05721 0.05276 0.04948 0.04704 0.04515
2.2 0.06169 0.05515 0.05082 0.04763 0.04526 0.04342 4.4 0.06948 0.06217 0.05734 0.05377 0.05113 0.04907
2.3 0.06678 0.05970 0.05502 0.05157 0.04901 0.04702 4.6 0.07521 0.06731 0.06208 0.05823 0.05537 0.05314
2.4 0.07204 0.06441 0.05936 0.05565 0.05289 0.05074 4.8 0.08115 0.07263 0.06700 0.06284 0.05976 0.05736
2.5 0.07748 0.06928 0.06386 0.05986 0.05690 0.05459 5.0 0.08729 0.07813 0.07207 0.06761 0.06429 0.06171
2.6 0.08310 0.07431 0.06849 0.06421 0.06103 0.05856 5.2 0.09362 0.08381 0.07732 0.07253 0.06898 0.06621
2.7 0.08888 0.07949 0.07328 0.06870 0.06530 0.06266 5.4 0.10014 0.08966 0.08272 0.07760 0.07381 0.07085
2.8 0.09484 0.08483 0.07820 0.07332 0.06969 0.06687 5.6 0.10686 0.09569 0.08829 0.08283 0.07878 0.07563
2.9 0.10097 0.09031 0.08326 0.07807 0.07421 0.07121 5.8 0.11378 0.10188 0.09401 0.08821 0.08390 0.08054
3.0 0.10726 0.09595 0.08846 0.08295 0.07886 0.07567 6.0 0.12088 0.10825 0.09989 0.09373 0.08915 0.08559
3.1 0.11372 0.10174 0.09381 0.08796 0.08363 0.08025 6.2 0.12817 0.11479 0.10594 0.09941 0.09456 0.09078
3.2 0.12035 0.10768 0.09929 0.09311 0.08852 0.08495 6.4 0.13565 0.12150 0.11214 0.10523 0.10010 0.09611
3.3 0.12715 0.11376 0.10491 0.09838 0.09354 0.08977 6.6 0.14332 0.12838 0.11849 0.11120 0.10578 0.10157
3.4 0.13410 0.12000 0.11066 0.10378 0.09867 0.09470 6.8 0.15117 0.13543 0.12500 0.11731 0.11160 0.10716
3.5 0.14122 0.12638 0.11655 0.10931 0.10393 0.09975 7.0 0.15921 0.14264 0.13166 0.12357 0.11756 0.11288
3.6 0.14851 0.13290 0.12258 0.11497 0.10932 0.10492 7.2 0.16743 0.15001 0.13848 0.12997 0.12366 0.11874
3.7 0.15595 0.13958 0.12874 0.12075 0.11482 0.11020 7.4 0.17583 0.15755 0.14545 0.13652 0.12989 0.12473
3.8 0.16355 0.14639 0.13503 0.12665 0.12044 0.11560 7.6 0.18442 0.16526 0.15257 0.14321 0.13626 0.13085
3.9 0.17132 0.15335 0.14145 0.13269 0.12618 0.12111 7.8 0.19318 0.17312 0.15984 0.15004 0.14276 0.13710
4.0 0.17924 0.16045 0.14801 0.13884 0.13204 0.12674 8.0 0.20213 0.18115 0.16726 0.15702 0.14940 0.14348
4.1 0.18732 0.16769 0.15470 0.14512 0.13801 0.13248 8.2 0.21125 0.18934 0.17483 0.16413 0.15618 0.14999
4.2 0.19556 0.17508 0.16152 0.15153 0.14410 0.13833 8.4 0.22055 0.19769 0.18255 0.17138 0.16308 0.15663
4.3 0.20395 0.18260 0.16847 0.15805 0.15031 0.14430 8.6 0.23003 0.20620 0.19042 0.17877 0.17012 0.16339
4.4 0.21250 0.19026 0.17555 0.16470 0.15664 0.15037 8.8 0.23969 0.21486 0.19843 0.18630 0.17729 0.17028
4.5 0.22120 0.19807 0.18275 0.17147 0.16308 0.15656 9.0 0.24952 0.22369 0.20659 0.19397 0.18460 0.17730
4.6 0.23006 0.20601 0.19009 0.17835 0.16964 0.16286 9.2 0.25952 0.23267 0.21490 0.20178 0.19203 0.18445
4.7 0.23907 0.21409 0.19755 0.18536 0.17631 0.16927 9.4 0.26970 0.24181 0.22335 0.20972 0.19959 0.19172
4.8 0.24823 0.22231 0.20514 0.19249 0.18309 0.17578 9.6 0.28005 0.25111 0.23194 0.21780 0.20729 0.19911
4.9 0.25754 0.23066 0.21286 0.19974 0.18999 0.18241 9.8 0.29057 0.26056 0.24068 0.22601 0.21511 0.20663
5.0 0.26701 0.23915 0.22071 0.20711 0.19700 0.18915 10.0 0.30126 0.27016 0.24956 0.23436 0.22307 0.21428
5.1 0.27662 0.24777 0.22867 0.21459 0.20413 0.19599 10.2 0.31213 0.27992 0.25859 0.24285 0.23115 0.22204
5.2 0.28639 0.25653 0.23677 0.22219 0.21137 0.20295 10.4 0.32316 0.28983 0.26776 0.25147 0.23936 0.22993
5.3 0.29630 0.26543 0.24499 0.22991 0.21872 0.21001 10.6 0.33437 0.29989 0.27707 0.26022 0.24769 0.23795
5.4 0.30637 0.27446 0.25333 0.23775 0.22618 0.21717 10.8 0.34574 0.31011 0.28652 0.26910 0.25616 0.24608
5.5 0.31658 0.28362 0.26180 0.24570 0.23375 0.22445 11.0 0.35728 0.32048 0.29611 0.27812 0.26475 0.25434
87

1" MultiCor
3.0 0.01076 0.00962 0.00886 0.00830 0.00789 0.00757
3.2 0.01207 0.01079 0.00994 0.00932 0.00885 0.00849
3.4 0.01345 0.01202 0.01108 0.01038 0.00987 0.00946
3.6 0.01489 0.01331 0.01227 0.01150 0.01093 0.01048
3.8 0.01640 0.01466 0.01351 0.01267 0.01204 0.01155
4.0 0.01797 0.01607 0.01481 0.01388 0.01320 0.01266
4.2 0.01961 0.01753 0.01616 0.01515 0.01440 0.01382
4.4 0.02130 0.01905 0.01756 0.01646 0.01565 0.01502
4.6 0.02306 0.02063 0.01901 0.01783 0.01695 0.01626
4.8 0.02488 0.02226 0.02052 0.01924 0.01829 0.01755
5.0 0.02676 0.02394 0.02207 0.02070 0.01968 0.01888
5.2 0.02870 0.02568 0.02368 0.02220 0.02111 0.02026
5.4 0.03070 0.02747 0.02533 0.02375 0.02258 0.02168
5.6 0.03276 0.02931 0.02703 0.02535 0.02411 0.02314
5.8 0.03487 0.03121 0.02878 0.02700 0.02567 0.02464
6.0 0.03705 0.03316 0.03058 0.02869 0.02728 0.02618
6.2 0.03928 0.03516 0.03243 0.03042 0.02893 0.02777
6.4 0.04157 0.03721 0.03433 0.03220 0.03062 0.02939
6.6 0.04392 0.03932 0.03627 0.03403 0.03236 0.03106
6.8 0.04633 0.04148 0.03826 0.03590 0.03414 0.03277
7.0 0.04879 0.04368 0.04030 0.03781 0.03596 0.03452
7.2 0.05131 0.04594 0.04239 0.03977 0.03782 0.03631
7.4 0.05388 0.04825 0.04452 0.04177 0.03973 0.03814
7.6 0.05651 0.05060 0.04670 0.04381 0.04167 0.04001
7.8 0.05919 0.05301 0.04892 0.04590 0.04366 0.04192
8.0 0.06193 0.05547 0.05119 0.04803 0.04569 0.04387
8.2 0.06472 0.05797 0.05350 0.05021 0.04776 0.04586
8.4 0.06757 0.06053 0.05586 0.05242 0.04987 0.04788
8.6 0.07047 0.06313 0.05827 0.05468 0.05202 0.04995
8.8 0.07343 0.06578 0.06072 0.05698 0.05421 0.05205
9.0 0.07644 0.06848 0.06321 0.05933 0.05644 0.05420
9.2 0.07950 0.07123 0.06575 0.06171 0.05871 0.05638
9.4 0.08261 0.07402 0.06834 0.06414 0.06102 0.05860
9.6 0.08578 0.07687 0.07096 0.06661 0.06337 0.06086
9.8 0.08900 0.07976 0.07364 0.06912 0.06576 0.06315
10.0 0.09228 0.08269 0.07635 0.07167 0.06819 0.06549
10.2 0.09560 0.08568 0.07911 0.07426 0.07066 0.06786
10.4 0.09898 0.08871 0.08191 0.07690 0.07317 0.07027
10.6 0.10241 0.09179 0.08476 0.07957 0.07571 0.07272
10.8 0.10589 0.09491 0.08765 0.08228 0.07830 0.07520
11.0 0.10942 0.09808 0.09058 0.08504 0.08092 0.07772
88
Appendix F — Large Dimension hePEX (metric) Pressure Loss Charts

32mm hePEX (metric dimension) 40mm hePEX (metric dimension)
3.0 0.00821 0.00778 0.00719 0.00688 0.00652 0.00630 6.0 0.00995 0.00943 0.00873 0.00835 0.00793 0.00766
3.2 0.00921 0.00873 0.00807 0.00772 0.00732 0.00708 6.2 0.01055 0.01000 0.00926 0.00886 0.00841 0.00813
3.4 0.01027 0.00973 0.00899 0.00860 0.00816 0.00789 6.4 0.01117 0.01059 0.00980 0.00937 0.00890 0.00861
3.6 0.01137 0.01077 0.00996 0.00953 0.00904 0.00874 6.6 0.01180 0.01119 0.01035 0.00991 0.00941 0.00909
3.8 0.01252 0.01187 0.01097 0.01050 0.00996 0.00963 6.8 0.01245 0.01180 0.01092 0.01045 0.00992 0.00959
4.0 0.01373 0.01301 0.01203 0.01151 0.01092 0.01056 7.0 0.01311 0.01243 0.01150 0.01101 0.01045 0.01011
4.2 0.01498 0.01419 0.01313 0.01256 0.01192 0.01152 7.2 0.01379 0.01307 0.01210 0.01158 0.01100 0.01063
4.4 0.01627 0.01543 0.01427 0.01365 0.01296 0.01253 7.4 0.01448 0.01373 0.01271 0.01216 0.01155 0.01117
4.6 0.01762 0.01670 0.01545 0.01478 0.01403 0.01357 7.6 0.01519 0.01440 0.01333 0.01276 0.01212 0.01172
4.8 0.01901 0.01802 0.01668 0.01595 0.01515 0.01464 7.8 0.01591 0.01509 0.01397 0.01337 0.01270 0.01227
5.0 0.02045 0.01939 0.01794 0.01716 0.01630 0.01576 8.0 0.01665 0.01579 0.01461 0.01399 0.01329 0.01285
5.2 0.02194 0.02080 0.01925 0.01841 0.01749 0.01691 8.2 0.01740 0.01650 0.01528 0.01462 0.01389 0.01343
5.4 0.02347 0.02225 0.02059 0.01970 0.01871 0.01809 8.4 0.01817 0.01723 0.01595 0.01527 0.01450 0.01402
5.6 0.02505 0.02375 0.02198 0.02103 0.01997 0.01931 8.6 0.01895 0.01797 0.01664 0.01592 0.01513 0.01463
5.8 0.02667 0.02529 0.02341 0.02240 0.02127 0.02057 8.8 0.01975 0.01873 0.01734 0.01660 0.01577 0.01525
6.0 0.02834 0.02687 0.02487 0.02380 0.02261 0.02186 9.0 0.02056 0.01950 0.01805 0.01728 0.01642 0.01587
6.2 0.03005 0.02850 0.02638 0.02524 0.02398 0.02318 9.2 0.02138 0.02028 0.01878 0.01797 0.01708 0.01651
6.4 0.03181 0.03016 0.02792 0.02672 0.02538 0.02454 9.4 0.02222 0.02108 0.01952 0.01868 0.01775 0.01716
6.6 0.03361 0.03187 0.02951 0.02824 0.02683 0.02594 9.6 0.02307 0.02189 0.02027 0.01940 0.01843 0.01783
6.8 0.03546 0.03362 0.03113 0.02979 0.02830 0.02737 9.8 0.02394 0.02271 0.02103 0.02013 0.01913 0.01850
7.0 0.03734 0.03542 0.03279 0.03138 0.02982 0.02883 10.0 0.02482 0.02355 0.02181 0.02088 0.01984 0.01918
7.2 0.03928 0.03725 0.03449 0.03301 0.03136 0.03033 10.2 0.02572 0.02440 0.02260 0.02163 0.02056 0.01988
7.4 0.04125 0.03912 0.03623 0.03468 0.03295 0.03186 10.4 0.02663 0.02526 0.02340 0.02240 0.02129 0.02059
7.6 0.04327 0.04104 0.03800 0.03638 0.03456 0.03342 10.6 0.02755 0.02614 0.02421 0.02318 0.02203 0.02130
7.8 0.04533 0.04299 0.03982 0.03811 0.03621 0.03502 10.8 0.02849 0.02703 0.02504 0.02397 0.02278 0.02203
8.0 0.04743 0.04499 0.04167 0.03988 0.03790 0.03665 11.0 0.02944 0.02793 0.02588 0.02477 0.02354 0.02277
8.2 0.04957 0.04702 0.04355 0.04169 0.03962 0.03832 11.2 0.03041 0.02885 0.02673 0.02559 0.02432 0.02352
8.4 0.05176 0.04910 0.04548 0.04354 0.04137 0.04001 11.4 0.03139 0.02978 0.02759 0.02641 0.02510 0.02428
8.6 0.05399 0.05122 0.04744 0.04542 0.04316 0.04174 11.6 0.03238 0.03072 0.02847 0.02725 0.02590 0.02505
8.8 0.05626 0.05337 0.04944 0.04733 0.04498 0.04350 11.8 0.03339 0.03168 0.02935 0.02810 0.02671 0.02583
9.0 0.05857 0.05556 0.05148 0.04928 0.04684 0.04530 12.0 0.03441 0.03265 0.03025 0.02896 0.02753 0.02663
9.2 0.06092 0.05780 0.05355 0.05126 0.04872 0.04712 12.2 0.03545 0.03363 0.03116 0.02984 0.02836 0.02743
9.4 0.06332 0.06007 0.05565 0.05328 0.05064 0.04898 12.4 0.03650 0.03463 0.03209 0.03072 0.02920 0.02825
9.6 0.06575 0.06238 0.05780 0.05534 0.05260 0.05087 12.6 0.03756 0.03564 0.03302 0.03162 0.03006 0.02907
9.8 0.06822 0.06473 0.05998 0.05743 0.05459 0.05280 12.8 0.03863 0.03666 0.03397 0.03253 0.03092 0.02991
10.0 0.07074 0.06712 0.06219 0.05955 0.05661 0.05475 13.0 0.03972 0.03769 0.03493 0.03344 0.03179 0.03075
13.2 0.04082 0.03874 0.03590 0.03438 0.03268 0.03161
13.4 0.04194 0.03980 0.03688 0.03532 0.03357 0.03248
13.6 0.04307 0.04087 0.03788 0.03627 0.03448 0.03336
13.8 0.04421 0.04195 0.03888 0.03723 0.03540 0.03424
14.0 0.04536 0.04305 0.03990 0.03821 0.03633 0.03514
14.2 0.04653 0.04416 0.04093 0.03920 0.03727 0.03605
14.4 0.04771 0.04528 0.04197 0.04020 0.03822 0.03697
14.6 0.04891 0.04642 0.04303 0.04121 0.03918 0.03790
14.8 0.05012 0.04756 0.04409 0.04223 0.04015 0.03884
15.0 0.05134 0.04872 0.04517 0.04326 0.04113 0.03979
15.2 0.05257 0.04990 0.04626 0.04430 0.04212 0.04075
15.4 0.05382 0.05108 0.04736 0.04535 0.04313 0.04172
15.6 0.05508 0.05228 0.04847 0.04642 0.04414 0.04270
15.8 0.05635 0.05349 0.04959 0.04749 0.04516 0.04369
16.0 0.05764 0.05471 0.05072 0.04858 0.04620 0.04469
16.2 0.05894 0.05594 0.05187 0.04968 0.04724 0.04571
16.4 0.06025 0.05719 0.05303 0.05079 0.04830 0.04673
16.6 0.06157 0.05845 0.05419 0.05191 0.04936 0.04776
16.8 0.06291 0.05972 0.05537 0.05304 0.05044 0.04880
17.0 0.06426 0.06100 0.05656 0.05418 0.05153 0.04985
89

9.0 0.00702 0.00665 0.00616 0.00589 0.00560 0.00541 15.0 0.00579 0.00549 0.00509 0.00487 0.00463 0.00447
9.5 0.00773 0.00733 0.00679 0.00649 0.00617 0.00596 15.5 0.00614 0.00583 0.00540 0.00517 0.00491 0.00475
10.0 0.00847 0.00804 0.00744 0.00712 0.00676 0.00654 16.0 0.00650 0.00617 0.00571 0.00547 0.00520 0.00503
10.5 0.00925 0.00877 0.00812 0.00777 0.00738 0.00714 16.5 0.00687 0.00652 0.00604 0.00578 0.00549 0.00531
11.0 0.01005 0.00953 0.00883 0.00845 0.00803 0.00776 17.0 0.00725 0.00688 0.00637 0.00610 0.00579 0.00560
11.5 0.01088 0.01032 0.00956 0.00915 0.00869 0.00841 17.5 0.00763 0.00724 0.00671 0.00642 0.00610 0.00590
12.0 0.01174 0.01114 0.01032 0.00987 0.00938 0.00907 18.0 0.00803 0.00762 0.00706 0.00676 0.00642 0.00621
12.5 0.01264 0.01199 0.01110 0.01063 0.01010 0.00976 18.5 0.00843 0.00800 0.00741 0.00710 0.00675 0.00652
13.0 0.01355 0.01286 0.01191 0.01140 0.01083 0.01048 19.0 0.00885 0.00839 0.00778 0.00745 0.00708 0.00685
13.5 0.01450 0.01376 0.01274 0.01220 0.01159 0.01121 19.5 0.00927 0.00879 0.00815 0.00780 0.00742 0.00717
14.0 0.01548 0.01468 0.01360 0.01302 0.01238 0.01197 20.0 0.00970 0.00920 0.00853 0.00816 0.00776 0.00751
14.5 0.01648 0.01564 0.01449 0.01387 0.01318 0.01275 20.5 0.01014 0.00962 0.00891 0.00854 0.00811 0.00785
15.0 0.01752 0.01662 0.01540 0.01474 0.01401 0.01355 21.0 0.01058 0.01004 0.00931 0.00891 0.00847 0.00820
15.5 0.01858 0.01763 0.01633 0.01564 0.01486 0.01438 21.5 0.01104 0.01048 0.00971 0.00930 0.00884 0.00855
16.0 0.01966 0.01866 0.01729 0.01656 0.01574 0.01522 22.0 0.01150 0.01092 0.01012 0.00969 0.00921 0.00891
16.5 0.02078 0.01972 0.01827 0.01750 0.01663 0.01609 22.5 0.01198 0.01137 0.01054 0.01009 0.00959 0.00928
17.0 0.02192 0.02080 0.01928 0.01846 0.01755 0.01698 23.0 0.01246 0.01182 0.01096 0.01050 0.00998 0.00965
17.5 0.02309 0.02191 0.02031 0.01945 0.01849 0.01789 23.5 0.01295 0.01229 0.01139 0.01091 0.01037 0.01004
18.0 0.02429 0.02305 0.02136 0.02046 0.01945 0.01882 24.0 0.01345 0.01276 0.01183 0.01133 0.01077 0.01042
18.5 0.02551 0.02421 0.02244 0.02149 0.02044 0.01977 24.5 0.01395 0.01324 0.01228 0.01176 0.01118 0.01082
19.0 0.02676 0.02540 0.02354 0.02255 0.02144 0.02074 25.0 0.01447 0.01373 0.01273 0.01219 0.01160 0.01122
19.5 0.02804 0.02661 0.02467 0.02363 0.02247 0.02174 25.5 0.01499 0.01423 0.01319 0.01264 0.01202 0.01163
20.0 0.02934 0.02785 0.02582 0.02473 0.02351 0.02275 26.0 0.01552 0.01474 0.01366 0.01309 0.01244 0.01204
20.5 0.03067 0.02911 0.02699 0.02585 0.02458 0.02378 26.5 0.01606 0.01525 0.01414 0.01354 0.01288 0.01246
21.0 0.03202 0.03040 0.02818 0.02700 0.02567 0.02484 27.0 0.01661 0.01577 0.01462 0.01401 0.01332 0.01289
21.5 0.03340 0.03171 0.02940 0.02816 0.02678 0.02592 27.5 0.01717 0.01630 0.01511 0.01448 0.01377 0.01332
22.0 0.03481 0.03304 0.03064 0.02935 0.02792 0.02701 28.0 0.01773 0.01683 0.01561 0.01495 0.01422 0.01376
22.5 0.03624 0.03441 0.03191 0.03056 0.02907 0.02813 28.5 0.01830 0.01738 0.01611 0.01544 0.01468 0.01421
23.0 0.03770 0.03579 0.03319 0.03180 0.03024 0.02926 29.0 0.01888 0.01793 0.01663 0.01593 0.01515 0.01466
23.5 0.03918 0.03720 0.03450 0.03305 0.03144 0.03042 29.5 0.01947 0.01849 0.01715 0.01643 0.01562 0.01512
24.0 0.04069 0.03863 0.03584 0.03433 0.03265 0.03160 30.0 0.02007 0.01905 0.01767 0.01693 0.01610 0.01558
24.5 0.04223 0.04009 0.03719 0.03563 0.03389 0.03279 30.5 0.02067 0.01963 0.01821 0.01744 0.01659 0.01605
25.0 0.04379 0.04157 0.03857 0.03695 0.03515 0.03401 31.0 0.02128 0.02021 0.01875 0.01796 0.01708 0.01653
25.5 0.04537 0.04308 0.03996 0.03829 0.03642 0.03525 31.5 0.02190 0.02080 0.01929 0.01848 0.01758 0.01702
26.0 0.04698 0.04461 0.04139 0.03965 0.03772 0.03650 32.0 0.02253 0.02140 0.01985 0.01902 0.01809 0.01751
26.5 0.04861 0.04616 0.04283 0.04103 0.03904 0.03778 32.5 0.02317 0.02200 0.02041 0.01955 0.01860 0.01800
27.0 0.05027 0.04774 0.04429 0.04244 0.04038 0.03907 33.0 0.02381 0.02261 0.02098 0.02010 0.01912 0.01850
27.5 0.05196 0.04934 0.04578 0.04387 0.04173 0.04039 33.5 0.02446 0.02323 0.02155 0.02065 0.01965 0.01901
28.0 0.05367 0.05097 0.04729 0.04531 0.04311 0.04172 34.0 0.02512 0.02386 0.02214 0.02121 0.02018 0.01953
28.5 0.05540 0.05261 0.04882 0.04678 0.04451 0.04308 34.5 0.02579 0.02449 0.02273 0.02177 0.02072 0.02005
29.0 0.05716 0.05428 0.05037 0.04827 0.04593 0.04445 35.0 0.02647 0.02513 0.02332 0.02235 0.02126 0.02058
29.5 0.05894 0.05598 0.05195 0.04978 0.04737 0.04584 35.5 0.02715 0.02578 0.02392 0.02292 0.02181 0.02111
30.0 0.06075 0.05770 0.05354 0.05131 0.04882 0.04725 36.0 0.02784 0.02644 0.02453 0.02351 0.02237 0.02165
30.5 0.06258 0.05944 0.05516 0.05286 0.05030 0.04869 36.5 0.02854 0.02710 0.02515 0.02410 0.02293 0.02219
31.0 0.06443 0.06120 0.05680 0.05443 0.05180 0.05014 37.0 0.02924 0.02777 0.02578 0.02470 0.02350 0.02275
31.5 0.06631 0.06299 0.05846 0.05603 0.05332 0.05160 37.5 0.02996 0.02845 0.02641 0.02530 0.02408 0.02330
32.0 0.06821 0.06480 0.06014 0.05764 0.05485 0.05309 38.0 0.03068 0.02914 0.02704 0.02591 0.02466 0.02387
32.5 0.07014 0.06663 0.06185 0.05927 0.05641 0.05460 38.5 0.03141 0.02983 0.02769 0.02653 0.02525 0.02444
33.0 0.07209 0.06848 0.06357 0.06093 0.05798 0.05612 39.0 0.03215 0.03053 0.02834 0.02716 0.02584 0.02501
33.5 0.07407 0.07036 0.06532 0.06260 0.05958 0.05767 39.5 0.03289 0.03124 0.02900 0.02779 0.02644 0.02559
34.0 0.07607 0.07226 0.06708 0.06429 0.06119 0.05923 40.0 0.03364 0.03195 0.02966 0.02842 0.02705 0.02618
34.5 0.07809 0.07418 0.06887 0.06601 0.06283 0.06081 40.5 0.03440 0.03268 0.03033 0.02907 0.02766 0.02678
35.0 0.08013 0.07613 0.07068 0.06774 0.06448 0.06242 41.0 0.03517 0.03341 0.03101 0.02972 0.02828 0.02738
35.5 0.08220 0.07810 0.07251 0.06950 0.06615 0.06404 41.5 0.03594 0.03414 0.03169 0.03037 0.02891 0.02798
36.0 0.08430 0.08009 0.07436 0.07127 0.06784 0.06567 42.0 0.03672 0.03489 0.03238 0.03104 0.02954 0.02859
90

63mm hePEX (metric dimension)
42.5 0.03751 0.03564 0.03308 0.03171 0.03018 0.02921
43.0 0.03831 0.03639 0.03379 0.03238 0.03082 0.02983
43.5 0.03911 0.03716 0.03450 0.03306 0.03147 0.03046
44.0 0.03993 0.03793 0.03521 0.03375 0.03213 0.03110
44.5 0.04075 0.03871 0.03594 0.03445 0.03279 0.03174
45.0 0.04157 0.03950 0.03667 0.03515 0.03345 0.03239
45.5 0.04241 0.04029 0.03741 0.03586 0.03413 0.03304
46.0 0.04325 0.04109 0.03815 0.03657 0.03481 0.03370
46.5 0.04410 0.04190 0.03890 0.03729 0.03549 0.03436
47.0 0.04495 0.04271 0.03966 0.03801 0.03619 0.03503
47.5 0.04582 0.04353 0.04042 0.03875 0.03688 0.03571
48.0 0.04669 0.04436 0.04119 0.03949 0.03759 0.03639
48.5 0.04756 0.04519 0.04197 0.04023 0.03830 0.03708
49.0 0.04845 0.04604 0.04275 0.04098 0.03901 0.03777
49.5 0.04934 0.04689 0.04354 0.04174 0.03974 0.03847
50.0 0.05024 0.04774 0.04434 0.04250 0.04046 0.03917
50.5 0.05115 0.04860 0.04514 0.04327 0.04120 0.03989
51.0 0.05206 0.04947 0.04595 0.04405 0.04194 0.04060
51.5 0.05299 0.05035 0.04676 0.04483 0.04268 0.04132
52.0 0.05391 0.05123 0.04759 0.04562 0.04343 0.04205
52.5 0.05485 0.05212 0.04841 0.04641 0.04419 0.04279
53.0 0.05579 0.05302 0.04925 0.04722 0.04495 0.04352
53.5 0.05674 0.05392 0.05009 0.04802 0.04572 0.04427
54.0 0.05770 0.05484 0.05094 0.04884 0.04650 0.04502
54.5 0.05867 0.05575 0.05179 0.04965 0.04728 0.04578
55.0 0.05964 0.05668 0.05265 0.05048 0.04806 0.04654
55.5 0.06062 0.05761 0.05352 0.05131 0.04886 0.04731
56.0 0.06160 0.05855 0.05439 0.05215 0.04966 0.04808
56.5 0.06260 0.05949 0.05527 0.05299 0.05046 0.04886
57.0 0.06360 0.06044 0.05615 0.05384 0.05127 0.04964
57.5 0.06460 0.06140 0.05705 0.05470 0.05208 0.05043
58.0 0.06562 0.06237 0.05794 0.05556 0.05291 0.05123
58.5 0.06664 0.06334 0.05885 0.05643 0.05373 0.05203
59.0 0.06767 0.06432 0.05976 0.05730 0.05457 0.05284
59.5 0.06870 0.06530 0.06067 0.05818 0.05540 0.05365
60.0 0.06975 0.06629 0.06160 0.05906 0.05625 0.05447
60.5 0.07080 0.06729 0.06253 0.05996 0.05710 0.05529
61.0 0.07185 0.06830 0.06346 0.06085 0.05795 0.05612
61.5 0.07292 0.06931 0.06440 0.06176 0.05882 0.05695
62.0 0.07399 0.07033 0.06535 0.06267 0.05968 0.05779
62.5 0.07506 0.07135 0.06631 0.06358 0.06056 0.05864
63.0 0.07615 0.07238 0.06727 0.06450 0.06143 0.05949
63.5 0.07724 0.07342 0.06823 0.06543 0.06232 0.06035
64.0 0.07834 0.07447 0.06921 0.06637 0.06321 0.06121
64.5 0.07944 0.07552 0.07018 0.06730 0.06410 0.06208
65.0 0.08056 0.07658 0.07117 0.06825 0.06501 0.06295
65.5 0.08167 0.07764 0.07216 0.06920 0.06591 0.06383
66.0 0.08280 0.07871 0.07316 0.07016 0.06682 0.06472
66.5 0.08393 0.07979 0.07416 0.07112 0.06774 0.06560
67.0 0.08507 0.08088 0.07517 0.07209 0.06867 0.06650
67.5 0.08622 0.08197 0.07619 0.07306 0.06960 0.06740
68.0 0.08737 0.08306 0.07721 0.07405 0.07053 0.06831
68.5 0.08853 0.08417 0.07823 0.07503 0.07147 0.06922
69.0 0.08970 0.08528 0.07927 0.07602 0.07242 0.07014
69.5 0.09087 0.08640 0.08031 0.07702 0.07337 0.07106
70.0 0.09205 0.08752 0.08135 0.07803 0.07433 0.07199
91

3.0 0.00900 0.00841 0.00787 0.00735 0.00692 0.00659 6.0 0.01090 0.01019 0.00954 0.00892 0.00841 0.00800
3.2 0.01010 0.00944 0.00883 0.00825 0.00777 0.00739 6.2 0.01156 0.01081 0.01012 0.00946 0.00892 0.00849
3.4 0.01125 0.01052 0.00984 0.00920 0.00866 0.00824 6.4 0.01223 0.01144 0.01071 0.01002 0.00944 0.00898
3.6 0.01246 0.01165 0.01090 0.01019 0.00960 0.00913 6.6 0.01292 0.01209 0.01131 0.01058 0.00997 0.00949
3.8 0.01372 0.01283 0.01200 0.01122 0.01057 0.01006 6.8 0.01363 0.01275 0.01193 0.01117 0.01052 0.01002
4.0 0.01504 0.01406 0.01316 0.01230 0.01159 0.01103 7.0 0.01435 0.01343 0.01257 0.01176 0.01108 0.01055
4.2 0.01640 0.01534 0.01436 0.01343 0.01265 0.01203 7.2 0.01509 0.01412 0.01322 0.01237 0.01166 0.01110
4.4 0.01783 0.01667 0.01560 0.01459 0.01375 0.01308 7.4 0.01585 0.01483 0.01388 0.01299 0.01225 0.01166
4.6 0.01930 0.01805 0.01689 0.01580 0.01489 0.01417 7.6 0.01662 0.01556 0.01456 0.01363 0.01285 0.01223
4.8 0.02082 0.01948 0.01823 0.01705 0.01606 0.01529 7.8 0.01741 0.01630 0.01526 0.01428 0.01346 0.01281
5.0 0.02240 0.02095 0.01961 0.01834 0.01728 0.01645 8.0 0.01822 0.01705 0.01596 0.01494 0.01408 0.01341
5.2 0.02402 0.02247 0.02103 0.01968 0.01854 0.01765 8.2 0.01904 0.01782 0.01669 0.01562 0.01472 0.01402
5.4 0.02570 0.02404 0.02250 0.02105 0.01984 0.01889 8.4 0.01988 0.01861 0.01742 0.01631 0.01537 0.01464
5.6 0.02742 0.02566 0.02402 0.02247 0.02118 0.02016 8.6 0.02074 0.01941 0.01817 0.01701 0.01603 0.01527
5.8 0.02920 0.02732 0.02557 0.02393 0.02255 0.02147 8.8 0.02161 0.02022 0.01894 0.01772 0.01671 0.01591
6.0 0.03102 0.02903 0.02717 0.02543 0.02397 0.02282 9.0 0.02249 0.02105 0.01971 0.01845 0.01740 0.01657
6.2 0.03289 0.03078 0.02882 0.02697 0.02542 0.02420 9.2 0.02339 0.02190 0.02051 0.01920 0.01810 0.01723
6.4 0.03481 0.03258 0.03050 0.02855 0.02691 0.02562 9.4 0.02431 0.02276 0.02131 0.01995 0.01881 0.01791
6.6 0.03678 0.03442 0.03223 0.03017 0.02843 0.02707 9.6 0.02524 0.02363 0.02213 0.02072 0.01953 0.01860
6.8 0.03880 0.03631 0.03400 0.03182 0.03000 0.02856 9.8 0.02619 0.02452 0.02296 0.02150 0.02027 0.01930
7.0 0.04086 0.03825 0.03581 0.03352 0.03160 0.03009 10.0 0.02716 0.02542 0.02381 0.02229 0.02102 0.02002
7.2 0.04297 0.04022 0.03767 0.03526 0.03324 0.03165 10.2 0.02813 0.02634 0.02467 0.02310 0.02178 0.02074
7.4 0.04513 0.04225 0.03956 0.03703 0.03491 0.03325 10.4 0.02913 0.02727 0.02554 0.02392 0.02255 0.02148
7.6 0.04734 0.04431 0.04150 0.03885 0.03662 0.03488 10.6 0.03014 0.02822 0.02643 0.02475 0.02334 0.02223
7.8 0.04959 0.04642 0.04347 0.04070 0.03837 0.03655 10.8 0.03116 0.02918 0.02733 0.02559 0.02413 0.02299
8.0 0.05188 0.04857 0.04549 0.04259 0.04016 0.03825 11.0 0.03220 0.03015 0.02824 0.02645 0.02494 0.02376
8.2 0.05423 0.05077 0.04755 0.04452 0.04198 0.03998 11.2 0.03326 0.03114 0.02917 0.02732 0.02576 0.02454
8.4 0.05662 0.05301 0.04965 0.04648 0.04383 0.04175 11.4 0.03433 0.03214 0.03011 0.02820 0.02659 0.02533
8.6 0.05905 0.05529 0.05179 0.04849 0.04573 0.04355 11.6 0.03541 0.03316 0.03107 0.02909 0.02744 0.02614
8.8 0.06153 0.05761 0.05396 0.05053 0.04765 0.04539 11.8 0.03651 0.03419 0.03203 0.03000 0.02829 0.02695
9.0 0.06405 0.05998 0.05618 0.05261 0.04961 0.04726 12.0 0.03763 0.03524 0.03301 0.03092 0.02916 0.02778
9.2 0.06662 0.06238 0.05844 0.05473 0.05161 0.04917 12.2 0.03876 0.03630 0.03401 0.03185 0.03004 0.02862
9.4 0.06924 0.06483 0.06074 0.05688 0.05365 0.05110 12.4 0.03990 0.03737 0.03501 0.03279 0.03093 0.02947
9.6 0.07190 0.06733 0.06307 0.05907 0.05571 0.05308 12.6 0.04106 0.03846 0.03603 0.03375 0.03183 0.03033
9.8 0.07460 0.06986 0.06545 0.06130 0.05782 0.05508 12.8 0.04224 0.03956 0.03706 0.03471 0.03274 0.03120
10.0 0.07735 0.07243 0.06786 0.06356 0.05995 0.05712 13.0 0.04343 0.04067 0.03811 0.03569 0.03367 0.03208
13.2 0.04463 0.04180 0.03917 0.03669 0.03461 0.03297
13.4 0.04585 0.04294 0.04024 0.03769 0.03555 0.03388
13.6 0.04708 0.04410 0.04132 0.03871 0.03651 0.03479
13.8 0.04833 0.04526 0.04242 0.03973 0.03748 0.03572
14.0 0.04959 0.04645 0.04353 0.04077 0.03847 0.03665
14.2 0.05086 0.04764 0.04465 0.04183 0.03946 0.03760
14.4 0.05215 0.04885 0.04578 0.04289 0.04046 0.03856
14.6 0.05346 0.05008 0.04693 0.04397 0.04148 0.03953
14.8 0.05478 0.05131 0.04809 0.04505 0.04251 0.04051
15.0 0.05611 0.05256 0.04926 0.04615 0.04355 0.04150
15.2 0.05746 0.05382 0.05045 0.04726 0.04460 0.04250
15.4 0.05882 0.05510 0.05164 0.04839 0.04566 0.04351
15.6 0.06019 0.05639 0.05285 0.04952 0.04673 0.04453
15.8 0.06158 0.05769 0.05408 0.05067 0.04781 0.04557
16.0 0.06298 0.05901 0.05531 0.05183 0.04890 0.04661
16.2 0.06440 0.06034 0.05656 0.05300 0.05001 0.04766
16.4 0.06583 0.06168 0.05782 0.05418 0.05113 0.04873
16.6 0.06728 0.06304 0.05909 0.05537 0.05225 0.04980
16.8 0.06874 0.06440 0.06037 0.05658 0.05339 0.05089
17.0 0.07021 0.06579 0.06167 0.05779 0.05454 0.05198
92

9.0 0.00768 0.00719 0.00673 0.00630 0.00593 0.00565 15.0 0.00634 0.00593 0.00556 0.00520 0.00490 0.00467
9.5 0.00846 0.00792 0.00741 0.00694 0.00654 0.00622 15.5 0.00672 0.00629 0.00589 0.00552 0.00520 0.00495
10.0 0.00927 0.00868 0.00813 0.00760 0.00717 0.00683 16.0 0.00711 0.00666 0.00624 0.00584 0.00551 0.00524
10.5 0.01012 0.00947 0.00887 0.00830 0.00782 0.00745 16.5 0.00751 0.00704 0.00659 0.00617 0.00582 0.00554
11.0 0.01100 0.01029 0.00964 0.00902 0.00850 0.00810 17.0 0.00793 0.00742 0.00695 0.00651 0.00614 0.00585
11.5 0.01191 0.01115 0.01044 0.00977 0.00921 0.00877 17.5 0.00835 0.00782 0.00732 0.00686 0.00647 0.00616
12.0 0.01285 0.01203 0.01126 0.01055 0.00994 0.00947 18.0 0.00878 0.00822 0.00770 0.00721 0.00680 0.00648
12.5 0.01382 0.01294 0.01212 0.01135 0.01070 0.01019 18.5 0.00922 0.00864 0.00809 0.00758 0.00715 0.00681
13.0 0.01483 0.01388 0.01300 0.01217 0.01148 0.01093 19.0 0.00967 0.00906 0.00849 0.00795 0.00750 0.00714
13.5 0.01586 0.01485 0.01391 0.01303 0.01228 0.01170 19.5 0.01013 0.00949 0.00889 0.00833 0.00785 0.00748
14.0 0.01693 0.01585 0.01485 0.01390 0.01311 0.01249 20.0 0.01060 0.00993 0.00930 0.00871 0.00822 0.00783
14.5 0.01803 0.01688 0.01581 0.01481 0.01397 0.01330 20.5 0.01108 0.01038 0.00973 0.00911 0.00859 0.00819
15.0 0.01915 0.01794 0.01680 0.01574 0.01484 0.01414 21.0 0.01157 0.01084 0.01015 0.00951 0.00897 0.00855
15.5 0.02031 0.01902 0.01782 0.01669 0.01574 0.01500 21.5 0.01207 0.01130 0.01059 0.00992 0.00936 0.00892
16.0 0.02150 0.02013 0.01886 0.01767 0.01667 0.01588 22.0 0.01258 0.01178 0.01104 0.01034 0.00976 0.00930
16.5 0.02272 0.02128 0.01994 0.01867 0.01761 0.01678 22.5 0.01309 0.01226 0.01149 0.01077 0.01016 0.00968
17.0 0.02396 0.02244 0.02103 0.01970 0.01859 0.01771 23.0 0.01362 0.01276 0.01195 0.01120 0.01057 0.01007
17.5 0.02524 0.02364 0.02215 0.02075 0.01958 0.01866 23.5 0.01415 0.01326 0.01243 0.01164 0.01098 0.01047
18.0 0.02655 0.02487 0.02330 0.02183 0.02060 0.01963 24.0 0.01470 0.01377 0.01290 0.01209 0.01141 0.01087
18.5 0.02788 0.02612 0.02448 0.02293 0.02164 0.02062 24.5 0.01525 0.01429 0.01339 0.01255 0.01184 0.01128
19.0 0.02924 0.02740 0.02568 0.02406 0.02270 0.02163 25.0 0.01581 0.01481 0.01388 0.01301 0.01228 0.01170
19.5 0.03064 0.02870 0.02690 0.02521 0.02378 0.02267 25.5 0.01638 0.01535 0.01439 0.01348 0.01272 0.01212
20.0 0.03206 0.03004 0.02815 0.02638 0.02489 0.02372 26.0 0.01696 0.01589 0.01490 0.01396 0.01317 0.01256
20.5 0.03351 0.03140 0.02943 0.02758 0.02602 0.02480 26.5 0.01755 0.01644 0.01542 0.01445 0.01363 0.01299
21.0 0.03499 0.03278 0.03073 0.02880 0.02718 0.02590 27.0 0.01815 0.01701 0.01594 0.01494 0.01410 0.01344
21.5 0.03649 0.03420 0.03206 0.03004 0.02835 0.02702 27.5 0.01876 0.01757 0.01648 0.01544 0.01457 0.01389
22.0 0.03803 0.03563 0.03341 0.03131 0.02955 0.02816 28.0 0.01937 0.01815 0.01702 0.01595 0.01505 0.01435
22.5 0.03959 0.03710 0.03478 0.03260 0.03077 0.02933 28.5 0.01999 0.01874 0.01757 0.01646 0.01554 0.01481
23.0 0.04118 0.03859 0.03618 0.03391 0.03201 0.03051 29.0 0.02063 0.01933 0.01812 0.01699 0.01603 0.01528
23.5 0.04280 0.04011 0.03761 0.03525 0.03327 0.03172 29.5 0.02127 0.01993 0.01869 0.01752 0.01653 0.01576
24.0 0.04445 0.04165 0.03906 0.03661 0.03456 0.03294 30.0 0.02192 0.02054 0.01926 0.01805 0.01704 0.01625
24.5 0.04612 0.04322 0.04053 0.03799 0.03586 0.03419 30.5 0.02258 0.02116 0.01984 0.01860 0.01756 0.01674
25.0 0.04782 0.04482 0.04203 0.03940 0.03719 0.03546 31.0 0.02325 0.02179 0.02043 0.01915 0.01808 0.01723
25.5 0.04955 0.04644 0.04355 0.04083 0.03854 0.03674 31.5 0.02392 0.02242 0.02103 0.01971 0.01861 0.01774
26.0 0.05130 0.04809 0.04510 0.04228 0.03991 0.03805 32.0 0.02461 0.02307 0.02163 0.02028 0.01914 0.01825
26.5 0.05309 0.04976 0.04667 0.04375 0.04130 0.03938 32.5 0.02530 0.02372 0.02224 0.02085 0.01968 0.01877
27.0 0.05490 0.05146 0.04826 0.04525 0.04272 0.04073 33.0 0.02600 0.02437 0.02286 0.02143 0.02023 0.01929
27.5 0.05673 0.05318 0.04988 0.04676 0.04415 0.04210 33.5 0.02672 0.02504 0.02348 0.02202 0.02079 0.01982
28.0 0.05860 0.05493 0.05152 0.04831 0.04561 0.04349 34.0 0.02743 0.02572 0.02412 0.02261 0.02135 0.02036
28.5 0.06049 0.05670 0.05318 0.04987 0.04709 0.04490 34.5 0.02816 0.02640 0.02476 0.02321 0.02192 0.02090
29.0 0.06240 0.05850 0.05487 0.05145 0.04858 0.04633 35.0 0.02890 0.02709 0.02541 0.02382 0.02249 0.02145
29.5 0.06434 0.06033 0.05658 0.05306 0.05010 0.04778 35.5 0.02964 0.02779 0.02606 0.02444 0.02307 0.02200
30.0 0.06631 0.06217 0.05832 0.05469 0.05164 0.04925 36.0 0.03040 0.02850 0.02673 0.02506 0.02366 0.02256
30.5 0.06831 0.06405 0.06008 0.05634 0.05320 0.05074 36.5 0.03116 0.02921 0.02740 0.02569 0.02426 0.02313
31.0 0.07033 0.06594 0.06186 0.05801 0.05479 0.05225 37.0 0.03193 0.02993 0.02808 0.02633 0.02486 0.02371
31.5 0.07238 0.06787 0.06367 0.05971 0.05639 0.05378 37.5 0.03270 0.03066 0.02876 0.02697 0.02547 0.02429
32.0 0.07445 0.06981 0.06550 0.06143 0.05801 0.05533 38.0 0.03349 0.03140 0.02945 0.02762 0.02608 0.02487
32.5 0.07656 0.07179 0.06735 0.06316 0.05965 0.05690 38.5 0.03429 0.03215 0.03015 0.02828 0.02670 0.02547
33.0 0.07868 0.07378 0.06922 0.06493 0.06132 0.05849 39.0 0.03509 0.03290 0.03086 0.02894 0.02733 0.02607
33.5 0.08083 0.07580 0.07112 0.06671 0.06300 0.06009 39.5 0.03590 0.03366 0.03158 0.02961 0.02797 0.02667
34.0 0.08301 0.07785 0.07304 0.06851 0.06471 0.06172 40.0 0.03672 0.03443 0.03230 0.03029 0.02861 0.02728
34.5 0.08522 0.07991 0.07498 0.07033 0.06643 0.06337 40.5 0.03755 0.03521 0.03303 0.03098 0.02926 0.02790
35.0 0.08744 0.08201 0.07695 0.07218 0.06818 0.06504 41.0 0.03838 0.03599 0.03377 0.03167 0.02991 0.02853
35.5 0.08970 0.08412 0.07894 0.07405 0.06994 0.06672 41.5 0.03923 0.03678 0.03451 0.03237 0.03057 0.02916
36.0 0.09198 0.08627 0.08095 0.07594 0.07173 0.06843 42.0 0.04008 0.03758 0.03526 0.03307 0.03124 0.02979
93

42.5 0.04094 0.03839 0.03602 0.03379 0.03191 0.03044
43.0 0.04181 0.03921 0.03679 0.03451 0.03259 0.03109
43.5 0.04268 0.04003 0.03756 0.03523 0.03328 0.03174
44.0 0.04357 0.04086 0.03834 0.03596 0.03397 0.03240
44.5 0.04446 0.04170 0.03913 0.03670 0.03467 0.03307
45.0 0.04536 0.04254 0.03992 0.03745 0.03537 0.03374
45.5 0.04627 0.04340 0.04072 0.03820 0.03609 0.03442
46.0 0.04719 0.04426 0.04153 0.03896 0.03680 0.03511
46.5 0.04811 0.04513 0.04235 0.03973 0.03753 0.03580
47.0 0.04904 0.04600 0.04317 0.04050 0.03826 0.03650
47.5 0.04999 0.04688 0.04400 0.04128 0.03900 0.03720
48.0 0.05093 0.04778 0.04483 0.04206 0.03974 0.03791
48.5 0.05189 0.04867 0.04568 0.04286 0.04049 0.03863
49.0 0.05286 0.04958 0.04653 0.04366 0.04124 0.03935
49.5 0.05383 0.05049 0.04739 0.04446 0.04201 0.04008
50.0 0.05481 0.05141 0.04825 0.04527 0.04277 0.04081
50.5 0.05580 0.05234 0.04912 0.04609 0.04355 0.04155
51.0 0.05679 0.05328 0.05000 0.04692 0.04433 0.04230
51.5 0.05780 0.05422 0.05089 0.04775 0.04512 0.04305
52.0 0.05881 0.05517 0.05178 0.04859 0.04591 0.04381
52.5 0.05983 0.05613 0.05268 0.04944 0.04671 0.04457
53.0 0.06085 0.05709 0.05359 0.05029 0.04752 0.04534
53.5 0.06189 0.05806 0.05450 0.05115 0.04833 0.04611
54.0 0.06293 0.05904 0.05542 0.05201 0.04915 0.04689
54.5 0.06398 0.06003 0.05635 0.05288 0.04997 0.04768
55.0 0.06504 0.06102 0.05728 0.05376 0.05080 0.04848
55.5 0.06611 0.06202 0.05822 0.05464 0.05164 0.04927
56.0 0.06718 0.06303 0.05917 0.05553 0.05248 0.05008
56.5 0.06826 0.06405 0.06013 0.05643 0.05333 0.05089
57.0 0.06935 0.06507 0.06109 0.05733 0.05418 0.05171
57.5 0.07045 0.06610 0.06206 0.05824 0.05504 0.05253
58.0 0.07155 0.06714 0.06303 0.05916 0.05591 0.05336
58.5 0.07266 0.06818 0.06401 0.06008 0.05678 0.05419
59.0 0.07378 0.06923 0.06500 0.06101 0.05766 0.05503
59.5 0.07491 0.07029 0.06600 0.06195 0.05855 0.05587
60.0 0.07605 0.07136 0.06700 0.06289 0.05944 0.05673
60.5 0.07719 0.07243 0.06801 0.06384 0.06033 0.05758
61.0 0.07834 0.07351 0.06902 0.06479 0.06124 0.05845
61.5 0.07950 0.07460 0.07005 0.06575 0.06215 0.05931
62.0 0.08066 0.07570 0.07107 0.06672 0.06306 0.06019
62.5 0.08183 0.07680 0.07211 0.06769 0.06398 0.06107
63.0 0.08301 0.07791 0.07315 0.06867 0.06491 0.06195
63.5 0.08420 0.07902 0.07420 0.06966 0.06584 0.06285
64.0 0.08540 0.08015 0.07526 0.07065 0.06678 0.06374
64.5 0.08660 0.08128 0.07632 0.07165 0.06773 0.06465
65.0 0.08781 0.08241 0.07739 0.07265 0.06868 0.06555
65.5 0.08903 0.08356 0.07847 0.07367 0.06963 0.06647
66.0 0.09025 0.08471 0.07955 0.07468 0.07060 0.06739
66.5 0.09149 0.08587 0.08064 0.07571 0.07157 0.06831
67.0 0.09273 0.08703 0.08173 0.07674 0.07254 0.06924
67.5 0.09397 0.08820 0.08283 0.07777 0.07352 0.07018
68.0 0.09523 0.08938 0.08394 0.07882 0.07451 0.07112
68.5 0.09649 0.09057 0.08506 0.07986 0.07550 0.07207
69.0 0.09776 0.09176 0.08618 0.08092 0.07650 0.07303
69.5 0.09904 0.09296 0.08731 0.08198 0.07750 0.07399
70.0 0.10032 0.09417 0.08844 0.08305 0.07851 0.07495
94

3.0 0.00992 0.00886 0.00816 0.00765 0.00727 0.00697 6.0 0.01200 0.01073 0.00989 0.00928 0.00882 0.00846
3.2 0.01112 0.00994 0.00916 0.00858 0.00816 0.00782 6.2 0.01272 0.01138 0.01049 0.00984 0.00935 0.00898
3.4 0.01239 0.01108 0.01021 0.00957 0.00909 0.00872 6.4 0.01346 0.01204 0.01110 0.01041 0.00990 0.00950
3.6 0.01372 0.01227 0.01130 0.01060 0.01007 0.00966 6.6 0.01422 0.01272 0.01173 0.01100 0.01046 0.01004
3.8 0.01511 0.01351 0.01245 0.01167 0.01109 0.01064 6.8 0.01500 0.01342 0.01238 0.01161 0.01104 0.01059
4.0 0.01656 0.01481 0.01365 0.01279 0.01216 0.01166 7.0 0.01580 0.01414 0.01304 0.01223 0.01162 0.01116
4.2 0.01807 0.01615 0.01489 0.01396 0.01327 0.01273 7.2 0.01661 0.01486 0.01371 0.01286 0.01223 0.01173
4.4 0.01963 0.01755 0.01618 0.01517 0.01442 0.01384 7.4 0.01744 0.01561 0.01440 0.01350 0.01284 0.01232
4.6 0.02125 0.01900 0.01752 0.01643 0.01561 0.01498 7.6 0.01829 0.01637 0.01510 0.01416 0.01347 0.01293
4.8 0.02292 0.02051 0.01890 0.01773 0.01685 0.01617 7.8 0.01916 0.01715 0.01582 0.01484 0.01411 0.01354
5.0 0.02466 0.02206 0.02034 0.01907 0.01813 0.01740 8.0 0.02005 0.01795 0.01655 0.01553 0.01477 0.01417
5.2 0.02644 0.02366 0.02181 0.02046 0.01945 0.01866 8.2 0.02095 0.01876 0.01730 0.01623 0.01543 0.01482
5.4 0.02829 0.02531 0.02334 0.02189 0.02081 0.01997 8.4 0.02187 0.01958 0.01806 0.01695 0.01612 0.01547
5.6 0.03018 0.02701 0.02491 0.02336 0.02221 0.02131 8.6 0.02281 0.02042 0.01884 0.01768 0.01681 0.01614
5.8 0.03213 0.02876 0.02652 0.02487 0.02365 0.02270 8.8 0.02377 0.02128 0.01963 0.01842 0.01752 0.01682
6.0 0.03414 0.03055 0.02818 0.02643 0.02513 0.02412 9.0 0.02474 0.02215 0.02044 0.01918 0.01824 0.01751
6.2 0.03620 0.03240 0.02988 0.02803 0.02665 0.02558 9.2 0.02573 0.02304 0.02126 0.01995 0.01897 0.01821
6.4 0.03831 0.03429 0.03163 0.02967 0.02821 0.02708 9.4 0.02674 0.02394 0.02209 0.02073 0.01972 0.01893
6.6 0.04047 0.03623 0.03342 0.03135 0.02981 0.02862 9.6 0.02776 0.02486 0.02294 0.02153 0.02048 0.01966
6.8 0.04269 0.03821 0.03525 0.03307 0.03145 0.03019 9.8 0.02881 0.02580 0.02381 0.02234 0.02125 0.02040
7.0 0.04495 0.04025 0.03713 0.03483 0.03313 0.03180 10.0 0.02986 0.02675 0.02468 0.02316 0.02203 0.02115
7.2 0.04727 0.04233 0.03905 0.03664 0.03485 0.03345 10.2 0.03094 0.02771 0.02557 0.02400 0.02283 0.02192
7.4 0.04964 0.04445 0.04102 0.03848 0.03660 0.03514 10.4 0.03203 0.02869 0.02648 0.02485 0.02364 0.02269
7.6 0.05207 0.04662 0.04302 0.04037 0.03839 0.03686 10.6 0.03314 0.02969 0.02740 0.02571 0.02446 0.02348
7.8 0.05454 0.04884 0.04507 0.04229 0.04022 0.03862 10.8 0.03427 0.03070 0.02833 0.02659 0.02529 0.02429
8.0 0.05706 0.05110 0.04716 0.04425 0.04209 0.04041 11.0 0.03541 0.03172 0.02928 0.02748 0.02614 0.02510
8.2 0.05963 0.05341 0.04929 0.04626 0.04400 0.04224 11.2 0.03657 0.03276 0.03024 0.02838 0.02700 0.02592
8.4 0.06226 0.05577 0.05147 0.04830 0.04594 0.04411 11.4 0.03774 0.03381 0.03121 0.02929 0.02787 0.02676
8.6 0.06493 0.05816 0.05368 0.05038 0.04792 0.04601 11.6 0.03893 0.03488 0.03220 0.03022 0.02875 0.02761
8.8 0.06765 0.06061 0.05594 0.05250 0.04994 0.04795 11.8 0.04014 0.03597 0.03320 0.03116 0.02965 0.02847
9.0 0.07043 0.06309 0.05824 0.05466 0.05200 0.04993 12.0 0.04137 0.03707 0.03422 0.03212 0.03056 0.02934
9.2 0.07325 0.06562 0.06058 0.05685 0.05409 0.05194 12.2 0.04261 0.03818 0.03525 0.03308 0.03148 0.03023
9.4 0.07612 0.06820 0.06296 0.05909 0.05622 0.05398 12.4 0.04386 0.03931 0.03629 0.03406 0.03241 0.03112
9.6 0.07904 0.07082 0.06538 0.06136 0.05838 0.05606 12.6 0.04514 0.04045 0.03734 0.03506 0.03335 0.03203
9.8 0.08200 0.07348 0.06784 0.06368 0.06058 0.05818 12.8 0.04642 0.04161 0.03841 0.03606 0.03431 0.03295
10.0 0.08502 0.07619 0.07034 0.06603 0.06282 0.06033 13.0 0.04773 0.04278 0.03950 0.03708 0.03528 0.03388
13.2 0.04905 0.04396 0.04059 0.03811 0.03626 0.03482
13.4 0.05039 0.04516 0.04170 0.03915 0.03725 0.03578
13.6 0.05174 0.04638 0.04282 0.04020 0.03826 0.03674
13.8 0.05311 0.04760 0.04396 0.04127 0.03927 0.03772
14.0 0.05449 0.04885 0.04511 0.04235 0.04030 0.03871
14.2 0.05589 0.05010 0.04627 0.04344 0.04134 0.03971
14.4 0.05731 0.05137 0.04745 0.04455 0.04239 0.04072
14.6 0.05874 0.05266 0.04863 0.04566 0.04346 0.04174
14.8 0.06019 0.05396 0.04984 0.04679 0.04453 0.04277
15.0 0.06165 0.05527 0.05105 0.04793 0.04562 0.04382
15.2 0.06313 0.05660 0.05228 0.04909 0.04672 0.04487
15.4 0.06462 0.05794 0.05352 0.05025 0.04783 0.04594
15.6 0.06613 0.05930 0.05477 0.05143 0.04895 0.04702
15.8 0.06765 0.06066 0.05604 0.05262 0.05008 0.04811
16.0 0.06919 0.06205 0.05732 0.05382 0.05123 0.04921
16.2 0.07075 0.06344 0.05861 0.05504 0.05238 0.05032
16.4 0.07232 0.06485 0.05991 0.05626 0.05355 0.05144
16.6 0.07390 0.06628 0.06123 0.05750 0.05473 0.05258
16.8 0.07550 0.06772 0.06256 0.05875 0.05592 0.05372
17.0 0.07712 0.06917 0.06390 0.06001 0.05712 0.05488
95

9.0 0.00846 0.00757 0.00698 0.00654 0.00622 0.00597 15.0 0.00697 0.00624 0.00576 0.00540 0.00514 0.00493
9.5 0.00931 0.00833 0.00769 0.00721 0.00686 0.00658 15.5 0.00739 0.00662 0.00611 0.00573 0.00545 0.00523
10.0 0.01020 0.00913 0.00843 0.00790 0.00752 0.00721 16.0 0.00782 0.00701 0.00647 0.00607 0.00577 0.00554
10.5 0.01113 0.00997 0.00919 0.00863 0.00820 0.00787 16.5 0.00826 0.00740 0.00683 0.00641 0.00610 0.00586
11.0 0.01210 0.01083 0.00999 0.00938 0.00892 0.00856 17.0 0.00872 0.00781 0.00721 0.00676 0.00643 0.00618
11.5 0.01310 0.01173 0.01082 0.01015 0.00966 0.00927 17.5 0.00918 0.00822 0.00759 0.00712 0.00678 0.00651
12.0 0.01413 0.01266 0.01168 0.01096 0.01042 0.01001 18.0 0.00965 0.00865 0.00798 0.00749 0.00713 0.00685
12.5 0.01520 0.01361 0.01256 0.01179 0.01121 0.01077 18.5 0.01014 0.00908 0.00839 0.00787 0.00749 0.00719
13.0 0.01630 0.01460 0.01348 0.01265 0.01203 0.01155 19.0 0.01063 0.00953 0.00880 0.00826 0.00786 0.00754
13.5 0.01744 0.01562 0.01442 0.01353 0.01287 0.01236 19.5 0.01114 0.00998 0.00922 0.00865 0.00823 0.00790
14.0 0.01861 0.01667 0.01539 0.01445 0.01374 0.01320 20.0 0.01165 0.01044 0.00964 0.00905 0.00861 0.00827
14.5 0.01982 0.01776 0.01639 0.01538 0.01464 0.01405 20.5 0.01218 0.01092 0.01008 0.00946 0.00900 0.00865
15.0 0.02106 0.01887 0.01742 0.01635 0.01555 0.01494 21.0 0.01272 0.01140 0.01052 0.00988 0.00940 0.00903
15.5 0.02233 0.02001 0.01847 0.01734 0.01650 0.01584 21.5 0.01326 0.01189 0.01098 0.01031 0.00981 0.00942
16.0 0.02363 0.02118 0.01955 0.01835 0.01746 0.01677 22.0 0.01382 0.01239 0.01144 0.01074 0.01022 0.00982
16.5 0.02497 0.02238 0.02066 0.01940 0.01846 0.01773 22.5 0.01439 0.01290 0.01191 0.01118 0.01064 0.01022
17.0 0.02634 0.02361 0.02180 0.02046 0.01947 0.01870 23.0 0.01496 0.01341 0.01239 0.01163 0.01107 0.01063
17.5 0.02774 0.02486 0.02296 0.02156 0.02051 0.01970 23.5 0.01555 0.01394 0.01288 0.01209 0.01151 0.01105
18.0 0.02917 0.02615 0.02415 0.02267 0.02158 0.02072 24.0 0.01615 0.01448 0.01337 0.01256 0.01195 0.01148
18.5 0.03063 0.02747 0.02537 0.02382 0.02267 0.02177 24.5 0.01675 0.01502 0.01388 0.01303 0.01240 0.01191
19.0 0.03213 0.02881 0.02661 0.02499 0.02378 0.02284 25.0 0.01737 0.01558 0.01439 0.01351 0.01286 0.01235
19.5 0.03366 0.03018 0.02788 0.02618 0.02492 0.02393 25.5 0.01800 0.01614 0.01491 0.01400 0.01333 0.01280
20.0 0.03522 0.03158 0.02917 0.02740 0.02607 0.02505 26.0 0.01863 0.01671 0.01544 0.01450 0.01380 0.01325
20.5 0.03681 0.03301 0.03049 0.02864 0.02726 0.02618 26.5 0.01928 0.01729 0.01597 0.01500 0.01428 0.01372
21.0 0.03843 0.03447 0.03184 0.02990 0.02846 0.02734 27.0 0.01993 0.01788 0.01652 0.01551 0.01477 0.01419
21.5 0.04008 0.03595 0.03322 0.03120 0.02969 0.02853 27.5 0.02060 0.01848 0.01707 0.01603 0.01526 0.01466
22.0 0.04177 0.03746 0.03461 0.03251 0.03095 0.02973 28.0 0.02127 0.01908 0.01763 0.01656 0.01576 0.01514
22.5 0.04348 0.03900 0.03604 0.03385 0.03222 0.03096 28.5 0.02196 0.01970 0.01820 0.01710 0.01627 0.01563
23.0 0.04523 0.04057 0.03749 0.03521 0.03352 0.03220 29.0 0.02265 0.02032 0.01878 0.01764 0.01679 0.01613
23.5 0.04700 0.04217 0.03896 0.03660 0.03484 0.03348 29.5 0.02336 0.02095 0.01936 0.01819 0.01731 0.01664
24.0 0.04881 0.04379 0.04046 0.03801 0.03619 0.03477 30.0 0.02407 0.02160 0.01996 0.01875 0.01785 0.01715
24.5 0.05064 0.04544 0.04199 0.03945 0.03755 0.03608 30.5 0.02479 0.02224 0.02056 0.01931 0.01838 0.01766
25.0 0.05251 0.04711 0.04354 0.04090 0.03894 0.03742 31.0 0.02553 0.02290 0.02117 0.01988 0.01893 0.01819
25.5 0.05440 0.04882 0.04512 0.04239 0.04036 0.03878 31.5 0.02627 0.02357 0.02178 0.02046 0.01948 0.01872
26.0 0.05633 0.05055 0.04672 0.04389 0.04179 0.04015 32.0 0.02702 0.02424 0.02241 0.02105 0.02004 0.01926
26.5 0.05828 0.05230 0.04834 0.04542 0.04325 0.04156 32.5 0.02778 0.02493 0.02304 0.02165 0.02061 0.01980
27.0 0.06026 0.05409 0.04999 0.04697 0.04473 0.04298 33.0 0.02855 0.02562 0.02368 0.02225 0.02118 0.02035
27.5 0.06228 0.05589 0.05167 0.04855 0.04623 0.04442 33.5 0.02933 0.02632 0.02433 0.02286 0.02176 0.02091
28.0 0.06432 0.05773 0.05337 0.05015 0.04775 0.04589 34.0 0.03012 0.02703 0.02498 0.02347 0.02235 0.02148
28.5 0.06639 0.05959 0.05509 0.05177 0.04930 0.04737 34.5 0.03091 0.02775 0.02565 0.02410 0.02295 0.02205
29.0 0.06849 0.06148 0.05684 0.05341 0.05086 0.04888 35.0 0.03172 0.02847 0.02632 0.02473 0.02355 0.02263
29.5 0.07062 0.06340 0.05861 0.05508 0.05245 0.05041 35.5 0.03254 0.02921 0.02700 0.02537 0.02416 0.02321
30.0 0.07278 0.06534 0.06041 0.05677 0.05406 0.05196 36.0 0.03336 0.02995 0.02769 0.02602 0.02477 0.02381
30.5 0.07497 0.06730 0.06223 0.05848 0.05570 0.05353 36.5 0.03420 0.03070 0.02838 0.02667 0.02540 0.02440
31.0 0.07718 0.06930 0.06408 0.06022 0.05735 0.05512 37.0 0.03504 0.03146 0.02908 0.02733 0.02602 0.02501
31.5 0.07943 0.07132 0.06594 0.06198 0.05903 0.05673 37.5 0.03589 0.03222 0.02979 0.02800 0.02666 0.02562
32.0 0.08170 0.07336 0.06784 0.06376 0.06072 0.05836 38.0 0.03676 0.03300 0.03051 0.02867 0.02730 0.02624
32.5 0.08400 0.07543 0.06975 0.06556 0.06244 0.06001 38.5 0.03763 0.03378 0.03123 0.02935 0.02795 0.02687
33.0 0.08633 0.07753 0.07169 0.06739 0.06418 0.06169 39.0 0.03851 0.03457 0.03197 0.03004 0.02861 0.02750
33.5 0.08869 0.07965 0.07366 0.06923 0.06594 0.06338 39.5 0.03939 0.03537 0.03271 0.03074 0.02928 0.02814
34.0 0.09107 0.08179 0.07565 0.07110 0.06773 0.06510 40.0 0.04029 0.03618 0.03345 0.03144 0.02995 0.02878
34.5 0.09349 0.08396 0.07766 0.07300 0.06953 0.06683 40.5 0.04120 0.03700 0.03421 0.03215 0.03062 0.02943
35.0 0.09593 0.08616 0.07969 0.07491 0.07136 0.06859 41.0 0.04212 0.03782 0.03497 0.03287 0.03131 0.03009
35.5 0.09840 0.08838 0.08175 0.07685 0.07320 0.07036 41.5 0.04304 0.03865 0.03574 0.03360 0.03200 0.03075
36.0 0.10090 0.09063 0.08383 0.07881 0.07507 0.07216 42.0 0.04397 0.03949 0.03652 0.03433 0.03270 0.03142
96

42.5 0.04492 0.04034 0.03731 0.03507 0.03340 0.03210
43.0 0.04587 0.04119 0.03810 0.03581 0.03411 0.03279
43.5 0.04683 0.04206 0.03890 0.03656 0.03483 0.03348
44.0 0.04780 0.04293 0.03971 0.03732 0.03555 0.03417
44.5 0.04877 0.04381 0.04052 0.03809 0.03628 0.03488
45.0 0.04976 0.04470 0.04134 0.03886 0.03702 0.03559
45.5 0.05076 0.04559 0.04217 0.03964 0.03776 0.03630
46.0 0.05176 0.04650 0.04301 0.04043 0.03852 0.03702
46.5 0.05277 0.04741 0.04385 0.04123 0.03927 0.03775
47.0 0.05379 0.04833 0.04470 0.04203 0.04004 0.03849
47.5 0.05482 0.04925 0.04556 0.04284 0.04081 0.03923
48.0 0.05586 0.05019 0.04643 0.04365 0.04158 0.03998
48.5 0.05691 0.05113 0.04730 0.04447 0.04237 0.04073
49.0 0.05797 0.05208 0.04818 0.04530 0.04316 0.04149
49.5 0.05903 0.05304 0.04907 0.04614 0.04396 0.04226
50.0 0.06011 0.05401 0.04997 0.04698 0.04476 0.04303
50.5 0.06119 0.05498 0.05087 0.04783 0.04557 0.04381
51.0 0.06228 0.05596 0.05178 0.04869 0.04638 0.04459
51.5 0.06338 0.05695 0.05269 0.04955 0.04721 0.04538
52.0 0.06448 0.05795 0.05362 0.05042 0.04804 0.04618
52.5 0.06560 0.05895 0.05455 0.05129 0.04887 0.04699
53.0 0.06673 0.05997 0.05549 0.05218 0.04971 0.04780
53.5 0.06786 0.06099 0.05643 0.05307 0.05056 0.04861
54.0 0.06900 0.06201 0.05739 0.05396 0.05142 0.04944
54.5 0.07015 0.06305 0.05834 0.05487 0.05228 0.05026
55.0 0.07131 0.06409 0.05931 0.05578 0.05315 0.05110
55.5 0.07248 0.06514 0.06028 0.05669 0.05402 0.05194
56.0 0.07365 0.06620 0.06127 0.05762 0.05490 0.05279
56.5 0.07483 0.06727 0.06225 0.05855 0.05579 0.05364
57.0 0.07603 0.06834 0.06325 0.05948 0.05668 0.05450
57.5 0.07723 0.06942 0.06425 0.06043 0.05758 0.05537
58.0 0.07844 0.07051 0.06526 0.06138 0.05849 0.05624
58.5 0.07965 0.07161 0.06627 0.06233 0.05940 0.05712
59.0 0.08088 0.07271 0.06730 0.06330 0.06032 0.05800
59.5 0.08211 0.07382 0.06833 0.06427 0.06124 0.05889
60.0 0.08335 0.07494 0.06936 0.06524 0.06217 0.05979
60.5 0.08460 0.07607 0.07041 0.06623 0.06311 0.06069
61.0 0.08586 0.07720 0.07146 0.06722 0.06406 0.06160
61.5 0.08713 0.07834 0.07252 0.06821 0.06501 0.06251
62.0 0.08840 0.07949 0.07358 0.06921 0.06596 0.06343
62.5 0.08969 0.08065 0.07465 0.07022 0.06692 0.06436
63.0 0.09098 0.08181 0.07573 0.07124 0.06789 0.06529
63.5 0.09228 0.08298 0.07682 0.07226 0.06887 0.06623
64.0 0.09359 0.08416 0.07791 0.07329 0.06985 0.06717
64.5 0.09490 0.08534 0.07901 0.07432 0.07084 0.06812
65.0 0.09623 0.08654 0.08011 0.07537 0.07183 0.06908
65.5 0.09756 0.08774 0.08123 0.07641 0.07283 0.07004
66.0 0.09890 0.08895 0.08235 0.07747 0.07384 0.07101
66.5 0.10025 0.09016 0.08347 0.07853 0.07485 0.07198
67.0 0.10161 0.09138 0.08461 0.07960 0.07587 0.07296
67.5 0.10297 0.09261 0.08575 0.08067 0.07689 0.07395
68.0 0.10434 0.09385 0.08690 0.08175 0.07792 0.07494
68.5 0.10573 0.09509 0.08805 0.08284 0.07896 0.07594
69.0 0.10712 0.09635 0.08921 0.08393 0.08000 0.07694
69.5 0.10851 0.09761 0.09038 0.08503 0.08105 0.07795
70.0 0.10992 0.09887 0.09155 0.08614 0.08211 0.07897
97
Notes
98
Appendix G — HDPE Pressure Loss Charts

2" HDPE (SDR 11) 3" HDPE (SDR 11)
Head Loss Per Foot of Tubing Head Loss Per Foot of Tubing
gpm 80oF 100oF 120oF 140oF gpm 80oF 100oF 120oF 140oF
14 0.00708 0.00672 0.00622 0.00596 28 0.00382 0.00362 0.00336 0.00321
15 0.00801 0.00760 0.00704 0.00674 30 0.00432 0.00410 0.00380 0.00364
16 0.00900 0.00853 0.00791 0.00757 32 0.00485 0.00460 0.00427 0.00409
17 0.01003 0.00951 0.00882 0.00844 34 0.00541 0.00513 0.00476 0.00456
18 0.01111 0.01054 0.00977 0.00935 36 0.00599 0.00569 0.00527 0.00505
19 0.01224 0.01162 0.01076 0.01031 38 0.00660 0.00626 0.00581 0.00557
20 0.01342 0.01274 0.01180 0.01130 40 0.00724 0.00687 0.00637 0.00610
21 0.01465 0.01390 0.01288 0.01234 42 0.00790 0.00750 0.00696 0.00666
22 0.01592 0.01511 0.01401 0.01341 44 0.00859 0.00815 0.00756 0.00725
23 0.01724 0.01637 0.01517 0.01453 46 0.00930 0.00883 0.00819 0.00785
24 0.01861 0.01766 0.01638 0.01569 48 0.01004 0.00953 0.00884 0.00847
25 0.02002 0.01901 0.01763 0.01688 50 0.01080 0.01026 0.00952 0.00912
26 0.02148 0.02040 0.01891 0.01812 52 0.01159 0.01101 0.01022 0.00979
27 0.02299 0.02183 0.02024 0.01939 54 0.01240 0.01178 0.01093 0.01048
28 0.02454 0.02330 0.02161 0.02070 56 0.01324 0.01258 0.01167 0.01119
29 0.02614 0.02482 0.02302 0.02205 58 0.01410 0.01340 0.01244 0.01192
30 0.02778 0.02637 0.02447 0.02344 60 0.01499 0.01424 0.01322 0.01267
31 0.02946 0.02797 0.02595 0.02487 62 0.01590 0.01510 0.01402 0.01344
32 0.03119 0.02962 0.02748 0.02633 64 0.01683 0.01599 0.01485 0.01423
33 0.03296 0.03130 0.02904 0.02783 66 0.01779 0.01690 0.01570 0.01505
34 0.03478 0.03303 0.03065 0.02937 68 0.01877 0.01784 0.01656 0.01588
35 0.03663 0.03479 0.03229 0.03094 70 0.01977 0.01879 0.01745 0.01673
36 0.03854 0.03660 0.03397 0.03255 72 0.02080 0.01977 0.01836 0.01760
37 0.04048 0.03845 0.03569 0.03420 74 0.02185 0.02077 0.01929 0.01849
38 0.04247 0.04034 0.03744 0.03588 76 0.02293 0.02179 0.02024 0.01941
39 0.04450 0.04227 0.03924 0.03760 78 0.02402 0.02283 0.02121 0.02034
40 0.04657 0.04424 0.04107 0.03936 80 0.02514 0.02390 0.02220 0.02129
41 0.04868 0.04625 0.04294 0.04115 82 0.02629 0.02498 0.02321 0.02226
42 0.05084 0.04830 0.04484 0.04298 84 0.02745 0.02609 0.02425 0.02325
43 0.05303 0.05038 0.04678 0.04484 86 0.02864 0.02722 0.02530 0.02426
44 0.05527 0.05251 0.04876 0.04674 88 0.02985 0.02837 0.02637 0.02529
45 0.05755 0.05468 0.05078 0.04867 90 0.03108 0.02955 0.02746 0.02633
46 0.05987 0.05689 0.05283 0.05064 92 0.03234 0.03074 0.02857 0.02740
47 0.06223 0.05913 0.05492 0.05265 94 0.03361 0.03196 0.02970 0.02849
48 0.06463 0.06142 0.05704 0.05468 96 0.03491 0.03319 0.03085 0.02959
49 0.06707 0.06374 0.05920 0.05676 98 0.03623 0.03445 0.03202 0.03071
50 0.06956 0.06610 0.06140 0.05886 100 0.03757 0.03573 0.03321 0.03186
102 0.03894 0.03703 0.03442 0.03302
104 0.04033 0.03834 0.03565 0.03420
106 0.04173 0.03968 0.03690 0.03539
108 0.04316 0.04104 0.03817 0.03661
110 0.04461 0.04243 0.03945 0.03784
112 0.04609 0.04383 0.04076 0.03910
114 0.04758 0.04525 0.04208 0.04037
116 0.04909 0.04669 0.04342 0.04166
118 0.05063 0.04815 0.04479 0.04297
120 0.05219 0.04964 0.04617 0.04429
99

50 0.00324 0.00308 0.00285 0.00273 152 0.02392 0.02275 0.02116 0.02030
52 0.00348 0.00330 0.00306 0.00293 154 0.02449 0.02329 0.02167 0.02079
54 0.00372 0.00353 0.00328 0.00314 156 0.02507 0.02384 0.02218 0.02128
56 0.00397 0.00377 0.00350 0.00335 158 0.02565 0.02440 0.02269 0.02177
58 0.00423 0.00401 0.00372 0.00357 160 0.02624 0.02496 0.02322 0.02227
60 0.00449 0.00427 0.00396 0.00379 162 0.02683 0.02552 0.02374 0.02278
62 0.00477 0.00453 0.00420 0.00402 164 0.02743 0.02609 0.02428 0.02329
64 0.00505 0.00479 0.00445 0.00426 166 0.02804 0.02667 0.02481 0.02381
66 0.00533 0.00506 0.00470 0.00450 168 0.02865 0.02725 0.02536 0.02433
68 0.00563 0.00534 0.00496 0.00475 170 0.02927 0.02784 0.02590 0.02486
70 0.00593 0.00563 0.00522 0.00501 172 0.02989 0.02844 0.02646 0.02539
72 0.00623 0.00592 0.00550 0.00527 174 0.03052 0.02904 0.02702 0.02593
74 0.00655 0.00622 0.00577 0.00553 176 0.03116 0.02964 0.02758 0.02647
76 0.00687 0.00653 0.00606 0.00581 178 0.03180 0.03025 0.02815 0.02701
78 0.00720 0.00684 0.00635 0.00609 180 0.03245 0.03087 0.02873 0.02757
80 0.00753 0.00716 0.00665 0.00637 182 0.03310 0.03149 0.02931 0.02812
82 0.00788 0.00748 0.00695 0.00666 184 0.03376 0.03212 0.02989 0.02868
84 0.00822 0.00781 0.00726 0.00696 186 0.03442 0.03275 0.03048 0.02925
86 0.00858 0.00815 0.00757 0.00726 188 0.03509 0.03339 0.03108 0.02982
88 0.00894 0.00850 0.00789 0.00756 190 0.03577 0.03404 0.03168 0.03040
90 0.00931 0.00885 0.00822 0.00788 192 0.03645 0.03469 0.03228 0.03098
92 0.00969 0.00920 0.00855 0.00820 194 0.03714 0.03534 0.03289 0.03157
94 0.01007 0.00957 0.00889 0.00852 196 0.03784 0.03600 0.03351 0.03216
96 0.01046 0.00994 0.00923 0.00885 198 0.03853 0.03667 0.03413 0.03276
98 0.01085 0.01031 0.00958 0.00919 200 0.03924 0.03734 0.03476 0.03336
100 0.01125 0.01070 0.00994 0.00953 202 0.03995 0.03802 0.03539 0.03397
102 0.01166 0.01108 0.01030 0.00987 204 0.04067 0.03870 0.03602 0.03458
104 0.01208 0.01148 0.01067 0.01023 206 0.04139 0.03939 0.03667 0.03519
106 0.01250 0.01188 0.01104 0.01058 208 0.04212 0.04008 0.03731 0.03581
108 0.01293 0.01229 0.01142 0.01095 210 0.04285 0.04078 0.03797 0.03644
110 0.01336 0.01270 0.01180 0.01132 212 0.04359 0.04149 0.03862 0.03707
112 0.01380 0.01312 0.01219 0.01169 214 0.04434 0.04220 0.03928 0.03771
114 0.01425 0.01354 0.01259 0.01207 216 0.04509 0.04291 0.03995 0.03835
116 0.01470 0.01397 0.01299 0.01246 218 0.04584 0.04363 0.04062 0.03899
118 0.01516 0.01441 0.01339 0.01285 220 0.04661 0.04436 0.04130 0.03965
120 0.01563 0.01486 0.01381 0.01324 222 0.04737 0.04509 0.04198 0.04030
122 0.01610 0.01530 0.01423 0.01364 224 0.04815 0.04583 0.04267 0.04096
124 0.01658 0.01576 0.01465 0.01405 226 0.04893 0.04657 0.04336 0.04163
126 0.01706 0.01622 0.01508 0.01446 228 0.04971 0.04732 0.04406 0.04230
128 0.01755 0.01669 0.01551 0.01488 230 0.05050 0.04807 0.04476 0.04297
130 0.01805 0.01716 0.01595 0.01530
132 0.01855 0.01764 0.01640 0.01573
134 0.01906 0.01812 0.01685 0.01616
136 0.01958 0.01862 0.01731 0.01660
138 0.02010 0.01911 0.01777 0.01705
140 0.02063 0.01961 0.01824 0.01750
142 0.02116 0.02012 0.01871 0.01795
144 0.02170 0.02064 0.01919 0.01841
146 0.02225 0.02116 0.01968 0.01887
148 0.02280 0.02168 0.02017 0.01935
150 0.02336 0.02221 0.02066 0.01982
100

o o o o o o o o
gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F
14 0.00775 0.00725 0.00679 0.00636 28 0.00417 0.00391 0.00366 0.00343
15 0.00877 0.00821 0.00769 0.00720 30 0.00472 0.00442 0.00414 0.00388
16 0.00984 0.00921 0.00863 0.00808 32 0.00530 0.00496 0.00465 0.00436
17 0.01097 0.01027 0.00962 0.00901 34 0.00591 0.00553 0.00519 0.00486
18 0.01215 0.01138 0.01066 0.00998 36 0.00591 0.00553 0.00519 0.00486
19 0.01338 0.01253 0.01174 0.01100 38 0.00721 0.00676 0.00633 0.00594
20 0.01467 0.01374 0.01288 0.01206 40 0.00790 0.00741 0.00694 0.00651
21 0.01601 0.01500 0.01405 0.01317 42 0.00863 0.00808 0.00758 0.00711
22 0.01740 0.01630 0.01528 0.01431 44 0.00938 0.00879 0.00824 0.00773
23 0.01884 0.01765 0.01655 0.01550 46 0.01015 0.00952 0.00893 0.00837
24 0.02034 0.01905 0.01786 0.01673 48 0.01096 0.01027 0.00964 0.00903
25 0.02188 0.02050 0.01922 0.01801 50 0.01179 0.01106 0.01037 0.00972
26 0.02347 0.02199 0.02062 0.01932 52 0.01265 0.01186 0.01113 0.01043
27 0.02511 0.02353 0.02206 0.02068 54 0.01354 0.01269 0.01191 0.01117
28 0.02681 0.02512 0.02355 0.02208 56 0.01445 0.01355 0.01271 0.01192
29 0.02855 0.02675 0.02509 0.02352 58 0.01539 0.01443 0.01354 0.01270
30 0.03033 0.02843 0.02666 0.02499 60 0.01636 0.01534 0.01439 0.01350
31 0.03217 0.03015 0.02828 0.02651 62 0.01735 0.01627 0.01527 0.01432
32 0.03406 0.03192 0.02994 0.02807 64 0.01836 0.01722 0.01616 0.01516
33 0.03599 0.03374 0.03164 0.02967 66 0.01941 0.01820 0.01708 0.01603
34 0.03797 0.03559 0.03339 0.03130 68 0.02048 0.01921 0.01803 0.01691
35 0.03999 0.03750 0.03517 0.03298 70 0.02157 0.02023 0.01899 0.01782
36 0.04207 0.03944 0.03700 0.03470 72 0.02269 0.02129 0.01998 0.01875
37 0.04419 0.04143 0.03887 0.03645 74 0.02383 0.02236 0.02099 0.01970
38 0.04635 0.04346 0.04077 0.03824 76 0.02500 0.02346 0.02202 0.02067
39 0.04856 0.04554 0.04272 0.04007 78 0.02620 0.02458 0.02308 0.02166
40 0.05082 0.04766 0.04471 0.04194 80 0.02742 0.02573 0.02415 0.02267
41 0.05312 0.04982 0.04675 0.04385 82 0.02866 0.02689 0.02525 0.02370
42 0.05547 0.05202 0.04882 0.04579 84 0.02993 0.02809 0.02637 0.02475
43 0.05786 0.05427 0.05093 0.04778 86 0.03122 0.02930 0.02751 0.02583
44 0.06030 0.05656 0.05308 0.04980 88 0.03254 0.03054 0.02868 0.02692
45 0.06278 0.05889 0.05527 0.05185 90 0.03388 0.03180 0.02986 0.02803
46 0.06531 0.06126 0.05750 0.05395 92 0.03525 0.03308 0.03107 0.02917
47 0.06788 0.06368 0.05977 0.05608 94 0.03664 0.03439 0.03229 0.03032
48 0.07050 0.06613 0.06207 0.05825 96 0.03805 0.03571 0.03354 0.03150
49 0.07316 0.06863 0.06442 0.06045 98 0.03949 0.03707 0.03481 0.03269
50 0.07586 0.07117 0.06681 0.06269 100 0.04095 0.03844 0.03610 0.03390
102 0.04243 0.03983 0.03742 0.03514
104 0.04394 0.04125 0.03875 0.03639
106 0.04547 0.04269 0.04010 0.03766
108 0.04702 0.04415 0.04148 0.03896
110 0.04860 0.04563 0.04287 0.04027
112 0.05020 0.04714 0.04429 0.04160
114 0.05183 0.04867 0.04572 0.04295
116 0.05348 0.05022 0.04718 0.04432
118 0.05515 0.05179 0.04866 0.04571
120 0.05684 0.05338 0.05016 0.04712
101

o o o o o o o o
gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F
50 0.00354 0.00332 0.00311 0.00291 152 0.02605 0.02447 0.02299 0.02160
52 0.00380 0.00356 0.00334 0.00313 154 0.02667 0.02505 0.02354 0.02211
54 0.00406 0.00381 0.00357 0.00335 156 0.02730 0.02564 0.02409 0.02263
56 0.00434 0.00406 0.00381 0.00357 158 0.02793 0.02623 0.02465 0.02316
58 0.00462 0.00433 0.00406 0.00380 160 0.02857 0.02684 0.02522 0.02369
60 0.00491 0.00460 0.00431 0.00404 162 0.02922 0.02744 0.02579 0.02423
62 0.00520 0.00488 0.00458 0.00429 164 0.02987 0.02806 0.02637 0.02477
64 0.00551 0.00516 0.00484 0.00454 166 0.03053 0.02868 0.02695 0.02532
66 0.00582 0.00546 0.00512 0.00480 168 0.03120 0.02930 0.02754 0.02588
68 0.00614 0.00576 0.00540 0.00507 170 0.03187 0.02993 0.02813 0.02644
70 0.00647 0.00607 0.00569 0.00534 172 0.03255 0.03057 0.02873 0.02700
72 0.00680 0.00638 0.00599 0.00561 174 0.03323 0.03122 0.02934 0.02757
74 0.00715 0.00670 0.00629 0.00590 176 0.03392 0.03187 0.02995 0.02815
76 0.00750 0.00703 0.00660 0.00619 178 0.03462 0.03252 0.03057 0.02873
78 0.00786 0.00737 0.00691 0.00648 180 0.03532 0.03318 0.03119 0.02931
80 0.00822 0.00771 0.00723 0.00679 182 0.03603 0.03385 0.03182 0.02990
82 0.00859 0.00806 0.00756 0.00710 184 0.03675 0.03452 0.03245 0.03050
84 0.00897 0.00842 0.00790 0.00741 186 0.03747 0.03520 0.03309 0.03110
86 0.00936 0.00878 0.00824 0.00773 188 0.03820 0.03589 0.03374 0.03171
88 0.00976 0.00915 0.00859 0.00806 190 0.03894 0.03658 0.03439 0.03232
90 0.01016 0.00953 0.00894 0.00839 192 0.03968 0.03728 0.03504 0.03294
92 0.01057 0.00991 0.00930 0.00873 194 0.04042 0.03798 0.03571 0.03356
94 0.01098 0.01030 0.00967 0.00908 196 0.04118 0.03869 0.03637 0.03419
96 0.01140 0.01070 0.01004 0.00943 198 0.04194 0.03941 0.03705 0.03482
98 0.01184 0.01110 0.01042 0.00978 200 0.04270 0.04013 0.03773 0.03546
100 0.01227 0.01152 0.01081 0.01015 202 0.04348 0.04085 0.03841 0.03611
102 0.01272 0.01193 0.01120 0.01051 204 0.04426 0.04159 0.03910 0.03676
104 0.01317 0.01236 0.01160 0.01089 206 0.04504 0.04232 0.03979 0.03741
106 0.01363 0.01279 0.01201 0.01127 208 0.04583 0.04307 0.04050 0.03807
108 0.01409 0.01322 0.01242 0.01166 210 0.04663 0.04382 0.04120 0.03873
110 0.01457 0.01367 0.01283 0.01205 212 0.04743 0.04457 0.04191 0.03940
112 0.01504 0.01412 0.01326 0.01245 214 0.04824 0.04534 0.04263 0.04008
114 0.01553 0.01458 0.01369 0.01285 216 0.04906 0.04610 0.04335 0.04076
116 0.01602 0.01504 0.01412 0.01326 218 0.04988 0.04688 0.04408 0.04144
118 0.01652 0.01551 0.01456 0.01367 220 0.05071 0.04765 0.04481 0.04213
120 0.01703 0.01599 0.01501 0.01410 222 0.05154 0.04844 0.04555 0.04283
122 0.01754 0.01647 0.01547 0.01452 224 0.05238 0.04923 0.04630 0.04353
124 0.01807 0.01696 0.01593 0.01495 226 0.05323 0.05003 0.04705 0.04424
126 0.01859 0.01745 0.01639 0.01539 228 0.05408 0.05083 0.04780 0.04495
128 0.01913 0.01795 0.01686 0.01584 230 0.05494 0.05163 0.04856 0.04566
130 0.01967 0.01846 0.01734 0.01629
132 0.02021 0.01898 0.01783 0.01674
134 0.02077 0.01950 0.01832 0.01720
136 0.02133 0.02003 0.01881 0.01767
138 0.02190 0.02056 0.01931 0.01814
140 0.02247 0.02110 0.01982 0.01862
142 0.02305 0.02164 0.02033 0.01910
144 0.02364 0.02220 0.02085 0.01959
146 0.02423 0.02275 0.02138 0.02008
148 0.02483 0.02332 0.02191 0.02058
150 0.02544 0.02389 0.02245 0.02109
102

14 0.00852 0.00763 0.00704 0.00661 28 0.00459 0.00411 0.00380 0.00356
15 0.00964 0.00864 0.00797 0.00748 30 0.00519 0.00465 0.00429 0.00403
16 0.01082 0.00969 0.00895 0.00840 32 0.00582 0.00522 0.00482 0.00453
17 0.01206 0.01080 0.00997 0.00936 34 0.00649 0.00582 0.00538 0.00505
18 0.01335 0.01197 0.01105 0.01037 36 0.00719 0.00645 0.00596 0.00559
19 0.01471 0.01318 0.01217 0.01143 38 0.00792 0.00710 0.00656 0.00616
20 0.01612 0.01445 0.01334 0.01253 40 0.00868 0.00779 0.00720 0.00676
21 0.01759 0.01577 0.01456 0.01367 42 0.00947 0.00850 0.00785 0.00738
22 0.01912 0.01714 0.01583 0.01487 44 0.01030 0.00924 0.00854 0.00802
23 0.02070 0.01856 0.01715 0.01610 46 0.01115 0.01000 0.00925 0.00869
24 0.02234 0.02003 0.01851 0.01738 48 0.01203 0.01080 0.00998 0.00938
25 0.02403 0.02155 0.01991 0.01870 50 0.01294 0.01162 0.01074 0.01009
26 0.02578 0.02312 0.02136 0.02007 52 0.01389 0.01247 0.01153 0.01083
27 0.02758 0.02474 0.02286 0.02147 54 0.01486 0.01334 0.01233 0.01159
28 0.02943 0.02641 0.02440 0.02292 56 0.01586 0.01424 0.01317 0.01238
29 0.03134 0.02812 0.02599 0.02442 58 0.01689 0.01516 0.01402 0.01318
30 0.03330 0.02989 0.02762 0.02595 60 0.01794 0.01612 0.01491 0.01401
31 0.03532 0.03170 0.02930 0.02752 62 0.01903 0.01709 0.01581 0.01486
32 0.03738 0.03355 0.03101 0.02914 64 0.02014 0.01810 0.01674 0.01574
33 0.03950 0.03546 0.03278 0.03080 66 0.02129 0.01912 0.01769 0.01663
34 0.04167 0.03741 0.03458 0.03250 68 0.02246 0.02018 0.01867 0.01755
35 0.04389 0.03940 0.03643 0.03424 70 0.02365 0.02126 0.01967 0.01849
36 0.04616 0.04145 0.03832 0.03601 72 0.02488 0.02236 0.02069 0.01945
37 0.04849 0.04354 0.04026 0.03783 74 0.02613 0.02349 0.02173 0.02044
38 0.05086 0.04567 0.04223 0.03969 76 0.02741 0.02464 0.02280 0.02144
39 0.05328 0.04785 0.04425 0.04159 78 0.02872 0.02582 0.02389 0.02247
40 0.05576 0.05007 0.04631 0.04353 80 0.03006 0.02702 0.02501 0.02352
41 0.05828 0.05234 0.04841 0.04551 82 0.03142 0.02824 0.02614 0.02459
42 0.06085 0.05466 0.05056 0.04752 84 0.03280 0.02949 0.02730 0.02568
43 0.06347 0.05702 0.05274 0.04958 86 0.03422 0.03077 0.02848 0.02679
44 0.06614 0.05942 0.05497 0.05168 88 0.03566 0.03207 0.02969 0.02793
45 0.06886 0.06187 0.05723 0.05381 90 0.03713 0.03339 0.03091 0.02908
46 0.07163 0.06436 0.05954 0.05598 92 0.03862 0.03473 0.03216 0.03025
47 0.07444 0.06689 0.06189 0.05819 94 0.04014 0.03610 0.03343 0.03145
48 0.07731 0.06947 0.06428 0.06044 96 0.04169 0.03750 0.03472 0.03267
49 0.08022 0.07209 0.06671 0.06272 98 0.04326 0.03891 0.03603 0.03391
50 0.08318 0.07475 0.06917 0.06505 100 0.04486 0.04035 0.03737 0.03516
102 0.04648 0.04182 0.03873 0.03644
104 0.04813 0.04330 0.04011 0.03774
106 0.04980 0.04481 0.04151 0.03906
108 0.05150 0.04635 0.04293 0.04040
110 0.05323 0.04790 0.04437 0.04176
112 0.05498 0.04948 0.04584 0.04314
114 0.05676 0.05108 0.04732 0.04454
116 0.05856 0.05271 0.04883 0.04596
118 0.06038 0.05435 0.05036 0.04740
120 0.06224 0.05602 0.05190 0.04886
103

o o o o o o o o
gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F gpm 80 F 100 F 120 F 140 F
50 0.00389 0.00349 0.00322 0.00303 152 0.02853 0.02568 0.02379 0.02239
52 0.00417 0.00374 0.00346 0.00325 154 0.02921 0.02629 0.02436 0.02293
54 0.00446 0.00400 0.00370 0.00347 156 0.02989 0.02691 0.02493 0.02347
56 0.00476 0.00427 0.00395 0.00371 158 0.03058 0.02753 0.02551 0.02401
58 0.00507 0.00455 0.00420 0.00395 160 0.03128 0.02816 0.02610 0.02457
60 0.00539 0.00483 0.00447 0.00420 162 0.03199 0.02880 0.02669 0.02512
62 0.00571 0.00513 0.00474 0.00445 164 0.03270 0.02944 0.02728 0.02569
64 0.00605 0.00543 0.00502 0.00471 166 0.03342 0.03009 0.02789 0.02625
66 0.00639 0.00574 0.00530 0.00498 168 0.03415 0.03075 0.02850 0.02683
68 0.00674 0.00605 0.00559 0.00526 170 0.03488 0.03141 0.02911 0.02741
70 0.00710 0.00637 0.00589 0.00554 172 0.03563 0.03208 0.02973 0.02799
72 0.00747 0.00670 0.00620 0.00583 174 0.03637 0.03276 0.03036 0.02858
74 0.00784 0.00704 0.00651 0.00612 176 0.03713 0.03344 0.03099 0.02918
76 0.00823 0.00739 0.00683 0.00642 178 0.03789 0.03412 0.03163 0.02978
78 0.00862 0.00774 0.00716 0.00673 180 0.03866 0.03482 0.03227 0.03039
80 0.00902 0.00810 0.00749 0.00704 182 0.03943 0.03552 0.03292 0.03100
82 0.00943 0.00847 0.00783 0.00736 184 0.04022 0.03622 0.03358 0.03162
84 0.00984 0.00884 0.00818 0.00769 186 0.04101 0.03694 0.03424 0.03224
86 0.01027 0.00922 0.00853 0.00802 188 0.04180 0.03766 0.03491 0.03287
88 0.01070 0.00961 0.00889 0.00836 190 0.04261 0.03838 0.03558 0.03350
90 0.01114 0.01001 0.00926 0.00871 192 0.04341 0.03911 0.03626 0.03414
92 0.01159 0.01041 0.00963 0.00906 194 0.04423 0.03985 0.03694 0.03479
94 0.01204 0.01082 0.01001 0.00942 196 0.04505 0.04059 0.03763 0.03544
96 0.01250 0.01124 0.01040 0.00978 198 0.04588 0.04134 0.03833 0.03610
98 0.01298 0.01166 0.01079 0.01015 200 0.04672 0.04210 0.03903 0.03676
100 0.01345 0.01209 0.01119 0.01053 202 0.04757 0.04286 0.03974 0.03743
102 0.01394 0.01253 0.01160 0.01091 204 0.04842 0.04363 0.04045 0.03810
104 0.01444 0.01298 0.01201 0.01130 206 0.04927 0.04440 0.04117 0.03878
106 0.01494 0.01343 0.01243 0.01169 208 0.05014 0.04518 0.04189 0.03946
108 0.01545 0.01389 0.01286 0.01209 210 0.05101 0.04596 0.04262 0.04015
110 0.01596 0.01435 0.01329 0.01250 212 0.05188 0.04676 0.04336 0.04084
112 0.01649 0.01483 0.01373 0.01291 214 0.05277 0.04755 0.04410 0.04154
114 0.01702 0.01531 0.01417 0.01333 216 0.05366 0.04836 0.04485 0.04224
116 0.01756 0.01579 0.01462 0.01375 218 0.05456 0.04917 0.04560 0.04295
118 0.01811 0.01628 0.01508 0.01418 220 0.05546 0.04999 0.04636 0.04367
120 0.01866 0.01678 0.01554 0.01462 222 0.05637 0.05081 0.04712 0.04439
122 0.01922 0.01729 0.01601 0.01506 224 0.05729 0.05164 0.04789 0.04511
124 0.01979 0.01780 0.01649 0.01551 226 0.05821 0.05247 0.04866 0.04585
126 0.02037 0.01832 0.01697 0.01596 228 0.05914 0.05331 0.04944 0.04658
128 0.02095 0.01885 0.01746 0.01642 230 0.06008 0.05416 0.05023 0.04732
130 0.02155 0.01938 0.01795 0.01689
132 0.02214 0.01992 0.01845 0.01736
134 0.02275 0.02047 0.01896 0.01784
136 0.02336 0.02102 0.01947 0.01832
138 0.02398 0.02158 0.01999 0.01881
140 0.02461 0.02215 0.02051 0.01931
142 0.02525 0.02272 0.02105 0.01981
144 0.02589 0.02330 0.02158 0.02031
146 0.02654 0.02388 0.02213 0.02082
148 0.02719 0.02448 0.02267 0.02134
150 0.02786 0.02508 0.02323 0.02187
104
Appendix H — Velocity Charts
Velocity Chart in Feet per Second

hePEX plus / AQUAPEX Tubing
gpm 5/8" 3/4" gpm 1" 1 1/4" 1 1/2"

0.2 0.25 0.18 4.0 2.20 1.47 1.06
0.4 0.50 0.36 4.2 2.31 1.54 1.11
0.6 0.74 0.54 4.4 2.42 1.62 1.16
0.8 0.99 0.73 4.6 2.53 1.69 1.21
1.0 1.24 0.91 4.8 2.64 1.77 1.27
1.2 1.49 1.09 5.0 2.75 1.84 1.32
1.4 1.74 1.27 5.2 2.86 1.91 1.37
1.6 1.98 1.45 5.4 2.97 1.99 1.43
1.8 2.23 1.63 5.6 3.08 2.06 1.48
2.0 2.48 1.81 5.8 3.19 2.13 1.53
2.2 2.73 2.00 6.0 3.30 2.21 1.58
2.4 2.98 2.18 6.2 3.41 2.28 1.64
2.6 3.22 2.36 6.4 3.52 2.35 1.69
2.8 3.47 2.54 6.6 3.63 2.43 1.74
3.0 3.72 2.72 6.8 3.74 2.50 1.80
3.2 3.97 2.90 7.0 3.85 2.57 1.85
3.4 4.22 3.09 7.2 3.96 2.65 1.90
3.6 4.46 3.27 7.4 4.07 2.72 1.95
3.8 4.71 3.45 7.6 4.18 2.80 2.01
4.0 4.96 3.63 7.8 4.29 2.87 2.06
4.2 5.21 3.81 8.0 4.40 2.94 2.11
4.4 5.46 3.99 8.2 4.51 3.02 2.16
4.6 5.70 4.17 8.4 4.62 3.09 2.22
4.8 5.95 4.36 8.6 4.73 3.16 2.27
5.0 6.20 4.54 8.8 4.84 3.24 2.32
5.2 6.45 4.72 9.0 4.95 3.31 2.38
5.4 6.70 4.90 9.2 5.06 3.38 2.43
5.6 6.94 5.08 9.4 5.17 3.46 2.48
5.8 7.19 5.26 9.6 5.28 3.53 2.53
6.0 7.44 5.44 9.8 5.39 3.60 2.59
6.2 7.69 5.63 10.0 5.50 3.68 2.64
6.4 7.94 5.81 10.2 5.61 3.75 2.69
6.6 8.18 5.99 10.4 5.72 3.82 2.75
6.8 8.43 6.17 10.6 5.83 3.90 2.80
7.0 8.68 6.35 10.8 5.94 3.97 2.85
7.2 8.93 6.53 11.0 6.05 4.05 2.90
7.4 9.18 6.71 11.2 6.16 4.12 2.96
7.6 9.42 6.90 11.4 6.27 4.19 3.01
7.8 9.67 7.08 11.6 6.38 4.27 3.06
8.0 9.92 7.26 11.8 6.49 4.34 3.12
8.2 10.17 7.44 12.0 6.60 4.41 3.17
8.4 10.42 7.62 12.2 6.71 4.49 3.22
8.6 10.66 7.80 12.4 6.82 4.56 3.27
8.8 10.91 7.99 12.6 6.93 4.63 3.33
9.0 11.16 8.17 12.8 7.04 4.71 3.38
9.2 11.41 8.35 13.0 7.15 4.78 3.43
9.4 11.66 8.53 13.2 7.26 4.85 3.48
9.6 11.90 8.71 13.4 7.37 4.93 3.54
9.8 12.15 8.89 13.6 7.48 5.00 3.59
10.0 12.40 9.07 13.8 7.59 5.08 3.64
14.0 7.70 5.15 3.70
Maintain a minimum velocity of 1.5 ft/sec.
Velocities in excess of 8 ft/sec may cause erosion to metal components in the system.
105

MultiCor Tubing
gpm 5/8" 3/4" 1" gpm 5/8" 3/4" 1"

0.1 0.10 0.07 0.04 5.2 5.40 3.39 2.07
0.2 0.21 0.13 0.08 5.4 5.61 3.52 2.15
0.3 0.31 0.20 0.12 5.6 5.82 3.65 2.23
0.4 0.42 0.26 0.16 5.8 6.03 3.78 2.30
0.5 0.52 0.33 0.20 6.0 6.24 3.91 2.38
0.6 0.62 0.39 0.24 6.2 6.44 4.04 2.46
0.7 0.73 0.46 0.28 6.4 6.65 4.17 2.54
0.8 0.83 0.52 0.32 6.6 6.86 4.30 2.62
0.9 0.94 0.59 0.36 6.8 7.07 4.43 2.70
1.0 1.04 0.65 0.40 7.0 7.27 4.56 2.78
1.1 1.14 0.72 0.44 7.2 7.48 4.69 2.86
1.2 1.25 0.78 0.48 7.4 7.69 4.82 2.94
1.3 1.35 0.85 0.52 7.6 7.90 4.95 3.02
1.4 1.45 0.91 0.56 7.8 8.11 5.08 3.10
1.5 1.56 0.98 0.60 8.0 8.31 5.21 3.18
1.6 1.66 1.04 0.64 8.2 8.52 5.34 3.26
1.7 1.77 1.11 0.68 8.4 8.73 5.47 3.34
1.8 1.87 1.17 0.72 8.6 8.94 5.60 3.42
1.9 1.97 1.24 0.75 8.8 9.15 5.73 3.50
2.0 2.08 1.30 0.79 9.0 9.35 5.86 3.58
2.1 2.18 1.37 0.83 9.2 9.56 5.99 3.66
2.2 2.29 1.43 0.87 9.4 9.77 6.12 3.74
2.3 2.39 1.50 0.91 9.6 9.98 6.25 3.81
2.4 2.49 1.56 0.95 9.8 10.18 6.38 3.89
2.5 2.60 1.63 0.99 10.0 10.39 6.51 3.97
2.6 2.70 1.69 1.03 10.2 10.60 6.64 4.05
2.7 2.81 1.76 1.07 10.4 10.81 6.77 4.13
2.8 2.91 1.82 1.11 10.6 11.02 6.90 4.21
2.9 3.01 1.89 1.15 10.8 11.22 7.03 4.29
3.0 3.12 1.95 1.19 11.0 11.43 7.16 4.37
3.1 3.22 2.02 1.23 11.2 11.64 7.29 4.45
3.2 3.33 2.08 1.27 11.4 11.85 7.43 4.53
3.3 3.43 2.15 1.31 11.6 12.06 7.56 4.61
3.4 3.53 2.21 1.35 11.8 12.26 7.69 4.69
3.5 3.64 2.28 1.39 12.0 12.47 7.82 4.77
3.6 3.74 2.34 1.43 12.2 12.68 7.95 4.85
3.7 3.85 2.41 1.47 12.4 12.89 8.08 4.93
3.8 3.95 2.48 1.51 12.6 13.09 8.21 5.01
3.9 4.05 2.54 1.55 12.8 13.30 8.34 5.09
4.0 4.16 2.61 1.59 13.0 13.51 8.47 5.17
4.1 4.26 2.67 1.63 13.2 13.72 8.60 5.25
4.2 4.36 2.74 1.67 13.4 13.93 8.73 5.32
4.3 4.47 2.80 1.71 13.6 14.13 8.86 5.40
4.4 4.57 2.87 1.75 13.8 14.34 8.99 5.48
4.5 4.68 2.93 1.79 14.0 14.55 9.12 5.56
4.6 4.78 3.00 1.83 14.2 14.76 9.25 5.64
4.7 4.88 3.06 1.87 14.4 14.97 9.38 5.72
4.8 4.99 3.13 1.91 14.6 15.17 9.51 5.80
4.9 5.09 3.19 1.95 14.8 15.38 9.64 5.88
5.0 5.20 3.26 1.99 15.0 15.59 9.77 5.96
106
Appendix H — Velocity Charts

Large Dimension hePEX Tubing (Metric Dimension)
gpm 32mm 40mm 50mm 63mm

4 1.54 0.99 0.63 0.40
6 2.30 1.49 0.95 0.60
8 3.07 1.98 1.27 0.80
10 3.84 2.48 1.58 1.00
12 4.61 2.98 1.90 1.20
14 5.38 3.47 2.22 1.40
16 6.14 3.97 2.53 1.60
18 6.91 4.46 2.85 1.80
20 6.91 4.46 2.85 1.80
22 8.45 5.46 3.48 2.19
24 8.45 5.46 3.48 2.19
26 9.98 6.45 4.12 2.59
28 10.75 6.94 4.43 2.79
30 11.52 7.44 4.75 2.99
32 12.29 7.94 5.07 3.19
34 13.06 8.43 5.38 3.39
36 13.82 8.93 5.70 3.59
38 14.59 9.42 6.02 3.79
40 15.36 9.92 6.33 3.99
42 16.13 10.42 6.65 4.19
44 16.90 10.91 6.97 4.39
46 17.66 11.41 7.28 4.59
48 18.43 11.91 7.60 4.79
50 19.20 12.40 7.92 4.99
52 19.97 12.90 8.23 5.19
54 20.74 13.39 8.55 5.39
56 21.50 13.89 8.87 5.59
58 22.27 14.39 9.18 5.79
60 23.04 14.88 9.50 5.99
62 23.81 15.38 9.82 6.19
64 24.58 15.87 10.13 6.39
66 25.34 16.37 10.45 6.58
68 26.11 16.87 10.77 6.78
70 26.88 17.36 11.08 6.98
72 27.65 17.86 11.40 7.18
107

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) SDR 11
gpm 2" 3" 4"

15 1.71 0.79 0.48
20 2.29 1.05 0.64
25 2.86 1.31 0.80
30 3.43 1.58 0.95
35 4.00 1.84 1.11
40 4.57 2.10 1.27
45 5.14 2.37 1.43
50 5.71 2.63 1.59
55 6.28 2.89 1.75
60 6.86 3.15 1.91
65 7.43 3.42 2.07
70 8.00 3.68 2.23
75 8.57 3.94 2.39
80 9.14 4.20 2.54
85 9.71 4.47 2.70
90 10.28 4.73 2.86
95 10.85 4.99 3.02
100 11.43 5.26 3.18
105 12.00 5.52 3.34
110 12.57 5.83 3.50
115 13.14 6.04 3.66
120 13.71 6.31 3.82
125 14.28 6.57 3.98
130 14.85 6.83 4.13
135 15.42 7.10 4.29
140 16.00 7.36 4.45
145 16.57 7.62 4.61
150 17.14 7.88 4.77
155 17.71 8.15 4.93
160 18.28 8.41 5.09
165 18.85 8.67 5.25
170 19.42 8.94 5.41
175 19.99 9.20 5.57
180 20.57 9.46 5.73
185 21.14 9.72 5.88
190 21.71 9.99 6.04
195 22.28 10.25 6.20
200 22.85 10.51 6.36
205 23.42 10.78 6.52
210 23.99 11.04 6.68
215 24.56 11.30 6.84
220 25.14 11.56 7.00
225 25.71 11.83 7.16
230 26.28 12.09 7.32
235 26.85 12.35 7.47
240 27.42 12.61 7.63
245 27.99 12.88 7.79
250 28.56 13.14 7.95

108
Appendix I — Variable Speed Injection Mixing
The purpose of this appendix is to discuss the use supply water temperature regardless of the flow
of variable speed injection mixing to precisely activities on either primary or secondary loops
transfer heat from the high temperature boiler (see Figure I-1).
(primary) loop to the lower temperature radiant
(secondary) loop in hydronic heating systems. The speed of the injection pump is automatically
adjusted to deliver the desired volume of hot boiler
Various devices and plumbing arrangements can water to the lower temperature radiant loop. The
be used to accomplish this transfer. In the past, it injection pump speed is constantly adjusted as the
was common to use a mixing valve in order to snow and ice melting system demand and the
temper the water between the primary and supply water temperature change. If the boiler
secondary loops in a system. In some instances, return temperature becomes too cold, the injection
the heat source (condensing or electric boiler, pump can be slowed down to reduce the heat
geo-thermal heat pump, etc.) can be operated at injection rate, resulting in an increased boiler
lower temperatures and dedicated solely to return temperature.
operating a low temperature radiant heating
system. In the vast majority of systems, mixing is Wirsbo offers a variety of controls that use variable
required because: speed injection pump output. This output
modulates the power supply to the circulator to
• A boiler minimum operating temperature vary its rotational speed. For residential and many
is required. commercial systems, the controls have a 120VAC
50/60Hz output to directly power small circulators.
• High temperature water is required for
other system needs. A permanent capacitor, impedance-protected
motor (no start switch) on the circulator is
• Water temperatures vary over a wide range required. The maximum allowable amperage for
(e.g. solar heat sources, waste heat utilization, this output is 2.2 amps, which limits the allowable
wood fired boilers, etc.). circulator size to ¹⁄₆ HP.
When the available heat source produces higher This type of system can use a small circulator to
water temperatures than is required by the snow inject a high BTU/h input into a relatively large
and ice melting system, a tempering device is system flow. Typically, the injection pump need
required. To achieve the lower water temperature only deliver ¹⁄₆ to ¹⁄₄ of the system flow for low
required for the system, the high temperature temperature radiant panels if high temperature
boiler water must be blended or injected into the water is available for injection. In small hydronic
return side of the snow and ice melting system systems, the smallest available circulator for
to a level that meets the required supply water variable speed injection may be too large. It is
temperature for the radiant side. Technologies important to properly size the injection pump and
have evolved to the point of using small wet-rotor use a globe valve on the return injection leg.
pumps to accurately adjust the secondary radiant
Figure I-1 Mixing with variable speed pump

Snow and
High Ice Melting
Temperature Primary System System
(Primary) Pump Pump
Loop Injection
Point
Valve
Boiler
109
For proper injection pump sizing, the Example

designer must know the following information If values at design conditions are:
(see Figure I-2).
F1 = Radiant (Secondary) Flow = 30 gpm
FV = Flow Rate (Injection Loop) in gpm
T1 = Boiler (Primary) Supply = 180°F
F1 = Radiant (Secondary Loop) Flow Rate in gpm
T2 = Radiant (Secondary) Supply = 140°F
T1 = Boiler (Primary Loop) Supply Temperature
TR = Radiant (Secondary) Return = 120°F
T2 = Radiant (Secondary Loop) Supply
Temperature TD = Radiant (Secondary) Differential = 20°F
TR = Radiant (Secondary Loop) Return Temperature

TD = Radiant (Secondary Loop) Temperature To find the injection pump flow rate:
Differential (T2 - TR) FV = (30 x 20) / (180 - 120)
Note: All values are to be given at design FV = (600) / (60)
conditions. The formula used for sizing the
injection pump is shown below. FV = 10 gpm
FV = (F1 x TD) / (T1 - TR) In order to provide the proper amount and
temperature of supply water on the radiant heating
loop, the variable speed injection pump needs only
Direct Injection Mixing
to inject 10 gpm at design conditions.
“FV” to be Calculated
Direct Injection FV = (F1 x TD) / (T1 - TR)

Supply From HIGH Supply To LOW
Temperature Loop Variable Temperature Loop
T1 Speed T2 F1
Injection
Pump
FV
“DIRECT” INJECTION TD
FV
TR F1
Figure I-2
110
Appendix I — Variable Speed Injection Mixing
Figures I-3 and I-4 show the two Figure I-3 Injection into a Horizontal Loop
most common piping layouts for
Primary System
variable speed injection mixing. Pay Pump Variable Pump
particular attention to the drop lines Speed
Injection
(or thermal traps) shown in the
}
}
Pump
Note #2
injection legs. These are particularly
Note #2
important to prevent “thermal
siphoning” from the primary loop
From HIGH
Temperature
Loop
Note #1 } } Note #3 To LOW
Temperature
Heating System
into the secondary loop. Consult the
pump manufacturers’ chart (below)
to assist in the selection of the proper
injection pump for the project.
Note #2
} Balancing
Valve
}
}
Note #1
Note #2
Note #1 - Maximum 4 Pipe Diameters Apart

In the piping arrangement shown, the Note #2 - Minimum 6 Pipe Diameters Apart
variable speed injection pumps are Note #3 - Drop line to be longer than 1 foot
plumbed this way to limit head

pressure in the injection legs to only
a few feet at most. Use standard Figure I-4 Injection into a Vertical Loop To LOW
Temperature
pressure drop calculations and Heating System
equivalent length of feet charts for
exact calculations, if required. Primary
Pump Variable
Speed System
Injection Pump
From HIGH
Note #2
} Pump
Temperature
Loop
Note #1 } } Note #3
Note #2
} Balancing
Valve
}
}
Note #1
Note #2
Note #1 - Maximum 4 Pipe Diameters Apart

Note #2 - Minimum 6 Pipe Diameters Apart
Note #3 - Drop line to be longer than 1 foot
Variable Speed Injection Design Flow Rates Manufacturer Approved Pump Models
Design Injection Flow Rate (gpm) Turns Open of Nominal Pipe Grundfos (F) Taco B&G Armstrong
26-64
43-75
0010
0012
Without With the Globe Valve Diameter 15-42 NRF NRF NRF Astro
003
007
Globe Valve Globe Valve (%) (inches) 2* 3** 9 22 33 30 50

– 1.5 – 2.0 20 0.5 X X X X X
2.5 2 100 0.5 X
4 – 5.5 3.0 – 4.5 100 0.5 X X X X X X
4.5 – 6.5 4 – 5.5 100 0.75 X X
9 – 10.5 7.5 – 8.5 100 0.75 X X X X
9 8 100 1 X
14 –15 12 – 13 100 1 X X X
19 17 100 1.25 X
22 – 24 19 – 21 100 1.25 X X X
26 – 28 – 100 1.5 X X X
35 – 37 31 – 32 100 1.5 X X
33 30 100 2 X
41– 45 39 – 42 100 2 X X
* Speed 2, ** Speed 3 (Brute)
Table courtesy of tekmar - This table assumes 5 feet of pipe, four elbows and branch trees of the listed diameter.
These circulators have been tested and approved by the manufacturers for use with the Wirsbo pro Series controls.
111
Notes
112
Appendix J — Heat Exchanger Selection
BOILER SYSTEM @ 30oF t SNOWMELT @ 25oF t

(180ºF In / 150ºF Out) (110ºF In / 135ºF Out)
Part Exchanger Connection Output
Number Size Size BTU/h gpm ft hd psi gpm ft hd psi
A5301010 B10x10 1" NPT 15,000 1.02 0.537 0.233 1.29 0.652 0.283
A5301010 B10x10 1" NPT 20,000 1.36 0.924 0.401 1.72 1.108 0.481
A5301010 B10x10 1" NPT 25,000 1.70 1.412 0.613 2.15 1.700 0.738
A5301010 B10x10 1" NPT 30,000 2.04 1.998 0.867 2.58 2.419 1.050
A5301010 B10x10 1" NPT 35,000 2.38 2.673 1.160 3.02 3.226 1.400
A5301010 B10x10 1" NPT 40,000 2.72 3.456 1.500 3.45 4.171 1.810
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 30,000 2.04 0.698 0.303 2.58 0.993 0.431
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 35,000 2.38 0.935 0.406 3.02 1.334 0.579
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 40,000 2.72 1.207 0.524 3.45 1.724 0.748
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 45,000 3.06 1.509 0.655 3.88 2.159 0.937
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 50,000 3.40 1.843 0.800 4.31 2.650 1.150
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 55,000 3.75 2.210 0.959 4.74 3.157 1.370
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 60,000 4.09 2.604 1.130 5.17 3.733 1.620
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 65,000 4.43 3.041 1.320 5.60 4.355 1.890
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 70,000 4.77 3.502 1.520 6.03 5.023 2.180
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 75,000 5.11 3.986 1.730 6.46 5.737 2.490
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 80,000 5.45 4.493 1.950 6.89 6.475 2.810
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 85,000 5.79 5.046 2.190 7.32 7.281 3.160
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 90,000 6.13 5.645 2.450 7.75 8.111 3.520
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 95,000 6.47 6.244 2.710 8.18 9.009 3.910
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 100,000 6.81 6.889 2.990 8.62 9.931 4.310
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 105,000 7.15 7.558 3.280 9.05 10.899 4.730
A5301016 B10x16 1" NPT 110,000 7.49 8.249 3.580 9.48 11.912 5.170
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 60,000 4.09 0.970 0.421 5.17 1.530 0.664
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 65,000 4.43 1.129 0.490 5.60 1.786 0.775
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 70,000 4.77 1.300 0.564 6.03 2.058 0.893
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 75,000 5.11 1.482 0.643 6.46 2.350 1.020
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 80,000 5.45 1.677 0.728 6.48 2.650 1.150
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 85,000 5.79 1.882 0.817 7.32 2.972 1.290
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 90,000 6.13 2.097 0.910 7.75 3.318 1.440
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 95,000 6.47 2.327 1.010 8.18 3.687 1.600
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 100,000 6.81 2.558 1.110 8.62 4.078 1.770
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 105,000 7.15 2.811 1.220 9.05 4.470 1.940
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 110,000 7.49 3.065 1.330 9.48 4.885 2.120
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 115,000 7.83 3.341 1.450 9.91 5.323 2.310
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 120,000 8.17 3.618 1.570 10.34 5.783 2.510
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 125,000 8.51 3.917 1.700 10.77 6.244 2.710
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 130,000 8.85 4.217 1.830 11.20 6.728 2.920
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 135,000 9.19 4.539 1.970 11.63 7.235 3.140
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 140,000 9.53 4.862 2.110 12.06 7.765 3.370
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 145,000 9.87 5.207 2.260 12.49 8.295 3.600
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 150,000 10.21 5.553 2.410 12.92 8.848 3.840
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 155,000 10.55 5.899 2.560 13.35 9.424 4.090
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 160,000 10.89 6.267 2.720 13.78 10.023 4.350
A5301026 B10x26 1" NPT 165,000 11.24 6.659 2.890 14.22 10.622 4.610
113

A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 90,000 6.13 0.942 0.409 7.75 1.569 0.681
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 95,000 6.47 1.046 0.454 8.18 1.740 0.755
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 100,000 6.81 1.154 0.501 8.62 1.922 0.834
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 105,000 7.15 1.267 0.550 9.05 2.111 0.916
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 110,000 7.49 1.385 0.601 9.48 2.304 1.000
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 115,000 7.83 1.507 0.654 9.91 2.512 1.090
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 120,000 8.17 1.634 0.709 10.34 2.719 1.180
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 125,000 8.51 1.767 0.767 10.77 2.949 1.280
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 130,000 8.85 1.906 0.827 11.20 3.180 1.380
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 135,000 9.19 2.046 0.888 11.63 3.410 1.480
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 140,000 9.53 2.194 0.952 12.06 3.664 1.590
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 145,000 9.87 2.350 1.020 12.49 3.917 1.700
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 150,000 10.21 2.512 1.090 12.92 4.194 1.820
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 155,000 10.55 2.673 1.160 13.35 4.470 1.940
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 160,000 10.89 2.834 1.230 13.78 4.747 2.060
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 165,000 11.24 2.995 1.300 14.22 5.023 2.180
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 170,000 11.58 3.180 1.380 14.65 5.323 2.310
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 175,000 11.92 3.364 1.460 15.08 5.622 2.440
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 180,000 12.26 3.548 1.540 15.51 5.945 2.580
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 185,000 12.60 3.733 1.620 15.94 6.267 2.720
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 190,000 12.94 3.940 1.710 16.37 6.590 2.860
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 195,000 13.28 4.124 1.790 16.80 6.935 3.010
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 200,000 13.62 4.332 1.880 17.23 7.281 3.160
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 205,000 13.96 4.539 1.970 17.66 7.627 3.310
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 210,000 14.30 4.770 2.070 18.09 7.995 3.470
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 215,000 14.64 4.977 2.160 18.52 8.364 3.630
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 220,000 14.98 5.207 2.260 18.95 8.733 3.790
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 225,000 15.32 5.438 2.360 19.38 9.124 3.960
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 230,000 15.66 5.668 2.460 19.82 9.516 4.130
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 235,000 16.00 5.899 2.560 20.25 9.931 4.310
A5301040 B10x40 1" NPT 240,000 16.34 6.152 2.670 20.68 10.323 4.480
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 150,000 10.21 1.721 0.747 12.92 2.926 1.270
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 155,000 10.55 1.834 0.796 13.35 3.111 1.350
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 160,000 10.89 1.949 0.846 13.78 3.318 1.440
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 165,000 11.24 2.067 0.897 14.22 3.502 1.520
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 170,000 11.58 2.189 0.950 14.65 3.710 1.610
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 175,000 11.92 2.304 1.000 15.08 3.940 1.710
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 180,000 12.26 2.442 1.060 15.51 4.147 1.800
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 185,000 12.60 2.581 1.120 15.94 4.378 1.900
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 190,000 12.94 2.719 1.180 16.37 4.608 2.000
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 195,000 13.28 2.857 1.240 16.80 4.839 2.100
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 200,000 13.62 2.995 1.300 17.23 5.092 2.210
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 205,000 13.96 3.134 1.360 17.66 5.323 2.310
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 210,000 14.30 3.272 1.420 18.09 5.576 2.420
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 215,000 14.64 3.433 1.490 18.52 5.853 2.540
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 220,000 14.98 3.594 1.560 18.95 6.106 2.650
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 225,000 15.32 3.756 1.630 19.38 6.382 2.770
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 230,000 15.66 3.917 1.700 19.82 6.659 2.890
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 235,000 16.00 4.078 1.770 20.25 6.935 3.010
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 240,000 16.34 4.240 1.840 20.68 7.235 3.140
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 245,000 16.68 4.401 1.910 21.11 7.512 3.260
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 250,000 17.02 4.585 1.990 21.54 7.811 3.390
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 255,000 17.36 4.770 2.070 21.97 8.111 3.520
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 260,000 17.70 4.954 2.150 22.40 8.433 3.660
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 265,000 18.04 5.138 2.230 22.83 8.733 3.790
114
Appendix J — Heat Exchanger Selection

A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 270,000 18.38 5.323 2.310 23.26 9.055 3.930
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 275,000 18.73 5.507 2.390 23.69 9.401 4.080
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 280,000 19.07 5.691 2.470 24.12 9.724 4.220
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 285,000 19.41 5.899 2.560 24.55 10.069 4.370
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 290,000 19.75 6.106 2.650 24.98 10.392 4.510
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 295,000 20.09 6.290 2.730 25.42 10.760 4.670
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 300,000 20.43 6.498 2.820 25.85 11.106 4.820
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 305,000 20.77 6.705 2.910 26.28 11.452 4.970
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 310,000 21.11 6.935 3.010 26.71 11.820 5.130
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 315,000 21.45 7.143 3.100 27.14 12.189 5.290
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 320,000 21.79 7.373 3.200 27.57 12.581 5.460
A5301050 B10x50 1" NPT 325,000 22.13 7.581 3.290 28.00 12.949 5.620
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 200,000 13.62 2.260 0.981 17.23 3.871 1.680
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 205,000 13.96 2.373 1.030 17.66 4.055 1.760
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 210,000 14.30 2.488 1.080 18.09 4.263 1.850
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 215,000 14.64 2.604 1.130 18.52 4.447 1.930
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 220,000 14.98 2.719 1.180 18.95 4.654 2.020
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 225,000 15.32 2.834 1.230 19.38 4.862 2.110
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 230,000 15.66 2.949 1.280 19.82 5.069 2.200
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 235,000 16.00 3.088 1.340 20.25 5.300 2.300
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 240,000 16.34 3.203 1.390 20.68 5.507 2.390
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 245,000 16.68 3.341 1.450 21.11 5.737 2.490
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 250,000 17.02 3.479 1.510 21.54 5.968 2.590
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 255,000 17.36 3.618 1.570 21.97 6.198 2.690
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 260,000 17.70 3.756 1.630 22.40 6.429 2.790
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 265,000 18.04 3.894 1.690 22.83 6.682 2.900
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 270,000 18.38 4.032 1.750 23.26 6.912 3.000
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 275,000 18.73 4.171 1.810 23.69 7.166 3.110
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 280,000 19.07 4.332 1.880 24.12 7.419 3.220
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 285,000 19.41 4.470 1.940 24.55 7.673 3.330
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 290,000 19.75 4.631 2.010 24.98 7.949 3.450
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 295,000 20.09 4.770 2.070 25.42 8.203 3.560
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 300,000 20.43 4.931 2.140 25.85 8.479 3.680
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 305,000 20.77 5.092 2.210 26.28 8.756 3.800
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 310,000 21.11 5.253 2.280 26.71 9.032 3.920
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 315,000 21.45 5.415 2.350 27.14 9.309 4.040
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 320,000 21.79 5.599 2.430 27.57 9.608 4.170
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 325,000 22.13 5.760 2.500 28.00 9.908 4.300
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 330,000 22.47 5.922 2.570 28.43 10.184 4.420
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 335,000 22.81 6.106 2.650 28.86 10.484 4.550
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 340,000 23.15 6.290 2.730 29.29 10.806 4.690
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 345,000 23.49 6.452 2.800 29.72 11.106 4.820
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 350,000 23.83 6.636 2.880 30.15 11.429 4.960
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 355,000 24.17 6.820 2.960 30.58 11.728 5.090
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 360,000 24.51 7.005 3.040 31.02 12.051 5.230
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 365,000 24.85 7.189 3.120 31.45 12.396 5.380
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 370,000 25.19 7.396 3.210 31.88 12.719 5.520
A5301060 B10x60 1" NPT 375,000 25.53 7.581 3.290 32.31 13.041 5.660
115
Notes
116
Appendix K — Conversion Factors
TO CONVERT FROM TO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT FROM TO MULTIPLY BY

PRESSURE TEMPERATURE
Atmospheres feet of water 33.9 Centigrade degrees Fahrenheit degrees 1.8 and add 32°
Atmospheres mm. of mercury 760.0 Fahrenheit degrees Centigrade degrees Subtract 32° and
Atmospheres pounds/sq. in. 14.696 multiply by 0.5555
Feet of water (40°F) pounds/sq. in. 0.4335 MEASUREMENT
Inches of mercury (32°F) feet of water (40°F) 1.133 Centimeters inches 0.3937
Inches of mercury (32°F) pounds/sq. in. 0.49116 Feet meters 0.3048
Inches of water (40°F) pounds/sq. in. 0.03614 Inches centimeters 2.54
mm. of mercury (32°F) pounds/sq. in 0.1934 Kilometers miles 0.6214
Pounds/sq. in. feet of water (40°F) 2.3066 Meters feet 3.2808
Pounds/sq. in. inches of mercury (32°F) 2.036 Microns millimeters 0.001
VOLUME Sq. meters sq. feet 10.764
Barrels (oil) gallons 42.0 WEIGHT
Barrels (brewery) gallons 31.0 Cubic ft. of water (60°F) pounds 62.37
Cubic cm cubic inches 0.061023 Gallons pounds of water (60°F) 8.34
Cubic feet cubic inches 1728.0 Grains pounds 1/7000
Cubic feet cubic meters 0.02832 Grains/gallon parts per million 17.12
Cubic feet gallons 7.481 Grams grains 15.43
Cubic meters gallons 264.17 Kilograms pounds 2.2046
Gallons cubic feet 0.1337 Pounds grams 453.59
Gallons cubic inches 231.0 Pounds kilograms 0.4536
Gallons gallons (British) 0.83268 Tons (long) tons (short) 1.12
Gallons liters 3.7853 VOLUMETRIC RATE
Liters gallons 0.2642 Cubic ft/sec gallons/min 448.83
Liters quarts 1.0567 Gallons/min cu. ft/sec 0.00223
HEAT POWER
Boiler horsepower (BHP) BTU/h 33479.0 Horsepower ft lbs/sec 550.0
BTU/h calories (gram) 252.0 Horsepower K.W. 0.745
BTU/h calories (kg.) 0.252 VISCOSITY
Calories (gram) gram/°C BTU/lb/°F 1.0 Centipoises lbs/sec/ft 0.000672
Calories (gram) per gram BTU/lb 1.8 Poises centipoises 0.01
Horsepower BTU/h 2545.0 VELOCITY
K.W. hours BTU 3413.0 ft/sec meters/sec 0.3048
Meters/sec ft/sec 3.2808
117
Notes
118
Notes
119
Notes
120
Uponor Wirsbo TEL: (800) 321-4739
5925 148th STREET WEST FAX: (952) 891-1409
APPLE VALLEY, MN 55124 www.wirsbo.com
Copyright © 2003 Uponor Wirsbo, Printed in the United States
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Snow & Ice Melting Design Manual

Snow & Ice Melting

© 2003 Uponor Wirsbo

Chapter 2 Introduction ........................................................................................7

Chapter 3 Wirsbo Tubing Products and Hardware ..........................................9

Chapter 4 Installation Methods ........................................................................21

Chapter 5 Design Considerations ....................................................................33

Chapter 6 Design Tutorial..................................................................................41

Chapter 7 Control Strategies ............................................................................45

Chapter 8 Piping and Electrical Schematics ..................................................51

Appendix B Manifold Worksheet ........................................................................63

Appendix C System Performance and Flow Charts..........................................65

Appendix D hePEXTM plus and AQUAPEX® Pressure Loss Charts..................73

Appendix E MultiCorTM Pressure Loss Charts ....................................................83

Appendix F Large Dimension hePEX (metric) Pressure Loss Charts............89

Appendix G HDPE Pressure Loss Charts............................................................99

Appendix H Velocity Charts ................................................................................105

Appendix I Variable Speed Injection Mixing..................................................109

Appendix J Heat Exchanger Selection ............................................................113

Appendix K Conversion Factors ........................................................................117

Convection — Transfer of heat by movement of Emission — A measure of the propensity of a

Whether for residential, commercial or industrial • Sidewalks

Snow and ice melting systems can also help

Wirsbo hePEX plus is listed with the following

Example • ⁵⁄₈" and ³⁄₄" MultiCor tubing with QS20 -style

Exploded Brass Manifold View

Exploded HDPE Manifold View

2" HDPE Manifold with ³⁄₄" PEX

3" HDPE Manifold with ³⁄₄" PEX

4" HDPE Manifold with ³⁄₄" PEX

2" HDPE Manifold with 1" PEX

2" Copper Valved Manifolds

Copper End Cap

Compaction Wirsbo recommends that an architect or engineer

Installation Reverse-return Layout — The reverse-return tubing

insulation. Insulating in this manner is marginally Concrete Slab Wirsbo Tubing

better than no edge insulation at all.

Construction, Expansion and

Sub Soil Wire Mesh

Wirsbo Tubing Concrete Slab

Wire Mesh or Rebar

Slab On Grade With Edge Insulation Only

Application What to Look For

Wirsbo Tubing Concrete Slab

Slab On Grade With Under Slab and Edge Insulation

Application Install vertical insulation along the entire edge

Wirsbo Tubing Pavers

Insulation Compacted Soil/Sand Bed

Pavers Over a Compactable Soil/Sand Bed

Application After installing the tubing, cover with a compactable

Wirsbo Tubing Asphalt Pour

Compacted Soil/Sand Bed

Asphalt Pour Over a Compactable Soil/Sand Bed

Application After installing the tubing, cover with a compactable

First Asphalt Pour (Cold) Second Asphalt Pour (Hot)

Wire Mesh or Rebar

Two-lift Asphalt Pour Over a Compacted Grade

Application Carefully place the asphalt over the tubing and

Wirsbo Tubing Concrete Cap Pour

Insulated Slab Over Pre-stressed Concrete

Wire Mesh or Rebar

Slab Over Insulated Steel Decking

Application Install the vertical insulation along the entire edge

Return Side or Loop