Chapter 12: Leadership

WHAT IS LEADERSHIP?

Leadership – the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals

TRAIT THEORIES

Trait Theories of Leadership – theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that
differentiate leaders from non-leaders

BEHAVIORAL THEORIES

Behavioral Theories of Leadership – theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate leaders from
non-leaders

Initiating Structure – the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and
those of subordinates in search for goal attainment

Consideration – the extent a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust,
respect for subordinates’ ideas, and regard for their feelings

Employee-oriented Leader – A leader who emphasizes interpersonal relations, takes a personal interest
in the needs of employees, and accepts individual differences among members

Production-oriented Leader – A leader who emphasizes technical or task aspects of the job

CONTINGENCY THEORIES

The Fiedler Model

Fiedler Contingency Model – the theory that effective groups depend on a proper between a leader’s
style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence
to the leader

***Identifying Leadership Style

Least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire – an instrument that purports to measure whether a
person is task or relationship oriented

***Defining the Situation

1. Leader-member Relations – the degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in
their leader
2. Task Structure – the degree to which the job assignments are procedurized (i.e. structured or
unstructured)
 3. Position Power – the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing,
discipline, promotions, and salary increases

***Matching Leaders and Situations

***Evaluation

Other Contingency Theories

Situational Leadership Theory (SLT) – a contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness

Path-Goal Theory – a theory that states that it is a leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals
and to provide necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the
overall objectives of the group or organization

Leader-participation Model – a leadership theory that provides a set of rules to determine the form and
amount of participative decision making in different situations

LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY

Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory – a theory that supports leaders’ creation of in-groups and out-
groups; subordinates with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and
greater job satisfaction

CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP

Charismatic Leadership

Charismatic Leadership Theory – a leadership theory that states that followers make attributions of
heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors

Vision – a long-term strategy for attaining a goal or goals

Vision Statement – a formal articulation of an organization’s vision or mission

Transformational Leadership

Transactional Leaders – leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established
goals by clarifying role and task requirements

Transformational Leaders – Leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests and who
are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers

Contingent reward – Contracts exchange of rewards for effort, promises reward for good performance,
recognizes accomplishments

Management by Exception (active) – watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards,
takes correct action

Management by Exception (passive) – intervenes only when standards are not met
Laissez-faire – Abdicates responsibilities, avoids making decisions

Idealized influence – provides vision and sense of mission, instills pride, gains respect and trust

Inspirational Motivation – communicates high expectations, uses symbol to focus efforts, and expresses
important purposes in simple ways

Intellectual Stimulation – promotes intelligence, rationality, and careful problem solving

Individualized consideration – gives personal attention, treats each employee individually, coaches,
advises

AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP: ETHICS AND TRUST

What is Authentic Leadership?

Authentic leaders – leaders who know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on
those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers would consider them to be ethical people.

Ethics and Leadership

Socialized charismatic leadership – a leadership concept that states that leaders convey values that are
other centered versus self centered and role-model ethical conduct

Servant Leadership

Servant Leadership – a leadership style marked by going beyond the leader’s own self-interest and
instead focusing on opportunities to help followers grow and develop

Trust and Leadership

Trust – a positive expectation that another will not act opportunistically

Integrity – refers to honesty and truthfulness

Benevolence – means the trusted person has your interests at heart, even if yours are not necessarily in
line with theirs

Ability – encompasses an individual’s technical and interpersonal knowledge and skills

Trust as a Process

Trust Propensity – how likely a particular employee is to trust a leader

What are the Consequences of Trust

1. Risk taking
2. Information sharing
3. Group effectiveness
4. Productivity
LEADING FOR THE FUTURE: MENTORING

Mentoring

Mentor – a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee, called a protégé

CHALLENGES TO THE LEADERSHIP CONSTRUCT

Leadership as an Attribution

Attribution theory of Leadership – a leadership theory that says that leadership is merely and attribution
that people make about other individuals

Substitutes for and Neutralizer of Leadership

Substitutes – attributes, such as experience and training, that can replace the need for a leader’s
support or ability to create structure

Neutralizers – attributes that make it impossible for leader behavior to make any difference to follower
outcomes

Online Leadership

Identification-based trust – trust based on a mutual understanding of each other’s intentions and
appreciation of each other’s wants and desires