Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abdurrahman khan
SUBMITTED BY:
Name: Ishfaq Ahmad
Topic: CO and NOx Detection
Class: MS 2nd
Reg. No: SP17-R06-021
Date: 20-10-2017
Determination Nitrogen oxides and CO
Environmental measurement is accomplished in many
ways. Air samples may be collected using sample bags or
containers and analysed using gas chromatography. Air Quality
Monitoring International accords such as the Montreal protocol,
or Kyoto accords call on all industry everywhere to monitor,
control and reduce their emissions before discharging them into
the environment. There are a number of different particulate and
gaseous emissions which result from smoke stack emissions in
many industries including manufacturing, chemical and
petrochemical, and power generation.
1. Chemiluminescence method NO
The chemiluminescence reaction which occurs with NO
and ozone is used to measure the concentration of NO. The NO
in the sample gas and the O3 produced from air using silent
discharge or the radiation of ultraviolet rays are mixed with each
other in the reaction cell. A part of the mixed gas becomes
NO2 (NO2*) in the excited state. When this NO2* returns to the
normal state, it emits light. The intensity of this light is measured
with a silicon photodiode or a photomultiplier to obtain the
concentration of NO.
Determination of CO
Chromatography (GC)
Carbon monoxide (CO) from industrial processes and
incomplete combustion of wood, oil, gas and coal. Carbon
dioxide (CO2), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), and Nitric oxides (NO
and NO2) from combustion of gas, oil and coal. Hydrogen
sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) from pulp and
paper mills. Hydrocarbons resulting from incomplete combustion
of fuels. Requirements for vehicle exhaust emission levels for
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons and
oxygen (O2).In all areas, a variety of environmental pure gases
and calibration of gas standards are required.
Non-dispersive Infrared Analyser
For carbon monoxide detection we use a non dispersive
infrared analyser which is made up of following components;
IR radiation sources
Sensing cell
demodulator amplifier
reference cell
sample Cell
chopper
Sample cell in which a sample of air is kept having reference
sample the IR beam from source is reflected by a chopper
through the sample and reference cell. intensity of radiation
decreased when the carbon monoxide absorb some radiation. The
carbon monoxide detector absorb radiation and become hot in the
portion of detector in front of sample sale receiving lower
intensity and becoming less hot. Third eye from more from low
temperature quotient the high temperature foshan the distance of
diaphragm is proportional to the intensity difference of IR
radiation which is entered proportional to the concentration of
carbon mono oxide.
Advantages
Not sensitive flow rate
Required dry sample
They are independent at air temperature changes
Sensitive to wide concentration range
The system is easy to use.
Resonance fluorescence
Carbon monoxide in a vacuum ultraviolet has been used in
hyper the high sensitive instrument. In this technique
atmospheric carbon balance monoxide absorb radiation in the
range of 150nm from radio frequency discharge lamp and
fluorescence from excited carbon monoxide is detected by
photomultiplier tube PMT. Lamp generate Plasma in a
continuous flow of carbon dioxide in argon. the pressure in the
fluorescence chamber must be maintained between 7 and 9 bar to
balance interference from Oxygen and Carbon mono oxide
signals. Permeation tube can also be used for preparing standard
mixture of such pollutant gases as Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen
dioxide.
Determination of carbon monoxide by chemical absorption
cuprous salt solution are the most frequently used
volumetric absorption reagent for determination of CO in various
mixture reagent used are acid cuprous chloride, ammonical
cuprous chloride, beta-naphthol suspension in acid cuprous
sulphate cuprous chloride reagents rapidly absorb CO with the
formation of Cu2.Cl2.2CO.4H2O. An unstable molecular
Complex that reversibly decomposed in partly saturated reagent
unless certain partial pressure of unabsorbed carbon monoxide is
present in the residual gas above the solution. Fresh cuprous
chloride absorb almost all carbon monoxide but for the remaining
carbon monoxide we use two pipette. Some of carbon monoxide
detected by one pipet it and other remaining treaces are detected
by the other.
Beta naphthol absorbs carbon monoxide slowly
incompletely until saturated with the formation of stable
molecular complex. It is useful for low concentration
determination. Carbon monoxide absorbs in acid cuprous
chloride and beta naphthol acid cuprous sulphate mixture in
pippete. Most of the carbon monoxide absorbs in one and other
traces in other pipette. Cuprous chloride is a solution of 100
grams in 600 ml. Of concentrated hydrochloric acid solution is
stored in contact with Spiral of copper wire for some days it is
reduced to colourless cuprous condition does ready to use
inactive reagent maybe prepared by reduction absolution with
25% solution of stannous chloride in 1: 1 hydrochloric acid until
yellow reagent is obtained this reagent is useful for carbon
monoxide in gaseous mixture.
Ammonical cuprous chloride is a solution of 135 grams of
cuprous chloride in 150 grams of Ammonium Chloride in 500 ml
water. Before use it is reduced to colorless with metallic copper
in dilute with one third of its volume up concentration
Ammonium hydroxide before use. Brockner and Grobner
prepared neutral cuprous chloride by which carbon monoxide is
observed completely absorption capacity is 50% it is prepared by
dissolving 125 grams of cuprous chloride and 265 gram of
ammonium Chloride in 750 ml of water reduction with metallic
copper colorless reagent is ready to use.
Determination of carbonmomoxide by slow combustion on a
heated Platinum filament
CO may be determined by burning in air which Platinum
wire filament that is heated to bright yellow. This method is
called slow combustion method. Carbon monoxide is oxidized to
carbon dioxide. By measuring the volume contraction by burning
volume of carbon dioxide formed carbon monoxide present may
be determined by the formula .
CO=2\3(contraction + CO2)
For CO and H2 , CO =CO2
Hydrogen = 2/3 (contraction - carbon dioxide)