Lecture3 Concr Beams Columns

Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
and Columns
Lauri Salokangas
Aalto-yliopisto
LS Fundamentals of Structural Design 1

Design of Concrete Beams and Colums
Contents:
1. Concrete structural members
2. Behaviour of RC Beams under Loading
3. Design of RC Beams
• for bending moment
• for shear force
4. RC Concrete Columns
Fundamentals of Structural Design 2

Concrete storey building
Concrete load-carrying frame: system of columns, plates and walls

Concrete bridge
Prefabricated pedestrian bridge under demolishion (Kehä I)

Column-Beam Frame
Steel beams with concrete columns, Aalto University

Concrete piles
New main Building of Aalto University under Construction

Concrete specimen
Laboratory test of concrete short beam with a hole.

Material values of concrete
Material values of concrete
responding strength class
are presented in table
All material values are also
possible to calculate from
formulas:
Mean compression or tensile
strength:
fcm= fck+ 8 MPa

fctm= 0,3 fck2/3 C < 50 MPa
Design values in ultimate limit state are

obtained from charasteristic values
given in table by dividing it partial with
material coeffecient: γd = 1,5
fcd= fck /γd
fctd= fct /γd

Possible Failure modes of RC Beam
a) c)
b) d)
a) Over reinforcement beam leads to brittle concrete compression failure

b) Normal reinforcement beam is ductile. Steel yields first.
c) Anchorage of reinforcement on supports is essential because arch effect.
d) Inclined tensile stresses in concrete may lead shear fracture if shear
reinforcement is lacking.

Behaviour of normal reinforced beam under incresing load
Distribution of Stress and Strain before cracking (elastic state)
Stage I:
PI A A-A
PI
N.A.
A N.A.

Behaviour of normal reinforced beam under increasing load
Distribution of Stress and Strain after first cracks (service state)
Stage II
PII PII A-A
A
N.A.
σcc
x dx
MII MII
N.A.
A
dx σs

Behaviour of normal reinforced beam under incresing load
Distribution of Stress and Strain at ultimate state
Stage III:
PIII A PIII A-A
x dx εc fcu
A MIII MIII
dx

Stress-strain distribution in RC section
Increasing load, Normally reinforced cross-section
1. Steel yields first; es reaches εsy = fsy / Es . fcu Compression stress of

Concrete: εcc < εcu concrete
εc
2. With increasing load εs and εcc increases εcu
until εcc = εcu
fcu
εcc
3. Fs is constant.
Fc
so must also be Fc. x
Neutral axis
may still move d
upwards z
Fs
As
Tension steel stress fu

fsy
σs
εsy

Simplified stress-strain relation for concrete in compression
Bilinear stress strain equation

can be used (EC2)
A rectangular stress distribu-

tion may be assumed for
concrete in Ultimate Limit
State design fcd= fck /γd
Naming of concrete strength:
C30 Charasteristic cylinderical
compression strength of
concrete, fck = 30 MPa
fcd= fck /γd design value of compression

strength, γd = 1,5
εcu3 = 3,5 oo/
o ultimate strain
Stress-strain relation for steelbars in tension
Bilinear stress strain equation
for reinforcement steel can be
used (EC2)
Naming of the steel bars:
B500C
C = ductility class (A/B/C)
500 = fyk , yield stress [MPa]
B = reinforcement steel
εud = 10 oo/
o = 1% (ultimate strain) fyd /Εs εud 10 oo/o
fyd= fyk /γd
Design of cross-section size and reinforcement
Design for bending is based on equilibrium in a
cross-sectionsection
Σ N =0
Σ M=0
The goal is to design the cross-section so that Md
ductile tension failure occurs.
That is why steel in a section must yield first
before concrete reaches the ultimate strain
The stress and strain distribution at failure ultimate limit

state
Md
a) MED = design bending monent at cross-section, which
should be balanced.
b) Linear strain distribution. Strain at upper edge of
concrete (compression side) reaches εcu.
Steel yields in tension and strain is s ε
c) Real stress distribution of concrete
d) Simplified stress block used in design

Failure mechanisms of reinforced cross-section
The goal is to design the cross-section so that
ductile tension failure occurs. (1, 2)
In compression failure cross-section is over-

reinforced. Concrete crushes before steel bars
εsy
have yielded (4). This situation should be
avoided (brittle failure). εsu
If the ultimate strain εu is reached in
compressed concrete and steel bars start
1 3 2 4
yielding εsy simultaneously, the cross-section is
balanced reinforced. (3). It depends only the
certain amount of steel and gives the maximum
load-carrying moment of the section.
1 Steel start yielding before concrete (dotted line)
Under-reinforcement means that amount of steel 2 Tension stress failure (steel yields ultimate strain)
is far too small and can break when the first crack
3 Balanced reinforment (steel start yielding εsy
appears.
This situation is avoided by installing minimum and concrete reach ultimate strain εcu )
amount of reinforcement bars (given in codes) 4 Ultimate compression stress (conrete fails before
steel has yielded)

Design of Reinforcement in Bending
Design external bending moment Med
For rectangular cross-section:

λ = 0,8 when fck < 50 MPa
z
The parameter defining design
strength is given as:
η = 1,0 when fck < 50 MPa As
Cross-section area As of steel-bars follows from equilibrium equations:
Z = lever arm, distance between resultant forces.

stress
Design of normal reinforcement for rectangular section
For rectangular cross-section the width of Compressed area
the beam is constant b. x 0,8x
The following parameters are needed in the design: d

As
• Efficient height ratio of compressioned area β
Strain distribution
• Geometric reinforcement ratio ρ b
• Mechanical reinforcement ratio ω
Plasticied concrete
Fc
0,8x
λ = 0,8 in EC for normal concrete (fck < 50 MN/m2 )
d
=> β = 0,8x /d z
Fs

Bending Moment Capacity of Cross-section
Fc
Equations to calculate bending moment capasity 0,8x
Neutral axis follows from the equilibrium of resultants:
d
z
Fc = Fs => 0,8 x b fcd = As fsd = 𝝆𝝆bd fsd Fs
Position of the N.A is then
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 Lever arm from the figure
𝒙𝒙 =
𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝟎𝟎, 𝟖𝟖𝒃𝒃 𝒛𝒛 = 𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
where fyd is yield (design) stress of steel.
Bending moment capasity
Design parameters are:
𝟎𝟎, 𝟖𝟖 𝒙𝒙 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

𝜷𝜷 = = = 𝝆𝝆 = 𝝎𝝎 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔
𝒅𝒅 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒇𝒇 (𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙)
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚
𝝆𝝆 = Geometric reinforcement ratio
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝝆𝝆 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 (𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙)
𝝎𝝎 = 𝜷𝜷 Equality is valid in normal = 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒅𝒅 𝝎𝝎(𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟓𝟓𝝎𝝎)
reinforcement

Summary of Equations for Practical Design
Relative moment is defined from the last equation. External moment is then
𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝝎𝝎(𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓)
Using mechanical reinforcement ratio
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒙𝒙
ω = 𝝆𝝆 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
= 0,8
𝒅𝒅
Dimensionless moment ratio called relative moment can be defined as
𝑴𝑴
µ = 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 = 𝝎𝝎(𝟏𝟏 − 𝝎𝝎/𝟐𝟐) also symbols m and m, K are used in literature
𝒇𝒇 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
Parameter ω can also be solved as function of µ
𝝎𝝎 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 (β = 𝝎𝝎 in normal reinforcement)

ω can be used to define the balanced reinforcement:
𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒅
ω𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 =
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒅𝒅 + 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
This give border between over and normal reinforcement in cross-section.

Balanced reinforcement
Concrete reaches its ultimate value εcu at

the same time as steel bars yield εyk.
From similar triangulars the position of N.A.

can be derived following relation between
strains:
𝜺𝜺𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 /𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒅−𝒙𝒙
= =
𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒙𝒙
𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒅 Three different reinforcement cases
𝒙𝒙𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 =
𝜌𝜌 < 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 normally εs > εsy ; σs = fyd
Force equilibrium as before
𝜌𝜌 = 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 balanced εs > εsy ; σs = fyd
Fc = Fs => 0,8 x b fcd = As fyd = 𝝆𝝆bal bd fyd
𝜌𝜌 > 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 over reinf εs < εsy ; σs < fyd
Geometric ratio for balanced reinforcement is
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒅𝒅 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 depends only cross-section and material
𝝆𝝆𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = = 𝟎𝟎, 𝟖𝟖
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒅𝒅 + 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 parameters.

Design procedure in practise
In the design of concrete beam, it is most often the question about the amount of
reinforcement As for known cross-section.
The parameters that are generally known are x 0,8x

b = width
d
d = structural heigth (usually have to guess)
𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = design compression strength of concrete As
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 = design yield stress of steel
b
MEd = moment from the load combination.
For normal reinforced beam steel area As is found from the equation
𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = 𝝎𝝎 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 =
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅(𝟏𝟏 − ) or (If z = d-0,4x is known)
𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒛𝒛

Selection cross-section dimensions of beam
Selection of initial dimensions of the beam can be based often on experience
(L/20) for ex.)
Some design formulas can also apply and equations for some dimensions can
be derived:
If the width of the beam [b] is given (it could be because the width of the supporting
column is already fixed) one can approximate the effective height [d] by making a
guess for relative moment µ . Then height can be solved from equation:
𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝑴𝑴 𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬

= 𝒃𝒃𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 => 𝒅𝒅 = , Íf µ = 𝟐𝟐 => 𝒅𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐
µ𝒃𝒃𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 µ𝒃𝒃𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒃𝒃𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 b
If width of the beam is not fixed, then the relative moment can be taken for instance a value µ = ¼.
The width of the beam may be selected as b = 0,5 d (half of the height).
Then d can approxiomated from:
𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬
𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝒅𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃 = d d
𝒃𝒃𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝟐𝟐
0,5 d

Double reinforced beams in bending fcd
A’s
d’
Double reinforcement means that there are reinforcing
εs’
F’s
bars on the upper and lower edge of the cross-section
of the beam Fc
0,8x
steel bars also installed to compression zone to
improve the compression capacity of the cross-section.
Two cases examined in calculation of moment capacity:

Case 1. Moment capacity when both tension and
compression steelbars are yielding As Fs
Fc = 0,8 x b fcd
Fs = As fsyt Equilibrium equation of internal forces:
F’s = A’s fsyc Fs = Fc +F’s <=> As fsyt = 0,8 x b fcd + A’s fsyc
Solve position of the N.A: 𝒅𝒅−𝒙𝒙 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝜺𝜺𝒔𝒔 = 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ≥
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔𝒚𝒚𝒕𝒕 − A’s fsyc 𝒙𝒙 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
𝒙𝒙 = = > Check if reinforcements are yielding: 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒅𝒅’ 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝟎𝟎, 𝟖𝟖𝒃𝒃 ≥
𝜺𝜺𝜺𝒔𝒔 = 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
𝒙𝒙 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
Moment capacity of cross-section is obtained by taking moment around position of tension reinforcement
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =0,8 x b fcd 𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + fsyc A’s 𝒅𝒅 − 𝒅𝒅𝒅

Double reinforced beams in bending fcd
A’s
d’
Case 2.
εs’
F’s
Calculation of moment capacity when either tension or
compression reinforcement is not yielding Fc
0,8x
The height of the compressed area in case 1 is not
valid if one of the steel layers is not in plastic state and
it must be calculated to correspond current state.
The stress in tension or compression steels can now
be solved from the equations:
𝒅𝒅 − 𝒙𝒙 As Fs
𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔 = 𝜺𝜺𝒔𝒔 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 = 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙 − 𝒅𝒅’
𝝈𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔 = 𝜺𝜺′𝒔𝒔 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 = 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
𝒙𝒙
by installing stresses to equilibrium equation it follows:
As 𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔 = 0,8 x b fcd + A’s 𝝈𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔
These three equation can be used to solve three unknowns x, 𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔 and 𝝈𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔 .
Usually tension bars reach the yield stress first and the compression bars are still on elastic state.
Moment capacity of cross-section is then obtained by taking moment around position of tension
reinforcement:
𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =0,8 x b fcd 𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + A’s𝝈𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒅 − 𝒅𝒅𝒅

Balanced reinforcement - double reinforcement
𝒅𝒅’
Concrete reaches its ultimate value εcu at the 𝜺𝜺𝜺𝒔𝒔
same time as tension steel bars yield
𝜺𝜺𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 /𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒅−𝒙𝒙
= =
𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒙𝒙
From equilibrium of internal forces follows:
𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒅
𝒙𝒙𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 =
Using geometric reinforcement ratios as
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝑨′𝒔𝒔 Three different cases if tension bars yields:
𝝆𝝆𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝝆𝝆𝝆 =
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝜌𝜌 < 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 normally εst > εsy ; σs = fyd
Fc = Fs - Fc <=> 0,8 x b fcd = (𝝆𝝆bal fyd -𝝆𝝆𝝆 𝝈𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔 )
Geometric ratio for balanced reinforcement is 𝜌𝜌 = 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 balanced εst > εsy ; σs = fyd
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒅𝒅 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 𝝆𝝆𝝆 𝝈𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔
𝝆𝝆𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 =
𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
= 𝟎𝟎, 𝟖𝟖
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒅𝒅 +𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔
+
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝜌𝜌 > 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 over reinf εst < εsy ; σs < fyd
The stress in compression bars is
𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 depends only the cross-section and
𝒙𝒙𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 − 𝒅𝒅’
𝝈𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔 = 𝜺𝜺𝜺𝒔𝒔 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 = 𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒔𝒔 material parameters. The second term in
𝒙𝒙𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝝆𝝆𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 equation is due to compression bars.

Selection cross-section dimensions
Many cases the dimensions of

cross-section are based on
module measures.
1M = 100 mm
Most common dimensions are
grayed.
The dimensions are not always

deternined just on the basis of
strength, but also other factors as
buiding technics or functional
demands may have influence
(noise insulation, serviceability, fire
(If z = d-0,4x is known)
protection etc.)

Designing of RC plates
Concrete plates or slabs, which have one
main load carrying direction can be designed Beam plate
similarly as beams. beff = effective width
The width of the beam is taken to be as 1 m

wide. Also the loads from the floors are
determined of 1 m wide strips.
If the plate is analysed as load carrying

member on only one direction, still plate must
be reinforced also in the other direction.
(transversal reinforcement) 5
Beam plates are very common in buildings
and can be designed as ordinary beams. Reinforcement to be considered in beam-plate design:
Usually a part of the plate works together as 1. Tension bars of the beam
upper flange. The first thing is to determinate 2. Strirrup for against the shear
the effective width beff of the plate in a beam a 3. Compression bars of the beam
section. 4. Longitudinal reinforcement in the plate
5. Transversal steel needed in the plate

Design of RC beams for shear
V
At the shear area inclined tension stresses are formed.
Shear reinforcement are used to improve the capacity Inclined tension σ
of the beam against the tension stress. Shear stress
resistance is composed from several sources:
• Shear resistance capasity of the uncracked
concrete is Vc. V Shear area
• The aggregate of the concrete resists also the

shear in the direction of the crack surface (friction).
Vca
• The longitudinal steel bars ofthe beam resist the
shear with dowel action Vsd
The external vertical shear force is balanced with
shear resistance of the cross-section:
𝑽𝑽 = 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 +𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 +𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

Special shear reinforcement (stirrups) are used to if the
shear capacity of the section is not sufficient.
Strirrups can be positioned to some angle [α] or be
positioned vertical.

Two possibilities are checked in the design (EC2)
1. No shear reinforcement is needed
2. Shear reinforcement is necessary
Check if shear reinforcement is not needed
The concrete section has enough capacity to carry the external shear force if
𝑽𝑽𝒅𝒅 ≤ 𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 , where 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 is the minimum value for shear capacity obtained from
𝐕𝐕𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑 = (𝐂𝐂𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑,𝐜𝐜 k(100𝛒𝛒𝐬𝐬𝐥𝐥 𝐟𝐟𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 ) !/𝟑𝟑 ) 𝐛𝐛𝐰𝐰 d or
𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝑽𝑽𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 d (restricted minimum limit EC2)
Using above equations dimension for fck should be given as MPa, and measures for bw and d as mm, to
get shear force in newtons [N].
Other parameters in previous the equations are defined as (EC2):
0,18
𝐶𝐶𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = , in which 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 = 1,5
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐
200
k =1+ ≤ 2,0
𝑑𝑑
𝐴𝐴
𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙 = 𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑙𝑑𝑑 geometric ratio of tension steel in shear area, but limited to min value ρl = 0,02
𝑤𝑤
Vmin = 0,035 𝑘𝑘 3 fck

Design of shear reinforcement
If the external shear force is bigger than 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 of the Compression ”bar” Tension bar
of concrete
VE
concrete section shear reinforcement is needed of steel
Truss analogy is used to describe how the forces 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭
are taken in concrete and reinforcing steel. Concrete
z
”bars” are compressed diagonals and tension
bars are tension members in ”truss”. 𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎 𝜃𝜃 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭
The vertical tension capacity of a steel bar is s Vs
V x
𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹𝒅𝒅𝒔𝒔 = 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒂𝒂
If the spacing of strirrups is constant [s] the total vertical resultant force of the stirrups crossing the crack is
𝒛𝒛(𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜽𝜽 + 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒂𝒂) 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒂
𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹𝒅𝒅𝒔𝒔 = 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚
𝒔𝒔
The capacity of the compressed concrete member must also be checked
𝒛𝒛(𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜽𝜽 + 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒂𝒂)
𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹𝒅𝒅𝒄𝒄,𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝝂𝝂 where the factor 𝜈𝜈 is to control compression capacity
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 𝜽𝜽
𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 The higher compression strength, more brittle material
𝝂𝝂 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝟔𝟔 1−
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 reduction factor for higher strength classes

Vertical stirrups
Compression
Lever arm z of the inner forces is usually estimated Vertical tension bar
to be as 0,9 d. Then capacities for steel bar and
diagonal of
concrete of steel VE
comperessed concrete bar can be calculated as Fc
0,9𝑑𝑑 (cot 𝜃𝜃 + cot 𝑎𝑎) sin 𝑎𝑎 z

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑠𝑠
0,9𝑑𝑑(cot 𝜃𝜃 + cot 𝑎𝑎) θ
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜈𝜈 s Vs
1 + cot 2 𝜃𝜃 Fs
V x
If the stirrups are vertical α = 90o and the mutual distance between stirrups s, the shear capacity of the
beam is determined from smaller of the values obtained from equations:
𝟎𝟎, 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹𝒅𝒅𝒔𝒔 = 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜽𝜽
𝒔𝒔
𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜽𝜽
𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹𝒅𝒅𝒄𝒄,𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝟗𝟗𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 𝐝𝐝𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝝂𝝂
𝟏𝟏 + 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 𝜽𝜽
Eurocode 2: the cotangent of the inclination angle [𝜃𝜃] of concrete may be selected freely between the
interval 1≤ cot 𝜃𝜃 ≤2,5
The spacing s for the vertical stirrups should be limited to value s ≤ 0,75d.

Design of shear reinforcement of the RC-beam
Usually strirrups are used as shear reinforcement.
Longitudinal bars was before used to use as shear

reinforcement by bending the bars upwards at the
supports. Today usually stirrups are used:
• Vertical stirrups (in the figure)
• Inclihed stirrups are also common (α = 45o)
In the design of shear reinforcement:
• the size of the stirrups As,
• inclination angle α and
• the spacing s between strirraps are needed.
In colunms round continuous spiral stirrups are
used, when the cross-section of the colunm is
circle shaped.

Concrete Column cross-section
Cross-section capacity according Eurocode 2
𝜺𝜺𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝒔𝒔
Cross-section loaded by external 𝜺𝜺′𝒔𝒔
bending moment ME and normal A’s
ME
A’s
x 0,8x 𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄
force NE d
h
Equilibrium of external and internal NE
stress resultants: As As
From force equilibrium follows: 𝜺𝜺𝒔𝒔 𝑭𝑭𝒔𝒔

NEd + Fs − Fc − F’s = 0 NEd
NEd + As fsyt − 0,8 x b fcd − A’s fsyc = 0 A Pure compression
Moment equilibrium around tension reinforcement gives:

𝒉𝒉
MEd + NEd (𝒅𝒅 − ) − F’s (𝒅𝒅 − 𝒅𝒅𝒅) − Fc (𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒) = 0
𝟐𝟐
The situation between failure load N or failure moment
Balanced failure
can be described with a schematisk diagram it is s.k.
Interaction diagram B
A combination between normal force and bending moment
N and M between line A-B gives failure by compression.
Pure bending C MEd
Combination between N and M between B – C gives as
tension failure

Concrete Column cross-section
Interaction diagram NEd
moment and normal force 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
loaded cross-section
𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒅𝒅
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = 𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎𝝎
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒅𝒅
Can be used to design
amount of reinforcement in
symmetrically reinforced
column cross-section
As = A’s
Esim 9.1: ω = 0,18 MEd
Graph is used to read
mechanical reinforcement 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
ratio

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Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams

LS Fundamentals of Structural Design 1

Fundamentals of Structural Design 2

Fundamentals of Structural Design 3

Fundamentals of Structural Design 4

Fundamentals of Structural Design 5

Fundamentals of Structural Design 6

Fundamentals of Structural Design 7

fcm= fck+ 8 MPa

Design values in ultimate limit state are

fcd= fck /γd

fctd= fct /γd

a) Over reinforcement beam leads to brittle concrete compression failure

Fundamentals of Structural Design 9

Fundamentals of Structural Design 10

Fundamentals of Structural Design 11

PIII A PIII A-A

Fundamentals of Structural Design 12

1. Steel yields first; es reaches εsy = fsy / Es . fcu Compression stress of

Tension steel stress fu

Fundamentals of Structural Design 13

Bilinear stress strain equation

A rectangular stress distribu-

fcd= fck /γd design value of compression

The stress and strain distribution at failure ultimate limit

Fundamentals of Structural Design 16

In compression failure cross-section is over-

Fundamentals of Structural Design 17

For rectangular cross-section:

Cross-section area As of steel-bars follows from equilibrium equations:

Z = lever arm, distance between resultant forces.

The following parameters are needed in the design: d

• Mechanical reinforcement ratio ω

Fundamentals of Structural Design 19

𝟎𝟎, 𝟖𝟖 𝒙𝒙 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

Fundamentals of Structural Design 20

Parameter ω can also be solved as function of µ

𝝎𝝎 = 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 (β = 𝝎𝝎 in normal reinforcement)

Fundamentals of Structural Design 21

Concrete reaches its ultimate value εcu at

From similar triangulars the position of N.A.

Fundamentals of Structural Design 22

The parameters that are generally known are x 0,8x

Fundamentals of Structural Design 23

𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝑴𝑴 𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬

Fundamentals of Structural Design 24

Two cases examined in calculation of moment capacity:

𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =0,8 x b fcd 𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + fsyc A’s 𝒅𝒅 − 𝒅𝒅𝒅

Fundamentals of Structural Design 25

𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 =0,8 x b fcd 𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎, 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + A’s𝝈𝝈𝝈𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒅 − 𝒅𝒅𝒅

Fundamentals of Structural Design 26

Fundamentals of Structural Design 27

Many cases the dimensions of

The dimensions are not always

Fundamentals of Structural Design 28

The width of the beam is taken to be as 1 m

If the plate is analysed as load carrying

Fundamentals of Structural Design 29

• The aggregate of the concrete resists also the

𝑽𝑽 = 𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄 +𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 +𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔

Fundamentals of Structural Design 30

Check if shear reinforcement is not needed

𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝑽𝑽𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 d (restricted minimum limit EC2)

Fundamentals of Structural Design 31