FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Steps:

a) The information must be understood by the user.

b) The information must be organized using some financial data & statements
c) The information must be measured.
d) The data can be interpreted.

MANAGERIAL AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

“Accounting is the process of collecting, reporting and analyzing the costs associated with
operating a business.” – Halpern

a) Financial Accounting
b) Managerial Accounting

THE BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

a) Balance Sheet
Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
b) Income Statement
Income = Revenue – Expenses
c) Cash Flow Statement
- Is the overview of the company’s financial health.

“An increase in receivables should also have a counterpart increase in revenue.” – Meyer

The statement of changes in financial condition is also known as the statement of owner’s equity
or statement of stockholder’s equity.

The balance sheet as summary of all amounts and kinds of assets that the firm’s possesses, as
well as the claims made against those assets by investors and creditors, include the following accounts
concepts (Koth):

 The total of the firm’s assets must equal the total value of the claims against the firm.
 The current asset is one that can be converted into cash in the normal operation of the firm within
one year.
 The fixed assets are permanent assets that will not normally be converted into cash. On the
balance sheet, fixed assets are shown at historical cost, which is the amount actually paid for the
asset.
 The market value of the asset is the price the asset could command in the market, and the
replacement cost is the price that would be required to replace the asset if it had to be acquired
today.
 The value of the assets shown on the financial reports and the books of the company, the book
value, may differ from the market value of the assets. Assets that have become obsolete typically
have market values below their book values, while the opposite condition holds for assets, such as
land, that have appreciated in value.
 Current liabilities are those that the firm reasonably expects to pay within the next year.
 Accounts payable are obligations that the firm has for goods it has received from others.
  Notes payable are short-term debt that the firm must pay off within the next year.
 Accruals are debts the firm owes because payment has not yet been made, such as salaries owed
to employees.
 Taxes payable are taxes that are owned, but that have not yet been paid.
 Long-term liabilities are continuing obligations that will not be completely repaid during the next
year, such as long-term debt and long-term leases.
 Common stock account reflects capital that was contributed by the equity holders of the firm.
 Retained earnings account shows the amount of earning the firm has accumulated since its
inception. Retained earnings are net income that the firm has not paid out in dividends to its
shareholders.

The income statement, which presents the record of the firm’s sales and expenses over a
particular period, identifying the income derived from its operations, and all of the charges incurred to
generate the income, include the following concepts:

 The income statement begins with a report of the peso volume of sales.
 From sales, the cost-of-good sold, is subtracted to give the gross profit.
 The firm must recognize its depreciation expense to reflect the consumption of its capital and
equipment. Likewise, the selling and administrative expenses incurred by the firm also affect
profit. After all the costs and interest expenses are subtracted from the sales, the result is the
firm’s earnings before tax.
 Subtracting taxes from EBT gives the firm’s earnings after tax or net income.
 One of the most important things to realize about an income statement is the fact that it reflects
the firm’s activities using a technique known as the accrual method of accounting. Under the
accrual method, inflows and outflows are recognized at the time the commitments leading to
those inflows and outflows are made, not necessarily at the time the cash inflows and outflows
are themselves incurred.
 It should be noted that there is a difference between earning reported in the income statement and
the cash flow that the firm receives. Cash flow refers to the actual payment of cash or cash
equivalents. Cash flow is very important because only cash allows the firm to meet its own
obligations.

The statement for the firm’s changes in financial condition, or the sources and uses of funds
statement, which identifies the origin and utilization of funds acquired, considers the following principles:

 For any firm, there are essentially these sources and uses of funds:
a) Sources of funds
- Increase in liability account
- Increase in a net worth account
- Decrease in an asset account
b) Uses of funds
- Decrease in liability account
- Decrease in a net worth account
- Increase in an asset account
 Working capital is the firm’s current assets. Net working capital is current assets minus current
liabilities.
 Some firms construct changes in net working capital statement or a cash flow statement instead
of a sources and uses of fund statement.
MAJOR CORPORATE CASH FLOWS

The firm can obtain cash from issuing new stocks to owners, as stockholders; or bonds to
creditors, as bondholders. Cash flows can also be derived from selling plant and equipment or from
selling marketable securities. However, the funds necessary to purchase marketable securities must have
originally come from sales of the issuance of stock or bond. Thus the firm has these possible sources of
cash: (Meyer)

 Sales
 Capital invested by stockholders
 Debt funds raised from creditors

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ANALYSES OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 Vertical analysis
 Horizontal analysis
 Ratios analysis
 Accounting ratios

Ruth Rac Enterprises Balance Sheet for 20AA (In Millions of Pesos)

Assets Php % Liabilities Php %

Current
Cash 128.6 8.9% 207.7 14.3%
liabilities
Accounts Long-term
199.8 13.8% 81.9 5.7%
Receivable liabilities
Other non-
Inventory 132.4 19.1% current 168.1 11.6%
liabilities
Other current
26.3 1.8% Total liabilities 457.7 31.6%
assets
Total current
487.1 33.6%
assets
Investments
Stockholders’
and long-term 63.5 4.4% 991.5 68.4%
equity
receivables
Property,
plant, 808.4 55.8%
equipment
Other assets 90.2 6.2%
Total 1 449.2 100% Total 1 449.2 100%
 Ruth Rac Enterprises Income Statement 20AA (In Millions of Pesos)

Net Sales Php 16 786 100%

Cost of goods sold 1 199.57 71.5%
Gross profit on sales 479.1 28.5%
Selling, general, and administrative costs 174.8 10.4%
Earnings before interest and taxes 304.3 18.1%
Interest income 3.2 0.2%
Interest expense 6.9 0.4%
Earnings before income taxes 300.6 17.9%
Provision for income taxes 91.5 5.5%
Net earnings 209.1 12.5%

Horizontal analysis allows us to analyze changes over time but in order to do, needing two
periods of data. Since a comparison between current and previous data, the formula for a horizontal
analysis is:
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑥 100 = % 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

FINANCIAL RATIOS

These are indices used in expressing financial data in such a way that it can be compared and
trends identified and thus questions can be raised. Ratios should be used to build up and summarize the
evidence available and to create a picture from which, not conclusions, but better questions can be drawn.
They have a role to play in summarizing financial data so as to produce the right questions, but it must
always be remembered that they do not in themselves in any way provide answers.

 Primary ratio considers profit or return level of the business entity, normally for the year, in
relation to the capital employed or invested, or net assets during the same period. This is the
primary measurement for all investment anywhere and in business, where the money has gone to.
 Secondary ratios are ratios concern with profitability-profit in relation to sales; and the other is
with activity – sales in relation to capital employed or net assets.
 Tertiary ratios evaluate profitability of the business and analysis of activity.
 Profitability ratio can be assessed from the point of view of gross profit or contribution to sales as
a percentage.
 Activity or use of assets ratio is an examination of activity by comparing sales separately with
fixed assets and working capital.
 Financial status ratios are those that help analyze a business financial standing in terms of its
ability to pay liabilities and settle obligations.
 Liquidity ratio is the relationship of current assets to current liabilities.
 Stock turnover, collection and payment ratios include stock turnover, collection period and
payment period, in conjunction with the liquidity ratios to evaluate whether stocks are being
controlled and credit policies enforced.
 Solvency ratios calculate the ability of the business to meet the interest due from the profits
available.
  Investment ratios are intended to give investors financial position of the business and the invested
capital.
 Return on equity confines its view to the profits belonging to the shareholders – the profit after
tax and interest – and its relationship to the shareholders’ funds.
 An earnings per share is the central measurement of profitability from an investor’s point of
view.
 Price/earnings ratio expresses the number of times the price of the share exceeds the earnings per
share.
 Dividend yield reveals rewards to investors – the dividends paid to them, with the market price of
their shares.
 Dividend cover uncovers generosity of the business, in terms of determining the proportion of the
profits distributed to investors.

COMMON CALCULATED RATIOS

LIQUIDITY RATIOS

Current Ratio is the ratio of current assets to current liabilities.

𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
Quick ratio is the ratio of current assets, excluding inventory, divided by current liabilities.

𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦

𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
ACTIVITY RATIOS

Inventory turnover measures how many times per period the firm sells through its inventory. To
be more accurate, the firm should use an average inventory rather than the year-ending inventory.

𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦

Other companies calculate inventory turnover by using cost of goods sold instead of sales and
dividing by average inventory at cost. Another way of looking at inventory turnover is to calculate how
many days of sales are tied up in inventory.

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 =
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Some businesses may have longer days of stocks to stay before they can be sold out, others may
have quicker or shorter days for inventory turnover.

Accounts receivable turnover is the annual credit sales of the firm divided by the accounts
receivable.
 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
Although firms are required to report sales on income statement; and accounts receivable on
balance sheet, there is no requirement that they report the percentage of sales that are financed. For an
outside analyst, it may consider this formula:

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

Average collection period is also called “days of sales outstanding,” the average collection period
describes the average time it takes to collect accounts.

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 =
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

A 365-day year is usually used; a 360-day year can be used, to exclude official ‘holydays’. Either
can be used so long as the financial analyst is consistent and notes the assumptions.

Inventory conversion cycle combines the days of sales in inventory and days of sales in accounts
receivable. It gives the company an idea as to how long it takes to convert inventory to accounts
receivables, and subsequently, into cash.

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 + 𝐷𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

Asset turnover is concerned with efficient use of assets. The goal is not to sell through the fixed
assets but to maximize the efficiency of those assets. True tests of efficiency is not inventory turnover but
how many sales can be generated in the space available, since sales floor, is a fixed asset. The revenue is
derived from the efficient utilization of the space. For service firms, fixed asset turnover ratios are better
indicator of success.

Fixed asset turnover looks at sales in comparison to the long-term assets of the firm, such as land,
equipment, plant.

𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠

Total asset turnover combines the effects of current asset management, the conversion of
inventory and accounts receivable into cash; and fixed asset management. It allows the firm to compare
how well it is managing each type of asset. If total assets are turning over more slowly than fixed assets,
the firm is not aggressively managing the current assets of cash, accounts receivable, and inventory.

𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
LEVERAGE RATIOS

It is the responsibility of the financial manager to determine the level of debt that is appropriate
for a firm. Debt or loan has a fixed value, if the company is making regular payments. Its principal value
decreases over time. If the firm is growing, their value increase which goes back to stockholders in the
form of dividends, or reinvested capital. If the firm can earn more that the cost of loan interest, it may be
worth securing additional loan or leveraging the firm.

Debt to equity ratio shows the relationship between debt and equity.

𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦

The higher the debt of a firm in relationship to its equity, the more leverage it is, and the more
risk it has assumed. Another way of looking at the financing choices of the company is to compare the
debt burden to the value of the total assets. Where:

𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
For firms where investment in long-term assets is high, leverage can be higher; like
manufacturing industry. For service firms, with little capital investment, leverage level can be lower.

Time-interest-earned ratio determines if the firm is capable of serving the interest they have for
debts, and gives idea of whether additional interest expense could be added. Debt obliges the firm to
make specified payments of both principal and interest at regular intervals.

𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 (𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠)

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
PROFITABILITY RATIOS

Gross profit margin profitability is the broadest measure of the firm’s profit level.

𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑑

𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 =
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
Gross margin measure profit before operating expenses, interest, and taxes are subtracted.

APRIL RESEARCH COMPANY INCOME STATEMENT (In Millions of Pesos)

Revenue Php 2.0

Cost of Revenue: Research and Development 94.2
Gross profit (loss) (92.2)
Sales, general, administrative expenses 14.7
Gain (loss) from operations (106.9)
Interest income 2.6
Interest expense 3.2
Net profit (loss) (107.5)
 From the data, yearly revenue is Php 2 000 000, while research and development costs where Php
94 200 000, resulting in a loss from operations. There is no gross profit margin that can be computed for
April Research Company since there is no gross profit.

Operating profit margin examines the income of the company before taking into account the
interest and taxes.

𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠

𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 =
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
Net profit margin demonstrates a better assessment of a firm’s profitability, particularly for
accompany who does owe interest and taxes. This is the bottom line, the net profit margin is the most
often used measure of a firm’s profitability.

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 (𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠)

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 =
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
Return on assets determines profitability in relation to assets management.

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 (𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠)

𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
Return on equity evaluates whether the use of company assets contributes to the rate of return for
stockholders investment. Whether the profit is returned to the owners in the form of dividends or
reinvested in the company, the financial manager needs to be aware of the fact that return on equity
should compensate shareholders for the level of risk they undertake with their shares of stock. Thus, if the
firm is unable to meet a risk less rate of return on equity, then shareholders may demand for restructuring,
reorganization, or even liquidation of their holdings for investment to other offers.

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑂𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠)

MARKET VALUES

A firm’s value is related to what an investor will pay for its stock. If demand for the stock
increases, then its price will also increase, wherein its increase in share price can be tied to expectation of
increased in future earnings. Some of the tools that determine share prices are book value and earnings
per share.

Book value is the basis for fairly determining the worth of the assets in relation to a holders’
share, upon liquidation of the firm.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑘 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

Earnings per share aims to identify the valid earnings per share value, by looking trends over time
or the earnings of other companies in the same industry.
 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒

The following are financial statements for illustrative problem.

Alpha Manufacturing Corporation

Income Statements
20AA and 20BB
20AA 20BB
Sales Php300 000 Php200 000
Less: Cost of goods sold 120 000 100 000
Gross profit on sales Php180 000 Php100 000
Less: Operating Expense 125 000 60 000
(including depreciation P6 000)
Income before tax Php55 000 Php40 000
Less: Provision for income tax 19 250 14 000
Net Income Php35 750 Php26 000

Alpha Manufacturing Corporation

Balance Sheets
December 31 20AA and 20BB
20AA 20BB
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash Php15 000 Php12 200
Marketable Securities 5 000 16 000
Accounts Receivable, net 25 000 15 000
Finished goods 24 000 26 000
Work in process 16 000 13 000
Raw materials 12 000 8 000
Factory Supplies 1 200 2 000
Prepaid Expenses 1 800 2 300
Total Current Assets Php100 000 Php94 500
Investments 25 000 20 000
Plant, property and equipment net 75 000 60 000
of depreciation
Total Assets Php200 000 Php174 500
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY
Current Liabilities:
Accounts Payable Php15 000 Php22 000
Income taxes payable 19 250 14 000
Accrued Expenses 5 000 9 000
Total Current Liabilities Php39 250 Php45 000
Long-term Debt:
Mortgage loans payable 60 000 50 000
 Total Liabilities Php99 250 Php95 000
Stockholder’s Equity
12% Preferred stock, par Php10 Php20 000 Php20 000
Common stock, par Php10 30 000 25 000
Premium on preferred stock 5 000 5 000
Premium on common stock 10 000 8 000
Total paid-in Capital Php65 000 Php58 000
Retained Earnings 35 750 21 500
Total stockholder’s equity Php100 750 Php79 500
Total Liabilities & SE Php200 000 Php174 500

SUMMARY OF RATIO ANALYSIS

VALUES IN
TYPE OF
FORMULA PHP 20AA RATIO ANALYSIS
RATIO
20BB
A. Liquidity
Ratios
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 Firm’s ability to
100 000/39 250 2.55:1
1. Current Ratio meet short-term
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 94 500/45 000 2.10:1
obligations
Firm’s ability to
meet sudden and
immediate
demands on
𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 45 000/39 250 1.15:1 current assets.
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 43 200/45 000 .96:1 Quick assets =
cash, marketable
securities,
accounts
receivables, net
B. Activity
Ratios
Number of times
the merchandise
1. Inventory 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 300 000/25 000 12 times inventory was
turnover 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 200 000/25 000 8 times sold and
replenished
during the period.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 Number of days
2. Days of sales 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 365/12 30.22 days inventory is sold,
in inventory 365/8 45.63 days from date
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 acquired
Number of times
3. Accounts 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 receivables have
receivable 200 000/20 000 10 times
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 been realized in
turnover
sales
 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 Average number
4. Average 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 of days it takes to
360/10 36 days
collection period 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 collect
𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 receivables
5. Asset
Turnover
How effectively
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 fixed assets have
a. Fixed asset
200 000/67 500 2.96 been utilized to
turnover 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 generate sales
revenue
Ability of the
firm in
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 generating
b. Total assets
200 000/187 250 1.07 revenues; a
turnover 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 measure of
investment
efficiency
C. Leverage
Ratios
Shows the
relationship
1. Equity to debt 𝑂𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 100 750/99 250 1.02 between
ratio 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 79 500/95 000 .84 investors’
contribution and
debt of the firm
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 Proportion of
99 250/200 000 .50
2. Debt ratio assets provided
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 95 000/174 500 .54
by creditors
D. Profitability
Ratios
Gross profit
percentage on
1. Gross Profit 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 180 000/300 000 60%
sales to recover
Margin 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 100 000/200 000 50%
operating
expenses
Operating profit
2. Operating Earnings (before interest 55 000/300 000 .18
percentage per
profit margin and taxes)/Sales 40 000/200 000 .20
peso of sales
3. Net profit Net profit (earnings after 35 750/300 000 .12 Profit percentage
margin interest and taxes)/Sales 26 000/200 000 .13 per peso of sales
Net profit (earnings after
4. Return on interest and Overall assets
26 000/187 250 14%
assets taxes)/Average total productivity
assets
Rate of net
5. Return on 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 income earned
26 000/90 125 29%
equity 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 ′ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 based on owner’s
equity
Group One (Reporter no. 5)
Topic: Chapter 4 – Financial Analysis

Leader: Bau, Ella Mae

Adem, Angelie Lyka
Amper, Catherine Mae
Atienza, Trisha Lane
Babela, Ma. Ella
Bagang, Aleli
Bartolome, Kristine Joy
Bayani, Emanuel
Cabrera, Kathleen Anne