Exbd1 e

Preface, Contents
SIMATIC
1
Product Overview
Automation Systems 2
Directives and Standards
Principles of Intrinsically-Safe
Certificates, Certification
Design Processes and Product 3
Conformity
Manual
4
Secondary Explosion Protection
Identification of Explosion- 5
Protected Equipment
Ignition Protection Type Inherent 6
Safety i
Fitting, Operation and
Maintenance of Electrical 7
Systems
8
Bus Systems in the Ex Area
Appendices
Glossary, Index
Edition 07/2003
A5E00206201-01
Safety Guidelines
This manual contains notices intended to ensure personal safety, as well as to protect the products and
connected equipment against damage. These notices are highlighted by the symbols shown below and
graded according to severity by the following texts:
Danger
! indicates that death, severe personal injury or substantial property damage will result if proper precautions
are not taken.
Warning
! indicates that death, severe personal injury or substantial property damage can result if proper
precautions are not taken.
Caution
! indicates that minor personal injury can result if proper precautions are not taken.
Caution
indicates that property damage can result if proper precautions are not taken.
Notice
draws your attention to particularly important information on the product, handling the product, or to a
particular part of the documentation.
Qualified Personnel
Only qualified personnel should be allowed to install and work on this equipment. Qualified persons are
defined as persons who are authorized to commission, to ground and to tag circuits, equipment, and
systems in accordance with established safety practices and standards.
Correct Usage
Note the following:
Warning
! This device and its components may only be used for the applications described in the catalog or the
technical description, and only in connection with devices or components from other manufacturers which
have been approved or recommended by Siemens.
This product can only function correctly and safely if it is transported, stored, set up, and installed
correctly, and operated and maintained as recommended.
Trademarks
SIMATIC, SIMATIC HMI and SIMATIC NET are registered trademarks of SIEMENS AG.
Third parties using for their own purposes any other names in this document which refer to trademarks
might infringe upon the rights of the trademark owners.
Copyright W Siemens AG 2003 All rights reserved Disclaim of Liability

The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or its We have checked the contents of this manual for agreement
contents is not permitted without express written authority. with the hardware and software described. Since deviations
Offenders will be liable for damages. All rights, including rights cannot be precluded entirely, we cannot guarantee full
created by patent grant or registration of a utility model or agreement. However, the data in this manual are reviewed
design, are reserved. regularly and any necessary corrections included in
subsequent editions. Suggestions for improvement are
Siemens AG welcomed.
Bereich Automation and Drives
Geschaeftsgebiet Industrial Automation Systems  Siemens AG 2003
Postfach 4848, D- 90327 Nuernberg Technical data subject to change.
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft A5E00206201-01
Preface
Purpose of the manual

This manual describes the basic principles of explosion protection. It contains
fundamental information that you must bear in mind for the planning, installation
and operation of electrical systems in explosion-endangered areas.
Required basic knowledge

General knowledge of automation engineering is required to understand the
manual.
Scope of validity of the manual

The manual applies to the
• Manual Automation Systems I/O Modules with Intrinsically-Safe Signals
• Manual ET 200iS Distributed I/O Station
Position in the information landscape

More information on explosion protection can be found in the corresponding
directives and standards.
Guide
You can quickly access specific information in the manual by using the following
aids:
• At the beginning of the manual you will find a comprehensive table of contents
and lists of the figures and tables in the entire manual.
• In the left margin on each page in every chapter you will find information that
provides you with an overview of the contents of each section.
• Following the appendices, you will find a glossary in which important technical
terms used in the manual are defined.
• At the end of the manual you will find a comprehensive index enabling rapid
access to the information you are looking for.
Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

A5E00206201-01 iii
Preface
Further support
If you have any questions that are not answered here regarding the use of any of
the products described in this manual, please contact your Siemens office or
agency.
http://www.ad.siemens.com/automation/partner
Training center
We offer the relevant courses to get you started more easily with the Basic
Principles of Explosion Protection for Automation Systems manual and the
SIMATIC S7 automation system. Please contact either your regional training
center or the central training center in
D-90327 Nuremberg.
Telephone: +49 (911) 895-3200.
Internet: http://www.sitrain.com

iv A5E00206201-01
Preface
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A5E00206201-01 v
Preface
Service & Support on the Internet

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http://www.siemens.com/automation/service&support
There you can find:
• Our newsletter with the latest product information.
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under ”Services”.

vi A5E00206201-01
Contents
Preface
1 Product Overview
1.1 Explosive atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.1.1 Concentration of the flammable substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.1.2 Presence of a hazardous amount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
1.1.3 Efficiency of the ignition source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
1.2 Protective measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
2 Directives and Standards
2.1 Legal principles of explosion protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1.1 EU directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.1.2 National laws and ordinances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.1.3 Explosion protection guidelines (EX-RL) of the occupational safety
association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.2 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2.2.1 EU standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2.2.2 National standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
2.2.3 International standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.2.4 NAMUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
3 Certificates, Certification Processes and Product Conformity1
3.1 European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
3.1.1 EU declaration of conformity and CE symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
3.1.2 EU design test certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
3.1.3 Inspection bodies in the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
3.2 North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
3.3 Russian Federation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
3.4 Other States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
3.5 IECEx Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
4 Secondary Explosion Protection
4.1 Zone division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
4.2 Ignition protection types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
4.2.1 Increased safety e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
4.2.2 Flameproof enclosure d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
4.2.3 Pressurising p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
4.2.4 Inherent safety i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
4.2.5 Oil immersion o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
4.2.6 Powder filling q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
4.2.7 Encapsulation m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
4.2.8 Ignition protection type n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
4.2.9 Ignition protection types for dust explosion protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14

A5E00206201-01 vii
Contents
4.3 Device groups, explosion groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15

4.4 Temperature classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
4.5 Explosion protection for non-electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
5 Identification of Explosion-Protected Equipment
5.1 Identification by zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.2 Identification by divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
5.3 Examples of identification of explosion-protected equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
5.4 Housing/enclosure protection types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
5.4.1 IP types of protection (Ingress Protection) according to
EN 60529 (IEC 529) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
5.4.2 Housing/enclosure protection types according to
ANSI / NEMA 250 (USA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
6 Ignition Protection Type Inherent Safety i
6.1 Basic principles of the ignition protection type inherent safety i . . . . . . . . . 6-2
6.1.1 Functional principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
6.1.2 Ignition limit curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
6.2 Equipment in the inherently safe electrical circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
6.3 Separator circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
6.4 Interconnection in the inherently safe electrical circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
6.4.1 Interconnection of two inherently safe items of equipment or one
inherently safe and one associated item of equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
6.4.2 Interconnections with more than one item of associated or
active equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
6.4.3 Example of interconnecting of two inherently safe items of equipment . . 6-16
6.4.4 Example of interconnecting an inherently safe item of equipment
with an associated item of equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18
7 Fitting, Operation and Maintenance of Electrical Systems
7.1 Fitting in Zone 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
7.1.1 Protection against accidental contact and equipotential bonding . . . . . . . 7-2
7.1.2 Cables and leads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
7.1.3 Inherently safe equipment in Zone 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
7.2 Fitting in Zone 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
7.3 Fitting in Zone 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
7.4 Fitting in Zone 20, 21, 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12
7.5 Operation, maintenance, malfunctions and repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13
8 Bus Systems in the Ex Area
8.1 Inherently safe field bus PROFIBUS PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
8.2 PROFIBUS RS 485-IS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
8.3 Fieldbus Foundation (FF bus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10

viii A5E00206201-01
Contents
A Safety Specifications
B Bibliography
Glossary
Index
Figures
1-1 Concentration of a flammable substance in air (explosion limits
dependent on substance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
2-1 Legal framework of explosion protection in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
4-1 Increased safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
4-2 Flameproof enclosure d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
4-3 Pressurising p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
4-4 Inherent safety i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
4-5 Oil immersion o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
4-6 Powder filling q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
4-7 Encapsulation m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
5-1 Identification according to IEC/ CENELEC/ NEC 505 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5-2 NEC 500_overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
6-1 Basic circuit for current limitation of the ignition protection type
inherent safety i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
6-2 Output characteristic curves for ohmic and electronic current
limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
6-3 Ignition limit curve for ohmic electrical circuits of explosion
groups I, IIA, IIB, IIC (according to EN 50020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
6-4 Ignition limit curve for capacitive electrical circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
6-5 Ignition limit curve for inductive electrical circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
6-6 Inherently safe electrical circuit (example) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
6-7 Typical structure of an inherently safe MSR system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
6-8 Circuit diagram of a safety barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
6-9 Electrical insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
6-10 Interconnecting a pressure measurement converter with an analogue
input module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
6-11 Interconnecting a weighing cell SIWAREX R with an Ex-i interface
SIWAREX IS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18
7-1 Equipotential bonding in the explosion-endangered area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
7-2 ET 200iS in Zone 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
7-3 ET 200iS in Zone 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
7-4 S7-300, ET 200M and ET 200S in Zone 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9
7-5 S7-300 Ex peripheral assemblies in Zone 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11
8-1 Earthing of PROFIBUS PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
8-2 Circuit diagram of the RS 485-IS coupler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
8-3 RS 485-IS bus termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
8-4 Equipotential bonding in the explosion-endangered area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
8-5 PROFIBUS RS 485-IS segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

A5E00206201-01 ix
Contents
Tables
2-1 Important EU directives for the area of process equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2-2 Laws, ordinances and sets of regulations regarding explosion
protection in Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2-3 Harmonised European standards for explosion protection . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
2-4 Comparison of international and European standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
3-1 Notified bodies in the EU (excerpt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
4-1 Zones according to IEC/ CENELEC for gases/vapours and dusts . . . . . 4-2
4-2 Zones according to NEC 505 for gases/vapours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
4-3 Zones according to NEC 500 for gases/vapours, dusts and fibres/lint . . . 4-4
5-1 Device group I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5-2 Device group II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
5-3 Zone division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
5-4 Ignition protection types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
5-5 Explosion groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
5-6 Temperature classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
5-7 Allocation of gases and vapours into explosion groups and
temperature classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
5-8 Type of protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
5-9 Division of the Ex areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
5-10 Temperature classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
5-11 Classes and groups according to NEC 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
5-12 Specific requirements for housings/enclosures for ”outdoor non-hazardous
locations” according to NEMA 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
7-1 Notes for work on explosion-protected electrical equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15
8-1 Properties of PROFIBUS PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
8-2 Cable parameters complying with the FISCO specification . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
8-3 Ex-i specifications of the RS 485-IS coupler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6

x A5E00206201-01
Product Overview 1
Danger due to flammable materials and dusts
In many industries, flammable materials, gases, vapours or mists are created or
escape during the manufacture, processing, transport and storage of flammable
substances. In other processes, flammable dusts are created.
In conjunction with oxygen, these flammable substances and dusts form an
explosive atmosphere. In the event of detonation, this can lead to an explosion and
severe damage to equipment or injury to persons.
Avoiding explosion hazards

To avoid explosion hazards, protection regulations in the form of laws, standards
and ordinances have been developed in most states. These regulations ensure a
high level of safety and apply to manufacturers, fitters and operators of equipment
for the explosion-endangered area.
This manual ...

This manual provides you with an overview of explosion protection.
• Current standards and directives for explosion protection
• Explanation of protective measure and identification of equipment
• Notes on fitting, operation and maintenance of EX equipment
Contents of chapter
Section Subject Page

1.1 Explosive atmosphere 1-2
1.2 Protective measures 1-7

A5E00206201-01 1-1
Product Overview
1.1 Explosive atmosphere
Definition
An explosive atmosphere is a mixture consisting of air and flammable gases,
vapours, mists or dusts. This mixture is explosive if there is a corresponding
concentration under atmospheric conditions. Combustion would continue
autonomously after ignition by the ignition source.
The applicable atmospheric conditions here are a total pressure of 0.8 bar to
1.1 bar absolute and temperatures of – 20°C to + 60°C.
Conditions
For an atmosphere to be explosive and for its ignition, the following aspects must
be examined:
• Concentration of the flammable substances
• Presence of a hazardous amount
• Efficiency of the ignition source.
1.1.1 Concentration of the flammable substances
Liquids, gases / vapours

Evaporation transforms parts of a liquid substance into a gaseous state of
aggregation. This is why a mixture of vapours and air forms above a free liquid
surface, which is not necessarily flammable.
If the temperature is sufficiently high, evaporation means that the liquid develops
such large quantities of vapour that it can form a flammable mixture with the air
above the liquid.

1-2 A5E00206201-01
Product Overview
Flash point and burning point

The temperature at which the flammable mixture above the liquid ignites is referred
to as the flash point; this is determined in a closed crucible under specified
conditions by means of externally supplied ignition.
However, continued combustion of the flammable mixture is not yet possible, as
not enough vapours are developed at this liquid temperature. If the temperature is
higher and just sufficient for the changed vapour/air mixture above the liquid to
burn continuously, the temperature is referred to as the burning point.
The values of the flash point and burning point are not physical constants, rather
they are so-called substance-specific properties of the gas-air mixtures. These are
laid down as safety specifications (see Appendix A), as other factors such as
convection and diffusion also play a role in determining the above-mentioned
temperatures.
Lower explosion limit

Whether an explosive atmosphere occurs depends on the mixture concentration
that forms above the liquid. If there is a mixture concentration in which the mixture
is only just explosive, this is the lower explosion limit (also referred to as the lower
limit of inflammability).
The associated temperature is called the lower explosion point.
Upper explosion limit

If the mixture concentration is increased, a degree of concentration is finally
reached in which the mixture has too little oxygen due to the higher proportion of
gases and vapours and is therefore no longer explosive.
The upper explosion limit or the upper limit of inflammability has been reached.
Above this limit, the mixture is too rich, but it can still burn off in an oxidising agent.

A5E00206201-01 1-3
Product Overview
Explosion range
The concentration range between the explosion limits (limits of inflammability) is
referred to as the explosion range (see Fig. 1-1).
In the case of a mixture with oxygen, the upper explosion limit lies considerably
higher than in the case of a mixture with air. If an inert gas is used instead of
oxygen, an explosion is no longer possible.
The ignition temperature of a flammable gas or of a flammable liquid is the lowest
temperature determined in a testing device of a heated wall on which the
flammable substance in the mixture with air can still ignite.
The ignition temperatures of the flammable gases are divided into different
temperature classes (see chapter 4.4).
0% 100%
ÏÏÏÏÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊ
ÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎ
upper explosion limit
lower explosion limit
ÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎ
ÎÎÎÎÎ
too lean
mixture
ÎÎÎÎÎ too rich
mixture
100% 0%
Figure 1-1 Concentration of a flammable substance in air (explosion limits dependent on

substance)

1-4 A5E00206201-01
Product Overview
Dusts
It is frequently the case that solid substances occur in particulate form, e.g. as
dust. Dust deposits are comparable to a porous body and have a voidage of up to
90%. If dusts with small grain size are stirred up, they are more flammable, as the
surface area rises with increasing size reduction. If the temperature of dust
deposits is increased, this can lead to spontaneous ignition of the flammable dust
substance.
It is frequently the case that dust explosions are the consequence of stirred-up,
smouldering dust layers that contain the initial ignition potential.
Gas or vapour-air explosions that have already begun can also stir up dust,
whereby the gas explosion is then frequently transformed into a dust explosion.
In coal mines, methane gas explosions frequently led to coal dust explosions
where the effect often exceeded that of gas explosions.
Smouldering or glowing
In the case of dusts, smouldering or glowing can also occur. This is triggered at
lower temperatures than explosion of the same dust as dust/air mixture. In
particular if the dust particles are stirred up, smouldering can be the ignition source
for a dust/air mixture.
Smouldering temperature
An important safety specification for dusts is the smouldering temperature. This is
determined for detonation of a dust layer of 5 mm in height.
With greater layer thicknesses than this, smouldering can begin below this
smouldering temperature.
There are also explosion limits and ranges for dust/air mixtures, as for gases and
vapours.
1.1.2 Presence of a hazardous amount
An explosive atmosphere with a hazardous amount is a dangerously explosive

atmosphere. In this case, there must be such an amount that leads directly or
indirectly to personal injury or damage to property in the event of an explosion.
As a rule, 10 litres accumulated in an explosive atmosphere in a closed room
(independent of the room size) is viewed as hazardous.

A5E00206201-01 1-5
Product Overview
1.1.3 Efficiency of the ignition source
Definition
The efficiency of an ignition source and thus the capability to ignite an explosive
atmosphere depends on
• the energy of the ignition source
• the properties of the explosive atmosphere.
Ignition sources
Possible ignition sources are:
• Hot surfaces
• Flames and hot gases
• Mechanically created sparks
• Electrical systems
• Electrical equalising currents, cathodic corrosion protection
• Static electricity
• Lightning
• Electromagnetic waves
• Optical radiation
• Ionising radiation
• Ultrasound
• Adiabatic compression, shock wave flowing gases
• Exothermic reactions
Devices and systems

In practice, electrical devices and systems represent a large portion of possible
ignition sources. In this context, sparks caused by switching and components
heated by impermissibly high currents (e.g. in the event of faults in a short circuit)
can work as ignition sources.

1-6 A5E00206201-01
Product Overview
1.2 Protective measures
Avoiding explosions
Work safety regulations (Germany – ATEX 137) prescribe measures for the
prevention of an explosive atmosphere.
Fundamentally, there are two possibilities/measures to prevent explosions:
1. Prevention of the formation of a dangerous, explosive atmosphere = primary
explosion protection.
2. Prevention of the ignition of a dangerous, explosive atmosphere = secondary
explosion protection.
Primary explosion protection

Primary explosion protection involves all measures that prevent or restrict the
creation of a dangerous, explosive atmosphere.
This can involve the following:
• Avoiding flammable liquids
• Inerting
• Replacement of flammable substances by non-flammable substances
• Limitation of the concentration below the lower or above the upper explosion
limit
• Suitable system design
• Natural and technical ventilation measures.
Note
Primary explosion protection is not explained in detail in this manual.

A5E00206201-01 1-7
Product Overview
Secondary explosion protection

However, there are a large number of applications where primary protective
measures cannot be applied. Secondary explosion protection measures prevent
ignition, ensuring the safety of people and material in explosion-endangered areas.
There are a wide variety of different, standardised types of ignition protection.
These are described in Chapter 3. With regard to electrical equipment, secondary
explosion protection involves compliance with building regulations for
explosion-protected electrical equipment.
The constructive and/or circuitry measures within the building regulations are
intended to prevent that
• an explosion is triggered or
• the external, surrounding explosive atmosphere is ignited in the event of an
explosion inside equipment.

1-8 A5E00206201-01
Directives and Standards 2
Worldwide legal regulations
Explosion protection is legally regulated worldwide by guidelines, directives and
standards:
• EU directives, national laws / ordinances and explosion protection guidelines
from bodies involved in occupational safety
• EU standards, national standards and NAMUR recommendations
• International standards and country-specific regulations
Contents of chapter

2.1 Legal principles of explosion protection 2-1
2.2 Standards 2-7
2.1 Legal principles of explosion protection
Worldwide regulations
Explosion protection is legally regulated worldwide by the governments of
individual states. Country-specific differences in technical requirements and the
required approval for explosion-protected devices are above all for globally
operating manufacturers a significant trade barrier, requiring high overhead for
development and approval procedures.

A5E00206201-01 2-1
Harmonisation of technical standards

For some time now, above all among the leading industrial nations, there has been
an effort to remove these trade barriers by harmonising the pertinent technical
standards and, in parallel, to implement uniform safety standards. In the meantime,
the harmonisation process in the area of explosion protection has been completed
for the most part within the European Union. On an international level, by
introducing the so-called ’IECEx Scheme’, the IEC is attempting to approach the
aim of ’one test and one certificate worldwide’.
Legal level Technical level
EU directives European
and ordinances standards
National laws National standards

and ordinances e.g. DIN, VDE
International stan-
dards (IEC)
Applicable law Total of

valid standards
Figure 2-1 Legal framework of explosion protection in Europe
2.1.1 EU directives
Explosion protection in the European Union

Explosion protection is regulated in the European Union by directives and laws.
The basis of these EU activities is the so-called ’New Concept’, which aims to
achieve the following: ”The free transfer of goods is a cornerstone of the internal
market. To achieve this aim, mechanisms have been set up to prevent new trade
barriers and achieve mutual recognition and technical harmonisation.”

2-2 A5E00206201-01
EU directives
This means that the aim of the EU is, on the one hand, to create equal
opportunities for all providers within the EU internal market and, on the other hand,
to create uniform safety standards for all operators of technical systems and
equipment. This is why electrical devices for deployment in explosion-endangered
areas must have an EU design test certificate (zones 0 and 1). The corresponding
systems and facilities are classified as systems that require monitoring and may
only be equipped with devices approved for this. Alongside this, commissioning,
changes and regular safety inspections must be carried out by approved
institutions or companies and/or inspected/approved. The legal framework is
formed by the EU directives that are binding for all EU Member States.
Table 2-1 Important EU directives for the area of process equipment
Complete title Directive no. Valid as End of

Short of transitional
description period
Low voltage Council directive of February 19, 1973, 73/23/EEC 19.08.74 01.01.97
directive to standardise legal regulations of the
Member States with regard to electrical
equipment for use within certain voltage
limits
Change 93/68/EEC 01.01.95 01.01.97
EMC Council directive of May 3, 1989, to 89/336/EEC 01.01.92 31.12.95
directive standardise legal regulations of the
Member States with regard to
electromagnetic compatibility
Change 92/31/EEC 28.10.92 ---
Change 93/68/EEC 01.01.95 31.12.94
Machine Directive of the European Parliament 98/37/EC 01.01.93 31.12.94
directive and the Council of June 22, 1998, to
standardise legal and administration
(is based on
regulations of the Member States for
89/392/EEC)
machines
EX directive Directive of the European Parliament 94/9/EC 01.03.96 30.06.03
(ATEX 100a) and of the Council of March 23, 1994, to
standardise the legal regulations of the
Member States for devices and
protection systems for proper use in
explosion-endangered areas
Pressure Directive of the European Parliament 97/23/EC 29.11.99 29.05.02

equipment and the Council of May 29, 1997, to
directive standardise legal regulations of the
Member States regarding pressure
equipment
ATEX 137 Minimum regulations for improvement of 1999/92/EC 16.12.99 30.06.03

(old: ATEX health and safety protection for
118a) employees that can be endangered by
explosive atmospheres

A5E00206201-01 2-3
Low voltage directive 73/23/EEC and 93/68/EEC

The low voltage directive contains safety requirements for electrical devices. It is
currently being revised and adapted to a number of new developments. Whereas
in the current version the area of applicability for devices with voltages was only
specified as of 75 VDC or 50 VAC, the new version applies in general to voltages
as of 0 Volts, i.e. it now applies to all electrical devices, including battery-operated
equipment.
Explosion protection directive 94/9/EC

Directive 94/9/EC, better known as the ATEX directive (ATEX 100a), regulates the
manufacture and distribution of devices and protection systems for use in
explosion-endangered areas. Technical safety basis is the ”Fundamental safety
and health requirements for the conception and construction of devices and
protection systems for proper use in explosion-endangered areas” according to
Appendix II. The directive prescribes an EC design test for electrical devices of
categories 1 and 2 (see Chapter 5.1) with a corresponding inspection certificate
(Ex certificate). For devices of category 3, a manufacturer’s declaration (EC
declaration of conformity) regarding compliance with the directive, if necessary
using specific standards, is required.
Directive 1999/92/EG (ATEX 137)

Directive 1999/92/EG, also known as ATEX 137, formulates minimum
requirements for the safety and health protection of employees at workplaces that
can be endangered by explosive atmospheres. This directive is mainly addressed
to the operators of explosion-endangered systems and equipment. The content of
this directive is reflected in German law in work safety regulations and ordinances.

2-4 A5E00206201-01
2.1.2 National laws and ordinances
Explosion protection ordinance ExVO

In general, EU directives are European law that has to be adopted unchanged
’one-to-one’ in the individual Member States by means of national ratification. The
content of Directive 94/9/EC has been adopted in full into the (German) explosion
protection ordinance. The fundamental legislation (in Germany) for technical
equipment is the Device Safety Act (GSG), of which the ExVO is part as a
separate ordinance.
Work safety regulations

On the other hand, ATEX 137 (Directive - 1999/92/EC) only contains ”Minimum
regulations for improvement of health protection and safety of employees in
explosion-endangered workplaces”, which means that each EU state can pass its
own regulations that go beyond the minimum requirements. In Germany, the
content of the directive has been adopted in the work safety regulations. In order to
simplify the legislation, the content of several former ordinances has been
summarised in these work safety regulations. From the area of explosion
protection, this includes:
• Ordinance regarding electrical systems in explosion-endangered areas (ElexV)
• Acetylene ordinance
• Ordinance regarding flammable liquids
This ordinance was replaced when the work safety regulations came into force on
January 1, 2003.

A5E00206201-01 2-5
2.1.3 Explosion protection guidelines (EX-RL) of the occupational

safety association
Explosion protection guidelines (EX-RL)

The ”Guidelines for prevention of dangers through explosive atmospheres with
collection of examples” from the (German) occupational safety association in the
chemicals sector contain concrete information on the dangers in
explosion-endangered areas and indicate measures for prevention or reduction. In
particular the collection of examples serves to provide detailed information on
measures in the context of individual explosion-endangered process systems in a
wide variety of industrial sectors. Valuable suggestions and risk assessments are
thus available to planners and operators of such process systems or comparable
process systems. Although the EX guidelines have no legal status, they are still to
be regarded as important recommendations which can be used particularly to
settle legal questions in the event of cases of injury or damage.
Laws, ordinances and sets of regulations regarding explosion protection
Table 2-2 Laws, ordinances and sets of regulations regarding explosion protection in
Germany
Short description Complete title Valid as of

Device Safety Act Law governing technical equipment Continuously sup-
(Germany) plemented
Explosion protection Ordinance regarding distribution of devices 12.12.96
ordinance and protection systems for explosion-en-
dangered areas – Explosion protection ordi-
nance (Germany)
Work safety regula- Ordinance to legally regulate the area of 03.10.02
tions safety and health protection in the provision
of equipment and its use during work, safety
for the operation of systems requiring moni-
toring and the organisation of occupational
safety.
Explosion protection Regulations and rules from the occupational (Status July 2000)
rules, EX guideline safety association for safety and health at
work - explosion protection rules with collec-
tion of examples

2-6 A5E00206201-01
2.2 Standards
Many technical standards

There are a large number of technical standards worldwide for the area of
explosion protection. The standards landscape is subject to continuous changes.
This is due to adaptations to technical progress and also to higher requirements for
safety in society. Alongside this, however, international harmonisation efforts also
contribute with the aim of achieving safety standards that are as uniform as
possible worldwide and the associated removal of trade barriers.
2.2.1 EU standards
CENELEC
The standards for explosion protection that apply in the European Union are
created on the basis of the EU directives, led by CENELEC (European Committee
for Electrotechnical Standardization). Members of CENELEC are the national
committees of the Member States. As in the meantime the degree standardization
on an international level has gained in significance due to the high dynamism in the
IEC, CENELEC has decided to decide on standards only using the so-called
parallel procedure with IEC. Practically, this means that European standards in the
area of electrical engineering will be almost exclusively created on the basis of IEC
standards as harmonised EN standards. For the area of explosion protection,
these are mainly the standards in the EN 60079-xy series.
Scheme of the harmonised European standards

The numbers of harmonised European standards are based on the following
scheme:
e.g. EN 50014 : 1997
Year of issue
Number of the standard
Harmonised European standard
Changes that are issued to complement the basic standard are indicated by the
letter ”A” with a consecutive number, e.g. A1.

A5E00206201-01 2-7
2.2.2 National standards
DIN standards and VDE regulations

In most EU Member States, there are also separate national standards, and these
can be applied in parallel to the valid EN standards in this country. In Germany,
these are the DIN standards and VDE regulations (German Industrial Standard
and Association of German Engineers, respectively). In the area of explosion
protection, however, harmonisation has taken place for the most part and most
standards in the meantime also have a version as ”DIN EN ....”, which have also
been adopted into the VDE regulations. DIN EN standards are identical to the
corresponding EN standards, whereby special national features, e.g. validity range
etc., are formulated in a national preamble.
Harmonised European standards
Table 2-3 Harmonised European standards for explosion protection
European German standard German title

standard
EN 1127 DIN EN 1127-1 Explosive atmospheres - explosion protection -
part 1: basic principles and methods
EN 50 014 DIN EN 50 014, Electrical equipment for explosion-endangered
VDE 0170/0171 T. 1 areas: general regulations
EN 50 015 DIN EN 50 015, Oil immersion ”o”
VDE 0170/0171 T. 2
EN 50 016 DIN EN 50 016, Pressurising ”p”
VDE 0170/0171 T. 3
EN 50 017 DIN EN 50 017, Powder filling ”q”
VDE 0170/0171 T. 4
EN 50 018 DIN EN 50 018, Flameproof enclosure ”d”
VDE 0170/0171 T. 5
EN 50 019 DIN EN 50 019, Increased safety ”e”
VDE 0170/0171 T. 6
EN 50 020 DIN EN 50 020, Inherent safety ”i”
VDE 0170/0171 T. 7
EN 50 021 DIN EN 50 021, Type of protection ”n”
VDE 0170/0171 T. 8
EN 50 028 DIN EN 50 028, Encapsulation ”m”
VDE 0170/0171 T. 9
EN 50 039 DIN EN 50 039, Electrical equipment for explosion-endangered
VDE 0170/0171 T. 10 areas; inherently safe electrical systems ”i”
EN 50 284 DIN EN 50 284, Special requirements for engineering design,
VDE 0170/0171 T. 12 testing and identification of electrical
equipment of device group II,
category 1 G
EN 13 463-1 DIN EN 13 463-1 Non-electrical devices for deployment in
explosion-endangered areas - part 1:
fundamental methods and requirements

2-8 A5E00206201-01
Table 2-3 Harmonised European standards for explosion protection, continued
European German standard German title

standard
EN 50 281-1-1 DIN EN 50281-1-1, Electrical equipment for use in areas with
VDE 0170/0171 flammable dust - part 1-1: electrical equipment
T. 15-1-1 with housing protection
EN 60079-10 DIN EN 60079-10, Electrical devices for equipment in

VDE 165 T.101 gas-explosion-endangered areas - part 10:
separation of explosion-endangered areas
EN 60079-14 DIN EN 60079-14, Electrical equipment for explosion-endangered
VDE 165 T.1 areas part 14: electrical systems in
explosion-endangered areas (except mining)
EN 60079-17 DIN EN 60079-17, Electrical equipment for explosion-endangered
VDE 0165 T. 10 areas part 17: testing and maintenance of
electrical systems in explosion-endangered
areas (except mining)
EN 61010-1 DIN EN 61010-1, Security regulations for electrical
VDE 0411 T.1 measurement, control, regulating and
laboratory devices. Part 1: General
requirements
EN 60950 DIN EN 60950, Safety of information technology facilities,
VDE 0805 including electrical office machines
2.2.3 International standards
IEC
On an international level, the IEC, the International Electrotechnical Commission,
issues standards for explosion protection. The Technical Committee TC31 is
responsible. Standards for explosion protection are included in the IEC 60079-x
series, (formerly IEC 79-x). The x stands for the number of the individual technical
standards, e.g. IEC 60079-11 for inherent safety.

A5E00206201-01 2-9
USA
The leading supervisory authority in the USA is the OSHA (Occupational Safety
and Health Administration), which passes legal regulations regarding occupational
safety. This is then the basis on which different organisations issue standards.
Explosion protection is regulated within the National Electrical Code (NEC), a
construction regulation issued by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
in consultation with the American National Standard Institute (ANSI). Building on
this, various testing oganizations such as the UL (Underwriters Laboratories), FM
(also FMRC - Factory Mutual Research Corporation) issue their own sets of
standards.
Important for the classification of explosion protection are Article 500 and 505 of
the NEC, whereby the former lays down regulations of the conventional Ex
classification (Class Division model) and the latter lays down the regulations for the
new zone model based on Europe and the IEC. Devices can be certified in parallel
on the basis of both models.
Canada
In Canada, the structure is similar to that in the USA. Building on the CEC, the
Canadian Electrical Code, the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) issues
standards that are the basis for corresponding device approvals. Also in Canada
explosion protection has a conventional Class Division model and the new
international zone system, on the basis of which parallel approvals are also
possible.
Table 2-4 Comparison of international and European standards
USA Canada
Ex Ex
Subject Inter- Europe
FM UL ANSI/ Zones Class Other
national
ISA Model Div.
Model
Ex: General IEC EN 50 014 FM ANSI/ CSA
regulations 60 079-0 3600 ISA- 79-0-95
S12.0.
01
Oil immersion ”o” IEC EN 50 015 UL2279, ANSI/ CSA-E7
60 079-6 Pt.6 ISA- 9-6
S12.26.
01
Pressurising ”p” IEC EN 50 016 FM (NFPA4 CSA-E7 CSA
60 079-2 3620 96) 9-2 TIL. E
13 A
Powder filling ”q” IEC EN 50 017 UL2279, ANSI/ CSA-E7
60 079-5 Pt.5 ISA- 9-5
S12.25.
01
Flameproof IEC EN 50 018 FM UL2279, ANSI/ CSA-E7 CSA
enclosure ”d” 60 079-1 3615 Pt.1 ISA- 9-1 C22.2
UL1203 S12.22. No.30
01

2-10 A5E00206201-01
Table 2-4 Comparison of international and European standards, continued
USA Canada
Ex Ex
Subject Inter- Europe
FM UL ANSI/ Zones Class Other
national
ISA Model Div.
Model
Increased safety IEC EN 50 019 UL2279, ANSI/ CSA-E7
”e” 60 079-7 Pt.7 ISA- 9-7
S12.16.
01
Inherent safety IEC EN 50 020 FM UL2279, pr ANSI/ CSA-E7 CSA
”i” 60 079-11 3610 Pt.11 ISA- 9-11 C22.2
UL 913 S12.02. No.157
01
Type of IEC EN 50 021 FM UL2279, pr ANSI/ CSA-E7 CSA
protection ”n” 60 079-15 3611 Pt.15 ISA 9-15 C22.2
S12.12. No.213
01
Encapsulation IEC EN 50 028 UL2279, ANSI/ CSA-E7
”m” 60 079-18 Pt.18 ISA- 9-18
S12.23.
01
Zone 0 IEC EN 50 284
60 079-26
Electrical IEC 61010 EN 61010 ANSI/ CAN/
safety ISA-82. CSA-
02.01 C22.2
No.
1010.1

A5E00206201-01 2-11
2.2.4 NAMUR
NAMUR recommendations
In the field of process engineering, the NAMUR recommendations have great
significance in Germany – but also in other European countries. The NAMUR -
standards committee for measuring and control technology - is an association of
users of process control engineering that aims to influence both standardisation
committees and the manufacturers of process equipment to define security
standards, solutions and systems with a practical orientation for applications in the
chemicals and pharmaceuticals sectors. In this context, NAMUR issues
recommendations on practically all the technical topics in which this circle of users
is interested, and they are published as so-called NAMUR recommendations under
a serial number NE ***.

2-12 A5E00206201-01
Certificates, Certification Processes and
Product Conformity 3
Certificates
The manufacturer must enclose various country-specific certificates with products,
certifying that the corresponding guidelines and standards have been complied
with.
Before a product is placed on the market, it must be tested for certain areas of
application by a so-called notified body.
Contents of chapter

3.1 European Union 3-2
3.2 North America 3-5
3.3 Russian Federation 3-6
3.4 Other States 3-6
3.5 IECEx Scheme 3-6

A5E00206201-01 3-1
Certificates, Certification Processes and Product Conformity
3.1 European Union
3.1.1 EU declaration of conformity and CE symbol
EU declaration of conformity by manufacturer

Products that are placed on the market for the first time within the European Union
are subject to the EU directives stated. The manufacturer (or
’person putting into circulation’) is under obligation to adhere to all the EU
directives applicable to each product. This is confirmed in the EU declaration of
conformity, a paper that has to be enclosed with each delivered device. All the
applied EU directives and harmonised EN standards complied with should appear
on the declaration of conformity. Issuer of the declaration of conformity is the
manufacturer or ’person putting into circulation’ of the device.
CE symbol
The corresponding device is to be indicated on the type plate with the CE symbol.
The CE symbol indicates that a device bearing it corresponds to all (!) applicable
European regulations and not, as sometimes incorrectly assumed, only adherence
to the EMC directive!
3.1.2 EU design test certificate
EU design test certificate by a ”notified body”

The ATEX directive 94/9/EC prescribes a design test for electrical devices of
categories 1 and 2 (see chapter 2.1.1). To this end, the manufacturer submits all of
the necessary technical documents for the inspection and, if applicable, sample
devices to a so-called ’notified body’. After successful conclusion of the test, an EU
design test certificate is issued, certifying all of the binding information and
parameters for deployment in explosion-endangered areas.
The EU design test certificate contains all the required information as regards
explosion protection and is the basis for operation and synchronisation of several
electrical devices in the Ex Zones 0 and 1.

3-2 A5E00206201-01
Certificate number
Each certificate is given its own certificate number, structured as follows:
e.g. PTB 03 ATEX 1234
Serial number
ATEX identification
Certificate year
Short description of the notified body
An ”X” following the number identifies ”Special notes on operation” in the EU

design test certificate. A ”U” following the number identifies a partial certificate for
products that are not deployed as ’stand-alone’ devices, rather only as
parts relevant to safety for Ex devices.
Devices of category 3
For devices of category 3, as prescribed for deployment in Zone 2 (see
chapter 4.1), no EU design test certificate is required by the ATEX directive and it
is not permitted to issue one. Instead, the manufacturer should issue a
manufacturer’s declaration (EU declaration of conformity) confirming adherence to
the ATEX directive and the harmonised standards applicable to these devices.
Occasionally, however, system operators also demand an inspection certificate for
these devices from an independent organisation or the manufacturer wishes to
cover itself with an inspection of this type. For these cases, various testing bodies
inspect these devices and issue a certificate, which is then given an unofficial
designation, e.g. conformity statement or similar. However, we would like to
expressly point out once again that this is not covered by the ATEX directive. On
the contrary, the equipment manufacturers have deliberately been granted more
leeway for autonomy in order to simplify market access.
3.1.3 Inspection bodies in the EU
Notified bodies
In practically all EU countries, there is one or more approved inspection bodies,
referred to in EU jargon as a notified body. These are commissioned by the
Member States after evaluating their technical skills and determining their
independence and impartiality, then published by the Commission in the European
Union gazette.

A5E00206201-01 3-3
European inspection bodies

The table contains a selection of the most important European inspection bodies.
The complete and current list can be viewed on the Internet sites of the EU
(URL: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/newapproach).
Table 3-1 Notified bodies in the EU (excerpt)
Notified Body Country No.

TÜV-Österreich AT 0408
1010 Wien
EXAM-BBG Prüf- und Zertifizier GmbH (bis 30.4.03 DMT) D 0158
44809 Bochum
IBEXU - Institut für Sicherheitstechnik GmbH D 0637
09599 Freiberg
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) D 0102
38116 Braunschweig
TÜV Anlagentechnik GmbH, Gruppe D 0035
Rheinland/Berlin/Brandenburg
51105 Köln
TÜV Nord Cert GmbH & Co KG D 0032
30519 Hannover
TÜV Product Service GmbH D 0123
80339 München
ZELM Ex Prüf- und Zertifizierstelle D 0820
38124 Braunschweig
UL International DEMKO DK 0539
2730 Herlev
Laboratoire Central d. Industries Electriques (LCIE) F 0081
92266 Fontenay-aux-Roses
CESI Centro Electrotecnico Sperimentale Italiano I 0722
20134 Milano
Societe Nationale de Certification S.A.R.L. (SNCH) L 0499
5230 Sandweiler
NEMKO AS N 0470
0314 Oslo
KEMA Quality B.V. NL 0344
6800 ET Arnheim
ITS Testing and Certification Ltd UK 0359
KT22 7SB Leatherhead
SIRA Certification Servicesira Test & Cert. Ltd. UK 0518
BR7 5EH Chislehurst - Kent

3-4 A5E00206201-01
3.2 North America
USA
Tested, explosion-protected electrical equipment is also necessary in the USA for
operation of equipment in explosion-endangered areas. Approved testing
oganisations (NRTLs - National Recognized Test Laboratories) such as FM, UL,
CSA among others test devices for compliance with the corresponding regulations
and standards and issue an ”Approval Report” for operation in ”Hazardous
Locations”. For some years now, FM has also been issuing an additional
”Certificate of Compliance”. This is an excerpt from the Approval Report,
containing only the data and information that is important for the operator.
In contrast to Europe, the compliance with general safety standards for electrical
devices is tested and a ”Safety Approval” is issued in USA - also for
non-explosion-protected devices. This certificate, referred to in general as UL or
FM Approval, is not compulsory in order to be able to sell on the American market.
However, the operators of systems have considerable financial advantages with
insurers if they deploy approved devices, which means that non-tested devices
have less of a chance on the American market.
The testing oganisations award a test symbol that is to be attached to the device.
In general, the recognised testing oganisations have equal rights. However, the UL
symbol is more in demand among users in the area of electrical safety, whereas
FM dominates in the field of explosion-protected devices.
Canada
In Canada, the situation is comparable to that in the USA. The CEC (Canadian
Electrical Code) applies, and tests are run based on CSA standards. Recognised
inspection bodies are the CSA, UL, FM and a few others. As in the USA, devices
also require an Approval for Hazardous Locations for the operation in
explosion-endangered areas in Canada. Alongside this, there is also the usual
Safety Approval (”CSA Approval”), certifying compliance with the electrical safety
standards.

A5E00206201-01 3-5
3.3 Russian Federation
Import certificate and GOST-R certificate

The Russian Federation also has its own certification system for electrical devices.
In general, each device requires an import certificate and the so-called GOST-R
certificate, certifying electrical safety. Explosion-protected devices also receive a
special explosion protection certificate. As a supplement, some Russian users also
require metrological certificates. All of these certificates can be acquired through
the Russian approval body GOSSTANDARD. As regards explosion protection,
presenting inspection reports from renowned EU inspection bodies is sufficient,
without the need for separate technical tests to be carried out.
3.4 Other States
Some separate certificates

Most former Eastern Bloc States currently still require separate certificates, but
recognise the inspection reports of notified EU inspection bodies. The same
applies to Asian states such as China and Korea. Australia has a completely
separate certification system. In the meantime, however, it is largely based on IEC
standards. Switzerland also has a special position. Although not an EU member,
the EU design test certificate in the area of explosion protection is recognised by
law.
3.5 IECEx Scheme
IEC certificate
The work of the IECEx Scheme has advanced to the stage that certifications for
explosion-protected devices on the basis of the IEC standards and with issue of a
corresponding IECEx certificate are possible in the meantime. The aim is
worldwide recognition of the IEC certificate so that in future manufacturers no
longer require additional approval for the entire world market. Although most states
worldwide, including the EU, have declared this intention, the legal adaptations
have not yet taken place.

3-6 A5E00206201-01
Secondary Explosion Protection 4
In this chapter
Secondary explosion protection involves measures to prevent that an ignition
source leads to an explosion. It includes all the technical measures that prevent
ignition energy from being released.
The scope of secondary explosion protection measures depends on the probability
of the occurrence of a dangerous explosive atmosphere.
Contents of chapter

4.1 Zone division 4-2
4.2 Ignition protection types 4-5
4.3 Explosion groups 4-15
4.4 Temperature classes 4-16
4.5 Explosion protection of non-electrical equipment 4-17

A5E00206201-01 4-1
4.1 Zone division
Definition
Explosion-endangered areas are divided into zones. The zone division depends on
the temporal and local probability of the presence of a dangerous, explosive
atmosphere.
Equipment in continuously explosion-endangered areas (Zone 0) is subject to
higher requirements, equipment in less endangered areas (Zone 1, Zone 2) is
subject to lower requirements.
As a rule, 95% of systems are set up in Zone 1 and only 5% in Zone 0.
In North America (USA/Canada), the following special features apply:
• Explosion-endangered areas are separated according to divisions NEC 500
(conventional system) or zones NEC 505.
• The electrical connector must be made with a conduit, i.e. the cables are placed
in pipes. Depending on the deployment, the conduit must withstand an
explosion pressure of up to 415 bar.
Zones according to IEC/ CENELEC

In Europe, explosion-endangered areas are divided into zones (IEC). The
equipment is divided into categories (directive 94/9/EC). The category indicates in
which zone the relevant equipment can be deployed.
Table 4-1 Zones according to IEC/ CENELEC for gases/vapours and dusts
Materi- Zones Categories of

als equipment
Gases Zone 0 1G
Vapours Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable
gases/ vapours are present continuously or over long
periods.
Zone 1 2G, 1G
Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable
gases/ vapours are occasionally present.
Zone 2 3G, 2G, 1G
gases/ vapours are only rarely present and then only
briefly.

4-2 A5E00206201-01
Table 4-1 Zones according to IEC/ CENELEC for gases/vapours and dusts, continued
Materi- Zones Categories of

als equipment
Dusts Zone 20 1D
dusts are present continuously or over long periods.
Zone 21 2D, 1D
dusts are occasionally present.
Zone 22 3D, 2D, 1D
dusts are only rarely present and then only briefly.
Zones according to NEC 505

The National Electrical Code NEC 505 is used in North America. The NEC 505
takes account of the new IEC specifications, i.e. the explosion-endangered areas
are divided into zones. The material allocation defined in NEC 505 is only Class I
for gases/vapours.
Table 4-2 Zones according to NEC 505 for gases/vapours
Materi- Zones
als
Class I Zone 0
Gases Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable gases/vapours are
Vapours continuously present or over long periods under normal operating conditions.
Zone 1
Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable gases/ vapours are
occasionally present under normal operating conditions.
Zone 2
Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable gases/ vapours are not
expected to be present under normal operating conditions.

A5E00206201-01 4-3
Divisions according to NEC 500

The conventional system in North America, NEC 500, divides
explosion-endangered areas into divisions. The material allocation is divided
according to Class I, II, III.
Table 4-3 Zones according to NEC 500 for gases/vapours, dusts and fibres/lint
Materi- Zones
als
Class I Division 1
Gases Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable gases/vapours are
Vapours continuously present or occasionally present under normal operating
conditions.
Division 2
Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable gases/vapours are not
Class II Division 1
Dusts Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable dusts are continuously
present or occasionally present under normal operating conditions.
Division 2
Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable dusts are not expected
to be present under normal operating conditions.
Class III Division 1
Fibres Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable fibre and lint are
Lint continuously present or occasionally present under normal operating
conditions.
Division 2
Areas in which dangerous concentrations of flammable fibres/lint are not

4-4 A5E00206201-01
4.2 Ignition protection types
Definition
These ignition protection types comprise constructive and circuitry measures. The
measures prevent the ignition of a surrounding explosive atmosphere due to spark
formation or unacceptable heating of electrical equipment. The measures exclude
the simultaneous occurrence of an ignition source and a hazardous amount of
explosive mixture at the ignition source.
The ignition protection types are divided into
• Increased safety e
• Flameproof enclosure d
• Pressurising p
• Inherent safety i
• Oil immersion o
• Powder filling q
• Encapsulation m
• Ignition protection type n

A5E00206201-01 4-5
4.2.1 Increased safety e
Functional principle
This ignition protection type is intended to completely exclude the formation of
ignition sources. Here, it is particularly important to adhere to the maximum
permitted surface temperature in accordance with the target temperature classes
T1 to T6, also on all surfaces within the housing. This means that this ignition
protection type can be used for electrical equipment and parts of same
• that under normal conditions develop neither sparks nor light arcs nor
dangerous temperatures
• that have a nominal voltage not exceeding the value of 11 kV.
Figure 4-1 Increased safety
Applications
• Terminals and terminal boxes
• Control boxes for installation of Ex components (protected by another ignition
protection type)
• Squirrel cage motors
• Lights
Applicable standards and directives/guidelines

• EN 50019
• IEC 60079-7
• UL 2279
Usage
• Zone 1 and Zone 2

4-6 A5E00206201-01
4.2.2 Flameproof enclosure d
With this ignition protection type, the parts that can ignite an explosive atmosphere
are enclosed in a housing. This housing is designed in such a way that in the event
of ignition of an explosive mixture inside the housing it withstands the
corresponding pressure. A transfer of the explosion to the explosive atmosphere
surrounding the housing is prevented.
This is ensured by the strength of the housing and the ’non-penetrable gap’. These
prevent flames penetrating to the outside.
Figure 4-2 Flameproof enclosure d
Applications
• Switchgears and switchboards
• Command and display devices, control systems
• Motors, transformers, heaters, lights

• EN 50018
• IEC 60079-1
• FM 3615
• UL 2279
Usage

A5E00206201-01 4-7
4.2.3 Pressurising p
With this ignition protection type, penetration of an explosive atmosphere into the
housing of electrical equipment is prevented in that an ignition protection gas (inert
gas, air or similar) is located in the housing. This is held pressurised at y 0.5 mbar
compared to the surrounding atmosphere. The pressure can also be maintained by
means of continuous flushing with ignition protection gas.
Figure 4-3 Pressurising p
Applications
• Switch and control cabinets
• Analysis devices
• Large motors

• EN 50016
• IEC 60079-2
• FM 3620
• NFPA 496
Usage

4-8 A5E00206201-01
4.2.4 Inherent safety i
The inherent safety i of an electrical circuit is achieved by limiting the current,
voltage, power, and temperature. The measures take account of normal operation
and, depending on the safety level (see chapter 6.2), the occurrence of 1 or 2
so-called countable faults in components with safety functions.
The ignition protection type inherent safety i can only be used for electrical circuits
with relatively low power.
Figure 4-4 Inherent safety i
Applications
• Measuring and automatic control engineering
• Communications technology
• Sensors, actuators

• EN 50020
• IEC 60079-11
• FM 3610
• UL 2279
Usage
• Zone 0, Zone 1 and Zone 2

A5E00206201-01 4-9
4.2.5 Oil immersion o
With this ignition protection type, electrical equipment or parts of electrical
equipment is immersed in oil. This means that an explosive atmosphere above the
oil surface or outside of the housing cannot ignite.
Figure 4-5 Oil immersion o
Applications
• Transformers
• Starting resistors
• Power engineering equipment

• EN 50015
• IEC 60079-6
• UL 2279
Usage

4-10 A5E00206201-01
4.2.6 Powder filling q
With this ignition protection type, the housing of electrical equipment is filled with a
fine-grain material. This means that a light arc created inside the housing does not
ignite the surrounding explosive atmosphere.
Ignition must not occur by means of flames nor increased temperatures on the
housing surface.
ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ
Figure 4-6 Powder filling q
Applications
• Transformers
• Capacitors
• Heat conductor connection boxes
• Control circuits with hot or sparking parts

• EN 50017
• IEC 60079-5
• UL 2279
Usage

A5E00206201-01 4-11
4.2.7 Encapsulation m
With this ignition protection type, the parts that can ignite an explosive atmosphere
are embedded in a casting compound. This means that the explosive atmosphere
surrounding the equipment can be ignited neither by sparks nor by unacceptable
heating.
The casting compound is adequately resistant to environmental influences.
Duromers, thermoplastics and elastomers are used.
Figure 4-7 Encapsulation m
Applications
• Switchgear for low power levels
• Command and indication devices
• Electronic assemblies in process measuring and control and analysis
technology
• Small transformers/mains supply circuits

• EN 50028
• IEC 60079-18
• UL 2279
Usage

4-12 A5E00206201-01
4.2.8 Ignition protection type n
This ignition protection type involves slightly simplified applications of ignition
protection types for Zone 2. ’n’ means non-igniting. This ignition protection type is a
low-cost solution.
A fundamental distinction is made between non-sparking equipment and
equipment that generates light arcs, sparks or hot surfaces during normal
operation.
Equipment Desig- Description

nation
Non-sparking nA For non-sparking equipment, depending on the device design,
equipment additional requirements must be met to prevent potential
ignition sources arising during operation.
Equipment that nC The equipment is installed in hermetically sealed or
involves light encapsulated facilities. These enclosed facilities are based on
arcs, sparks or the ignition protection type ’flameproof enclosure’.
hot surfaces
nR The equipment is fitted in gasproof housings. The housing is
designed in such a way that explosive atmospheres can only
penetrate to a limited extent.
nP / nZ* Simplified pressurising based on the
ignition protection type ’pressurising’.
NL This involves energy-restricted equipment based on the
ignition protection type ’inherent safety i’, however with
lowered safety factors.
* with IEC 60079-15
Applications
• Control systems
• Automation devices
• Analysis devices

• EN 50021
• IEC 60079-15
• FM 3611
• UL 2279
Usage
• Zone 2

A5E00206201-01 4-13
4.2.9 Ignition protection types for dust explosion protection
The ignition protection types for dust explosion protection are based in part on the
ignition protection types for gases and vapours.
Design Description
ation
pD The penetration of a surrounding atmosphere in the housing of electrical
equipment is prevented in that an ignition protection gas (air, inert or other
suitable gas) is pressurised inside the housing in relation to the surrounding
atmosphere.
mD Parts that can ignite an explosive atmosphere due to sparks or heating are
embedded in a casting compound in such a way that the explosive atmosphere
does not ignite. This takes place by surrounding the components on all sides
with a casting compound that is resistant to physical (in particular electrical,
thermal and mechanical) as well as chemical influences.
tD The housing is so dense that no flammable dust can enter the inside. The
surface temperature of the outer housing is limited.
iD Current and voltage are limited in such a way that inherent safety is ensured. No
spark or thermal effect can ignite a dust-air mixture.
Applications
• Equipment where light arcs, sparks or hot parts occur.
• Large machines, slip ring motors or collector motors, switch and control
cabinets
• Measuring and monitoring systems
• Sensors and actuators

• EN 50281
• IEC 61241
Usage
• Zone 20, Zone 21 and Zone 22

4-14 A5E00206201-01
4.3 Device groups, explosion groups
Device groups
Equipment for explosive atmospheres is divided into two groups:
Group Description
Device group I Devices for use
• in underground operations
• in mines
• as well as their above-ground systems
Device group II Devices for use in the remaining areas.
Explosion groups
For electrical equipment of device group II, another subdivision into explosion
groups is made. This subdivision depends on the maximum experimental safe gap
and the minimum ignition current ratio:
Explosion Maximum Minimum Danger Requirements for

group experimental safe ignition level the equipment
gap current ratio
II A > 0.9 mm > 0.8 low low
II B 0.5 mm to 0.9 mm 0.45 to 0.8 medium medium
II C < 0.5 mm < 0.45 high high
Note
Electrical equipment with approval for explosion group II C may also be used in
the explosion groups II A and II B.

A5E00206201-01 4-15
Maximum experimental safe gap and minimum ignition current

The maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) and minimum ignition current (MIC)
are determined for different gases and vapours under precisely defined testing
conditions.
Maximum experimental safe gap: The maximum experimental safe gap is the
gap width by which there is no flame penetration of the mixture in a test vessel with
25 mm gap length.
Minimum ignition current: To ignite an explosive atmosphere, the igniting spark
must have a minimum energy content. The required minimum energy content is a
specific property of the explosive gases and vapours. A measure of this is the
minimum ignition current ratio: it is the ratio of the minimum ignition current of each
gas to the minimum ignition current of the laboratory value for methane.
4.4 Temperature classes
Definition
The ignition temperature of a flammable gas/liquid is the lowest temperature of a
heated surface at which detonation of the gas/air or vapour/air mixture occurs: the
highest surface temperature of an item of equipment must therefore always be
smaller than the ignition temperature of the surrounding atmosphere.
For electrical equipment of explosion group II, temperature classes T1 to T6 have
been introduced. The equipment is assigned a temperature class on the basis of
its maximum surface temperature. Equipment that corresponds to a higher
temperature class can also be used for applications with a lower temperature
class.

4-16 A5E00206201-01
Temperature classes
Flammable gases and vapours are assigned to the relevant temperature class on
the basis of the ignition temperature:
Temperature classes Temperature classes Highest permitted Ignition temperatures of

according to IEC/ according to surface temperature of flammable substances
CENELEC/ NEC 505 NEC 500 equipment in C in C
T1 T1 450 > 450
T2 T2 300 > 300 v 450
T2A 280 > 280 v 300
T2B 260 > 260 v 280
T2C 230 > 230 v 260
T2D 215 > 215 v 230
T3 T3 200 > 200 v 300
T3A 180 > 180 v 200
T3B 165 > 165 v 180
T3C 160 > 160 v 165
T4 T4 135 > 135 v 200
T4A 120 > 120 v 135
T5 T5 100 > 100 v 135
T6 T6 85 > 85 v 100
4.5 Explosion protection for non-electrical equipment
ATEX directive 94/9/EC

The ATEX directive 94/9/EC refers very generally to ”Devices and protection
systems for proper use in explosion-endangered areas”. This includes electrical
and also non-electrical devices. Many of those involved, including manufacturers
and users, only really became aware of this at a later date. A consequence of this
is that there are currently practically no harmonised standards available for
non-electrical devices. The series of standards EN 13463-x ”Non-electrical devices
for deployment in explosion-endangered areas” (see chapter 2.2.2) is for the most
part still in the draft stage and can thus in most cases not be used as a basis for
development and approval (exception: EN 13463-1).

A5E00206201-01 4-17
Typical non-electrical devices

Typical non-electrical devices from which a potential hazard can emanate are, for
example, engines/motors, gears, pumps, parts made of light alloys, devices with
heat sources or that can get hot, among other things.
Risk analysis according to standard 13463-1

The procedure agreed between the notified bodies and manufacturers currently
stipulates that the manufacturer runs a detailed risk analysis according to standard
EN 13463-1 for all non-electrical devices intended for deployment in Zone 1 or 2.
The corresponding documents are stored there in consultation with a notified body.
If the results of the risk analysis indicate that the products are adequately safe,
they may be put into circulation with a declaration of conformity. In the case of
products intended for use in Zone 0, however, a design test similar to that for
electrical devices is compulsory. The relevant inspection body (notified body) then
also issues an EU design test certificate.

4-18 A5E00206201-01
Identification of Explosion-Protected
Equipment 5
Identification
All equipment for the explosion-endangered area must be given corresponding
identification. The identification shows
• in which category / zone / division the equipment may be deployed
• which ignition protection types ensure explosion protection for the equipment
• which explosion groups and temperature classes apply to the equipment.
Contents of chapter

5.1 Identification by zones 5-2
5.2 Identification by divisions 5-6
5.3 Examples of identification of explosion-protected equipment 5-8
5.4 Housing/enclosure protection types 5-10

A5E00206201-01 5-1
Identification of Explosion-Protected Equipment
5.1 Identification by zones
Overview
A division into zones is used in Europe (CENELEC), in North America (NEC 505)
and in the IEC.
IEC Ex de IIC T4
CENELEC II 2 (1) G EEx de IIC T4
NEC 505 Class I, Zone 1, AEx de IIC T4
Device group;
category;
type, deployment of Explosion groups Temperature classes
the device;
protection against ex-
plosive atmosphere,
gas or dust
Allocation of gases and vapours into
explosion groups and temperature classes
Ignition protection
types
Figure 5-1 Identification according to IEC/ CENELEC/ NEC 505
Device group I
Table 5-1 Device group I
Device group I
(For devices in underground operations of mines, as well as the above-ground
systems that could be endangered by pit gas and/or flammable dusts)
Category Category M1 Category M2
Requirement very high degree of safety high degree of safety
Adequate independent faults are under if an Ex atmosphere occurs, the
safety control devices must be switched off
2 independent apparatus-based
protective measures required

5-2 A5E00206201-01
Device group II
Table 5-2 Device group II
Device group II
(for devices in the remaining explosion-endangered areas)
Category Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
Requirement very high degree of high degree of normal degree of
safety safety safety
Adequate if two independent during normal during (fault-free)
safety faults occur during operation and normal operation
normal operation frequently occurring
and with rare device device malfunctions,
malfunctions as well as with fault
two independent states that can be
apparatus-based regarded as usual
protective measures
are required
Deployment in Zone 0 Zone 20 Zone 1 Zone 21 Zone 2 Zone 22
Atmosphere G D G D G D
G= gas,
D= dust
Zone division
Table 5-3 Zone division
Substance Zone division IEC/ CENELEC NEC 505

allocation
Gases Zone 0
Vapours Zone 1* G Class I
Zone 2
Dusts Zone 20
Zone 21 D –––
Zone 22
* A device approved for Class I, Zone 1 can automatically also be used in Class I, Division 2.

A5E00206201-01 5-3
Ignition protection types
Table 5-4 Ignition protection types
Ignition protection types Identification

Increased safety e
Flameproof enclosure D
Pressurising p
Inherent safety i*
Oil immersion o
Powder filling q
Encapsulation m
Ignition protection type n
* ia= deployment in Zone 0, 1, 2;
ib= deployment in Zone 1, 2;
[EEx ia]= corresponding electrical equipment, installation in the safe area; the cables of
the inherently safe connections may lead into Zone 0, 1 or 2.
Explosion groups
Table 5-5 Explosion groups
Explosion groups
Explosion group Typical gas
I Methane
II A Propane
II B Ethylene
II C Hydrogen

5-4 A5E00206201-01
Temperature classes
Table 5-6 Temperature classes
Temperature classes
Highest permitted surface temperature CENELEC/IEC USA (NEC 505)
450 C T1
300 C T2
200 C T3
135 C T4
100 C T5
85 C T6
Allocation of gases and vapours into explosion groups and temperature classes
Table 5-7 Allocation of gases and vapours into explosion groups and temperature classes
Allocation of gases and vapours into explosion groups and temperature classes
T1 T2 T3 T4 T 5* T6
I Methane
II A Acetone Ethyl alcohol Petrol Acetyl aldehyde
Ethane i-amyl acetate Diesel fuel Ethyl ether
Ethyl acetate n-butane Aircraft fuel
Ammonia n-butyl alcohol Heating oils
Benzene (pure) n-hexane
Acetic acid
Carbon oxide
Methane
Methanol
Propane
Toluol
II B Town gas Ethylene
(lighting gas)
II C Hydrogen Acetylene Carbon

bisulphide
* No gas is known today that corresponds to temperature class T5. This means that the specification of
temperature class T5 is meaningless for equipment and it is usually only specified for advertising purposes.

A5E00206201-01 5-5
5.2 Identification by divisions
Overview
Identification by divisions is used in the USA and Canada.
NEC 500 XP Class I Division 1 Group A,B,C,D T4
Type of protection Division of the Groups Temperature class

Ex areas
Figure 5-2 NEC 500_overview
Types of protection
Table 5-8 Type of protection
Type of Meaning
protection
XP Explosion proof: comparable with flameproof enclosure. Prescribed for
Group A-D in Division 1 or 2.
IS Intrinsically safe: comparable with inherent safety. Prescribed for Group
A-D in Division 1 or 2.
X, Y or Z Pressurised: comparable with pressurising
• X, Y used for Division 1
• Z is used for Division 2
DIP Dust ignition proof: type of protection refers to dust explosion
protection. Prescribed for Group E-G in Division 1 or 2.
NI Non Incendive: comparable with type of protection n. Used in Division 2.

5-6 A5E00206201-01
Division of the Ex areas NEC 500
Table 5-9 Division of the Ex areas
Division of the Ex areas

Division Division 1 Division 2
Substance Gases / Class I Class I
allocation vapours
Dusts Class II Class II
Fibres / lint Class III Class III
Temperature classes
Table 5-10 Temperature classes
Temperature classes
Highest permitted surface temperature NEC 500
450 C T1
300 C T2
280 C T2A
260 C T2B
230 C T2C
215 C T2D
200 C T3
180 C T3A
165 C T3B
160 C T3C
135 C T4
120 C T4A
100 C T5
85 C T6

A5E00206201-01 5-7
Classes and groups according to NEC 500
Table 5-11 Classes and groups according to NEC 500
Classes and groups according to NEC 500

Typical gases / dusts / lint / Group
fibres
Acetylene Class I Group A
Hydrogen Class I Group B
Ethylene Class I Group C
Propane Class I Group D
Methane Mining
Metal dust Class II Group E
Coal dust Class II Group F
...all other dusts (fine-grain Class II Group G
dust)
Fibres / lint Class III
5.3 Examples of identification of explosion-protected

equipment
Example: explosion-protected equipment
II 2 G D EEx d [ib] IIC T4
Temperature class T4
Explosion group II C
also contains inherently safe electrical circuits ib;

the cables may lead into Zone 1 or 2
Device protection type, flameproof enclosure
Ex protection according to harmonised

European standards
ATEX block:
Dust explosion protection
Gas explosion protection
Device category 2 (for Zone 1)
for device group II

5-8 A5E00206201-01
Example: associated equipment
II (2) G [EEx ia] IIB
Explosion group II B
Inherently safe inputs / outputs
Safety level ia; the cables may lead into
Zone 0, 1 or 2
Ex protection according to harmonised
European standards
ATEX block:
Gas explosion protection
Device category 2 (for Zone 1)
for device group II
The inherently safe inputs / outputs of the associated equipment may be led into
the explosion-endangered area; the equipment itself may only be installed out-
side the Ex area.
Example: US identification according to NEC 500
XP/DIP CI I, II DIV 1 GP ABCDEFG TA4
Temperature class TA4

Group A, B, C, D (gases)
and E, F, G (dusts)
Approved for Division 1
Class I gas, Class II dust
Dust Ignition Proof (dust explo-

sion protection)
Explosion Proof (corresponds
to ’flameproof enclosure’)

A5E00206201-01 5-9
Example: US identification according to NEC 505
CI I ZN 0 AEx ia IIC T6
Temperature class T6
Group IIC
Inherent safety, safety level ia
Ex protection according to North
American standards
Approved for Zone 0
Class I gas
5.4 Housing/enclosure protection types
5.4.1 IP types of protection (Ingress Protection) according to

EN 60529 (IEC 529)
Classification scheme
The classification of housing/enclosure protection according to the IP system is
used most frequently worldwide. It corresponds to the European and international
IEC standard.
The IP system distinguishes between protection against foreign bodies (figure 1)
and protection against water (figure 2)
Foreign body protection Figure Figure Water protection

1 2
IP
No protection 0 0 No protection
Foreign bodies > 50 mm 1 1 Vertically falling, dripping water
Foreign bodies > 12 mm 2 2 Water falling at a slant
Foreign bodies > 2.5 mm 3 3 Spray water
Foreign bodies > 1 mm 4 4 Splashed water
Dust-protected 5 5 Water jets
Dustproof 6 6 Strong jets of water
7 Occasional submersion
8 Continuous submersion

5-10 A5E00206201-01
5.4.2 Housing/enclosure protection types according to ANSI /

NEMA 250 (USA)
Classification scheme
The American classification scheme for housing/enclosure protection according to
NEMA is considerably different to that in Europe and also to the IP scheme used
by the IEC. The standard makes a fundamental distinction between the three
application classes:
• Housing/enclosure for indoor non-hazardous locations
• Housing/enclosure for outdoor non-hazardous locations
• Housing/enclosure for hazardous locations
Non-hazardous
The housing/enclosure protection types for explosive atmospheres (hazardous
locations - types 7, 8, 9, 10) are based on those for non-hazardous locations in
that special Ex requirements (e.g. pressure check for ”explosion proof enclosures”)
are also checked. In the USA, however, it has in the meantime become standard
practice only to use the non-hazardous types, as the explosion protection has to be
tested and certified anyway by an authorized inspection body (e.g. FM, UL, CSA).
Common housing/enclosure types

The most common housing/enclosure types today, also for explosion-protected
field devices, are outdoor enclosure types 4, 4X, 6 and 6P with corresponding
application in conjunction with explosion protection certification.
Specific requirements for housings/enclosures
Table 5-12 Specific requirements for housings/enclosures for ”outdoor non-hazardous

locations” according to NEMA 250
Provides a degree of protection against the Type of enclosure

following environmental conditions
3 3R 3S 4 4X 6 6P
Incidental contact with enclosed equipment X X X X X X X
Rain, snow, sleet X X X X X X X
Sleet – ice covered X
Windblown dust X X X X X X
Hosedown X X X X
Corrosive agents (salt water) X X
Occasional temporary submersion X X
Occasional prolonged submersion X

A5E00206201-01 5-11

5-12 A5E00206201-01
Ignition Protection Type Inherent Safety i 6
Increasing deployment of ignition protection type inherent safety i
For setting electrical systems in explosion-endangered areas, the ignition
protection type inherent safety has become increasingly important in the last few
years. Not only the individual inherently safe equipment (in accordance with
DIN EN 50020) but also several items of equipment as whole, including the wires
in the inherently safe electrical system are of significance here.
Advantages of the ignition protection type inherent safety i

This ignition protection type has great advantages for users as it represents an
ignition protection type that is particularly easy to handle, as inherently safe
electrical circuits may be opened and closed during operation because of their
property of being unable to generate explosive sparks. For the system operator,
this permits the important possibility to replace components, perform repairs and
expand the system without switching off. Handling during operation and
maintenance is virtually identical to that for non-explosion-protected systems. The
cables for inherently safe electrical circuits are also integrated in the explosion
protection. On the other hand, the ignition protection type inherent safety provides
considerably more economical problem solutions, as the electrical equipment
deployed in the field does not require sophisticated special constructions such as
flameproof enclosures or embedding in casting compounds.
Disadvantages of the ignition protection type inherent safety i

The disadvantages of this ignition protection type include that the inherent safety
makes stronger demands on planning and setting up a system than other ignition
protection types. Not only the building regulations for the individual items of
equipment must be adhered to; the interconnecting of all equipment in the
inherently safe electrical circuits must be carefully and correctly planned.
Contents of chapter

6.1 Basic principles of ignition protection type inherent safety i 6-2
6.2 Equipment in the inherently safe electrical circuit 6-8
6.3 Separator circuits 6-11
6.4 Interconnection in the inherently safe electrical circuit 6-14

A5E00206201-01 6-1
Ignition Protection Type Inherent Safety i
6.1 Basic principles of the ignition protection type inherent

safety i
6.1.1 Functional principle
The basis for the ignition protection type inherent safety i is that for ignition of an
explosive atmosphere a certain minimum ignition energy is necessary. In an
inherently safe electrical circuit, this minimum ignition energy is not present in the
explosion-endangered area, neither during normal operation nor in the event of a
fault. The inherent safety of an electrical circuit is achieved by limiting the current,
voltage and power. To avoid opening / closing sparks, the capacity and inductance
of an inherently safe electrical circuits are restricted depending on the maximum
voltage and current values. This limits the ignition protection type inherent safety i
to use in electrical circuits with relatively low power.
In an inherently safe electrical circuit, no sparks and no thermal effects (heating)
occur during operation or in the event of a fault that can cause ignition of an
explosive atmosphere. The following illustration shows the basic circuit of the
ignition protection type inherent safety i:
Explosion-endangered area Safe area
Ra La Ik Li Ri F
Heating limited
Ca Ci
Spark U0 D
energy
limited
Key: PA
U0 = no-load voltage D = Z diode

Ik = short-circuit current PA = equipotential bonding
Ri = inner resistance Ra = outer resistance
Li = inner inductance La = outer inductance
Ci = inner capacity Ca = outer capacity
F = fuse
Figure 6-1 Basic circuit for current limitation of the ignition protection type inherent safety i
No spark ignition
In the case of inherent safety i, spark ignition is excluded: no sparks are explosive,
occurring, for example, during normal operation with opening and closing of the
electrical circuit or in the event of a short circuit or short to earth.

6-2 A5E00206201-01
No heat ignition
No heat ignition occurs either during normal operation or in the event of a fault, as
excessive heating of the equipment or cables in the inherently safe electrical circuit
is excluded.
Inherent safety i means voltage limitation

Z diodes, for example, are used for voltage limitation in the event of a fault. These
have the property that they only conduct electricity as of a certain voltage, i.e.
above the so-called Z voltage the current through the Z diode rises strongly,
resulting in a voltage limitation.
Inherent safety i means current limitation

Two cases should be examined in the case of current limitation:
• ohmic current limitation with a linear or trapezoid output characteristic curve
• electronic current limitation with, e.g., a rectangular output characteristic curve.
R I R I I
+ + +
U0 U U0 UD U U0 U
– – –
U P max = 1/4 Uo x Ik U P max = 1/4 Uo x Ik for U P max = Uo x Ik

UD > 0.5 Uo
U0 U0 U0
if R is un-
R known
UD
R
I I I
Ik Ik Ik
Ohmic current limitation Ohmic current limitation Electronic current limitation
(linear characteristic curve) (trapezoid characteristic curve) (rectangular characteristic curve)
Key:
R Current limitation resistor
U0 No-load voltage
UD Zener voltage
Ik Short-circuit current
P max Maximum power
Figure 6-2 Output characteristic curves for ohmic and electronic current limitation

A5E00206201-01 6-3
6.1.2 Ignition limit curves
A standardised spark testing device is used to determine in experiments with which

current and voltage values the sparks created in the inherently safe electrical
circuit are not yet explosive. This is documented by so-called ignition limit curves.
As the probability of ignition of a mixture also depends on the number of times it is
activated and deactivated, the test (according to EN 50020) must include at least
1000 activations and deactivations. Ignition must not occur in any case.
Note
The ignition limit curves displayed are not intended for practical application. Use
the ignition limit curves illustrated in the standard EN 50020.

6-4 A5E00206201-01
Ignition limit curves for ohmic electrical circuits

For electrical circuits with negligibly small inductance and capacity – also referred
to as ohmic electrical circuits – the ignition limit curve are displayed below. The
maximum power of a short circuit spark for line adaptation results from 1/4
multiplied by the product of short-circuit current and no-load voltage.
The pairs of current-voltage values on the ignition limit curve indicate for
which values there are no longer any explosive sparks during the test with the
spark testing device.
5A
I
K
2A
Example:
With a specified maximum voltage U0 1A
(i.e. no-load voltage), the ignition limit
curve can now be used to determine
the corresponding ignition limitation 500 mA I
current. In order to obtain the maxi-
mum current Ik (i.e. short-circuit cur-
rent) permitted for an inherently safe 200 mA IIA
electrical circuit, a safety factor must IIB
be taken into account. The short-cir-
cuit current Ik is obtained by dividing
the ignition limitation current taken
from the ignition limit curve by a safety 100 mA
factor of 1.5.
Uo = 30V 50 mA
150
Ik = mA = 100mA IIC
1,5
20 mA
10 mA
10 V 20 V 50 V 100 V 200 V 500 V
Voltage U0
Figure 6-3 Ignition limit curve for ohmic electrical circuits of explosion groups I, IIA, IIB, IIC (according to
EN 50020)

A5E00206201-01 6-5
Ignition limit curve for capacitive electrical circuits

Capacitors very quickly provide the saved energy W= 1/2 CU2 when electrical
circuits are closed. At the start of contact of the contact faces, higher current flows
immediately, melting or vaporising the microscopic bumps on the material surface
and thus contributing to the formation of so-called crackling sparks.
The highest voltage occurring in the electrical circuit, no-load voltage U0, is related
to the size of the capacity Ca permitted in an inherently safe electrical circuit. This
relationship has been determined experimentally using a testing device and
documented as an ignition limit curve for capacitive electrical circuits.
When ignition limit curves are used, a safety factor is to be taken into account in
that the value for no-load voltage U0 is initially multiplied by the safety factor of 1.5
and then the permitted capacity Ca is established for this value from the ignition
limit curve.
The following illustration shows the ignition limit curves for capacitive electrical
circuits (explosion group IIC).
10000 F
3000 F
1000 F
Example:
For explosion group II C: 300 F
Uo = 24V 100 F
C+40 (Cd)
Uo x 1.5 = 36V
30 F
which means
C+15 (Cd)
Ca = 200 nF (from Cd curve) 10 F
Ca = 500 nF (from Sn curve)
Capacity
3 F (Sn) C+5.6 (Cd)
1.0 F (Cd)
0.3 F
0.1 F
0.03 F
0.01 F
1V 3V 10V 30V 100V 300V 1000V
Voltage
Figure 6-4 Ignition limit curve for capacitive electrical circuits

6-6 A5E00206201-01
Ignition limit curve for inductive electrical circuits

Inductances cause spark formation when an electrical circuit is opened. The stored
energy W = 1/2 LI2 generates high voltage when contacts are opened, which
means that a free air gap can be bridged by an electrical discharge in the form of a
light arc. The relationship between technically safe maximum current in the event
of a short circuit Ik and the permitted inductance La is shown again in ignition limit
curves.
Here, too, a safety factor is to be taken into account if ignition limit curves are used
in that firstly the short-circuit current Ik is multiplied by the safety factor 1.5. With
the resulting current value, the corresponding inductance La can be read off the
ignition limit curve (see example).
In general, it should be noted here for the application of ignition limit curves that
they are important not only for testing individual items of electrical equipment but
also for interconnections of several associated items of equipment in an inherently
safe electrical circuit. The following illustration shows the ignition limit curve for
inductive electrical circuits.
1H
500 mH
200 mH
100 mH
Example: 50 mH I
For explosion group II C:
II A
20 mH
10 mH II B
Ik = 20mA
5 mH
Inductance
Ik = 20mA x 1.5 = 30mA II C
2 mH
which means
La = 85 mH
1 mH
500 H
200 H
5mA 10mA 20mA 50mA 100mA 200mA 500mA 1A

Current Ik
Figure 6-5 Ignition limit curve for inductive electrical circuits

A5E00206201-01 6-7
6.2 Equipment in the inherently safe electrical circuit
Complete inherently safe electrical circuit

A complete inherently safe electrical circuit (see Fig. 6-6) consists of:
• inherently safe electrical equipment.
• associated electrical equipment
• cables
• or two inherently safe items of electrical equipment and their cables
Inherently safe electrical equip- Associated electrical equip-

ment in the explosion-endange- ment in the safe area
red area (Zone 1)
Proximity switch e.g. Ex digital input assembly
Cables
Figure 6-6 Inherently safe electrical circuit (example)
Inherently safe electrical equipment

In an item of inherently safe electrical equipment, all the electrical circuits are
configured as inherently safe. Voltages and currents in this equipment are so small
that in the event of a short circuit, interruption or short to earth, no ignition of an
explosive atmosphere is triggered.
Inherently safe electrical equipment is suitable for operation directly in the
explosion-endangered area.
All inherently safe electrical equipment must be tested and approved, unless the
electrical values 1.5 V, 0.1 A, 25 mW (EN 50020) are not exceeded. This
equipment that does not require certification includes, for example, thermal
elements, photo elements and dynamic microphone capsules.
Categories of inherently safe electrical equipment

Inherently safe electrical equipment and inherently safe parts of the associated
equipment is divided into categories (safety levels). The safety levels depend on
the safety requirements in configuring the equipment.

6-8 A5E00206201-01
Safety level Description according to EN 50020 Installation

ia Inherently safe electrical equipment must not cause up to Zone
ignition 0
• during normal operation and the presence of those
non-countable faults that result in the least
favourable condition.
• during normal operation and the presence of a
countable fault plus those non-countable faults that
result in the least favourable condition.
• during normal operation and the presence of two
ib Inherently safe electrical equipment must not cause Zone 2
ignition Zone 1
• during normal operation and the presence of those
non-countable faults that result in the least
favourable condition.
• during normal operation and the presence of a
Associated electrical equipment

Associated electrical equipment is equipment in which not all electrical circuits are
inherently safe but contains at least one inherently safe electrical circuit that leads
into an explosion-endangered area. Here, in general, an inherently safe signal is
converted into a non-inherently safe signal or vice versa, whereby the current can
flow into or out of the explosion-endangered area. This means that associated
electrical equipment has the task of signal separation (e.g. safety barriers), signal
conversion (measurement converters, circuit breaker boosters) or supply (supply
device).
Associated electrical equipment is not appropriately protected and thus may not
be installed in the explosion-endangered area. It is identified by square brackets
around the ignition protection type indicator and the lack of temperature class (e.g.
[EEx ib] IIC).
Associated electrical equipment contains current circuits that may lead into the
explosion-endangered area (e.g. sensor circuit of a temperature measurement
converter).

A5E00206201-01 6-9
Cables
For selection and routing cables, EN 60 079-14 must be taken into account. Here,
particular attention must be paid to cable characteristics such as dielectric strength
and minimum cross-section. In the case of long cables, the cable capacity and
inductance must also be included in the analysis. The connection points and
cables of inherently safe electrical circuits must be marked (e.g. light-blue cables)
and separated from the rest of the connection points and cables of non-inherently
safe electrical circuits.
To sum up, it can be said that electrical circuits of the ignition protection type
inherent safety are configured in such a way that on opening, closing, in the event
of short circuit and short to earth, even if there are a number of countable faults,
they are unable to create explosive sparks.

6-10 A5E00206201-01
6.3 Separator circuits
Safety barriers and separator circuits

The structure of an inherently safe system for measuring, controlling and regulating
in the explosion-endangered area is shown in Fig. 6-7. Outside of the
explosion-endangered area, e.g. in a measuring station, are the required
automation and display devices which themselves do not need to be
explosion-protected. All of the field current circuits leading into the
explosion-endangered area must be inherently safe. Separator circuits between
the inherently safe field current circuits and non-inherently safe passive current
circuits achieve the necessary voltage and current limitation for the inherently safe
area.
The separator circuits to the actuators and sensors cab be configured as separate
equipment (e.g. isolating transformers) or integrated in SIMATIC Ex assemblies.
e.g. measuring station
Automation system Non-Inherently

safeelectrical
Regulators – Computers – PLC – Writers – Display devices
circuits
Safe area
Ex separation
(separate or
integrated)
Explosion-endangered
Inherently
safe electri-
cal circuits
E E
area
A A
Field devices
G Command
devices
Measurement Actuators
Displays Sensors Indication devices
converters
Figure 6-7 Typical structure of an inherently safe MSR system

A5E00206201-01 6-11
Safety barriers
Safety barriers are equipment that protects electrical circuits so that they are
inherently safe.
If a fault raises the voltage U on the non-inherently safe side of the safety barrier
beyond a permitted value, the Zener diodes limit the voltage for the inherently safe
electrical circuit to the value of the Z diode voltage.
To protect the Z diodes, there is an upstream fuse (F), which means that in the
event of excessive current load the fuse blows first before the Z diodes are
overloaded or destroyed. The fuse and Z diode are geared to one another
accordingly on the basis of their current-time characteristic curves.
In the event of a short circuit on the inherently safe side, the resistance R limits the
short-circuit current to a permitted value.
Explosion-endangered Safe area

area
Safety circuit
Ik R F
Measurement Inherently Regulator

Non-inherently
converter safe side Writer
U0 safe side
Pointer PLC
Switch
Central earthing point
Figure 6-8 Circuit diagram of a safety barrier

6-12 A5E00206201-01
Separator circuits with electrical insulation

The integrated isolating transformers in the SIMATIC S7-Ex assemblies are
electrically insulated. On the ET 200iS, the individual electronic modules are
electrically insulated from one another.
The principle of electrical insulation is that applied direct current is converted into
an alternating current signal by means of a chopper. This is electrically insulated by
the transformer and transferred to the output side. There, the alternating current
signal is rectified once again. The downstream current and voltage limitation
guarantees the inherent safety of the output circuit.
This results in the following advantages
• Deployment in Zone 0 (category ”ia”) is possible.
• The inherently safe equipment in the field can be earthed as normal so that in
the event of earthing at only one point no compensatory current can flow
(deployment in applications with unfavourable earthing conditions).
• From a metrological point of view, no faults due to earthing potentials can occur.
• No additional potential compensation cable is necessary, reducing the
installation overhead.
• Inherently safe electrical circuits and evaluation circuits can lie on different
potentials.
System complex 1
System complex 1 No compensatory current (safe area)
(Ex area) possible across inherently
safe electrical circuit
– No potential compensation
connection necessary
– Earthing the inherently safe
equipment permits
(max. one earthing point) Electrical insulation
Figure 6-9 Electrical insulation

A5E00206201-01 6-13
6.4 Interconnection in the inherently safe electrical circuit
Introduction
With the interconnection of inherently safe or associated equipment, a new
electrical circuit is created. The electrical properties of this circuit must be checked
with regard to compatibility with the rules of inherent safety. Three types of
electrical circuits can be distinguished:
Interconnection of
• two inherently safe devices
• one inherently safe device with an item of associated equipment
• interconnections with more than one item of associated or active equipment
The check of permissibility of the interconnection is relatively easy in the first and
second case and it is done by comparing the safety parameters from the EU
design test certificate or technical data of the manufacturer. Case three can be
more or less complicated and should only be performed by persons with the
necessary knowledge.
6.4.1 Interconnection of two inherently safe items of equipment or

one inherently safe and one associated item of equipment
The interconnection rules are derived from the setup regulations of the
EN 60079-14 or IEC 60079-14 standard. This stipulates that to check whether the
interconnection of two devices with inherently safe electrical circuits meet the
requirements of inherent safety the technical safety maximum values of the input /
output parameters have to be compared.

6-14 A5E00206201-01
Here, the following conditions must be met:
Maximum values of the supplying Maximum value of the (passive)

output input
Uo ≤ Ui
Io ≤ Ii
Po ≤ Pi
Lo ≥ Li + LCable
Co ≥ Ci + CCable
Lo / Ro ≥ LCable / RCable (Li =! 0)
The interconnection is only permitted if all the necessary conditions have been
met. On some devices, not all of the above parameters are specified, e.g. with an
ohmic output or input only two of the three parameters U, I, P, are sufficient for the
system to be uniquely determined. The L/R ratio is not really necessary, either.
However, if the L/R ratio is specified and simultaneously the inner inductance of
the inherently safe equipment is Li = 0, the condition for Lo does not have to be
met.
6.4.2 Interconnections with more than one item of associated or

active equipment
These cases require a detailed safety analysis. The procedure also depends on
the shape of the characteristic curves of the devices. In the case of linear current /
voltage characteristic curves, Appendix A and B of the setup standard EN /
IEC 60079-14 or VDE 0165 T.1 specifies a procedure for safety analysis.
For the more complicated case of non-linear characteristic curves, the German
Federal Physical Technical Institute specifies a procedure in the report
PTB-ThEx-10 that can be used to graphically prove the inherent safety of such
interconnections. However, these analyses should be run in all cases by experts.
The planner must create a system description in which the individual items of
electrical equipment and electrical specifications of the system, including the wires,
are specified. The standard IEC 60079-25 for inherently safe systems describes
both the calculation and analysis procedures as well as a procedure for
documentation of an inherently safe system.

A5E00206201-01 6-15
6.4.3 Example of interconnecting of two inherently safe items of

equipment
Verification of the inherent safety of the interconnection of a pressure

measurement converter SITRANS P DSIII with an analogue input module of the
decentralized peripheral device ET 200iS.
Devices:
Module 2AI 2WIRE analogue input Type 6ES7 134-5RB00-0AB0

EU design test certificate KEMA 01 ATEX 1152 X
Type of protection II 2(1)G EEx ib[ia] IIC T4
Inherently safe pressure measurement Type 7MF4*33-*****-*B**

converter SITRANS P DSIII
EU design test certificate PTB 99 ATEX 2122
Type of protection II 1/2 G EEx ia IIC/IIB T6
Interconnection:
Explosion-endangered area
Analogue input
Pressure module
measurement
converter SIMATIC ET 200iS
SITRANS P DSIII
Figure 6-10 Interconnecting a pressure measurement converter with an analogue input

module
As both devices are explosion-protected, both can be installed in the

explosion-endangered area of Zone 1.

6-16 A5E00206201-01
Comparison of the safety maximum values:
SIMATIC SITRANS P DSIII

analogue input module Type
6ES7 134-5RB00-0AB0 7MF4*33-*****-*B**
Uo 28 V ≤ Ui 30 V ok
Io 85 mA ≤ Ii 100 mA ok
Po 595 mW ≤ Pi 750 mW ok
Result of the comparison: the interconnection of these devices is permitted
Calculation of the maximum cable length:
Lo Li L max. permitted
[mH] [mH] [mH] cable length at
(cell) (cable) L’=1uH/m
Group II B 15 – 0.4 = 14.6 14600 m
Group II C 4 – 0.4 = 3.6 3600 m
Co Ci C max. permitted max. permitted

[nF] [nF] [nF] cable length at cable length at
(cell) (cable) C’= 200 pF/m C’= 100 pF/m
Group II 650 – 6 = 644 3220 m 6440 m
B
Group II 80 – 6 = 74 370 m 740 m
C
The max. permitted cable length is 3220 m for the gas group II B and 370 m for the
gas group II C (NB - depending on the cable type used). It can be seen that in this
example the cable length is limited by the capacities of the electrical circuit. The
inductances would each permit longer cables.
Note
National peculiarity for the FRG complying with DIN EN 60079-14 (national
preamble):
This type of calculation is only recommended if the connected equipment only
contains concentrated inductance or only concentrated capacities. For mixed
electrical circuits, this type of calculation is permitted when the specified values for
Lo and Co for the supplying equipment represent pairs of values for mixed
electrical circuits. This must be expressly indicated in this way in the design test
certificate. This must be complied with particularly for Zone 0 applications.

A5E00206201-01 6-17
6.4.4 Example of interconnecting an inherently safe item of

equipment with an associated item of equipment
Verification of inherent safety of the interconnection of a weighing cell SIWAREX R

with an Ex-i interface SIWAREX IS
Devices:
Weighing cell SIWAREX R Type 7MH5 101-... RN-...., nominal load 10

tonnes
EU design test certificate KEMA 00 ATEX 1133 X
Type of protection II 2 G EEx ib IIC T6
Ex-i interface SIWAREX IS Type 7MH4710-5CA

EU design test certificate TÜV 01 ATEX 1722 X
Type of protection II (2) G [EEx ib] IIC
Interconnection:
Explosion-endangered area Safe area
Weighing cell Ex-i Interface

SIWAREX R SIWAREX IS
Figure 6-11 Interconnecting a weighing cell SIWAREX R with an Ex-i interface

SIWAREX IS
The interface is associated equipment and may only be installed outside the
explosion-endangered area.

6-18 A5E00206201-01
Comparison of the safety maximum values:
Ex-i interface Weighing cell

7MH4710-5CA Nominal load 10 tonnes
Uo 14.4 V ≤ Ui 19.1 V ok
Io 137 mA ≤ Ii 323 mA ok
Po 1025 mW ≤ Pi 1.25 W for T6 ok
Po 1025 mW ≤ Pi 1.93 W for T4 ok
Result of the comparison: the interconnection of these devices is permitted for the
temperature ranges T4 and T6.
Calculation of the maximum cable length:
Lo Li L max. permitted
[mH] [mH] [mH] cable length at
(cell) (cable) L’=1uH/m
Gas group 2 – 0 = 2 2000 m
B
Gas group 0.5 – 0 = 0.5 500 m
C
Co Ci C max. permitted max. permitted

[nF] [nF] [nF] cable length at cable length at
(cell) (cable) C’= 200 pF/m C’= 100 pF/m
Gas group 2000 – 0.4 = 1999 9 995 m 19 990 m
B
Gas group 450 – 0.4 = 449 2 245 m 4 490 m
C
The max. permitted cable length is 2000 m for gas group II B and 500 m for gas
group II C. In this example, the cable length is limited by the inductances of the
electrical circuit. The capacities would permit longer cables for both cable types
with 100 and 200 pF/m.

A5E00206201-01 6-19

6-20 A5E00206201-01
Fitting, Operation and Maintenance of
Electrical Systems 7
In this chapter
The fitting, operation and maintenance of electrical systems in
explosion-endangered areas are regulated by the work safety ordinances and EU
directive 1999/92/EC.
The basis of these laws is the protection of human beings (employees) and the
environment against the dangers of explosive atmospheres.
The explosion-endangered areas are divided into the corresponding zones
depending on the extent to which they are endangered (EN 60079-10).
Special requirements apply to fitting, operation and maintenance.
Fitting electrical systems in explosion-endangered areas (exception mining) is
regulated the standard EN 60079-14. For operation and maintenance, the standard
IEC 60079-17 currently exists.
Some essential information of fitting can be found in this chapter.
Contents of chapter

7.1 Fitting in Zone 1 7-2
7.4 Fitting in Zone 20, 21, 22 7-12
7.5 Operation, maintenance, malfunction and repair 7-13

A5E00206201-01 7-1
Fitting, Operation and Maintenance of Electrical Systems
7.1 Fitting in Zone 1
Definition
Areas that correspond to Zone 1 are often defined in the vicinity of filling and
discharge openings.
The electrical equipment for Zone 1 - except for cables and leads - must meet the
requirements of the individual ignition protection types and be certified by an
approved inspection body. This does not apply to devices where the manufacturer
has specified that none of the values 1.5 V, 0.1 A or 25 mW (EN 50020) have been
exceeded. These require neither a certificate nor identification.
Only the equipment specified for each zone (device categories) may be deployed.
7.1.1 Protection against accidental contact and equipotential

bonding
Direct contact
Protection against direct contact is initially a person protection measure. In
explosion-endangered areas, this protection has the additional function of
preventing explosive sparks.
Equipotential bonding
The installation and fitting regulation EN 60079-14 requires equipotential bonding
within explosion-endangered areas of Zones 0 and 1 to prevent the occurrence of
explosive sparks or heating due to differences in potential. The equipotential
bonding is to be designed according to the network system complying with DIN
VDE 0100 Part 410 and dimensioning complying with DIN VDE 0100 Part 540. For
additional information, see IEC 60364-4-41.
Complete equipotential bonding is achieved in that not only the housing of the
electrical equipment is connected by potential bonding leads to the protective
conductors or earth, but also all other accessible, conducting construction parts
such as structural design, metallic containers, pipes etc. (see Fig. 7-1). External
conducting parts that do not belong to the construction or installation of the system
(e.g. door hinges, window frames) to not need to be integrated into the
equipotential bonding. This also applies to housings/enclosures if their securing
elements mean that they already have reliable contact to the equipotential bonding
(of construction parts or pipes). The connections for the equipotential bonding must
be reliable, e.g. designed with secured bolt connections.

7-2 A5E00206201-01
No explosion
Explosion hazard
Building steel con- hazard
Pipe
struction
boiler
Heating
PA (Ex) N
PA
L1
M
L2
(Ex)
L3
(U)(V)(W)
PE N
PA
L1 L2 L3
PE
PE
e.g. earthing strap
Figure 7-1 Equipotential bonding in the explosion-endangered area
7.1.2 Cables and leads
In the selection of cables and leads based on design, only those that are able to
withstand the expected mechanical, chemical and thermal influences are to be
used. Cables and leads with thermoplastic sheath, duroplastic sheath, elastomer
sheath or mineral-insulated with metal sheath may be used for fixed routing.
Cable branches must meet the requirements for explosion-protected areas.
The connection of cables and leads to the electrical equipment must take place in
accordance with the requirements for the relevant ignition protection type and
unused openings must be sealed off.
When routing cables and leads through openings to non-explosion-endangered
areas, it must be ensured that the openings are tightly enough sealed (e.g. powder
cups, mortar seal). At positions that are particularly endangered, cables and leads
are to be protected against thermal, mechanical or chemical strain by e.g.
protective tubes, protective hoses or covers.
Cables and leads for fixed-location routing must have flash-over specifications that
pass the tests complying with IEC 60332-1.

A5E00206201-01 7-3
7.1.3 Inherently safe equipment in Zone 1
Requirements for cables and leads

The requirements for cables and leads in inherently safe electrical circuits include
that cables and leads must always be insulated and withstand a testing voltage
wire against wire and wire against earth of at least 500 VAC. The diameter of a
single wire within the explosion-endangered area must not be below 0.1 mm.
If certain requirements are adhered to (e.g. wire insulation, testing voltage,
shielding), routing more than one inherently safe electrical circuit in a cable or lead
is permitted.
Cables and leads of inherently safe electrical circuits must be marked, e.g. by
means of light-blue sheaths. The connection parts of the inherently safe electrical
circuits must also be marked as inherently safe, e.g. by light-blue paint.
Inherently safe leads and cables can also be marked in other ways. However, if
colour identification is used, the colour light blue must be used.
Selection of equipment
In the selection of equipment for systems with inherently safe electrical circuits,
only associated equipment of category 1 or 2 with safety level ’ia’ or ’ib’ according
to EN 50020 may be used.
Note
Associated electrical equipment of the ignition protection type ’inherent safety’
must be arranged outside of the explosion-endangered area.
Simple electrical equipment (e.g. switches, resistors) do not need to be marked,

but they must meet the requirements of EN 50020 (IEC 60079-11) and EN 50014
(IEC 60079-0) to the extent that the inherent safety depends on this.

7-4 A5E00206201-01
Requirements for inherently safe electrical circuit

Inherently safe electrical circuits can be set up as unearthed or earthed. In the
case of unearthed or non-potential-separated electrical circuits, equipotential
bonding in line with regulations is required.
Moreover, in Zone 1 leads or wire leads of inherently safe and non-inherently safe
electrical circuits may not be routed together in cables, leads, pipes or wire
bundles. Wire leads of the inherently safe and non-inherently safe electrical circuits
must be routed separately in conduit subways or separation by means of an
intermediate layer of insulating material between them is required. This additional
separation can, for example, be eliminated if leads with corresponding sheath
insulation are used.
The inherent safety must not be impaired by external electrical or magnetic fields.
It therefore makes sense to use shielded and/or twisted leads.
Verification of inherent safety

For verification of the inherent safety of an electrical circuit, the electrical
specifications of the design test certificate or operating instructions of the
equipment must be adhered to.
Leads can be concentrated capacitances. For inherently safe electrical circuits, it is
sufficient to determine the maximum capacitance between two neighbouring wires.
In the case of commercially available cables and leads, a capacitance of
200 nF/km can be roughly assumed.
If inherently safe electrical circuits are interconnected with more than one active
item of equipment, the ’inherent safety’ must also be ensured with fault analyses.
Here, calculatory or technical measurement verification is to be provided.

A5E00206201-01 7-5
ET 200iS in Zone 1
The decentralised peripheral device ET 200iS is an item of electrical equipment for
Zone 1. Inherently safe sensors, actuators and HART field devices can be
connected to the ET 200iS, and these may be located in Zone 0, 1, 2 and in the
safe area. Special care as regards separation is required here.
Safe
area
II 2G EExib
II 2G EExib
Zone 2
(3G)
Housing EEx e
II 2(1) G EEx de [ib/ia] IIB/IIC T4
Zone 1
(2G)
II 2G EExib
Zone 0
II 1G EEx ia
(1G)
Figure 7-2 ET 200iS in Zone 1
Requirements: ET 200iS in Zone 1

The PROFIBUS DP must be separated with an RS 485-IS coupler. The field bus isolating
transformer must be installed in the safe area or in Zone 2 (category 3G).
The PROFIBUS RS 485-IS bus cable must be connected using a bus connecting plug with
1.5 MBaud to the ET 200iS.
The PROFIBUS RS 485-IS must be terminated with an active terminating resistor.
Normal cables must be marked as EExi bus cables.
The ET 200iS must be fitted in a housing/enclosure with ignition protection type EEx e
(increased safety).
You will find additional information in the manual for the decentralised peripheral device
ET 200iS.

7-6 A5E00206201-01

For fitting in Zone 0, additional requirements complementary to Zone 1 apply (see
EN 60079-14).
Definition
Areas that correspond to Zone 0 normally occur within containers, tanks and
indirect the direct vicinity of filling stations.
In Zone 0, only electrical equipment that has been specially certified and approved
for this may be used.
Cables and leads

Increased requirements also apply to cables and leads and their routing.
Systems with inherently safe electrical circuits

For systems with inherently safe electrical circuits, the inherently safe and
associated electrical equipment must be devices of category 1 with safety level ia.
Definition
Zone 2 includes areas near flanged connections on pipes, production and storage
areas for flammable / explosive materials.
In Zone 2, electrical equipment suitable for Zone 0 or 1 may be deployed initially.
Electrical equipment must be specified by the manufacturer for Zone 2.

A5E00206201-01 7-7
ET 200iS in Zone 2
The decentralised peripheral device ET 200iS can also be installed in Zone 2.
Inherently safe sensors, actuators and HART field devices connected to the ET
200iS, and these may be located in Zone 0, 1, 2 and in the safe area. Special care
as regards separation is required here.
Safe
area
II 2G EExib
Housing EEx e
II 2(1) G EEx de [ib/ia] IIB/IIC T4

Zone 2
(3G)
II 2G EExib
Zone 1 II 2G EExib
(2G)
Zone 0
(1G) II 1G EEx ia
Figure 7-3 ET 200iS in Zone 2
Requirements for ET 200iS in Zone 2

The PROFIBUS DP must be separated with an RS 485-IS coupler. The field bus isolating
transformer must be installed in the safe area or in Zone 2 (category 3G).
The PROFIBUS RS 485-IS bus cable must be connected using a bus connecting plug with
1.5 MBaud to the ET 200iS.
The PROFIBUS RS 485-IS must be terminated with an active terminating resistor.
Normal cables must be marked as EExi bus cables.
The ET 200iS must be fitted in a housing/enclosure with at least IP 54.
You will find additional information in the manual for the decentralised peripheral device
ET 200iS.

7-8 A5E00206201-01
S7-300, ET 200M and ET 200S in Zone 2

The following approval is available for the automation system S7-300, the
decentralised peripherals ET 200M, ET 200S:
S7-300, ET 200M, ET 200S: II 3 G EEx nA IIC T4, T5
This means that non-sparking equipment may be installed in Zone 2.
Safe
area
No Ex approval No Ex approval
Housing IP 54 Housing IP 54 Ex i separator circuit

S7-300 ET 200M ET 200S with Zone 2 approval
and output EEx ia
Zone 2 Ex i separator circuit
(3G) with Zone 2 approval
and output EEx ib
III 3G EEx nA III 3G EEx nA

III 3G EEx nC III 3G EEx nC
EEx e terminal in
the EEx e housing
Zone 1 for connecting the
(2G) sensor / actuator
Sensor / actor with ignition lead II 2G EEx ib
protection type d, p, o, q or m;
No inherently safe connection Sensor / actor with igni-
tion protection type d,
p, o, q or m; No inher-
ently safe connection.
Zone 0
(1G) II 1G EEx ia
Figure 7-4 S7-300, ET 200M and ET 200S in Zone 2
Requirements S7-300, ET 200M and ET 200S in Zone 2

The station must be fitted in a switching cabinet or metal housing/enclosure. This must
ensure at least type of protection IP 54 (according to EN 60529). The environmental
conditions in which the system is installed are to be taken into account here. For the
housing/enclosure, there must be a manufacturer’s declaration for Zone 2 (in accordance
with EN 50021).
If a temperature > 70 °C is reached at the cables or cable opening of this
housing/enclosure under operating conditions or if the temperature at the wire branch is
> 80 °C under operating conditions, the temperature properties of the cable must match
the actual measured temperatures.
Measures must be implemented to ensure that the nominal voltage cannot be exceeded
by more than 40% due to transients.
The inputs and outputs of the assemblies / modules are non-inherently safe, which means
that all devices, including switches etc., that are connected to the inputs and outputs of the
assemblies / modules in Zone 2 must be approved for explosion protection type EEx nA or
EEx nC.

A5E00206201-01 7-9
Requirements S7-300, ET 200M and ET 200S in Zone 2

If sensors / actuators are connected for Zone 1, they must have ignition protection type
EEx d, p, o, q or m and be approved for Zone 1. They must not have inherently safe
connections. These sensors / actuators can also be connected if the S7-300, ET 200M or
ET 200S is located in the safe area. Follow the operating instructions for the sensor.
Ex i separator circuits with Zone 2 (3G) approval
• and the outputs EEx ia enable the deployment of sensors / actuators II 2G EEx ia in
Zone 0.
• and the outputs EEx ib enable deployment of sensors / actuators II 2G EEx ib in
Zone 1.
It is taken for granted that S7-300, ET 200M and ET 200S with the Ex i separator circuits
can also be located in the safe area. For the Ex i separator circuits, the requirements for
the housing/enclosure must be complied with. See associated operating instructions.
The cable openings deployed must correspond to the required IP type of protection and
section 7.2 in accordance with EN 50021.
Ambient temperature range: 0 °C to 60 °C
Within the housing/enclosure, a plate with the following warning is to be attached in a
position that is clearly visible on opening: Warning: The housing/enclosure may only be
opened for a short time, e.g. for visual diagnosis. Here, do not operate any switches, plug
in or unplug any modules and do not disconnect any electrical cables (plug connections).
This warning can be ignored if it is known that there is no explosion-endangered
atmosphere.
Other requirements –> see ”Special conditions for EU design test certificate” or the
associated manual.

7-10 A5E00206201-01
S7-300 Ex assemblies in Zone 2

The following approval is available for the automation system S7-300 (also Ex
peripheral assemblies), the decentralised peripherals ET 200M, ET 200S:
S7-300 Ex peripheral assemblies: II 3 (2) G EEx nA [ib] IIC T4
This means that non-sparking equipment involved and this may be installed in
Zone 2.
Safe
area
II 2G EEx ib
Housing IP 54
Ex peripherals
Zone 2
(3G)
II 2G EEx ib
Zone 1
(2G)
II 2G EEx ib
Zone 0
(1G)
Figure 7-5 S7-300 Ex peripheral assemblies in Zone 2
Requirements: S7-300 Ex peripheral assemblies in Zone 2

The station must be fitted in a switching cabinet or metal housing/enclosure. This must
ensure at least type of protection IP 54 (according to EN 60529). The environmental
conditions in which the system is installed are to be taken into account here. For the
housing/enclosure, there must be a manufacturer’s declaration for Zone 2 (in accordance
with EN 50021).
If a temperature > 70 °C is reached at the cables or cable opening of this
housing/enclosure under operating conditions or if the temperature at the wire branch is
> 80 °C under operating conditions, the temperature properties of the cable must match
the actual measured temperatures.
Measures must be implemented to ensure that the nominal voltage cannot be exceeded
by more than 40% due to transients.

A5E00206201-01 7-11
Requirements: S7-300 Ex peripheral assemblies in Zone 2

On fitting, the lead chamber is to be inserted, or a minimum gap of 50 mm (thread
dimension) is to be implemented between the inherently safe and non-inherently safe
electrical circuits by inserting a partition, or the connection parts are to be given additional
insulation (e.g. heat-shrinkable sleeve)
Other requirements –> see ”Special conditions for EU design test certificate” or the
associated manual.
7.4 Fitting in Zone 20, 21, 22
Definition
Zones 20, 21 and 22 are explosion-endangered by flammable dusts. If explosion
hazards through flammable gases, vapours and mists play a role in these areas at
the same time, the regulations for Zone 0, 1, 2 also apply.
Zone 20
Zone 20 includes areas that occur in grain silos, for example.
All equipment for Zone 20 must be specially approved for this deployment. The
equipment must correspond to category 1D.
Zone 21
Zone 21 includes areas that occur in mills, warehouses for coal, etc., for example.
Also in the vicinity of filling points, explosive dust can emerge from the openings
and thus be a Zone 21 area.
Explosive dust-air mixtures can also arise due to sulphur gas formation, sulphur
gas crackle and the formation of smoulder spots. Especially in the case of dust
deposits, correct assessment of the danger is frequently underestimated.
The equipment for Zone 21 must correspond to category 2D or 1D.
Zone 22
Zone 22 includes areas in which an explosive atmosphere is only expected in the
event of malfunctions, for example due to stirred-up dust. During normal operation,
there is no explosion hazard.
The equipment for Zone 22 must correspond to category 3D, 2D or 1D.

7-12 A5E00206201-01
7.5 Operation, maintenance, malfunctions and repair
Operation and maintenance

According to (German) work safety ordinances, the operation and maintenance of
electrical systems in explosion-endangered areas are the sole responsibility of the
operator. This means that the operator must keep the system in proper working
order, operate it properly and continuously monitor it. The operator must also
perform the necessary maintenance and repair work immediately. The operator is
responsible for ensuring that the required safety measures are implemented.
Systems in explosion-endangered areas are categorised according to the
(German) work safety ordinance as systems requiring monitoring.
A system requiring monitoring may only be commissioned for the first time or after
a major change if the system has been inspected by an approved testing body
(see work safety ordinance) to ensure that it is in proper working order, taking
account if the intended method of operation. The inspection concerns the
assembly, installation, setup conditions and reliable function. In consultation with
the approval body, this inspection can also be carried out by a suitably qualified
person.
It is taken for granted that the generally recognized rules for engineering and in
particular electrical engineering are to be adhered to for proper operation.
With regard to the perfect condition of a system, the (German) work safety
ordinance prescribes a check of a system at a maximum interval of 3 years.
Note
The supervisory authority can stipulate additional monitoring measures in
individual cases.
Malfunction
If an explosion occurs as a result of operation of the electrical system, the operator
must report this incident to the supervisory authority. Here, the supervisory
authority can demand an investigation of the cause of the explosion and the state
of the system. As a consequence, additional protective measures can be
necessary to prevent further malfunctions.

A5E00206201-01 7-13
Repair
Repair work is only permitted in compliance with the prescribed protective
measures for explosion-endangered areas. It is prohibited, for example, to work on
live electrical equipment in explosion-endangered areas. Work on inherently safe
electrical circuits is an exception here.
The work may only be carried out by specially qualified personnel.
Once the repair work has been completed, normal operation may only be resumed
after the efficiency of the required explosion protection measures has been
ensured. The supervisory authority or suitably qualified person must issue a
certificate or apply their test symbol to the equipment.
Alternatively, the system requiring monitoring can be inspected by the
manufacturer following repair. The manufacturer confirms that the system requiring
monitoring corresponds to the major characteristics for explosion protection
stipulated by the work safety ordinance.
The following table describes examples of a few of the most important tasks in the
explosion-endangered area. If there is a so-called ’fire certificate’, more advanced
work can also be performed.

7-14 A5E00206201-01
Table 7-1 Notes for work on explosion-protected electrical equipment
Type of work to Ignition Work within explosion-endangered areas

be carried out protection
type of the Zone 0 Zone 1 Zone 2
equipment
Tools applicable to permitted with only tools permitted only tools permitted
all ignition non-sparking that create no sparks that create no sparks
protection tools (e.g. cop- and high temperatures and high temperatures
types per-beryllium) during operation. during operation.
mechanical work not permitted prohibited are spark all work is fundamen-
(drilling, hammer- formation and unac- tally permitted except if
ing, grinding, cut- ceptable heating a sudden explosion
ting) hazard occurs
opening housing/ EEx ia with ap- not permitted permitted permitted
enclosure proval for
Zone 0
connection and
disconnection of
leads
current, voltage permitted with permitted with equip- permitted
and resistance measuring de- ment that us certified
measurement vices certified for at least Zone 1.
for Zone 0;
comply with L
and C!
opening housing/ EEx ia/EEx ib not permitted permitted all work is fundamen-
enclosure tally permitted except if
a sudden explosion
connection and
hazard occurs
disconnection of
leads
current, voltage permitted with certified permitted
and resistance equipment
measurement
opening housing/ EEx e not permitted only permitted in de-en- all work is fundamen-
enclosure ergised state (excep- tally permitted except if
tion, see voltage mea- a sudden explosion
surement) hazard occurs
connection and only permitted in de-en-
disconnection of ergised state
leads
current, voltage only voltage measure-
and resistance ment permitted with
measurement certified devices (brief
measurement); other
measurements only ac-
cording to EEx ’e’
installation

A5E00206201-01 7-15
Table 7-1 Notes for work on explosion-protected electrical equipment, continued
Type of work to Ignition Work within explosion-endangered areas

be carried out protection
type of the Zone 0 Zone 1 Zone 2
equipment
opening housing/ EEx p not permitted only permitted in de-en- all work is fundamen-
enclosure ergised state and ad- tally permitted except if
hering to the period a sudden explosion
specified on the equip- hazard occurs
ment.
leads
measurement of only permitted if certi-
current, voltage fied test devices are
and resistance connected and ignition
protection type EEx ”p”
is ensured.
opening housing/ EEx d not permitted only permitted in de-en- all work is fundamen-
enclosure ergised state and ad- tally permitted except if
hering to the period a sudden explosion
specified on the equip- hazard occurs
ment.
leads
measurement of work not possible, as
current, voltage only possible only
and resistance opened capsule. ex-
ception: with separate
connection room in
EEx ”e”.

7-16 A5E00206201-01
Bus Systems in the Ex Area 8
In this chapter
PROFIBUS is the uniform, open digital communication system for all areas of
application in production and process automation.
• PROFIBUS PA was specified for process automation. It meets the
requirements of the chemical industry. PROFIBUS PA is becoming increasingly
important for the connection between automation and process control systems
and field devices such as measurement converters for pressure, temperature
and filling level.
• PROFIBUS RS 485-IS provides other possibilities for the PROFIBUS for
application-oriented solutions. Fast processes and the transfer of large data
volumes becomes possible with the RS 485 in process automation.
• Fieldbus Foundation (FF bus) is specialised in the field of measurement and
control technology in applications of chemical and process engineering and is
used mainly in the USA.
Contents of chapter

8.1 Inherently safe field bus PROFIBUS PA 8-2
8.2 PROFIBUS RS 485-IS 8-6
8.3 Fieldbus Foundation (FF bus) 8-10

A5E00206201-01 8-1
8.1 Inherently safe field bus PROFIBUS PA
Properties
PROFIBUS-PA is the version of the PROFIBUS for applications in Process
Automation and has been specially optimised for the requirements of process
engineering. Major properties are above all the interchangeability of devices of
different manufacturers, two-wire technology and the possibility of deployment in
explosion-endangered areas.
PROFIBUS-PA is standardised in DIN 19245, Part 4 and has also been adopted
into the European field bus standard EN 50170. The physical layer also
corresponds to the international standard IEC 61158-2. The most important
properties are shown in table 8-1.
Table 8-1 Properties of PROFIBUS PA
Physical layer complying with IEC 1158-2, variant

H1
Transmission rate 31.25 kBit/s
Topology Line or tree
Power supply DC supply via bus leads
Explosion protection yes, by inherently safe design
Number of devices max. 32 (not Ex)
approx. 9 with gas group IIC (Ex)
approx. 23 with gas group IIB (Ex)
max. cable length 1900 m
max. track length 120 m per stub
Redundancy Possible
An important step for practical deployment of the PROFIBUS-PA in
explosion-endangered areas was the development of the FISCO model (Fieldbus
Intrinsically Safe Concept) by the Federal Physical Technical Institute. This was
commissioned by various companies, also including Siemens AG. It stipulates that
a bus wire may only be supplied from one device, the segment coupler. All other
bus nodes (field devices, bus termination) must be passive and only take up
power. The mean basic current taken up is 10 mA. The signal amplitudes of the
digitally modulated basic current are 19 and 1 mA.
In the meantime, the FISCO model has also become part of the explosion
protection standards. It is internationally standardised as IEC 60079-27. In Europe,
it currently still has the status of a preliminary standard, but is intended to become
a normative appendix to an applicable inherent safety standard (EN 50020 or
EN 50039).

8-2 A5E00206201-01
Rules for the layout of an inherently safe PROFIBUS-PA segment in

explosion-endangered areas
Important for the user are the rules for project engineering and installation of a
PROFIBUS-PA system for applications in explosion-endangered areas, as well as
the associated advantages in interconnection of the individual devices. Particularly
simple interconnection rules apply for PROFIBUS devices that are certified as
complying with the FISCO model in accordance with standard IEC 60079-27. The
type plate should bear the description ”FISCO Supply” for a bus supply device
(segment coupler) or ”FISCO Device” for a bus node (e.g. field device). In this
case, the devices can be interconnected without any other calculations with regard
to the explosion protection requirements.
As bus cables, cable types that correspond to the FISCO specification should be
used so that only the maximum permitted lengths specified there must be complied
with. If other cables are used, a special verification of inherent safety with the given
cable parameters and cable lengths must be kept. No additional capacitances or
inductances (except a certified bus termination) may be connected in the bus
circuit.
Table 8-2 Cable parameters complying with the FISCO specification
EEx ia IIC EEx ib IIC / IIB

Loop resistance 15...150 Ohm/km 15...150 Ohm/km
Distributed inductance 0.4...1 mH/km 0.4...1 mH/km
Distributed capacitance 80...200 nF/km 80...200 nF/km
Stub length = 30 m = 30 m
Cable length = 1 km = 5 km
Inherently safe FISCO devices are to be configured in line with the standard in
such a way that they meet the requirements for gas group IIC and IIB. This means
they can be supplied by any segment couplers. The certified type of the supplying
coupler as IIB or IIC device then determines the type of PROFIBUS segment and
thus also the permitted gas group of the application.
The number of devices permitted on a bus wire is calculated from the total current
of all (passive) bus nodes and the maximum current of the supply device/segment
coupler used; it can thus produce different values for various applications.

A5E00206201-01 8-3
Bus termination
A PROFIBUS wire must have a bus termination on both sides to prevent signal
reflections on the cable. As a rule, a bus termination is already integrated in the
segment coupler, which means that a bus termination element is only required at
the other end of the wire. For Ex applications, only an Ex-certified termination
element may be used.
A bus termination according to FISCO consists of an RC series circuit with the
following parameters:
• Resistance R: 90 ... 100 Ohm
• Capacitance C: 0 ... 2,2 µF

8-4 A5E00206201-01
Shielding and earthing

The structure of PROFIBUS-PA systems is to be set up with shielded cables to
ensure undisrupted operation in accordance with EMC requirements. To achieve
this, a continuous connection of all cable shields with the earth connections of the
devices and the usually metallic housing/enclosure is necessary.
Housings/enclosures of field devices and bus couplers can be connected for
functional and/or safety reasons with the local earth during operation. In
explosion-endangered areas, however, multiple earthing is only permitted if there is
optimised equipotential bonding between the explosion-endangered area and
non-explosion-endangered area. If this is not ensured (e.g. in the case of bus
nodes spatially spread across a wide area), the bus may only be earthed at one
position to avoid dangerous compensating current in earth loops. Here, it is
convenient to connect the lead shields only in the explosion-endangered area with
the local earth (equipotential bonding) and to make the earthing in the
non-explosion-endangered area capacitive (see Fig. 8-1).
The following requirements must be met by the decoupling capacitor:
• Fixed dielectric (e.g. ceramic)
• C = 10 nF
• Testing voltage = 750 VAC / 1100 VDC
Other shielded con-

nection
e.g. supply device
Field device
Main cable Stub
Field
distri-
butor Stub
Shield transfer
Field device
point
Function earth
Non-explosion-endangered
area
Figure 8-1 Earthing of PROFIBUS PA

A5E00206201-01 8-5
8.2 PROFIBUS RS 485-IS
Features
• Fast processes and the transfer of large data volumes, as the
PROFIBUS RS 485-IS supports baud rates of up to 1,5 MB.
• Up to 32 nodes can be connected to a PROFIBUS RS 485-IS segment.
• All participant in the PROFIBUS RS 485-IS segment are active nodes.
• PROFIBUS RS 485-IS is easy to integrate in an existing PROFIBUS DP
network. The existing PROFIBUS structure can still be used (via the field bus
isolating transformer).
The PROFIBUS DP is implemented in the PROFIBUS RS 485-IS by the field bus
isolating transformer RS 485-IS coupler (6ES7 972-0AC80-0XA0). This limits
(safety) voltage and current, ensuring that in the event of a fault no minimum
ignition energy occurs in electrical circuits.
The following illustration shows the circuit diagram of the RS 485-IS coupler.
Current limitation Voltage limitation
+ 3.3 V
U0 = 4.2 V
B
PROFIBUS I0 = 93 mA RS485 PROFIBUS DP
RS 485-IS
A
0V
Figure 8-2 Circuit diagram of the RS 485-IS coupler
Table 8-3 Ex-i specifications of the RS 485-IS coupler
Ex-i specifications
U0 "4.2 V L0 = LI 0
I0 "93 mA C0= CI 0
P0 100 mW UM AC 250 V
UI "4.2 V

8-6 A5E00206201-01
Rules for structure

• The RS 485-IS coupler (6ES7 972-0AC80-0XA0) can be installed in the safe
area or in Zone 2 (category 3G).
• The PROFIBUS RS 485-IS must be terminated with an active terminating
resistor.
• Cables complying with IEC 61158/61784, cable type A, can be connected to the
PROFIBUS RS 485-IS.
• The maximum cable length (type A) depends on the baud rate
Baud rate kBits/s ≤ 187.5 500 1500

Length of the bus segment in m at 1000 400 200
• In addition, special conditions from the EU design test certificate are to be

observed. These concern both the RS 485-IS coupler itself and the nodes of
the PROFIBUS RS 485-IS.
Bus termination
The changed electrical specification distinguishes the bus termination of the
RS 485-IS from the normal PROFIBUS DP. The changed resistance values and
changed arrangement of the bus termination in the case of integration in
RS 485-IS nodes or in external bus terminating resistors are to be complied with.
The supply voltage of the bus termination is reduced due to the explosion
protection. The principles of the bus termination shown in the following illustration
is configured for a nominal supply voltage of U+ 3.3 V.
510 Ω 200 Ω 510 Ω

U+ 0V
B A
Figure 8-3 RS 485-IS bus termination

A5E00206201-01 8-7
RS 485-
RS 485-IS coupler Bus termina-
(field bus isolating tion resistor
transformer)
Automation
systems
Nodes Node Node
PA Equipotential bonding
Safe area Explosion-endangered area
Figure 8-4 Equipotential bonding in the explosion-endangered area
Rule for equipotential bonding

In the explosion-endangered area, equipotential bonding is compulsory according
to EN 60079-14. The measures listed there (inclusion of protective conductors,
protective tubes, metallic cable shields, cable armouring and metallic construction
parts) can be supplemented by the following measures:
• Routing the bus cable on metallic cable beds
• Inclusion of the cable beds in the equipotential bonding system
• Safe, current-bearing and high-frequency (low-impedance) interconnection of
the cable beds and to metallic construction parts.

8-8 A5E00206201-01
Deployment of the RS 485-IS coupler with ET 200iS

The decentralized peripheral device ET 200iS is connected to the PROFIBUS DP
Ex i. The RS 485-IS coupler compatible with the PROFIBUS DP Ex i and can be
operated with the ET 200iS.
If the RS 485-IS coupler is used with the ET 200iS, you must bear the following
features in mind compared to the PROFIBUS RS 485-IS:
• A maximum of 16 ET 200iS stations can be connected to the PROFIBUS DP
Ex i segment.
• The maximum length of the PROFIBUS DP Ex i (total lead) is 200 m.
• The PROFIBUS DP Ex i is to be terminated with the terminating resistor
6ES7 972-0DA30-0XA0.
• More information can be found in the documentation of the RS 485-IS coupler
and the ET 200iS.
PROFIBUS-DP
RS 485-IS coupler (field bus isolating transformer)

Safe
area or
Zone 2
PROFIBUS-DP
bus lead
PROFIBUS Explosion-endangered
DP Ex i Terminating resistor
area: Zone 1
Housing protection type EEx e Housing protection type EEx e
Figure 8-5 PROFIBUS RS 485-IS segment
You will find more information

• PROFIBUS RS 485-IS User and Installation Guideline Draft Profibus Guideline
(www.profibus.com)
• Installation and fitting regulations EN 60079-14

A5E00206201-01 8-9
8.3 Fieldbus Foundation (FF bus)
Features
The FF bus was developed in the USA as a counterpart to the European
PROFIBUS. Whereas PROFIBUS in its various versions PROFIBUS DP and
PROFIBUS PA covers broad areas of automation engineering, the FF bus is
specialised in the area of measurement and control technology in applications for
chemical and process engineering. The protocols of both bus systems are different
and also the implemented functions are different on the two systems.
As the definition phase of the FF bus has taken significantly than originally planned
longer due to delays, PROFIBUS PA has a clear advantage as regards the number
of field applications.
For explosion-protected versions, the FF bus on the physical layer also builds on
the FISCO model, i.e. the electrical interface on these devices is identical to that
for PROFIBUS PA devices. As far as approval is concerned, this fact means a
major simplification, as the same standards with regard to explosion protection can
be applied in the USA as in Europe.

8-10 A5E00206201-01
Safety Specifications A
Safety specifications for flammable gases and vapours
The following table shows the ignition temperatures and allocation to the relevant
temperature classes and explosion groups for different materials.
Material designation Ignition temperature in Temperature class Explosion group

C
1.2 dichloroethane 440 T2 II A
Acetyl aldehyde 140 T4 II A
Acetone 540 T1 II A
Acetylene 305 T2 II C
Ammonia 630 T1 II A
Petrol fuel 220 to 300 T3 II A
Initial boiling point
< 135 C
Benzene (pure) 555 T1 II A
Cyclohexanone 430 T2 II A
Diesel fuel* 220 to 300 T3 II A
Jet fuels 220 to 300 T3 II A
Acetic acid 485 T1 II A
Acetic anhydride 330 T2 II A
Ethane 515 T1 II A
Ethyl acetate 460 T1 II A
Ethyl alcohol 425 T2 II A / II B
Ethyl chloride 510 T1 II A
Ethylene 425 T2 II A
Ethylene oxide 440 (self-disintegration) T1 II A
Ethyl ether 170 T4 II A
Ethyl glycol 235 T3 II A
Heating oil EL 220 to 300 T3 II A
Heating oil L* 220 to 300 T3 II A
Heating oils M and S 220 to 300 T3 II A
i-amyl acetate 380 T2 II A
Carbon oxide 605 T1 II A / II B
Methane 595 (650) T1 II A

A5E00206201-01 A-1
Safety Specifications
Material designation Ignition temperature in Temperature class Explosion group

C
Methanol 455 T1 II A
Methyl chloride 625 T1 II A
Naphtaline 540 T1 II A
n-butane 365 T2 II A
n-butyl alcohol 340 T2 II A
n-hexane 240 T3 II A
n-propyl alcohol 405 T2 –
Oleic acid 360 (self-disintegration) T2 –
Phenol 595 T1 II A
Propane 470 T1 II A
Carbon bisulphide 95 T6 II C
Carbon bisulphide 270 T3 II B
Special petrol 200 to 300 T3 II A
Initial boiling point
> 135 C
Town gas (lighting gas) 560 T1 II B
Tetraline 425 T2 –
(Tetrahydronaphtaline)
Toluol 535 T1 II A
Hydrogen 560 T1 II C
* These substances are not explosive at an ambient temperature of up to 40 C.

A-2 A5E00206201-01
Bibliography B
ATEX Guide
Issued by: European Commission, 2001
Berufsgenossenschaftliche Vorschriften und Regelwerke
Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Köln (work safety association regulations)
Boebel, Eckart
Zertifizierung nach den Vorschriften von UL und CSA
VDE Verlag GmbH, Berlin, Offenbach, 2001
Printed matter
Basic principles of explosion protection;
R. STAHL Schaltgeräte GmbH, Waldenburg
Printed matter
Basic principles of explosion protection;
CEAG Sicherheitstechnik GmbH, Soest
Fähnrich / Mattes
Explosionsschutz - Kommentar zur ExVO und BetrSichVO
Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin (comments on German explosion protection
regulations)
Heinz Olenik;
Elektroinstallation und Betriebsmittel in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen (electrical
installation and equipment in explosion-endangered areas;
Hüthig & Pflaum Verlag, Munich, Heidelberg, Berlin
Jessel, Dr. Wolfgang
Gase - Dämpfe - Gasmesstechnik (gases, vapours, gas measuring technology)
Dräger Safety AG, Lübeck, 2001
Johannes Pester;
Explosionsschutz elektrischer Anlagen, Fragen und Antworten (explosion
protection in electrical systems, questions and answers);
VDE-Verlag, Berlin, Offenbach
Lienenklaus, Wettingfeld;
Elektrischer Explosionsschutz nach DIN VDE 0165 (German standards for
electrical explosion protection);
VDE-Verlag, Berlin, Offenbach
Leitfaden für die Umsetzung der nach dem neuen Konzept und dem
Gesamtkonzept verfassten Richtlinien (guide for implementation of directives
based on the new concept and overall concept)
Issued by: European Commission, 2000

A5E00206201-01 B-1
Bibliography
K.Nabert and G.Schön;

Sicherheitstechnische Kennzahlen brennbarer Gase und Dämpfe (safety
specifications for flammable gases and vapours);
Deutscher Eichverlag, Braunschweig

B-2 A5E00206201-01
Glossary
Adiabatic compression
With compression, no heat exchange with the environment takes place.
Electrical equipment
This refers to system components that in whole or in part serve to apply electrical
energy. These include, among other things, system components for generation,
forwarding, distributing, storing, measuring, regulating, converting and consuming
electrical energy. Electrical systems are formed by interconnecting electrical
equipment.
Explosion
The definition of an explosion is an exothermic reaction (releasing heat) in
explosive mixtures or in an explosive atmosphere. This reaction runs because of
the temperature rise as a result of the released heat at high speed (scale of m/s)
and with sudden pressure and explosive effect.
Crackle, on the other hand, is when the speed of the spread of the reaction is in
the cm/s range. If the reaction runs with the highest pressure and explosive effect
and at a speed of several km/s, it is referred to as detonation.
This is an area in which there is an explosion hazard or where due to local and
operating conditions a dangerous explosive atmosphere can occur.
Fire certificate
Verification that at the time of work there is no explosive atmosphere at the work
location.
Inert gas
A gas that does not form chemical compounds, e.g. argon.
Oxidising agent
Substance that draws electrons from the reaction partner (oxidises) and is reduced
itself.

A5E00206201-01 Glossary-1
Glossary
Vapour-proof housing/enclosure
No vapours, gases or mists can penetrate this housing/enclosure.

Glossary-2 A5E00206201-01
Index
A E
ATEX 100a, 2-3 Electrical systems, 7-1
ATEX 137, 2-3 fitting, 7-1
maintenance, 7-1
operation, 7-1
B EMC directive, 2-3
Equipment, 5-8
Bibliography, B-1
associated, 5-9
Burning point, 1-3
explosion-protected, 5-8
Equipotential bonding, 7-2
EU declaration of conformity, 3-2
C EU design test, 3-2
Cable, 6-10 EU directive, 2-2, 2-3
Canada, 3-5 EU standards, CENELEC, 2-7
Category 3, 3-3 EX directive, 2-3
CE symbol, 3-2 Explosion groups, 4-15, 5-4
CENELEC, 2-7 Explosion limit
Certificate number, 3-3 lower, 1-3
Certificates, 3-1 upper, 1-3
Certification processes, 3-1 Explosion protection
Classes and groups, according to NEC 500, laws, 2-6
5-8 non-electrical equipment, 4-17
Connection point, 6-10 ordinances, 2-6
Current limitation, 6-3 primary, 1-7
electronic, 6-3 secondary, 1-8, 4-1
ohmic, 6-3 sets of regulations, 2-6
standards, 2-8
Explosion protection guideline, 2-6
D occupational safety association, 2-6
Explosion protection ordinance , 2-5
Device group I, 5-2
Explosion protection- directive, 2-4
Device group II, 5-3
Explosion range, 1-4
Device groups, 4-15
Explosive atmosphere, 1-2
Direct contact, 7-2
Directive
ATEX 100a, 2-3
ATEX 137, 2-3 F
EMC, 2-3 FF-Bus, 8-1
low voltage, 2-3 Field bus Foundation , 8-1
machines, 2-3 Fieldbus Foundation , functional principle, 8-10
pressure equipment, 2-3 Flash point, 1-3
Directive 1999-92-EC, 2-4
Dusts, 1-1, 1-5

A5E00206201-01 Index-1
Index
G Malfunctions and repair, 7-13

Materials, flammable, 1-1
Gases, 1-2
Maximum experimental safe gap, 4-16
Glowing, 1-5
Minimum ignition current, 4-16
Groups and classes, according to NEC 500,
5-8
Guide, through the manual, iii
N
NAMUR, recommendation, 2-12
H NEC 500, 5-8
NEC 505, 4-4
Heat ignition, 6-3
Housing/enclosure protection types, 5-10
O
I Operation and maintenance, 7-13
Identification
by divisions, 5-6
by zones, 5-2 P
IEC certificates, 3-6 Pressure equipment directive, 2-3
Ignition limit curves, 6-4 Product conformity, 3-1
capacitive electrical circuits, 6-6 PROFIBUS PA, 8-1, 8-2
inductive electrical circuits, 6-7 bus termination, 8-4, 8-7
ohmic electrical circuits, 6-5 rules for layout, 8-3
Ignition protection type, inherent safety i, 6-1 shielding, 8-5
Ignition protection types, 4-5, 4-9, 5-4 PROFIBUS RS 485-IS, 8-1
encapsulation m, 4-12 equipotential bonding, 8-8
flameproof enclosure d, 4-7 functional principle, 8-5, 8-6
for dust explosion protection, 4-14 rules, 8-7
ignition protection type n, 4-13
increased safety e, 4-6
inherent safety i, 4-8 R
oil immersion o, 4-10
Regulations, VDE, 2-8
powder filling q, 4-11
Ignition source, 1-6
Ignition temperature, 1-4
Inert gas, 1-4 S
Inherent safety i, 6-1 Safety specifications, A-1
basic principles, 6-2 Separator circuits, 6-11
Inherently safe electrical circuit, Smouldering, 1-5
interconnection, 6-14 Smouldering temperature, 1-5
Inspection bodies, 3-3 Spark ignition, 6-2
EU, 3-3 Standards, 2-7
european, 3-4 Canada, 2-10
DIN, 2-8
EU, 2-7
L harmonised European, 2-8
IEC, 2-9
Liquid, 1-2
international, 2-9
Low voltage directive, 2-3, 2-4
NAMUR, 2-12
national, 2-8
M
Machines directive, 2-3
Maintenance and operation, 7-13

Index-2 A5E00206201-01
Index
T Z
Temperature classes, 4-16, 4-17, 5-5, 5-7 Zone
Types of protection, 5-6 according to CENELEC, 4-2
according to IEC, 4-2
according to NEC 505, 4-3
U Zone 0, 4-2
fitting, 7-7
USA, 3-5
Zone 1, fitting, 7-2
Zone 2, 4-2
fitting, 7-7
V Zone 20, 4-3
Vapours, 1-2 fitting, 7-12
Voltage limitation, 6-3 Zone 21, 4-3
fitting, 7-12
Zone 22, 4-3
W fitting, 7-12
Zone division, 4-2, 5-3
Work safety regulations , 2-5

A5E00206201-01 Index-3
Index

Index-4 A5E00206201-01

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Preface, Contents

Copyright W Siemens AG 2003 All rights reserved Disclaim of Liability

Purpose of the manual

Required basic knowledge

Scope of validity of the manual

Position in the information landscape

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

A&D Technical Support

Loc. time: 0:00 to 24:00/365 days

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Service & Support on the Internet

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

4.3 Device groups, explosion groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Avoiding explosion hazards

This manual ...

Section Subject Page

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

1.1 Explosive atmosphere

1.1.1 Concentration of the flammable substances

Liquids, gases / vapours

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Flash point and burning point

Lower explosion limit

Upper explosion limit

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Figure 1-1 Concentration of a flammable substance in air (explosion limits dependent on

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

1.1.2 Presence of a hazardous amount

An explosive atmosphere with a hazardous amount is a dangerously explosive

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

1.1.3 Efficiency of the ignition source

Devices and systems

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

1.2 Protective measures

Primary explosion protection

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Secondary explosion protection

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Section Subject Page

2.1 Legal principles of explosion protection

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Harmonisation of technical standards

Legal level Technical level

National laws National standards

Applicable law Total of

Figure 2-1 Legal framework of explosion protection in Europe

Explosion protection in the European Union

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Table 2-1 Important EU directives for the area of process equipment

Complete title Directive no. Valid as End of

Pressure Directive of the European Parliament 97/23/EC 29.11.99 29.05.02

ATEX 137 Minimum regulations for improvement of 1999/92/EC 16.12.99 30.06.03

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

Low voltage directive 73/23/EEC and 93/68/EEC

Explosion protection directive 94/9/EC

Directive 1999/92/EG (ATEX 137)

Automation Systems Principles of Intrinsically-Safe Design

2.1.2 National laws and ordinances