Ravi Patel

Period 2
AP Biology

Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis

Chapter 5
1. Carbohydrate- A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or
polymers (polysaccharides).
Example: Glucose and Starch are examples of carbohydrates.
2. Monosaccharide- The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a
monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides
Example: Also known as simple sugars.
3. Disaccharide- A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by
dehydration synthesis.
Example: Glucose and Starch joint together
4. Polysaccharide- A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by
dehydration reactions.
Example: Any 2 monomers combine into a polysaccharaide.
5. Starch- A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.
Example:
6. Glycogen- An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the
liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
Example: Its also a cycle in the Mitochondria cycles and stuff.

Chapter 9
7. Fermentation- A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from
glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end
product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Example: Process that makes ATP from any sugar. OSE
8. Cellular Respiration- Te most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the
production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the
organic fuel.
Example: All organisms have to have cellular respiration.
9. Redox Reactions- A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
Example: Oxidation and Reduction Principle
10. Oxidation- The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Example: Charge being positive
11. Reduction- The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Example: Charge being negative
12. Reducing Agent- The electron donor in a redox reaction.
Example: The electron being gived
13. Oxidizing Agent- The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
Example: The pair that accepts the electron.
14. NAD+- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that
helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism.
 Example: It is a Oxidation
15. Glycolysis- The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic
pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for
fermentation or aerobic respiration.
Example: It is an example of a cellular respiration.
16. Krebs Cycle- A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic
breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the
mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.
Example: Also known as citric acid cycle
17. Oxidative Phosphorlaytive- The production of ATP using energy derived from the
redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
Example:
18. Substrate-level Phosphorlaytion- The formation of ATP by directly transferring a
phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.
Example: ATP used by all organelles.
19. Acetyl Col- Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in
cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
Example: A part of a cellular respiration.
20. Cytochrome- An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport
chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Example: Transferred through channel protein
21. ATP Synthase- ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions
diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion.
Example: It is Cannablic Reaction it uses energy to start.
22. Chemiosmosis- An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the
form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such
as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
Example: Occurs in Mitchondria
23. Aerobic- Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular
process that requires oxygen.
Example: Occurs in all living organism and its cellular respiration.
24. Anaerobic- Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular
process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.
Example:
25. Alcohol Fermentation- The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl
alcohol.
Example:
26. Lactic Acid Fermentation- The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release
of carbon dioxide.
Example:
27. Facultative anaerobe- An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if
oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.
Example: