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, ERASMUS
Continuous beam
It is restrained :
a) against ve rtical movement,
b) against rotation at end node
(fixed support)
Notes :
sign of correspond s to marking at pictures on slides #4 and #5 (clockwise rotation),
r , r 1,0
number of equations for a continuous beam is equal to its degree of statical indetermin acy n ,
s
there are maximally 3 unknown bending moments in each equation
6 / 40
Derivation of the Three moments equation
The beam at the picture below (c) has degree of statical indetermin ancy ns 1. M 1 0, M 3 0, M r M 2.
Only 1 equation w ill be composed : M 2 ( 1, 2 2 ,1 ) 2 , 3, 0 2 ,1, 0 0
A continuous beam obtained by connetion of pictures (a) and (b) is (p - 1) times statically indetermin ate,
M1 Mp 1 0, number of equations is ( p 1).
For left end of the beam is : M 2 ( 2 ,1 2,3 ) M3 2,3 2,3, 0 2 ,1, 0 0
For right end of the beam is : M p 1 p 1, p Mp ( p, p 1 p, p 1 ) p , p 1, 0 p , p 1, 0 0
For support r : M r 1 r 1, r Mr ( r ,r 1 r ,r 1 ) Mr 1 r ,r 1 r , r 1, 0 r , r 1, 0 0
Bending moments above outer supports are non - zero when cantilever ends are loaded
(they are negative in the case depicted below)
Those moments can be calculated directly from loading of the cantilever s.
Rotations at fixed ends 1, 2 , p 1, p are zero but bending moments non - zero.
The moments can be calculated by solving of the Three moments equation.
Deformatio nal condition for fixed end (picture (a)) is : M 1 1, 2 M2 1, 2 1, 2 , 0 0
The same condition is valid for picture (b) with inserted so - called " zero span" (ie. " nulové pole" in picture).
Here is 1,0 1, 0 1, 0 , 0 0
Similarily for right fixed end (picture (c), (d)) :
Mp p 1, p Mp 1 p 1, p p 1, p , 0 0, p 1,p 2 p 1, p 2 p 1, p 2 , 0 0
In equation M r 1 r 1, r Mr ( r ,r 1 r 1, r ) Mr 1 r ,r 1 r , r 1, 0 r , r 1, 0 0
is for invariable cross - section in every span :
lr , r lr , r lr , r lr , r
r, r 1
1
, r, r -1
1
, r, r 1
1
, r, r -1
1
3 E I r ,r 1 3 E I r ,r 11 6 E I r ,r 1 6 E I r ,r 1
After conversion :
lr 1, r lr , r 1 lr 1, r lr ,r 1
Mr 1 2 Mr ( ) Mr 1 6 E ( r , r 1, 0 r , r 1, 0 ) 0
Ir 1, r I r ,r 1 Ir 1, r I r ,r 1
6 E I r ,r 6 E I r ,r
When marking Z r,r -1 1
r ,r 1, 0 , Z r, r 1
1
r , r 1, 0 then :
lr , r 1 lr ,r 1
lr 1, r lr , r 1 lr 1, r lr ,r 1 lr ,r 1 lr , r 1
Mr 1 2 Mr ( ) Mr 1 Z r ,r 1, 0 Z r ,r 1, 0 0
Ir 1, r I r ,r 1 Ir 1, r I r ,r 1 lr ,r 1 lr , r 1
10 / 40
3moments equation – constant cross-section on all beam
Assumption:
materially and geometrically invariable cross-section
on all beam, ie. E·I = konst.
Then the Three moments equation has form:
Mr 1 l r ,r 1 2 M r (l r , r 1 l r ,r 1 ) Mr 1 l r ,r 1 Z r ,r 1 l r ,r 1 Z r ,r 1 l r ,r 1 0
11 / 40
Loading members
Formulas for loading members of
the Three moments equation
14 / 40
Loading members for loading by displacement of supports
The Three moments equation for continuous beam with different cross - section in spans (but constant w ithin 1 span) :
lr 1, r lr 1, r lr ,r 1 lr ,r 1
Mr 1 Mr 2 ( ) Mr 6 E ( r , r 1, 0 r , r 1, 0 ) 0
Ir 1, r Ir 1, r I r ,r 1 I r ,r 1
lr 1, r lr 1, r lr ,r 1 lr ,r 1 wr 1 wr wr wr 1
Mr 1 Mr 2 ( ) Mr 6 E ( ) 0
Ir 1, r Ir 1, r I r ,r 1 I r ,r 1 lr , r 1 lr ,r 1
For clockwise rotation of the left support " 1" at the fixed end 1 is :
l1, 2 l1, 2 w2 w1
M1 2 M2 6 E 6 E 1
I1, 2 I1, 2 l2 ,1
For clockwise rotationa of the right support " ( p 1) at the fixed end " p 1 is :
l p, p 1 l p, p 1 wp 1 wp
Mp Mp 1 2 6 E ( ) 6 E p 1
I p, p 1 I p, p 1 l p. p 1
15 / 40
Example 4.1
Problem definition :
I1, 2 I 3, 4 6 10 4 m 4 , I 2,3 40 10 4 m 4
h1, 2 h3, 4 0,3m h2,3 0,6m
Force loading according to picture (a),
Thermal loading
Compositio n of equations :
l1, 2 l1, 2
2 M1 M2 6 E 1, 2 , 0 0
I1, 2 I1, 2
l1, 2 l1, 2 l2 ,3 l2 ,3
M1 2 M2( ) M3 6 E ( 2 , 3, 0 2 ,1, 0 ) 0
I1, 2 I1, 2 I 2,3 I 2,3
l2 ,3 l2 ,3 l3 , 4
M2 2 M3( ) 6 E ( 3, 4 , 0 3, 4 , 0 ) 0
I 2,3 I 2,3 I 3, 4
w2 w1 w2 w1 w3 w2 w3 w2 w4 w3
It is : 1, 2 , 0 , 2 ,1, 0 , 2 , 3, 0 , 3, 2 , 0 , 3, 4 , 0 ,
l1, 2 l1, 2 l2 ,3 l2 ,3 l3 , 4
2 0
after substituti on : 1, 2 , 0 10 3
0,714286 10 3 ,
2,8
2 0 3,5 2
2 ,1, 0 10 3 0,714286 10 3 , 2 , 3, 0 10 3 0,234375 10 3 ,
2,6 6,4
3,5 2 3 3,5 0
3, 2 , 0 10 0,234375 10 3 , 3, 4 , 0 10 3
1,129032 10 3.
6,4 3,1
18 / 40
Example 4.1, displacement of supports, solution continuation
19 / 40
Example 4.2
Abbraviati ons :
SL symmetrica l loading, odd number of spans
AL antisymmet rical loading, even number of spans
SS symmetrica l loading, even number of spans
AS antisymmet rical loading, even number of spans Symmetrical, antisymmetrical and
general loading
Employment of the symmetry of a continuous beam 22 / 40
Symmetrical and antisymmetrical loading
n n 1
SL : M M ´, M M ´n SL s
, SS : M M ´, M , n SS s
2 2
2 2 3 3 s 2 2 3 s
n n 1
AL : M M ´, M M ´n AL s
, AS : M M ´, M , n AS s
2 2
2 2 3 3 s 2 2 3 s