T1-2P1 [179 marks]

[1 mark]
1.

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
2.

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
3.

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]

4. [1 mark]

Markscheme
A

Examiners report
[N/A]

[3 marks]
5a.

Markscheme
the voltage obtained when the half-cell is connected to the standard hydrogen electrode;

under standard conditions of 298 K and 1 mol dm−3 solutions;

electrons flow (in the external circuit) from the half-cell to the hydrogen electrode / the metal in the half-cell is above hydrogen in the
ECS / Fe is a better reducing agent than H2 / Fe is oxidised more readily than H2;
 Examiners report
This question was poorly answered. In part (a), the definition of standard electrode potential was poorly stated, with the standard
hydrogen electrode rarely mentioned.

[1 mark]
5b.

Markscheme
–0.28 V;

Examiners report
Many candidates had difficulty determining the value of the standard electrode potential for the cobalt half-cell.

[1 mark]
5c.

Markscheme
Co2+ /cobalt(II) ion;

Examiners report
Few gave Co2+ as the oxidizing agent.

[2 marks]
5d.

Markscheme
2Al + 3Fe2+ → 3Fe + 2Al3+ ;
Award [1] for correct reactants and products and [1] for correctly balanced, ignore states.

Do not accept ⇌

Examiners report
If a penalty had already been incurred in Question 4, no further penalty was applied; otherwise the use of the equilibrium arrow in this
question was penalized once only.

5e. [2 marks]

Markscheme
to complete the electrical circuit / OWTTE;

by allowing the movement of ions;

Examiners report
[N/A]
5f. [1 mark]

Markscheme
+2;

Examiners report
In part (b), most candidates correctly determined the oxidation states, although they were frequently written incorrectly as 2+ or 3+.

5g. [1 mark]

Markscheme
+3;

Examiners report
In part (b), most candidates correctly determined the oxidation states, although they were frequently written incorrectly as 2+ or 3+.

[1 mark]
5h.

Markscheme
+2;

Only penalize once if roman numerals are used or if written as 2+ or 3+.

Examiners report
In part (b), most candidates correctly determined the oxidation states, although they were frequently written incorrectly as 2+ or 3+.

5i. [3 marks]

Markscheme
diagram to show:

battery/source of electricity connected to two electrodes in the solution with positive and negative electrodes correctly labelled;

electrons/current flowing from the cell to the negative electrode;

labelled solution of sodium chloride;

If the connecting wires to electrodes are immersed in the solution [1 max].

 Examiners report
In part (c) many candidates drew a voltaic cell instead of an electrolytic cell.

[2 marks]
5j.

Markscheme
Na+ , H+ /H3O+ , Cl− , OH−
All four correct [2], any three correct [1].

Examiners report
[N/A]

[3 marks]
5k.

Markscheme
hydrogen at (–)/cathode and oxygen at (+)/anode;

2H+ + 2e− → H2 / 2H2O + 2e− → H2 + 2OH− ;

4OH− → O2 + 2H2O + 4e− / 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e− ;
Accept e instead of e –

If electrodes omitted or wrong way round [2 max].

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
5l.

Markscheme
Ratio of H2 : O2 is 2 : 1;

Examiners report
[N/A]

[2 marks]
5m.

Markscheme
( − )/(cathode) 2H+ + 2e− → H2/2H2O + 2e− → H2 + 2OH− ;
( + )/(anode) 2Cl− → Cl2 + 2e− ;
Accept e instead of e –.

If electrodes omitted or wrong way round [1 max]

 Examiners report
Half-equations were frequently the wrong way round, and electrodes were not identified. Candidates who included states of matter in
their equations frequently wrote the wrong state and were penalized.

5n. [2 marks]

Markscheme
( − )/(cathode) Na+ + e− → Na;
( + )/(anode) 2Br− → Br2 + 2e− ;
Accept e instead of e –.

If electrodes omitted or wrong way round [1 max].

Examiners report
Half-equations were frequently the wrong way round, and electrodes were not identified. Candidates who included states of matter in
their equations frequently wrote the wrong state and were penalized.

6. [3 marks]

Markscheme

C 2NO5H3;
No penalty for use of 12, 1 and/or 14.

Award [1 max] if the empirical formula is correct, but no working shown.

Examiners report
It was pleasing to see the majority of candidates determine the correct empirical formula of PAN. Also, candidates showed the proper
working with all the appropriate steps.

[3 marks]
7a.

Markscheme
(O–S–O) bond angle changes;

(S–O) bond (length) stretches;

Allow [1] for S–O bond vibrations if neither of the above points are scored.

Examiners report
For part (b) candidates often missed discussing the change of dipole moment.
7b. [5 marks]

Markscheme
A is Spectrum I and B is Spectrum III and C is Spectrum II;

A Spectrum I:

only spectrum with a (broad) peak in the range 2500–3300 (cm− 1) corresponding to the carboxylic acid functional group / –OH in
carboxylic acid / H-bonding in carboxylic acid (so must be a carboxylic acid);

B Spectrum III:

peak in the range 1700–1750 (cm− 1) corresponding to the carbonyl/C=O group;

but no peak for O–H/no peak at 2500–3300 (cm− 1) or 3200–3600 (cm− 1);

C Spectrum II:

peak in the range 3200–3600 (cm− 1) corresponding to the alcohol functional group/OH / the only one without a peak at
1700–1750 (cm− 1) corresponding to a carbonyl/C=O group;

Examiners report
Part (d) illustrated candidates’ ability at linking wave numbers from IR spectra to correct bonds but they did not always provide
adequate explanations for their choices.

7c. [4 marks]

Markscheme
2-bromopropane will show two separate absorptions/peaks;

in the ratio 6:1;

1-bromopropane will show three separate absorptions/peaks;

in the ratio 3:2:2;

Examiners report
In (a) most candidates correctly determined the difference in the number of peaks in the 1H NMR spectra of 1- bromopropane and 2 –
bromopropane but neglected to mention or misinterpreted the differences in area under the peaks.

7d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
isoelectric point;

zwitterion/forms neutral ion when H+ transfers from COOH to NH2;

buffer action/can accept H+ and OH–;

general formula HOOCCRHNH2;

Examiners report
Apart from the general formula in (a), many candidates had difficulty providing the characteristic properties of 2 – amino acids. The
characteristic properties are clearly identified in the syllabus details.

7e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
peptide/amide;
 Examiners report
Most candidates could name the correct bond types in part (b).

[1 mark]
7f.

Markscheme
hydrogen bonds;

Examiners report
Most candidates could name the correct bond types in part (b).

[2 marks]
7g.

Markscheme
hydrogen bonds;

disulfide bridges/bonds;

ionic interactions/bonds;

van der Waals’ forces / hydrophobic interactions / London/dispersion forces / temporary induced dipoles;

Examiners report
Most candidates could name the correct bond types in part (b).

[3 marks]
7h.

Markscheme

correct structure of glycerol and correct formula of stearic acid;

correct structure of triglyceride;

3H2O and coefficient of 3 on stearic acid;

Accept displayed or condensed formulas for molecules.

Examiners report
Candidates could not write an equation for the reaction between glycerol and stearic acid to form a triglyceride. Where candidates did
write the correct equation they often did not balance the equation correctly.
7i. [2 marks]

Markscheme
both have first double bond on C9 with carbon / linoleic has an ω − 6 C=C double bond and linolenic acid has an ω − 3 C=C double
bond;

linoleic acid has 2 double carbon bonds and linolenic acid 3 double carbon bonds;

Examiners report
In part (b) many candidates did not correctly recognize the difference in the number of carbon – carbon double bonds in the two fatty
acids, nor the location of the double bonds and hence the significance of the omega-3 and omega-6 terminology.

7j. [1 mark]

Markscheme
fatty acids are essential / body cannot synthesize them / OWTTE;

Examiners report
Some candidates correctly identified that these fatty acids cannot be synthesised by the body and hence are essential.

7k. [2 marks]

Markscheme
LDL is (a) larger (molecule) than HDL;

LDL transports cholesterol to arteries and HDL removes cholesterol from arteries;

LDL produced from saturated fats/trans fatty acids;

LDL increases the risk of heart disease/problems;

Accept converse statements for HDL.

Do not accept LDL is bad cholesterol and HDL is good cholesterol.

Examiners report
In part (c) candidates could not distinguish between HDL and LDL, often referring simply and inadequately to ‘good’ and ‘bad’
cholesterol. Candidates had great difficulty comparing the composition of cholesterol with lecithin. An elemental comparison was
required.

7l. [1 mark]

Markscheme
cholesterol is composed of C, H and O only and phospholipid contains C, H, O, P and N;

Examiners report
In part (c) candidates could not distinguish between HDL and LDL, often referring simply and inadequately to ‘good’ and ‘bad’
cholesterol. Candidates had great difficulty comparing the composition of cholesterol with lecithin. An elemental comparison was
required.
 [1 mark]
7m.

Markscheme
lecithin;

Examiners report
In part (c) candidates could not distinguish between HDL and LDL, often referring simply and inadequately to ‘good’ and ‘bad’
cholesterol. Candidates had great difficulty comparing the composition of cholesterol with lecithin. An elemental comparison was
required.

[4 marks]
7n.

Markscheme
main cylinder is made only from carbon hexagons, with pentagons required to close the structure at the ends;

single or multiple walled tubes made from concentric nanotubes can be formed;

bundles of the tubes have high tensile strength;

other substances (elements, metal oxides etc.) can be inserted inside the tubes;

strong covalent bonding / no weak bonds;

behaviour of electrons depends on the length of a tube and hence some forms are conductors and some are semiconductors;

Examiners report
Candidates had considerable difficulty describing the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes and often speculated very vaguely
on the impact of nanotechnology. Responses were often superficial.

7o. [4 marks]

Markscheme
hazards associated with small airborne particles are not known / long term effects unknown / OWTTE;

may not be covered by current toxicology regulations (as properties depend on the size of the particle) / may be toxic / OWWTE;

human immune system may be defenceless against new nanoscale products / OWTTE;

(there may be social problems) as poorer societies may suffer as established technologies become redundant and demands for
commodities change / OWTTE;

Examiners report
Candidates had considerable difficulty describing the structure and properties of carbon nanotubes and often speculated very vaguely
on the impact of nanotechnology. Responses were often superficial.

7p. [2 marks]

Markscheme
liquid crystals are fluids that exhibit orientation of the molecules/an orderly arrangement of molecules;

II, since there is one-dimensional order (characteristic of a liquid crystalline phase);

Examiners report
Candidates were able to define liquid crystals but often confused the two diagrams.
7q. [4 marks]

Markscheme
thermotropic liquid crystals are pure substances that show liquid crystal behaviour over a temperature range (between the solid and
liquid states);

example (of thermotropic liquid crystals) is biphenyl nitriles;

lyotropic liquid crystals are solutions that show the liquid crystal state at certain concentrations;

example (of lyotropic liquid crystals) is soap in water;

Award marks for examples, only if they are associated with the correct class of liquid crystals.

Examiners report
Candidates also had difficulty distinguishing between thermotropic and lyotropic crystals and providing suitable examples for each. This
emphasised again that candidates had not learnt definitions accurately with correct chemical terminology.

[2 marks]
7r.

Markscheme
chemically stable;

a liquid crystal phase stable over a suitable range of temperatures;

polar in order to change orientation when an electric field is applied;

rapid switching speed;

Examiners report
[N/A]

7s. [2 marks]

Markscheme
mild analgesics function by intercepting the pain stimulus at the source / interfere with the production of substances that cause
pain/prostaglandins;

strong analgesics work by bonding to receptor sites in the brain / prevent the transmission of pain impulses without depressing the
central nervous system;

Examiners report
Most candidates were able to distinguish between the ways mild analgesics and strong analgesics relieve pain in part (b).
7t. [1 mark]

Markscheme

any circle around the nitrogen atom / the nitrogen atom and its three neighboring atoms;

Examiners report
A substantial number of candidates failed to identify the tertiary amine in the structure of morphine. Candidates were inaccurate in
drawing a circle around the amine group in part (c). Either just the nitrogen atom or nitrogen atom with its three neighbouring atoms
should have been circled.

[1 mark]
7u.

Markscheme
ester;

Examiners report
A large number of candidates confused the ester with an ether or carbonyl group as the functional group found in heroin but not in
morphine.

[2 marks]
7v.

Markscheme
Advantage: antidiarrheal/constipation (in treatment of diarrhea) / reduces coughing;

Disadvantage: addiction / tolerance / risk of overdose;

Examiners report
Most candidates recognized the disadvantage of using morphine but they had extreme difficulty in stating a specific advantage for using
morphine as a strong analgesic.

7w. [1 mark]

Markscheme
alters incoming sensory sensations / alters mood or emotions;

Examiners report
[N/A]
7x. [1 mark]

Markscheme
LD50
the range over which a drug can be safely administered / T.I = ED50
/ ratio of the lethal dose for 50%population and the effective dose
for 50% of population;

Examiners report
Many candidates had difficulty explaining the term therapeutic window. Frequently they thought it referred to the time the drug was
active in the body rather than an issue of dosage.

[1 mark]
7y.

Markscheme
person needs to take ever larger quantities of a drug to gain the original effect;

Examiners report
Many candidates had difficulty explaining the term therapeutic window. Frequently they thought it referred to the time the drug was
active in the body rather than an issue of dosage. They fared better with explaining the terms tolerance and the placebo effect.

7z. [3 marks]

Markscheme
drug is isolated from existing species / synthesized in the laboratory;

tested on animals to establish LD50;

tested on humans and half/some of the group is given a placebo;

Examiners report
Candidates had more difficulty providing specific information about the drug development process, especially with respect to animal
testing and human testing. Candidates needed to use accurate chemical terms when outlining the major stages in the development of a
new drug.

[1 mark]
7aa.

Markscheme
orange to green;

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
7ab.

Markscheme
reduced because oxidation number of Cr decreases / Cr gains electrons;

Explanation needed for mark.

 Examiners report
Candidates frequently confused oxidation and reduction or failed to provide a reason as to whether the chromium was oxidised or
reduced by ethanol. This highlighted, again, the need for candidates to answer all parts of the question.

[2 marks]
7ac.

Markscheme
H2O;
N2O/nitrous oxide/dinitrogen monoxide/nitrogen(I) oxide;
chlorofluorocarbons/CFCs/e.g. CCl2F2;

O3/ozone;
SF6;
Do not accept NOx/nitrogen oxides.

Accept names or formulas.

Examiners report
Some candidates were not able to provide two more major greenhouse gases. Many candidates stated NO2 rather than N2O as a
greenhouse gas.

[2 marks]
7ad.

Markscheme
Gas: H2O and reason: greatest abundance;

Gas: CO2/H2O and reason: greatest abundance;

Gas: CH4/N2O and reason: more effective at absorbing radiation;

Gas: CFC/SF6 more effective at absorbing radiation/very long life in atmosphere;

Examiners report
Candidates also had some difficulty explaining which greenhouse gases were most significant. Candidates only gave the name of the
most significant greenhouse gas but did not provide an explanation.

[2 marks]
7ae.

Markscheme
thermal expansion of the oceans / changes in sea temperature affecting sea life;

melting of the polar ice-caps/glaciers / rising sea levels;

floods / droughts / changes in precipitation and temperature;

changes in migration patterns of animals / changes in distribution of species / species more likely to become naturalized;

changes in the yield/distribution of crops;

changes in the distribution of pests/insects/pathogens/disease-carrying organisms;

Do not accept “climate change”.

 Examiners report
Although most candidates were able to discuss two effects of global warming, some candidates confused global warming with the
depletion of the ozone layer. Candidates were also expected to discuss the effects of global warming rather than just restate the
question by stating that the atmospheric temperature would increase.

[2 marks]
7af.

Markscheme
amount of oxygen needed to decompose organic matter;

in a specified time/five days / at a specified temp/ 20 °C;

Second mark can only be awarded if reasonable attempt made to define BOD.

Examiners report
In part (a) the term biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was not well known. Very few candidates could explain that it is related to the
level of organic waste in the water measured at a specific temperature for a specific time period.

[1 mark]
7ag.

Markscheme
gained electrons;

Examiners report
Many candidates understood that oxygen gained electrons.

[1 mark]
7ah.

Markscheme
+4 to +2 / decrease by 2;

Examiners report
Many candidates understood that the oxidation number of manganese dropped from +4 to +2.

[1 mark]
7ai.

Markscheme
0.00005/5 × 10−5 (moles);

Examiners report
Many candidates understood that oxygen gained electrons in (c) (i) and that the oxidation number of manganese dropped from +4 to +2
in (ii). However, they struggled to calculate the moles of dissolved oxygen.
 [1 mark]
7aj.

Markscheme
(ability to) reflect and absorb different wavelengths/frequencies/colours of visible light;

Examiners report
Part (a) was generally poorly answered. Many candidates found it difficult to explain why naturally occurring pigments are coloured in
terms of their ability to absorb and reflect light.

7ak. [1 mark]

Markscheme
carotenoids;

Do not accept β–carotene.

Examiners report
Candidates commonly correctly stated anthocyanins as the pigments in cranberries and strawberries, but they mistakenly gave β-
carotene or carotenes as the answer for (c) (i) instead of the name of the class of pigments, carotenoids.

[2 marks]
7al.

Markscheme
presence of (multiple) carbon–carbon double bonds;

loss/bleaching of colour / loss of vitamin A activity / off odours;

Do not accept change of colour.

Examiners report
Only the better candidates readily understood the connection of the carbon-carbon double bond to oxidation and its relationship to the
colour of the pigment.
7am. [5 marks]

Markscheme
a genetically modified food is derived/produced from a genetically modified organism;

Award [1] for definition.

benefits:

crops: enhanced taste/quality/appearance;

reduced maturation time;

increase in nutrients and yield;

improved resistance to disease, pests and herbicides;

enrichment of rice with vitamin A;

animals: increased resistance;

productivity and feed efficiency;

better yields of milk/egg;

improved animal health;

environment: “friendly” bio-herbicides and bio-insecticides;

conservation of soil/water/energy;

improved natural waste management;

concerns:

(links to) increased allergies (for people involved in their processing);

altered composition of (balanced) diet / altered nutritional quality of food;

change in ecosystems / development of “superweeds”/“superbugs”;

Award [4 max] for benefits and concerns.

To score [4] both benefits and concerns must appear in answer.

Examiners report
Most candidates recognized that genetically modified foods come from genetically modified organisms. However, candidates generally
thought of genetically modified foods as coming only from plants. Candidates did not discuss the advantages of genetic modifications in
animals or for example in terms of environmental friendly pesticides.

Candidates struggled to discuss the concerns of using GM foods. Many candidates provided general and simplistic responses. For
instance candidates just stated that GM foods were unnatural and therefore bad, showing no understanding of the real concerns.

8. [1 mark]

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
9.

Markscheme
C
 Examiners report
One respondent stated that it would be best to start HLP1 with a mole type question and that these first three questions could have
potentially tripped up candidates at the beginning of this paper. It must be emphasised that P1 covers all topics on the syllabus and,
hence, any question can be asked as an Objective 1 or 2 multiple-choice type question based on any of the corresponding AS‟s on
Topic 1 - Quantitative Chemistry. As regards the questions themselves, none of these three questions, in fact, posed a significant
problem for candidates. 76% of candidates got Q1 correct, 68% Q2 and 78% Q3.

[1 mark]
10.

Markscheme
B

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
11.

Markscheme
A

Examiners report
[N/A]

12. [1 mark]

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
A number of respondents felt that this question was off-syllabus. This was discussed at length during GA and it was felt that the
question itself is clearly on-syllabus as it relates to AS 1.4.4 which states that candidates should be able to apply Avogadro’s law to
calculate reacting volumes of gases. In order to apply Avogardo’s law candidates should be able to understand the underlying principle
of the law itself. The question was asked within the confines of P1 and a formal definition was not asked, such as could be asked in P2,
which in such a case then would be deemed off-syllabus.

The correct answer, D, with V /n = constant, was given by 40% of candidates and hence it was felt that the question although tough
could be answered with a clear understanding of the nature of Avogadro’s law as cited in AS 1.4.4. Some respondents did comment
that the law is only valid if P and T are constant, which is a fair comment and it would have been better if for each of the answers A-D
that the variables for the other constants had been put in brackets.

In the case of the correct answer D, it was assumed that P and T are constant and hence as D is the best answer of those given it was
decided to keep this question, as 40% of candidates gave D as the correct answer.
 [3 marks]
13a.

Markscheme
81.7 18.3
nC = 12.01
= 6.80 and nH = 1.01
= 18.1;

ratio of 1: 2.67 /1: 2.7;

C 3H8;
No penalty for using 12 and 1.

Examiners report
This was the least popular question in Section B but there was a generally pleasing level of performance. Most candidates scored at
least 2 out of 3 marks for calculating the empirical formula. Several candidates correctly worked out the ratio but then rounded 2.7 to 3
to give an incorrect empirical formula of CH3 instead of C 3H8.

13b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
C 3H8;

Examiners report
Many did manage to calculate a correct molecular formula even though their empirical formula was incorrect.

13c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
(i) Br2 /bromine;
UV/ultraviolet light;

Accept hf/hv/sunlight.
+
(ii) Cr2O27− / MnO− +
4 and acidified/H /H3O ;

Accept names.

heat / reflux;

Examiners report
Free radical substitution was well known, however, there was some confusion about whether the reagent was supposed to be Br 2(g),
Br2(aq) or Br2 in CCl4. Most stated that UV was required.
13d. [4 marks]

Markscheme
initiation:

Br2 → 2Br∙;
propagation:

Br ∙ +RCH3 → HBr + RCH2∙;

RCH2 ∙ +Br2 → RCH2Br + Br∙;
termination:

Br ∙ +Br∙ → Br2;
RCH2 ∙ +Br∙ → RCH2Br;
RCH2 ∙ +RCH2∙ → RCH2CH2R;
Award [1] for any termination step.

Accept radical with or without ∙ throughout.

Do not penalise the use of an incorrect alkane in the mechanism.

Examiners report
In 5(d) most candidates scored at least 3 marks out of 4. A few used Cl 2 instead of Br 2.

[4 marks]
13e.

Markscheme
(i) substitution and nucleophilic and bimolecular/two species in rate-determining step;

Allow second order in place of bimolecular.

(ii)

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in OH – to C;

Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in OH –.

curly arrow showing Br leaving;

Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in bromoethane or in the transition state.

representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial bonds;

Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180o to each other.

Do not award M3 if OH----C bond is represented unless already penalised in M1.

Do not penalise the use of an incorrect alkyl chain in the mechanism.

Examiners report
Most knew the meaning of the symbols SN2, however, a few did not correctly state the meaning of the 2. The mechanism caused some
problems and some of the common errors here were drawing the curly arrow from the H; forgetting to include any curly arrow to show Br
leaving; writing the partial bond from the nucleophile as OH---C; or missing the negative charge from the transition state. Unfortunately,
most candidates had a combination of these errors. Also, in most cases the partial bonds were drawn at angles less than 180 degrees
which, although not penalised, is totally incorrect as attack by the nucleophile must be on the opposite side to the halogen leaving.
 [4 marks]
13f.

Markscheme
(i) CH3OCH2CH3;
CH3CHOHCH3;
Allow more detailed structural formulas.

(ii) CH3CHOHCH3 has higher boiling point due to hydrogen bonding;

CH3OCH2CH3 has lower boiling point due to Van der Waals’/London/dispersion/dipole-dipole forces;
Hydrogen bonds in CH3CHOHCH3 are stronger;

Allow ecf if wrong structures suggested.

Examiners report
Part (f) proved to be very confusing for many candidates. The structural isomers of propan-1-ol were commonly drawn as propan-1-ol
and propan-2-ol, which then caused enormous difficulties in 5(f)(ii) when they had to identify the isomer with the higher boiling point.

Those who were relying on ECF marks here often predicted the wrong isomer or found it very difficult to explain their prediction. The few
candidates who drew the isomers correctly as an ether and an alcohol were generally able to score full marks by predicting and
explaining the different boiling points.

[1 mark]
14.

Markscheme
A

Examiners report
Some respondents stated that the numbers could have been more user-friendly in these questions, as candidates do not have access to
a calculator in P1. This is a fair comment which will be borne in mind for future paper-setting. Candidates found Q3 particularly
challenging with only 35.79% of candidates getting the correct answer A. The inconsistent use of significant figures in Q2 was also
commented on, equally a valid comment. One respondent stated that they found the use of dm3 instead of L confusing for North
American candidates. However on IB Chemistry papers the unit of dm3 for volume is always used instead of L and candidates should
be prepared for this.

[1 mark]
15.

Markscheme
B

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
16.

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]
 [2 marks]
17a.

Markscheme
same functional group;

successive/neighbouring members differ by CH2;

same general formula;

similar chemical properties;

gradation in physical properties;

Examiners report
Part (a) which asked for a description of a homologous series was generally very well answered.

[2 marks]
17b.

Markscheme
Y: 4-methylpentanal;

Z: 4-methylpentanoic acid;

Award [1] if student has correct endings for both molecules but has used incorrect stem.

Examiners report
1 out of 2 marks were commonly awarded, as students had the incorrect prefix or made errors such as 4-methylpentan-1-al instead of 4-
methylpentanal.

[2 marks]
17c.

Markscheme
For both reactions reagents:

named suitable acidified oxidizing agent;

Suitable oxidizing agents are potassium dichromate(VI)/K 2Cr2O7 / sodium dichromate(VI)/Na2Cr2O7 / dichromate/Cr 2O72– / potassium
manganate(VII)/potassium permanganate/KMnO4 / permanganate/manganate(VII)/MnO 4–.

Accept H+/H2SO4 instead of sulfuric acid and acidified.

Allow potassium dichromate or sodium dichromate (i.e. without (VI)) or potassium manganate (i.e. without (VII).

Conditions:

distillation for X to Y and reflux for X to Z;

Award [1] if correct reagents and conditions identified for one process only.

Examiners report
Most candidates knew the reagents for the conversions of the alcohol but only the best candidates also knew the conditions.

[1 mark]
17d.

Markscheme
acid partially dissociates/ionizes;
 Examiners report
Explanations of a weak acid were well done.

[2 marks]
17e.

Markscheme
Y more volatile than Z;

hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acid/Z;

Accept converse argument.

Examiners report
Explanations of volatility were well done.

[3 marks]
17f.

Markscheme
(( 2× 1.01
18.02
) (0.089) =) 1.0 × 10− 2 g H and (( 12.01
44.01
) (0.872) =) 2.38 × 10− 1 g C ;

(( 0.238
1.30
) (100) =) 18.3% C ;

( 1.01.30 ) (100) = 0.77% H;

−2
× 10

Award [3] for correct final answer of 18.3% C and 0.77% H without working.

Allow whole numbers for molar masses.

Examiners report
Part (d) was a moles calculation based on experimental data, and was done very well by some of those that attempted it. However
many candidates could not get through it and some left it blank.

[1 mark]
17g.

Markscheme
((1.75) ( 143.32
35.45
) =) 0.433 g (Cl) and (( 0.433
0.535
) (100) =) 80.9% (Cl);

Allow whole numbers for molar masses.

Examiners report
Part (d) was a moles calculation based on experimental data, and was done very well by some of those that attempted it. However
many candidates could not get through it and some left it blank.
 [3 marks]
17h.

Markscheme
( 12.01
18.3
) = 1.52 mol C and ( 0.77
1.01
) = 0.76 mol H and ( 35.45
80.9
) = 2.28 mol Cl;

Allow whole numbers for atomic masses.

Empirical formula = C 2HCl3;

Award [2] for correct empirical formula without working.

M r = (24.02 + 1.01 + 106.35) = 131.38, so molecular formula is C 2HCl3;

Award [3] for correct final answer without working.

Allow whole numbers for atomic masses.

Examiners report
Part (d) was a moles calculation based on experimental data, and was done very well by some of those that attempted it. However
many candidates could not get through it and some left it blank.

[1 mark]
18a.

Markscheme
argon has a greater proportion of heavier isotopes / OWTTE / argon has a greater number of neutrons;

Examiners report
This question was the best answered on the paper and generally well answered question. In part (a) candidates sometimes incorrectly
used the term relative atomic mass instead of relative isotopic mass when referring to the mass of an isotope.

[1 mark]
18b.

Markscheme
19 protons and 18 electrons;

Examiners report
Most candidates correctly deduced the number of protons and electrons in the K+ ion, however some candidates did not read the
question carefully and deduced the number of subatomic particles in the K atom.

[1 mark]
19a.

Markscheme
cobalt has a greater proportion of heavier isotopes / OWTTE / cobalt has greater number of neutrons;

Examiners report
Candidates did reasonably well on this question. Many candidates got (a) correct.
 [1 mark]
19b.

Markscheme
27 protons and 25 electrons;

Examiners report
Most candidates got the correct number of protons and electrons in the Co2+ ion in part (b).

[1 mark]
19c.

Markscheme
1s22s22p63s23p63d7/[Ar] 3d7;

Examiners report
In (c), a small minority of candidates tried to answer this question with a 2,8,15 type electron arrangement which showed weakness at
HL and many candidates did not realise that electrons come out of the 4s level first before the 3d in part (c).

[1 mark]
20.

Markscheme
C

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
21.

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
22.

Markscheme
D

Examiners report
[N/A]
 [1 mark]
23a.

Markscheme
compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms/structural formula/structures;

Do not allow similar instead of same.

Examiners report
Meaning of the term structural isomers was well defined with the weaker candidates referring to similar instead of same molecular
formula but different arrangement of atoms.

[3 marks]
23b.

Markscheme
(cis-)but-2-ene / (Z)but-2-ene / but-2-ene;

Accept (cis-)2-butene / Z-2-butene.

Ignore missing hyphens.

CH3CH2CH=CH 2;

H2C=C(CH3)2;

Accept either full or condensed structural formulas.

Allow structural formula of trans-but-2-ene.

Examiners report
Many candidates stated the IUPAC name of the isomers of C 4H8 and deduced correctly the structural formulas of the two other isomers.

[1 mark]
23c.

Markscheme
(CH3)CH=CH(CH3) + HBr → CH3CHBrCH2CH3;

Allow C4H8 + HBr

→ C4H9Br.

Examiners report
Most candidates were able to write the chemical equation for the reaction of the isomer of C 4H8 with HBr and identify the alcohol formed
by the reaction of that product with NaOH.

[1 mark]
23d.

Markscheme
secondary/ 2°;

Examiners report
In part (a) (v), the mechanisms proved a problem for majority of candidates.
23e. [4 marks]

Markscheme
Since secondary could be either S N1 or SN2 so allow S N1 or SN2 for M1–M4.

SN1:

curly arrow showing Br leaving;

Do not allow arrow originating from C to C–Br bond.

representation of secondary carbocation;

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO – to C+;

Do not allow arrow originating on H in HO –.

formation of organic product CH 3CH(OH)C 2H5/C4H9OH and Br–;

Allow formation of NaBr instead of Br –.

OR

SN2:

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO– to C;

Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in HO –.

curly arrow showing Br leaving;

Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in 2-bromobutane or in the transition state.

Do not allow arrow originating from C to C–Br bond.

representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets and partial bonds;

Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180° to each other.

Do not award M3 if OH ---- C bond is represented.

formation of organic product CH 3CH(OH)C 2H5/C4H9OH and Br–;

Allow formation of NaBr instead of Br –.

For primary Z from (v), for ECF SN2 required.

For tertiary Z from (v), for ECF SN1 required.

But curly arrow showing Br leaving and formation of C 4H9OH and Br– can be scored for either mechanism (even if incorrect type).

For primary Z from (v) with 1-bromobutane stated in (vi), correct SN2 can score full marks.

If (v) is not answered and incorrect starting reagent is given in (vi), M1, M2 and M3 may be scored but not M4 for either correct SN1 or
SN2.

Examiners report
The use of curly arrows in reaction mechanisms continues to be poorly understood, the arrow often pointing in the wrong direction.
Candidates must take care to accurately draw the position of the curly arrows illustrating the movement of electrons.
 [2 marks]
23f.

Markscheme
CH3COCH2CH3;

Full or condensed structural formula may be given.

For primary Z from (v), accept CH3CH2CH2COOH/C3H7COOH but not CH3CH2CH2CHO.

ketone / alkanone;

Examiners report
[N/A]

[1 mark]
23g.

Markscheme
drawing of RCOOR' group /

Allow C instead of R or
R′.

Allow

Examiners report
In part (b), the ester functional group was drawn correctly and it was pleasing to see that the majority of candidates handled the
calculation of the empirical and molecular formulas extremely well.

[4 marks]
23h.

Markscheme
(100 − 62.0 − 10.4 =) 27.6% O;

n C : ( 12.01
62.0
=) 5.162 (mol) and nH : ( 10.4
1.01
=) 10.297 (mol)

and n O : ( 27.6
=) 1.725 (mol);
16.00

dividing 5.162 and 10.297 by 1.725 (to get values C 2.992H5.969O1);

(empirical formula =) C 3H6O;

Award [4] for correct final answer if alternative method used.

Allow integer values for atomic masses (i.e. 12, 1 and 16).

Examiners report
In part (b), the ester functional group was drawn correctly and it was pleasing to see that the majority of candidates handled the
calculation of the empirical and molecular formulas extremely well.

[1 mark]
23i.

Markscheme
C6H12O2;
 Examiners report
In part (b), the ester functional group was drawn correctly and it was pleasing to see that the majority of candidates handled the
calculation of the empirical and molecular formulas extremely well.

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