GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Regulation of Body Fluids

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Which mechanism is the main regulator of water intake? Thirst
Body water is lost through each of these organs except the Muscle
All of these factors help to cause ADH secretion EXCEPT Reduced urine osmolarity
Which condition is caused by water output exceeding water intake? Dehydration
A diuretic is which of the following? a substance that causes increased
urine production
Hyposecretion of ADH has this effect on urine volume and concentration. increased volume and decreased
concentration
This hormone directly increases water absorption in the kidneys. Antidiuretic hormone
Drinking too much water could cause each of these changes EXCEPT Decreased cell volumes
The basic functional unit of human system is Nephron
Concentration of urine depends upon which organ? Length of Henle’s loop
A person is undergoing prolonged fasting. His urine will be found to contain Ketones
abnormal quantities of
Reabsorption of useful substances from glomerular filtrate occur in Proximal convulated tubule
A person who is no longer hunger strike and is surviving only on water, will have Less urea in his urine
Identify the urethra in this diagram. 4
Which is not true regarding kidneys? They do not have any capsule.
Malpighian body is a part of nephron. True
Capsule in which glomerulus is enclosed is known as external capsule False
Main function of the __________ is to filter the wastes from the blood and Kidneys
excrete them in the form of urine.
Which of these is not true – A, B, C or D? A small fraction of CO2 is removed
through the skin.
Excretion rids the body of _______. Cellular metabolic wastes.

Immune System
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Which of the following actually kills invading microbes? Lysozymes, stomach acid, intestinal enzymes, all of these
The secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B cells provides Humoral immunity
AIDS is such a deadly disease because the AIDS virus CD4+ T cells
attacks and destroys
Which of the following statements about AIDS is true? The disease is highly infectious.
The fatality rate is low if the disease is detected in its early
stages.
Most people who get AIDS die of pneumonia.
None of the above.
The proteins secreted by plasma cells are called Antibodies
Precursors of macrophages are called Monocytes
Which type of T cell lyses that have been infected with Cytotoxic T cells
viruses?
Memory cells Provide an accelerated immune response upon second
exposure to a particular antigen
Diseases in which a person’s immune system attacks the Autoimmune diseases
person’s own normal tissue are called
Which cell is correctly matched with its secretion or Mast cells –histamine
function?
What is the function of the immune system? To fight off diseases
Disease fighting cells are stored all throughout the body. True
Which of the following are proteins that fight off diseases? Antibodies
How do antibodies fight antigens? Specific binding sites on antibodies join with specific
markers on antigens.
Antibodies ignore good cells and attack bad ones.
Antibodies destroy all the cells they come in contact with.
Both A and B.
Which of the following remember antigens that have Memory cells
already attacked the body?
Each B cell can make multiple types of antibodies. False
Which of the following get rid of good cells that have been T Cells
infected?
Which of the following is not a way to get immunity? Avoiding going to the doctor
Which of the following is only effective against bacteria? Lysozyme
Which of the following cells are primarily targeted by HIV? Helper T-cells
What type of immunity is responsible for agglutination of Antibody immunity
viruses?
Which of the following best describes the immunity gained Active
from a vaccine?
Where do T-cells reach maturity? Thymus
What enzyme is released by active cytotoxic T-cells? Antigen
What enzyme is released by active cytotoxic T-cells? Two parallel system
What is the primarily difference between antibodies and Antibodies have been released from the surface of the
antigen receptors? lymphocytes.
What are the three nonspecific immune strategies? Physical barriers (skin, hair, mucus) , acids (stomach and
skin), cilia, lysozyme, macrophages, interferon
Why is it important to randomly select fields of view when Individual preferences may prevent selected fields from
blood cells with a compound light microscope? accurately representing the entire sample.
What enzyme is released by active cytotoxic T-cells? Perforin
What does macro mean? Large

Genetics
Crossing over takes place during Meiosis
The scientist often referred to as the father of genetics is Gregor Mendel
If a father have type A blood and the mother has type AB, they would NOT have a child O
with which of the following blood types?
Down’s syndrome is caused by ____ of the number ___ chromosome. Trisomy, 21
Color blindness, a sex linked trait, appears more often in __________ than in Males, females
______________.
Which of the following human traits is not a polygenic trait? Height
A process by which pollen formed by one plant’s flower is moved to the pistil of another Cross-pollination
plant’s flower is ________.
The inheritance of human blood types is controlled by __________ alleles. Multiple
a family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a Pedigree
number of generations
states that the probability that an event can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of Rules of addition
the separate probabilities of the different ways
states that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of Rules of
the independent events multiplication
an individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does Carrier
not show symptoms of that disorder but who may pass on the recessive allele to offspring
resides on one of the first 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and requires two Autosomal
alleles to express the trait recessive
disorder
refers to the mating between close relatives inbreeding
a genetic disease that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive Cystic fibrosis
allele, and is characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and vulnerability
to infection
resides on one of the first 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes requiring only Autosomal
one allele to express the trait dominant disorder
a type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant Complete
homozygote are indistinguishable dominance
a type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote (Aa) is Incomplete
intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes (AA and dominance
aa)
an inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct trait of both Codominance
alleles
states that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during Chromosome
meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns theory of
inheritance
genes that are located near each other on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited Linked genes
together
the percentage of recombinants; the combinations of alleles are different from those in either of Recombinant
the parents as a result of independent assortment of chromosomes or crossing over frequency
determine whether an individual is male or female Sex chromosome
a gene located on a sex chromosome, most of which are located on the Y chromosome Sex-linked gene
a genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, and is characterized by excessive Hemophilia
bleeding following injury
A human being has ____ autosomes and ____ sex chromosomes. 22 pairs, 1 pair
A section of chromosomes that codes for a trait can be called Base-pair
Somatic cells of a human have ____ chromosomes and are called ____. 23, haploid
Each chromosome consists of two identical Chromatids
Which of the following is a correct definition of genetics? The study of
genes and traits
by genes.
Which statement about nucleic acids is not correct? They are
macromolecules.
They are organic
molecules.
They are typically
long, linear
molecules.
None; all of
these
statements are
correct.
What is the main function of DNA? It stores
information for
protein synthesis.
Identify the correct order of organization of genetic material, from largest to smallest. Genome,
chromosome,
gene, nucleotide
Which statement is correct about Rieger syndrome in humans? (See Fig 1.1) It is located on the
same chromosome
as genes which,
when mutant,
cause Huntington
disease and
Hepatocellular
carcinoma.
Which of these might be a valid scientific reason for creating mice that glow green? It served as an
effective
demonstration that
an extra gene
could be
incorporated into
and expressed in
most tissues of a
model organism.
A gene: Can be described
as a unit of
heredity.
 Contains
information to
produce a
particular protein.
Affects traits at the
cellular level.
Can exist in many
forms.
All of the above.
Haploid cells in the human body Are gametes,
which allow sexual
reproduction.
Which field of genetics is the oldest? Transmission
genetics
Which technique is most likely to be used by a molecular geneticist? Production of a
new mutant allele
of an interesting
gene.
Morphs are an example of which level of genetic variation? Molecular
Cellular
Organismal
Population
All of the above
Which is an example of a study that might be done by a transmission geneticist? A geneticist
collects family
histories in order
to study the
mechanism of
transmission of a
genetic disorder.
The human genome is distributed over 24 chromosomes. True
Development of genetic technologies are often rejected at first even though they may be used True
to create great advances in medicine, agriculture, and many other fields.
Gene expression can be defined as the process of transcription and translation. True
DNA is the most important macromolecule for correct cellular function. False
The major difference between different cells in the same organism is that they have different False
DNA.
All sexually reproducing organisms are diploid. False
Genetic composition of a species is stable over time. False
Most traits are controlled by genetic variation. False

Sex chromososmes are also called: ✖

1. Allosomes
2. Euchromosomes
3. Hetrosomes
4. Autosomes

Phenomenon of one gene controlling several phenotypes is; ✖

1. Pleiotropism
2. Multiple allelism
3. Codominance
4. Epistatsis

Genes expressed only in homozygous state are: ✖

1. dominant
2. codominant
 3. recessive
4. mutated

Genes present on the same locus but having different expressions are: ✖

1. Polygenes
2. Multiple alleles
3. Oncogenes
4. Codominants

A couple has two girls. the probability of a third girl baby is: ✖

1. 12.5%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 100%

Discontinous variations are due to: ✖

1. Mutations
2. Crossing over
3. Independent assortment
4. Segregation of chromosomes

In multiple allele system, a gamate has alleles: ✖

1. many
2. Two
3. One
4. Three

Phenotypic monohybrid ratio is: ✖

1. 9 : 3:3:1
2. 2 : 1
3. 1 : 2:1
4. 3 : 1

A single recessive allele will produce its phenotypic effect when it occures on: ✖

1. Any chromosome
2. X-chromosome of male
3. An autosome
4. X-chromosome of female

Exchange of segments between non homologous chromososmes is called: ✖

1. Translocation
2. Crossing over
3. Duplication
 4. Inversion

Ratio of 9:3:3:1 is due to: ✖

1. Segregation of charecters
2. Crossing over of chromosomes
3. Homologous pairing between chromosomes
4. Independent assortment of genes

Father of genetics is: ✖

1. Muller
2. Mendel
3. Bateson
4. Darwin

Match the condition with chromosomal abnorm lity or linkage. ✖

1. Colour blindness-- Y-linked

2. Klinfelter's syndrome-- 44 + XXY
3. Erythroblastosis fetalis-- X-linked
4. Down's syndrome-- 44 + XO

Gene for right handedness is dominant over the gene for left handedness. Most probable genotypes of two right
handed parents with left handed child is; ✖

1. rr x Rr
2. RR x rr
3. Rr x Rr
4. RR x Rr

An O-group child cannot have parents of blood groups: ✖

1. AB and O
2. A and B
3. B and B
4. O and O

Dihybrid test cross is: ✖

1. 15 : 1
2. 1:1
3. 9:3:3:1
4. 1:1:1:1

Polygenic inheritance occures in: ✖

1. Hair pigment in mouse and tongue rolling in humans

2. ABO blood group in human
3. Human height and skin colour
 4. Human eye colour and sickle cell anaemia

Variations occure during meosis due to: ✖

1. Independent assortment
2. Linkage
3. Crossing over
4. Disjunction

Individuals with blood group A has ✖

1. Antigen A, no antibody.
2. Antigen B, antibody A,
3. Antigen A, antibody B
4. Antigen A, antibody b

A genetic disorder in Africans which reduces oxygen uptake is: ✖

1. Colour blindness
2. Phenylketonuria
3. Sickle cell anaemia
4. Haemophilia

A gene influencing many traits is: ✖

1. Epistatic
2. Additive
3. Pleiotropic
4. Supplementary

A human male produces sperms with genotypes AB, Ab, aB, and ab in equal proportions. What is the genotype of
the person? ✖

1. AA Bb
2. Aa BB
3. AA BB
4. Aa Bb

Trisomy 21 is otherwise called: ✖

1. Sickle cell anaemia

2. Turner's syndrome
3. Down's syndrome
4. Klinfelter's syndrome

Sickle cell anaemia is: ✖

1. Nutritional disorder
2. Autosomal heriditary disease
3. Allosomic heriditary disease
 4. Epistatic effect

Mendel's first law is law of: ✖

1. Dominance
2. Segregation
3. Paired factors
4. Independent assortment

Colour blindeness is disease in which the factor is usually transmitted to children by women. It is becuase the factor
is located on ✖

1. An autosome
2. X-chromosome
3. Cytoplasm
4. Y-chromosome

Persons with Klinfelter's syndrome have chromosomes ✖

1. 48
2. 45
3. 47
4. 46

Phenylketonuria is ✖

1. Autosomal dominant trait

2. Sex linked dominant trait
3. Autosomal recessive trait
4. Sex linked recessive trait

A late acting dominant disorder is ✖

1. Polydactyly
2. Phenylketonuria
3. Tay-Sach's disease
4. Huntington's chorae

Cytoplasmic inheritance differs from nuclear inheritance in the absence of ✖

1. Similarity of reciprocal crosses

2. All of the above
3. Biprental contribution
4. Effect of backcrossing

Huntignton's chorea is characterised by ✖

1. Incongruent muscle movement

 2. Disordered muscle movement and mental disorientation
3. Weak eye sight and hearing power
4. Inability to speak

Females seldom become bald as they lack ✖

1. Y-Chromosome
2. All of the above
3. Male sex chromosome
4. The gene for baldness

Colour blindeness in which all coulours appear grey is ✖

1. Monochromatism
2. Dichromatism
3. Deuteronopia
4. Protanopia

Turner's syndrome is characterised by chromosomes ✖

1. 47
2. 46
3. 49
4. 45

Down's syndrome is due to ✖

1. A dominant gene
2. A recessive gene
3. An extra chromosome
4. A missing chromosome

Gene for sickle cell anemia is transmitted by ✖

1. Sex cells
2. Autosomes
3. Sex chromosomes
4. Bone cells

In Down's syndrome, the chromosome number in each cell is ✖

1. 45
2. 47
3. 48
4. 46

In colour blidness red, green and other colours appear ✖

1. White
2. Grey
 3. Yellow
4. Pink

The risk of Down's syndrome in offsprings is high to mothers at the age of ✖

1. 35 years
2. 25 years
3. 20 years
4. 30 years

A 'normal' woman whose father was haemophilic marries a normal man. The offspring shall be ✖

1. All sons haemophilic

2. Some sons are ahemophilic
3. All daughters haemophilic
4. All normal

Which of the following aget is known to interfere with organization of spindle during cell division and cause
polyploidy? ✖

1. Acridines
2. Hydralazine
3. Colchisine
4. Ethylene

Genes exclusively present on Y-chromosome are called ✖

1. Sex-linked
2. Histone
3. Holandric
4. Hologynic

A 'supermale' has a genetic constitution of ✖

1. XYY
2. XY
3. XXYY
4. XXY

Shape of chromosome is determined by position of ✖

1. Micromere
2. Centromere
3. Centrosome
4. Telomere

Allele for cystic fibrosis occurs over ✖

1. Chromosome 21
2. Chromosome 14
 3. Chromosome 4
4. Chromosome 7

A person having Klinfelter's syndrome is characterised by ✖

1. Female internal sex organs and male external sex organs

2. Male with some secondary sexual characters of femeale
3. Having both male and female sex organs
4. Female with some sexual characters of male

Geneome represents ✖

1. Diploid chromosome set

2. All the genes present in the population
3. Complete chromosome set
4. Haploid chromosome set

Ultimate source of organic variation is ✖

1. Natural selection
2. Mutations
3. Isolation
4. Hormonal activity

Which is a sex-linked disease? ✖

1. Huntington's chorea
2. Alzhieme's disease
3. Haemophilia
4. Night blindness

A point mutation is ✖

1. Night blindness
2. Sickle cell anaemia
3. Tahlassemia
4. Down's syndrome

Webbed neck is characteristic of ✖

1. XXX
2. XXY
3. XO
4. YY

Cystic fibrosis is caused by ✖

1. Dominant autosomal allele

2. Recessive autosomal allele
3. Dominant sex linked allele
 4. Recessive sex linked allele

Dancing gait and bizarre grimacing are characteristics of ✖

1. Alzheimer's disease
2. Huntignton's disease
3. Schizophrenia
4. Paralysis agitans

Haemophilia is more common in males because, it is ✖

1. Recessive character carried by X-chromosome

2. Dominant character carried by Y-chromosome
3. Dominant trait carried by X-chromosome
4. Recessive character carried by Y-chromosome

XY chromosomes where discovered by ✖

1. Gregor Johann Mendel

2. Nettie Stevens
3. M.J.D White
4. Robert Brown

Shape of chromosome is determined by position of ✖

1. Telomere
2. Centrosome
3. Centromere
4. Micromere

A 'supermale' has a genetic constitution of ✖

1. XXYY
2. XYY
3. XY
4. XXY

Geneome represents ✖

1. Haploid chromosome set

2. Diploid chromosome set
3. Complete chromosome set
4. All the genes present in the population

Cystic fibrosis is caused by ✖

1. Recessive sex linked allele

2. Dominant sex linked allele
3. Dominant autosomal allele
4. Recessive autosomal allele
Which of the following aget is known to interfere with organization of spindle during cell division and cause
polyploidy? ✖

1. Colchisine
2. Hydralazine
3. Acridines
4. Ethylene

Ultimate source of organic variation is ✖

1. Mutations
2. Hormonal activity
3. Isolation
4. Natural selection

A point mutation is ✖

1. Night blindness
2. Tahlassemia
3. Sickle cell anaemia
4. Down's syndrome

Dancing gait and bizarre grimacing are characteristics of ✖

1. Huntignton's disease
2. Schizophrenia
3. Alzheimer's disease
4. Paralysis agitans

Haemophilia is more common in males because, it is ✖

1. Dominant trait carried by X-chromosome

2. Dominant character carried by Y-chromosome
3. Recessive character carried by X-chromosome
4. Recessive character carried by Y-chromosome

Allele for cystic fibrosis occurs over ✖

1. Chromosome 14
2. Chromosome 21
3. Chromosome 4
4. Chromosome 7

A person having Klinfelter's syndrome is characterised by ✖

1. Male with some secondary sexual characters of femeale

2. Having both male and female sex organs
3. Female with some sexual characters of male
4. Female internal sex organs and male external sex organs
Which is a sex-linked disease? ✖

1. Alzhieme's disease
2. Night blindness
3. Huntington's chorea
4. Haemophilia

Webbed neck is characteristic of ✖

1. XXY
2. XXX
3. YY
4. XO

Genes exclusively present on Y-chromosome are called ✖

1. Histone
2. Holandric
3. Sex-linked
4. Hologynic

XY chromosomes where discovered by ✖

1. Nettie Stevens
2. M.J.D White
3. Gregor Johann Mendel
4. Robert Brown