Water Soluble Vitamins Study Guide

❖ Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

➢ Digestion

▪ Plant sources of thiamin are in free form

▪ Animal sources are mainly phosphorylated by intestinal phosphates like TPP

➢ Absorption

▪ The absorption of vitamin B1 takes places in the jejunum & duodenum in free form

• Active & passive

▪ Destruction

• Anti-thiamin factors & polyhydroxyphenols (coffee, tea, some fruit & veggies)

▪ Alcohol decreases the absorption of thiamin because it blocks the absorption

transporters

➢ Transport

▪ In blood bound to albumin

➢ Storage: many places

▪ Skeletal muscle

▪ Liver

▪ Heart

▪ Kidney

▪ Brain

➢ Excretion: urine

➢ RDA’s
 ▪ Adult female: 1.1 mg

▪ Adult males: 1.2 mg

➢ Assessment: measure activity of transketolase in red blood cells

➢ Sources: (major sources – peas, pork, cereal)

➢ Functions: metabolism of carbs, pentose phosphate pathway, branched-chain amino

acid metabolism, membrane conduction of nerve tissue

➢ Deficiency:

▪ beriberi

• Low thiamin intake along with a lot of carbohydrate intake

• Types: dry, wet, acute

▪ Maple Syrup Disease: genetic mutation

➢ Structure
❖ Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

➢ Structures/forms: ribose + flavous

▪ Free

▪ FMN

▪ FAD

➢ Chemical Properties

▪ Yellow compound that is sensitive to acids/bases & UV light

➢ Digestion

▪ If not in free form (it will be bound to protein or as FAD/FMN/riboflavin phosphate),

it needs to be freed by HCl & phosphatases

➢ Absorption

▪ Animal sources are absorbed better

▪ Need an energy-dependent carrier to absorb riboflavin in the jejunum

➢ Transport

▪ Albumin is the primary transport of riboflavin

➢ Storage

▪ Liver, kidney, and heart are the major places of riboflavin storage

➢ Functions

▪ Release of energy from carbs, proteins, and fat

• Helps with Krebs cycle & ETC

 ▪ Accepts electrons in biochemical reactions

▪ Vitamin B6 metabolism

▪ Fatty acid Beta-oxidation

➢ Excretion

▪ Mostly in the urine; some is excreted out the feces

➢ RDA’s

▪ Men: 1.3 mg

▪ Women: 1.1 mg

➢ Assessment

▪ Measure erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity

▪ Excretion rate of nutrient out the urine

➢ Deficiency

▪ Symptoms: glossitis, edema of the mouth, redness, etc.

➢ Interactions: affects iron metabolism

➢ Sources

▪ Milk/dairy, eggs, meat, legumes

❖ Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

➢ Structure: nicotinic acid & nicotinamide

➢ Sources

▪ Best: fish & meat

▪ Plants like grains, coffee, tea

▪ Bacterial metabolism of B3 & made in the liver

▪ Supplement

➢ Digestion

▪ Animal sources like nicotinamide, NAD, and NADP need to be broken down

▪ Plant sources like nicotinic acid need to too

➢ Absorption

▪ Occurs due to

• Sodium-dependent facilitated diffusion

• Passive diffusion
 • High affinity carrier for nicotinic in colon

➢ Metabolism

➢ Functions

▪ Enzymes need niacin coenzyme

▪ Nonredox roles

▪ Lower total cholesterol, TAGS, LDL, lipoprotein A

➢ RDA’s

▪ Adult male: 16 mg/day

▪ Adult female: 14 mg/day

➢ Clinical Assessment

▪ Urinary excretion of niacin metabolites

▪ Erythrocyte NAD concentration

▪ Erythrocyte NAD to NADP ratio

 ➢ Health disorders

▪ Pellagra – niacin deficiency

• Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

▪ Hartnup disorder – inherited metabolic disorder that impairs absorption of

tryptophan and synthesis of niacin from tryptophan

➢ Drug interactions: statins, chemotherapy agents, sulfinpyrazone, oral contraceptives

❖ Vitamin C

➢ Formation of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) from D-glucose

➢ Digestion: no necessary

➢ Absorption

▪ Ascorbic acid is absorbed via facilitative diffusion by Na-dependent transporter

▪ Mainly takes place in the ileum

▪ Dehydroascorbic acid is absorbed by GLUT 1 & 3

➢ Transport

▪ Free form in blood

➢ Storage

▪ Throughout the body

• Mostly found in the liver and lowest skeletal muscle

• Some in the heart, kidneys, spleen, lungs, & pancreas

➢ Functions

▪ Collagen formation
 ▪ Helps create carnitine

▪ Produces neurotransmitters

▪ Produces serotonin

▪ Releases adrenal hormones

▪ It’s a water-soluble antioxidant

▪ Increases absorption of iron

▪ Protects LDL from oxidation

▪ Help with colds, cardiovascular disease, cataracts, & cancer

➢ Interactions:

▪ Iron

▪ Copper

▪ Chemotherapeutic agents

➢ Metabolism
 ▪ Oxidation, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation reaction are used to convert ascorbic acid

into metabolites

➢ Excretion

▪ Mostly excrete out of the body through urine

➢ RDA

▪ Adult female: 75mg

▪ Adult male: 90 mg

▪ Smokers: need an additional 35 mg

➢ Deficiency

▪ Scurvy

• Abnormal bone growth, joint pain, bleeding gums, etc.

• Symptoms – 4 Hs

 Hemorrhagic signs

 Hyperkeratosis of hair follicles

 Hypochondriasis

 Hematological abnormalities

➢ Toxicity

▪ Intake about UL of 2000mg

• Populations at risk

 Supplementation

 Pregnant women

 Newborn and fetal tissue

 ➢ Sources

▪ Citrus fruits and vegetables

▪ Papaya

▪ Kiwis

❖ Main Points of paper

➢ Since people lack the ability to convert glucose to ascorbic acid, it is important to

retrieve that nutrient from dietary sources.

➢ If one is not getting proper vitamin C intake, it can cause severe health concerns like

shown in this 4-year-old girl in the paper.

➢ They did a case study on her, where they determined she had scurvy after finding a

hematoma in her shoulder and then discovering that she was only receiving milk and

lacked an adequate intake of vitamin C in her diet. This really can affect the protein

collagen, which is a protein that helps support skin, bones, dentine, tendons, etc.
2/19/2018 MindTap - Cengage Learning

31. 32.
Adequate Intake for Vitamin B3 Adequate Intake for Vitamin C

33. 34.
Sources of Vitamin B1 Sources of Vitamin B2

35. 36.
Sources of Vitamin B3 Sources of Vitamin C

37. 38.
What is the vitamin B1 deficiency disorder? What is the niacin deficiency disorder?

39. 40.
What is the vitamin C deficiency disorder? Who is at risk for vitamin C toxicity?

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32. 31.
Adult female: 75mg Adult male: 90 mg Smokers: Adult male: 16 mg/day Adult female: 14 mg/day
need an additional 35 mg * also other various amounts for other ages

34. 33.
milk, dairy, eggs, legumes, meat peas, pork, cereal, pretzels, lentils, etc.

36. 35.
citrus fruits, papaya, kiwi, broccoli, cauliflower, Fish, meat, plants (coffee, tea, etc.), bacterial
etc. metabolism, etc.

38. 37.
pellagra Berberi

40.
39.
Those who take vitamin C supplements,
scurvy
pregnant women, infants, and fetal tissue.

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41. 42.
Where is vitamin B1 mostly absorbed? Where is vitamin B2 mostly absorbed?

43. 44.
Where is vitamin C mostly absorbed? Adequate intake for vitamin B1

45.
Adequate intake for vitamin B2

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2/19/2018 MindTap - Cengage Learning

42. 41.
jejunum jejunum and duodenum

44. 43.
female: 1.1 mg/day male: 1.2 mg/day ileum

45.
male: 1.3 mg/day female: 1.1 mg/day

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