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Important Concepts
Definition : An Algebraic Fraction is a fraction with algebraic expressions as its numerator
or/ and
denominator.
1 x3 pq
Examples : , , are algebraic fractions.
4m 2x 2q
Skill assessed :
Addition and subtraction of algebraic fractions. (Subtraction is more popular
in the SPM)
Simplify algebraic fractions.
Example:
1 q6
Express as a fraction in its lowest term.
2q 6q 2
Solutions:
(1) ( q 6) (1) 3q ( q 6) L.C.M is 6q2
=
2q 6q 2 2q 3q 6q 2
3q ( q 6)
=
6q 2
3q q 6
=
6q 2
2q 6
= 6q 2
2(q 3) q3
= =
6q 2 3q 2
Solving Strategy:
Insert brackets on both the numerators.
Find the L.C.M for the denominators.
the numerator and denominator with the same expression.
Simplify the two numerators by expansion(multiply by the expression)
Add or subtract the algebraic expressions.
Express your answer as a single fraction.
Simplify to its lowest term.
Common Mistakes:
Students did not change the sign of numerator during the process of subtraction of the
Fraction.
Students did not express the answer as a single fraction.
Students did not simplify their answer so that it is in its lowest term.
Expand
Algebraic Fractions 14
Example: Exercise 1 :
1) 2( m + 1 ) = 2m + 2 1) 3(k + 1) =
2) 2( m – 1 ) = 2m – 1 2) 4 ( k – 1 ) =
3) − 2( m + 1 ) = − 2m − 2 3) − 5 ( k + 1 ) =
4) − 2( m − 1 ) = − 2m + 2 4) − 3 ( k − 1 ) =
5) −(m − 1) = − m + 1 5) −(k − 2) =
7) − 2m ( m − 1 ) = − 2m2 + 2m 7) − 3k ( k − 1 ) =
8) − 2m ( m + 1 ) = − 2m2 − 2m 8) − 3k ( k + 1 ) =
9) 2m ( m − 1 ) = 2m2 − 2m 9) 3k ( k − 1 ) =
11) 4 ( m – 3 ) = 4m − 12 11) 5( k − 2 ) =
12) − 4 ( m − 2 ) = − 4m + 8 12) − 3 ( k − 4) =
Expand
Exercise 2: Exercise 3:
Algebraic Fractions 15
1) 5( x + 1) = 1) 3(p + 1) =
2) 5(x–1) = 2) 7 ( p – 1 ) =
3) - 5 ( x + 1 ) = 3) - 7 (p + 1 ) =
4) -5(x - 1) = 4) -7(p - 1) =
5) -(x- 2) = 5) -(p - 2) =
7) - 5x (x - 1 ) = 7) - 4p ( p - 1 ) =
8) - 5x ( x + 1 ) = 8) - 6p ( p + 1 ) =
9) 5x ( x - 1 ) = 9) 8p ( p - 1 ) =
11) 5x ( x + y ) = 11) 4p ( p + q ) =
12) - 5x ( x - y ) = 12) - 9q ( p - q ) =
13) 3x ( x - 2y ) = 13) 3p ( p - 2q ) =
15) 2y ( 3y - 1 ) = 15) 2q ( 3q - 1 ) =
16) 4x ( x + 2y ) = 16) 4p ( p + 2q ) =
17) - 4x ( 2x + y ) = 17) - 4p ( 2p + q ) =
18) - 2y ( 5y - 3 ) = 18) - 2q ( 5q - 3 ) =
Simplify
Algebraic Fractions 16
Example Exercise 4
= 6m - 1
2) 2x - (4 – x) = 2x - 4 + x 2) 4x - (3 – x)
= 3x - 4
= 5m2 + 4
= 2mn + 5
= 8e2 - 7
= g2 + g - 2
= 3rs + 2r - 2
8) 4x – ( x – y ) = 4x − x + y 8) 3h - ( 2h - k) =
= 3x + y
9) 6( y – x ) - y ( 4 - x ) = 6y −6x − 4y + xy 9) 5( m - n ) – n (3 - m) =
Exercise 5 Exercise 6
Algebraic Fractions 17
1) 6m - ( m - 3 ) = 1) 9m- ( 2m - 4 ) =
2) 5x - ( 2 – 2x) = 2) 10x - (4 – x) =
6) 7g + 4 - 2( 1 - 3g ) = 6) 6m + 3 - 2( m - 3 ) =
7) 2 (3n) - ( 4 - n ) = 7) 2( 4w ) – ( 4 – w ) =
8) p + 3 - 3( 2 - p ) = 8) q + 3 – 2 ( 3 – q ) =
9) 3( m + 4) - 4 ( 1 – 3m ) = 9) 2 ( g + 3 ) – ( 1 – 2g ) =
Simplify
Algebraic Fractions 18
Example Exercise 7
2m 4 2( m 2) 2p4
1) = = m-2 1) =
2 2 2
4m 2 2( 2m 1) 4p2
2) = = 2m - 1 2) =
2 2 2
4mn 2m 2m( 2n 1) 4 pq 2 p
3) = = 2n - 1 3) 2p
=
2m 2m
4m 2 2m 2m ( 2m 1) 4p2 2p
4) = = 2m - 1 4) =
2m 2m 2p
m 2 2m m ( m 2) p2 2 p
5) = = m - 2 5) =
m m p
6m 8n 2(3m 4n) 3m 4n 6 p 8q
7) 7)
12 12 6 12
m 2 n2 (m n)( m n) p2 q2
9) = 9) =
2( m n) 2( m n) 2( p q )
mn
=
2
Algebraic Fractions 19
Exercise 8 Exercise 9
3m 6 2q 4
1) = 1) =
3 2
4m 2 2 m 6x 12 y
2) = 2) =
2m 12
4hn 2h 4kq 2k
3) = 3) =
2h 2k
4 n 2 6n 4q 2 2q
4) = 4) =
2n 2q
h 2 2h 4n 2 2n
5) = 5) =
h n
rs t u
6) = 6) =
3r 3s 3t 3u
6 g 8h 7 w 14v
7) 7)
12 21
4 p 8q 3s 12t
8) 8)
24 p 9t
k 2 n2 4k 2 1
9) = 9) =
2( k n ) 2( k 1)
Subtraction
Example
Exercise 11
a c ad bc x e
1) = 1) =
b d bd y f
Algebraic Fractions 20
a ce ad b(c e) n ts
2) = 2) =
b d bd b m
3 p 3n 4mp 3 k
3) = 3) =
4m n 4mn 4x n
1 3a 1 2a (3a 1) 1 3b 1
5) = 5)
4a 8a 2
8a 2 2b 8b 2
p 1 p p 3(1 p ) r 1 r
7) = 7) =
3n n 3n 3n n
1 4 a 3a ( 4 a) 1 4x
8) 8)
3a 9a 2 9a 2 3x 9 x 2
x 1 x 2 x (1 x ) h 1 h
9) 9) g 2 g
y 2y 2y
2 1 t 4 s (1 t )
10) 2
3 1 m
s 2s 2s 2 10)
m 2m 2
Exercise 12 Exercise 13
1 2 2 1
1) = 1) =
b d n m
Algebraic Fractions 21
2 3e 3 4e
2) = 2) =
b d h d
2 4 5 6
3) = 3) =
5m n 3m n
4 p3 6 8q
4) = 4)
5m n 5m n
1 3d 1 1 3h 1
5) = 5)
4d 8d 2 4h 8h 2
2m m 2 p 1 p
7) 7) 3 f f
3n n
3 1 2a 2 1 2b
8) 8)
2a 4a 2 b 4b 2
2r 2r p 5 p
9) 9) q 7q
s 3s
3 1 t 4 1 s
10) 10)
t 2t 2 s 2s 2
Exercise 14
k 3 6 3k
=
3k
Algebraic Fractions 22
k 3k 6 3
=
3k
4k 3
=
3k
p 1 p 1 2n 1
2) = 3) =
3n n 4n 8n 2
3( p 1) 6 n 4( n 1) 8 m
4) = 5) =
3np n mn 2m
1 6e 1 8 s
6) = 7) ) =
3n 15ne 2r 14rs
Algebraic Fractions 23
3 n5 1 m3
8) 9)
5n 10n 2 4m 8m 2
3 7n
10)
5n 25n 2
4 1 1
1. 2. 3 x
mn m 5x
3m n 3m n 3x 2 5 x 15 x 2 1
A C A C
m2 n2 m 2 mn x 5x
3m n 3m n 3x 2 1 15 x 2 5
B D B D
m 2 mn m 2 mn 5x 5x
Algebraic Fractions 24
2 4t p 1 p
3. 4.
3t 9t 2 3m m
5t 4 5t 4 pm 3m p 4p 3
A C A C
9t 2 9t 2 3m 2 3m
t 2 t2 pm 3m p 2p 3
B D B D
9t 2 9t 2 3m 2 3m
3 7 y 6d 2e d
5. 6.
5y 25 y 2 3d de
16 y 7 y4 e3
A C A C
25 y 2 25 y 2 3e
14 y 7 y4 12e de 3d
B D 3de
25 y 2 25 y 2
e3 de 6e 3d
B D
3e 3de
2y 1 6 x k k2 1
7. 8.
xy 3x 3 3k
3 xy 4x y 2k 2 1 1
A C A C
3 xy 3 xy 3k
3k
1 x 3 xy
B D 1 2k 2 1
3 xy 3 xy B D
3k 3k
1 2x 1 6 6 3m
9. 10.
x 6x m2 m ( m 2)
7 2x 5 x 3m 2
A C A C
6x 3x m2 m
5 2x 7x 3 3
B D B D
6x 3x m2 m
1 2h 1 2 2w
11. 12. .
5h 10h 2 3w 5w 2
1 1 13w 6 7w 2
A C A C
10h 2 10h 15w 2 15w 2
1 h 1 9 8
B D B D
5h 5h 2 15w 15w
1 6 y m 1 3 4e
13. 14.
3x 15 xy 4me 12e
Algebraic Fractions 25
2( y 3) 2( y 1) 3 4me 1 me
A C A C
15 xy 5 xy 12me me
y 1 2y 1 3 4me 1 me
B D B D
15 xy 5 xy 12me me
5 4k 5 9 y
15. 16.
k 5 k (k 5) y ( y 3) y3
1 4k 9 y2 3 y
A C A C
k k 5 y ( y 3) y
5 k 5 9 y 3 y
B D B D
k k (k 5) y3 y
x5 2 x 2 4n 1
17. 18.
5x x 3n 9n 2
2 x 10 4 x 10 1 2n 2n 1
A C A C
5x 5x 9n 2 9n 2
6x 5 6x 5 2n 1 6n 1
B D B D
5x 5x 9n 2 9n 2
2h 3 2h 3 2 5m 15m 8
A C A C
3h 3h 6 6
2h 1 4h 3 7m 2 8 9m
B D B D
3h 3h 6 6
Algebraic Fractions 26
2 4n 7 m4
3. 4.
3n 9n 2 12m 4m 2
7n 4 n2 m 1 m3
A. C A C
9n 2 9n 2 3m 2 3m 2
5n 4 n2 m3 m 3
B. D B. D
9n 2 9n 2 3m 2 3m 2
p 1 p m 1 m
5. 6.
3m m n 2n
pm 3m p 4p 3 1 m 1
A C A C
3m 2 3m 2n 2n 2
pm 3m p 2p 3 nm 1
B D B D
3m 2 3m 2n 3n
November 2006
Simplify 3n mn
2 m
7.
n m 3n
2
m m2
A. C.
n n2
m 3m 2
B. D.
n2 4n
Algebraic Fractions 27