ME45006 1 Elasticity

Lecture 1-Fundamental of Elasticity ME 45006 Aircraft Structure & Engineering Composites
Lecture 1.
Fundamental of Elasticity
Dr. Haimin YAO

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
1
• Who is the suitable students for this subject?
• This is an advanced mechanics subject with necessary pre-

requisite (ME33001 Mechanics of Materials, Linear Algebra,
Calculus )
• Teaching Plan:
Week 2-7 by Dr. Yao HM
Week 1, 9-13 by Dr. Ruan HH
• Office hour:
16:30-18:00 (Thursday)
Other time by appointment
Tel: 2766-7817; Email: mmhyao@polyu.edu.hk
2
• Assessment:
Assign. by Dr. Yao 10% + Test 20% + Assign. by Dr. Ruan 20%
Exam 50%
• Test:
14 March 2018 (tentative)
Students must pass BOTH the Continuous Assessment and the

Final Examination in order to pass this subject.
3
Lecture time pattern:

Wed 15:30-18:20 @BC302 (week 2-7)
50/10/50/5/50/5
Ground rules in classroom

To maintain a calm teaching-and-learning environment, students are
required to obey the following rules during the lecturing time:
1. No eating and drinking.

2. No noise making.
3. Arrive the classroom on time. Late-comers should take the rear
door and find a seat ASAP and is not allowed to wander around.
4. If you want to leave the classroom during the lecture, raise your
hand for approval.
5. Disturber of teaching activity might be requested to leave the
classroom for reflection.
4
Fundamental of Elasticity
References:
1. C.T. Sun, Mechanics of Aircraft Structures, John Wiley &

Sons, 1998.
2. S.P. Timoshenko, J.N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-

Hill, 3rd Edition, 1970.
5
Outlines
• Displacement and strain
• Stress
• Equation of equilibrium
• Transformation of stress, principal stress
• Linear stress-strain relationships
• Elastic strain energy
• Plane elasticity
6
What is Elasticity（弹性理论/力学）?
Elasticity or Elasticity theory studies the deformation of an elastic solid
under mechanical loading (e.g., force, pressure).
What’s elastic solid?
Elastic = reversible
Elastic deformation Permanent deformation
7
Why do we need to learn Elasticity?

• When designing an aircraft structure, we must make sure any part of the
structure is safe under normal working condition (based on the failure
criteria).
• Elastic deformation is the initial/first stage of deformation. Any failure starts

from elastic deformation.
• We must make sure deformation (including displacement, strain) and stress

of any part of the structure under normal working loading is below allowable
thresholds (failure criteria).
Caribbean-Air Transat Flight 961

(A310)
8
Concept Displacement（位移）
y P (x, y, z)
Displacement Vector
u
P' (x', y', z')
z
Cartesian Coordinates
u is a vector and therefore has orientation and value. It has three

components:
We therefore have
u  in x direction x'  x  u
 
u  v  in y direction y'  y  v
 w
  in z direction z'  z  w
9
Consider a segment along x axis with TWO end points: P (x, y, z) and
Q (x+Δx, y, z)
y P' (x+u, y+v, z+w)

l
After deformation Q’ (x+Δx+u’, y+v’, z+w’)
l
After deformation
P (x, y, z) Q (x+Δx, y, z)
x
The distance between P (P’) and Q (Q’):
l  x (before deformation)
l  x  u 2  v 2  w2 (after deformation)
where u  u   u, v  v  v, w  w  w
10
Δu= u'-u is change of length along the x-direction.

Define the normal strain (正应变) in the x-direction at a point (x, y, z) as
u u
 xx  lim 
x 0 x x
Similarly v v Normal strain in the y-direction at a

 yy  lim 
point (x, y, z)
y 0 y y
w w Normal strain in the z-direction at a
 zz  lim 
z 0 z z point (x, y, z)
Final length:
l  x  u 2  y  v 2  z  w2
 1   xx 2 x 2  1   yy 2 y 2  1   zz 2 z 2
V
Volumetric strain:  volume    xx   yy   zz （proof）
V
11
Normal strain describes the variation of length. In order to describe

the variation of material in shape, we need additional strain
component called shear strain, which is defined as the variation of
angle between two segments which are initially perpendicular to each
other.
Consider two perpendicular segments PR and PQ, defined by three

points in a 2D situation P, Q and R.
y
 u v 
R'  x  u  y, y  y  v  y 
Rx, y  y   y y 
θ2
 u v 
Q'  x  x  u  x, y  v  x 
Δy  x x 
θ1
P x  u , y  v 
Qx  x, y 
P  x, y  Δx
x
12
y
 u v 
R'  x  u  y, y  y  v  y 
Rx, y  y   y y 
θ2
 u v 
Q'  x  x  u  x, y  v  x 
Δy  x x 
θ1
P x  u , y  v 
Qx  x, y 
P  x, y  Δx
v v u u
1  tg1  lim  and  2  tg 2  lim 
x 0 x x y 0 y y
13
Shear Strain（剪切应变）
The total change of angle before and after deformation should be
sum of θ1 and θ2, (both θ can be positive or negative) defined as the
shear strain.
v u
1   2     xy   yx for x-y plane
x y
w v
Similarly    yz   zy for y-z plane
y z
u w
   zx   xz for z-x plane
z x
14
3D Strain tensor
The deformation of a solid at any
 yy point can be expressed by a strain
tensor, which contains 6
components:
 yz  yx  xx， yy， zz
 xy  xy， yz， xz
 zy In matrix notation:
 xx
 xz  xx 
 zx  
 yy 
 zz  zz 
 
y
    
x  xy 
 yz 
 
z  xz 
 
15
Example 1.1
Consider a unit cube of a solid occupying the region

0  x  1, 0  y  1, 0  z  1
After loads are applied, the displacements are given by
u  ax
v  by
w0
(a) Sketch the deformed shape for a=0.03, b=-0.01
(b) Calculated the six strain components.
(c) Find the volume change V.
16
Normal stress
Normal stress = Axial force / area on

which the force acts
We normally assume the force P passes

through the centroid of the cross- section.
If the cross-section is small, it has
conclusions:
(1) uniform distribution of stress across
the cross-section; and
(2) uniform distribution of stress along
P
 axis
A
17
General stress state

Infinitesimal
cubic element Arbitrary direction
 Fy
F y
Fx
Fz
z x
   
F  Fx i  Fy j  Fz k
 xy
Fx
y  xx  lim
 xx
Normal stress
A0 A
 xz Fy
 xy  lim Shear stress
A0 A
x
Fz
z  xz  lim Shear stress
A0 A
18
General stress state
 yy
 yz yx
zz

 zx  xy
xz zy
 xx
 zy  xx
 xy  zx  xz
y
 yz
 zz
x yx
z  yy Infinitesimal cubic
19
Tensor representation of stress

The most general state of stress at a point may be
represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
 xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz (to be demonstrated)
Stress Tensor: Stress applied on arbitrary plane (including

normal and shear components):
 xx  xy  xz 
  σ  ~  n
~
   yx  yy  yz  where n is the normal unit vector of
 zx  zy  zz  the plane.
 
Same state of stress is represented by a different set of components if another
coordinate system is adopted.
20
Example1.2
30 MPa 20 MPa
C
A
10 MPa 10 MPa
y
x
B
20 MPa
30 MPa
z
(a) A stress state is depicted in the above figure. Describe the stress
state with a matrix with reference to the given coordinate system x-y-z.
(b) Determine the stress applied on the plane ABC, including the
normal stress and shear stress components.
21
Index notation
x  x1 , y  x2 , z  x3
 11  12  13 
~   21  22  23 
 31  32  33 
 ij ( i, j, k  1, or 2 or 3)
3
Summation convention: 
i 1
ii   11   22   33   ii
1 0 0
1 i  j 
Kronecker delta:  ij   I  0 1 0
0 i  j 
0 0 1
22
Invariants of Stress
The first invariant of stress is the trace (tr) of stress matrix (sum of the
elements on the main diagonal)
I1   11   22   33   ii   x   y   z  tr(σ)
The second invariant of stress is defined as
 11  12  11  13  22  23
I2   
 21  22  31  33  32  33
  11 22   22 33   33 11   122   23
2
  132 
1
 ii jj   ij ij  (??)
2
The third invariant of stress is the determinant of stress matrix
 11  12  13
I 3  det(σ )   21  22  23
 31  32  33
  11 22 33  2 12 23 13   11 23
2
  22 132   33 122
23
Deviatoric stress and its invariants

 I1   I1 
3 0 0   11   12  13 
3
I1  I1   I1 
σ  I  σ   0 0     21  22   23 
3  3   3 
0 0
I1  
 31  32
I1 
 33  
 
3   3
mean stress deviatoric stress
(hydrostatic)
Or the deviatoric stress is given by:  ij   ij  1 / 3 kk ij
1 1
I1   kk
 0 I 2    ij  ij I 3   ij  jk ki
2 3
J 2   I 2 
1
6
 
 11   22 2   22   33 2   33   11 2   122   232   132
24
Stress Transformation (2D)

• For a stress tensor describing a given stress state, the stress
components rely on the coordinate system (uniaxial tension as an
example).
• Moreover, for a given stress state, the stress tensors expressed in
matrix form in different coordinate systems can be transferred from
one to another.
Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular
to the x, y, and x’ axes.
F x  0   x A   x A cos   cos    xy A cos  sin 

  y A sin  sin    xy A sin   cos 
F y  0   xy A   x A cos  sin    xy A cos   cos 

  y A sin   cos    xy A sin  sin 
25
The equations may be rewritten to

 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x  y (obtained by inserting  =
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2 +90°into above equation)
 x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2
In matrix form:   x'   x 

   

 y'   T  y 
   
 x' y'   xy 
 c2 s2 2cs 
 2  c  cos 
with T    s c  2cs 
2
s  sin 
 cs cs c 2  s 2 
 
Here T is the transformation matrix.
26
There exists a specific angle   p at which
 x ' y '  0 （no shear stress）

By solving following equation for 
 x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2  0
2
we have
2 xy 1  2 xy 
tan(2 p )    p  arctan 
 x  y 2    
 x y 
The planes corresponding to p are called principal planes and the

normal stresses applied on the principal planes are principal stresses 1
and 2 (conventionally assumed 1 >=2).
27
Example1.3
(1) Express the given 2D stress states with reference to the

coordinate systems x-y and x’-y’ respectively.
(i) (ii)
30 MPa
30 MPa
30 MPa 30 MPa
30 MPa
30 MPa
30 MPa 30 MPa
y
y’ x’
45o x
(2) What is the deviatoric stress for above two cases with reference to
the x-y coordinate system.
28
Stress Transformation (3D)

For 3D case, the transformation of stress matrixes in different
coordinate systems can be expressed in the following matrix notation.
   T  T T x3
  : Stress matrix in the old coordinate

system(x1-x2-x3). x3’
x2’
  : Stress matrix in the new coordinate
system(x ’-x ’-x ’).
x2
1 2 3
T ，T T : Transformation
transpose.
matrix and its
x1
x1’
 l1 m1 n1  Here, lk, mk, nk (k=1,2,3) represent the direction
T   l2 n2 
cosines of the new coordinate axis 𝑥𝑘′ (𝑘 = 1,2,3) in
m2 the old coordinate system.
l3 m3 n3  For example,
l1  cos x1, x1 , m1  cos x1, x2 , n1  cos x1, x3
29
Example1.4
30 MPa 20 MPa
x’
10 MPa 10 MPa
z’
y
x y’
20 MPa
30 MPa
z
(a) Determine the stress components for the stress state shown above in
the coordinate system x’-y’-z’.
(b) Sketch the stress state with a cube whose sides are parallel to x’, y’
and z’.
30
Principal Stress (3D)

Principal planes and Principal stresses: For any state of stress it is always
possible to define a new coordinate system which has axes perpendicular to the
planes on which only the normal stresses act and no shearing stress acts.
These planes are called the Principal planes, and the stresses normal to these
planes are the Principal stresses.
It can be demonstrated (HW) that the roots of

following cubic equation are the principal
stresses.
 3  I1 2  I 2  I 3  0
where
I1   x   y   z
I 2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   xz2
I 3   x y z  2 xy yz xz   x yz2   y xz2   z xy2
are the first, second and third invariants of the
stress.
Proof: Principal stresses are the three eigenvalues of the stress matrix.
31
Maximum Shear Stress (3D)

If the principal stresses of a stress state are
 1 ,  2 ,  3  1   2   3 
the maximum shear stress of such stress state is
1   3
 max  Plane with
2
maximum shear
stress
45o
32
Equilibrium Condition
Any object in static or balanced status must at the same time meets:
(1) force equilibrium condition (sum of external forces in any direction

equals zero) and
(2) moment equilibrium condition (sum of moment regarding any point
equals zero).
F2
F3 F x 0  (M ) 0
x o
F y 0  (M ) 0
y o
O
F1
F4
F z 0  (M ) 0
z o
O is an arbitrary point in the space
33
Equilibrium Condition
• The stresses must satisfy the conditions
for equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  My  Mz  0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 
M z  0  2   xy A  a2  2   yx A  a2
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  xz   zx
Only 6 components (3 normal + 3 shear) are

required to define the complete state of stress.
34
Equilibrium in non-uniform stress field

Consider a small element Δx-Δy-Δz, in which the stresses are not
uniform(positive stresses do not equal to negative stresses in x, y and z
direction, respectively)
 yy   yy
 yx   yx
 zz
 yz   yz
 zx
 xz  zy   zy  xy   xy
 xx  zy
 zx   zx  xx   xx
y
 xy  yz  xz   xz
 zz  yxzz
x
z
 yy
35
Equilibrium Equations
Consider a small element Δx-Δy-Δz, in which the stress is not uniform
along x-direction
 yy   yy
x    F x 0
 zz yx
 yz   yz
yx
 zx ( xx   xx )  (y  z )   xx  (y  z )
 xy   xy  ( yx   yx )  (x  z )   yx  (x  z )
 xz  zy   zy
 ( zx   zx )  (x  y )   zx  (x  y )
 xx  zy
 zx   zx  xx   xx
y   xx  yx  zx
xy  yz  xz   xz x

y

z
0
 zz  yxzz z
 xx  yx  zx
y
  0
x x y z
z  yy
36
Similarly
 yy  xy  zy
 Fy  0 y

x

z
0
 zz  xz  yz
 Fz  0 z

x

y
0
For any body in equilibrium, its stresses must satisfy
 xx  yx  zx
  0  xy   yx
x y z
 yy  xy  zy
y

x

z
0 or  ij , j  0 plus  xz   zx
 zz  xz  yz
  0  yz   zy
z x y
37
Elastic stress-strain relations

(most general situation)
Stiffness tensor Compliance tensor
Tensor
notation: σ  Cε ε  S σ
Matrix
notation:    C      S  
For anisotropic material without any material property symmetry (21
independent coefficients):
C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16   xx   xx 
 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26     
  yy   yy 
 C36   zz 

C33 C34 C35
     
  zz 
 
Cij       
 xy    xy 
 SYM C44 C45 C46 
 C55 C56   yz    yz 
   
 C66  66  
 
 xz 61   xz 
 61
38

(orthotropic正交各向異性)
For orthotropic material with three mutually orthogonal planes (i.e. the
12, 23 and 13 planes) of material property symmetry, the stiffness matrix
in the principal material coordinates (123) is of the form (9 independent
coefficients)
C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 

 C22 C23 0 0 0 

 C33 0 0 0 
Cij   
 SYM C44 0 0 
 C55 0 
 
 C66 
Orthotropic lamina with principal Normal and shearing are uncoupled in

(123) and nonprincipal (xyz) the principal material coordinates.
material coordinate systems.
How to correlate the components of C and S with the materials’ constants?
39
Poisson Effect
Under uniaxial tension  xx in x-direction
• For x direction
 xx
 xx 
Ex
Lateral deformation (in y or z direction) under  xx
 xy  xz
 yy   xy xx    xx and  zz   xz xx    xx
Ex Ex
40
Linear Relationship of Stress-Strain (normal)

Similarly, under uniaxial tension  yy along y
  yx  yz
 yy  yy ，  xx   yx yy    yy，  zz   yz yy    yy
Ey Ey Ey
Under uniaxial tension zz along z
  
 zz  zz ，  xx   zx zz   zx  zz，  yy   zy zz   zy  zz
Ez Ez Ez
Under combined loads (all directions)

1  yx 
 xx   xx   yy  zx  zz
Ex Ey Ez
1  
 yy   yy  xy  xx  zy  zz
Ey Ex Ez
1  
 zz   zz  xz  xx  yz  yy
Ez Ex Ey
41
Linear Relationship of Stress-Strain (shearing)

 xy
Under pure shear load  xy： xy 
Gxy
Similarly，
 xz
Under pure shear load  xz：  xz 
Gxz
Under pure shear load  yz： yz   yz

G yz
42
Linear Relationship of Stress-Strain

(orthotropic material)
3D Hooke’s law
Under combined loads (normal and shear stresses in x-, y- and z-direction)
 1  yx  zx 
   0 0 0 
1    xy  Ex Ey Ez 
 xx   xx  yx  yy  zx  zz  xy    xy 1  zy 
Ex Ey Ez Gxy  xx   E Ey

Ez
0 0 0   
xx
   x   
   xz  yy    xz  yz 1   yy 
 zz   E 
1
 yy   yy  xy  xx  zy  zz  xz  Ey Ez
0 0 0   
  zz 
Ey Ex Ez Gxz   x  
 xy   0 0 0
1
0

0   xy 
1    yz  yz   Gxy   yz 
 zz   zz  xz  xx  yz  yy  yz    
 zx   0
  
0    zx 
Ez Ex Ey 1
G yz 0 0 0
 G yz 
 1 
 0 0 0 0 0 
 Gzx 
Elastic compliance
matrix  61   S 66   61
43

(transversely isotropic)
For transversely isotropic material (i.e. the properties are nearly the
same in any direction on the plane perpendicular to one direction,
say, 1), the stiffness matrix in the principal material coordinates
(123) is of the form (5 independent coefficients)
C11 C12 C12 0 0 0 

 C22 C23 0 0 0  G
 23
 C22 0 0 0  (proof)
Cij   
 SYM (C22  C23 ) / 2 0 0 
 C66 0 
 
 C66 
Plane 23 is the isotropic plane. Directions 2 and 3 are
indistinguishable/exchangeable.
44
Elastic Stress-strain Relations

(isotropic)
For isotropic material (i.e., material properties are the same in any
direction, the stiffness matrix is of the form (2 independent
coefficients)
C11 C12 C12 0 0 0 

 C11 C12 0 0 0 
 
 C11 0 0 0 
Cij   
 SYM (C11  C12 ) / 2 0 0 
 (C11  C12 ) / 2 0 
 
 (C11  C12 ) / 2
45
Stiffness matrix (isotropic)

In terms of engineering materials’ constants
σ  Cε 
  x  2G     0   x 
0 0
    
 y   2G    0    y 
0 0
  z    where
 2G   0 0 0    z 
    E
 yz   0 0 0 G 0 0   yz   
(1  )(1  2 )
 xz   0 0 0 0 G 0   xz 
      is the Lamé’s constant.
 xy   0 0 0 0 0 G   xy 
or in component form:
 x  2G x    x   y   z ,  y  2G y    x   y   z ,  z  2G z    x   y   z 
 xy  G xy ,  yz  G yz ,  xz  G xz
or in index notation form:
 ij  2G ij   kk ij
46
Compliance matrix (isotropic)

  x   E1  E  E 0 0 0  x 
     1
 E 0 0

0    y 
 y  E E
ε  S σ    z   E  E 1
0 0 0    z 
   
E
 xy   0 0   xy 
1
0 0 G 0
 yz   0 0 0 0 1
0   yz 
    
G
 zx   0 0 0 0 0 1
G  zx 
or in component form:
   y x z z x y
 x  x  y  z , y    , z    ,
E E E E E E E E E
 xy  xy  yz  yz  
 xy   ,  yz   ,  xz  xz  xz
2 2G 2 2G 2 2G
or in index notation:
 ij   ij
1  2
 ij    kk ij    kk ij
2G E 2G 3E
47
Three-Dimensional Hooke’s Law (isotropic)
 1   
 E   0 0 0 
E E
   

 xx   1
 0 0 0   xx   x  y  z
   E E E 
  yy  x    
   
yy  1    E E E
 zz    0 0 0  
  zz   x  y  z
 
E E E
  y    

 yz   0 0 0
1 
0 0   yz  E E E
 xz   G   xz   x  y  z
   1    z    
 xy   0 0 0 0 0   xy 
  E E E
G
 1
 0 0 0 0 0  The number of independent variables in
 G
each matrix reduces
E and v (G depends on E and v as from 5 to 2
G=E/2(1+v))
48
Three-Dimensional Hooke’s Law

Example1.5
A circle of diameter d = 225 mm is scribed on
an unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t =
18 mm. Forces acting in the plane of the plate
later cause normal stresses σx = 84 MPa and
σz = 140 MPa.
For E = 70 GPa and ν = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD, and
c) the thickness of the plate.
49
Three-Dimensional Hooke’s Law
50
Elastic Strain Energy

The elastic strain energy, U, is the energy expended by the action of the
external loadings in deforming an elastic body. For quasi-static loading,
it also equal to the energy stored in the material.
P
dx
For uniaxial tension (1-D), the

strain energy in a segment dx is:
dU   x x Adx
1
2
Strain energy per unit volume or strain energy density : U 0 

1
 x x 
2
For 3-D case, the strain energy per unit volume is given by

1

U 0   ij ij
2
 
1
2E
 2
x   2
y   2
z  
E
 
x y   
y z   
z x  
1
2G
( xy2   yz2   zx2 )
51
Example1.6
Distortion strain energy density, Ud , is defined as the strain energy

density due to the deviatoric stress state.
Demonstrate that
𝑈𝑑 = 𝐽2 /𝐺
1
where 𝐽2 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗′ 𝜎𝑖𝑗′ is the second deviatoric stress invariant and G
2
is the shear modulus.
52
Summary
Definition of Strain (Geometrical Relationships)
u v w
 xx   yy   zz 
x y z
v u w v u w
   xy   yx    yz   zy    zx   xz
x y y z z x

OR ij 
1
u i, j  u j ,i  with  ij 
1
 ij (i  j )
2 2
Cauchy's strain
 xx  yx  zx  yy  xy  zy    yz
   0，    0, zz
 xz
 0
x y z y x z z x y
OR  ij , j  0
53
Summary (cont’d)
Stress-strain relationship (constitutive law)
For orthotropic material
 1  yx  zx 
   0 0 0 
 Ex Ey Ez 
  xy 1  zy 
 xx   E Ey

Ez
0 0 0   
xx
   x   
 yy    xz  yz 1   yy 
 zz   E 
Ey Ez
0 0 0   
  zz 
  x  
 yz   0 0 0
1
0 0   
 yz
 xz   G yz   xz 
     
 xy   0 0 0 0
1
0   xy 
 Gxz 
 1 
 0 0 0 0 0 
 Gxy 
54
Displacement Method for Solving

the Elasticity Problems
Geometric Equation:  ij 
1
ui, j  u j ,i  (Infinitesimal strain tensor
or Cauchy's strain tensor)
2
Constitutive Equation:  ij  2G ij   kk ij (isotropic material)
Body force (e.g. gravity)
Equilibrium Equation:  ij , j  f i  0
Combination of above equations gives rise to the equilibrium in terms of

displacement
Gui , jj    G u j , ji  f i  0 (i  1, 2, 3)
• Solve above equation for displacement field 𝒖 in combination with the

boundary conditions of a specific problem.
55
Displacement Method (cont’d)

• For most of the elasticity problems, analytical solutions
do not exist or difficult to find. We have to resort to
numerical approach, such as Finite Element Method
(FEM)
• Prevailing commercial FEA software:
• ABAQUS (Academia)
• ANSYS (Industry)
• Adina
• Patran
Further reading on FEA:
KJ Bathe and EL Wilson, Numerical Methods in Finite Element Analysis,
Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1976.
KJ Bathe, Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis. Prentice-
Hall. Inc., 1982.
56
Plane stress and plane strain

Many structures under certain types of loading may yield
strain and stress fields that are independent of, say, the z-
direction.
2D simplifications or idealization:
• Plane stress problem (idealization)
 zz   yz   xz  0
F1
F2
y
F5
F3 x
z
F4
57
• Stress-strain relationship for plane stress problem
 xx 
1

 xx  yy   xx 
E

 xx  yy 
E 1  2
 yy
1

  xx   yy   yy 
E

 xx   yy 
E 1  2

 zz  
E
 xx   yy   xy  G xy
 xy 
1
 xy  zz   yz   xz  0
G
 yz   xz  0
58
• Plane strain problem (idealization)

 zz   yz   xz  0
Stress-strain relationship for plan strain problem

1 
 xx 
E
(1  )(1  2 )

1   xx  yy   xx 
E

1   xx  yy 
1 
 zz 
E
   yy   yy 
E

 xx  1   yy 
(1  )(1  2 )
xx
1
 xy   xy
 yy 
E
(1  )(1  2 )

 xx  1   yy  G
 zz   yz   xz  0
 xy  G xy
 yz   xz  0
59
Axisymmetric idealization:
• Structure is axisymmetric (body of z

revolution)
• Loading is axisymmetric
• Boundary conditions are
axisymmetric

r
ur  ur  r , z 
v  0 (displacement happens on the r-z plane only)
wz  wz  r , z 
60
The End
61

ME45006 1 Elasticity

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ME45006 1 Elasticity

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Lecture 1-Fundamental of Elasticity ME 45006 Aircraft Structure & Engineering Composites

Dr. Haimin YAO

• Who is the suitable students for this subject?

• This is an advanced mechanics subject with necessary pre-

Tel: 2766-7817; Email: mmhyao@polyu.edu.hk

Students must pass BOTH the Continuous Assessment and the

Lecture time pattern:

Ground rules in classroom

1. No eating and drinking.

1. C.T. Sun, Mechanics of Aircraft Structures, John Wiley &

2. S.P. Timoshenko, J.N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-

What’s elastic solid?

Elastic deformation Permanent deformation

Why do we need to learn Elasticity?

• Elastic deformation is the initial/first stage of deformation. Any failure starts

• We must make sure deformation (including displacement, strain) and stress

Caribbean-Air Transat Flight 961

u is a vector and therefore has orientation and value. It has three

y P' (x+u, y+v, z+w)

The distance between P (P’) and Q (Q’):

l  x  u 2  v 2  w2 (after deformation)

Δu= u'-u is change of length along the x-direction.

Similarly v v Normal strain in the y-direction at a

Normal strain describes the variation of length. In order to describe

Consider two perpendicular segments PR and PQ, defined by three

Consider a unit cube of a solid occupying the region

(b) Calculated the six strain components.

(c) Find the volume change V.

Normal stress = Axial force / area on

We normally assume the force P passes

General stress state

General stress state

Tensor representation of stress

Stress Tensor: Stress applied on arbitrary plane (including

Deviatoric stress and its invariants

Stress Transformation (2D)

F x  0   x A   x A cos   cos    xy A cos  sin 

F y  0   xy A   x A cos  sin    xy A cos   cos 

The equations may be rewritten to

In matrix form:   x'   x 

There exists a specific angle   p at which

 x ' y '  0 （no shear stress）

The planes corresponding to p are called principal planes and the

(1) Express the given 2D stress states with reference to the

Stress Transformation (3D)

  : Stress matrix in the old coordinate

 l1 m1 n1  Here, lk, mk, nk (k=1,2,3) represent the direction

Principal Stress (3D)

It can be demonstrated (HW) that the roots of

Maximum Shear Stress (3D)

(1) force equilibrium condition (sum of external forces in any direction

O is an arbitrary point in the space

Only 6 components (3 normal + 3 shear) are

Equilibrium in non-uniform stress field

For any body in equilibrium, its stresses must satisfy

Elastic stress-strain relations

Elastic stress-strain relations

C11 C12 C13 0 0 0 

Orthotropic lamina with principal Normal and shearing are uncoupled in

How to correlate the components of C and S with the materials’ constants?

Under uniaxial tension  xx in x-direction

Lateral deformation (in y or z direction) under  xx

Linear Relationship of Stress-Strain (normal)